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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VPNYpk3gHvjnCdjhVJtZrYQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400487</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Ad Hoc Coronary Intervention Reduce Radiation Exposure? &#8211; Analysis of 568 Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Truffa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo M.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galon</surname>
            <given-names>Micheli Z.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spadaro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Augusto Meirelles Truffa</bold> &#8226; Rua das Orqu&#237;deas, 96, Jardim Novo Mundo. Postal Code 13211-600, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail:   <email>marciotruffa@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F. Acquisition of data:Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Truffa MAM. Statistical analysis: Truffa MAM. Obtaining financing: Truffa MAM. Writing of the manuscript:Truffa MAM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F, Esteves Filho A, Ribeiro E, Galon MZ, Spadaro A, Kajita LJ, Arrieta R, Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>487</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention have been described. However little is known about the radiation exposure of that procedure as compared with the staged intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the radiation dose of the ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention with that of the staged procedure</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The dose-area product and total Kerma were measured, and the doses of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were added. In addition, total fluoroscopic time and number of acquisitions were evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 568 consecutive patients were treated with ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 320) or staged percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 248). On admission, the ad hoc group had less hypertension (74.1% vs 81.9%; p = 0.035), dyslipidemia (57.8% vs. 67.7%; p = 0.02) and three-vessel disease (38.8% vs. 50.4%; p = 0.015). The ad hoc group was exposed to significantly lower radiation doses, even after baseline characteristic adjustment between both groups. The ad hoc group was exposed to a total dose-area product of 119.7 &#177; 70.7 Gycm2, while the staged group, to 139.2 &#177; 75.3 Gycm<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention reduced radiation exposure as compared with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed at two separate times.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation Monitoring</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Interventional cardiological procedures, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), are extremely important for diagnosis and treatment, have been increasingly used, but, so far, no alternative to radiation for their performance has been identified<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) determines the risks of radiation exposure in fluoroscopy-guided procedures. Those risks are related to skin lesions (deterministic effects) and to an increase in the incidence of neoplasia (stochastic effects)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The use of radiological imaging has increased, which, in association with the increase in life expectancy worldwide, is related to a considerable risk of cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.  </p>
      <p>A series of advantages and disadvantages of <italic>ad hoc</italic> PCI, such as that performed along with diagnostic catheterization, has been described. However, little is known about the radiation exposure of that procedure as compared to that of staged intervention, performed on a second occasion after the patient has undergone diagnostic catheterization.</p>
      <p>The radiation doses of coronary angiography and interventional procedures, such as percutaneous coronary angioplasty, have been reported, mainly in complex procedures, the greatest doses being those of angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, no study has shown if the radiation doses of <italic>ad hoc</italic> and staged angioplasties differ.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at comparing the radiation exposure of patients undergoing two different PCI schemes: <italic>ad hoc  </italic>and staged.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The present study included consecutive patients from one single center undergoing <italic>ad hoc</italic> (Group 1) and staged (Group 2) PCI between July 1<sup>st</sup>, 2012 and December 31, 2012. The procedures were performed at an academic institution, the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, by an attending physician accompanied by interventional cardiology trainees.</p>
        <p>Demographic and procedural data were obtained from the electronic medical records of Incor and assessed in a historical prospective way. The following clinical variables were included: patient-related: sex, age, risk factors, clinical findings motivating catheterization, cardiac history and coronary anatomy; and procedure-related: number of lesions treated and stents implanted, and coronary artery territory approached. Both groups had clinically stable and unstable patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures of radiation exposure</title>
        <p>Radiation exposure was expressed as follows: Kerma (kinetic energy released per unit mass), which refers to the radiation beam delivered to the environment at a certain point; and &#8216;dose-area product&#8217; (DAP), equivalent to the dose multiplied by the area irradiated. Kerma was quantified in Gy, and DAP, in Gycm<sup>2</sup>. We used the DAP because it bears a strong relationship with the dose effectively transmitted to the patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Such measures are integrated with the X-ray system and are available at the end of the procedure. In addition, fluoroscopic time and number of acquisitions were computed and compared. In the group of staged angioplasty, the radiation measurements of diagnostic coronary angiography were added to those of angioplasty.</p>
        <p>The procedures took place at the catheterization laboratory of Incor, which has five rooms, four of which equipped with the Philips Allura Xper FD10 device, and one, with the Philips Allura Xper FD20 device. The acquisition field was 15- to 25-cm diagonal. The acquisition mode and number of frames varied between 15 and 30 frames/second.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software was used for statistical analysis. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables, as percentage. The groups were compared by using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and the chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. At the end, the dependent variable &#8216;total DAP&#8217; underwent multiple regression with generalized linear models (GLM) for the dependent variable without normal distribution; gamma distribution, with logarithmic link function and backward selection method, was used. The initial model included the following predictive variables: procedure type (<italic>ad hoc,</italic> 1; staged, 0); age (years); sex (male, 1; female, 0); systemic arterial hypertension (yes, 1; no, 0); diabetes mellitus (yes, 1; no, 0); dyslipidemia (yes, 1; no, 0); smoking habit (yes, 1; no, 0); previous acute myocardial infarction (yes, 1; no, 0); previous PCI (yes, 1; no, 0); previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (yes, 1; no, 0); previous congestive heart failure (yes, 1; no, 0); angiographic characteristic (single-, two-vessel: 0; three-vessel: 1); use of drug-eluting stent (yes, 1; no, 0); angioplasty of left main coronary artery (yes, 1; no, 0); angioplasty of anterior descending coronary artery (yes, 1; no, 0); angioplasty of right coronary artery (yes, 1; no, 0); angioplasty of circumflex coronary artery (yes, 1; no, 0); angioplasty of saphenous vein graft (yes, 1; no, 0); number of lesions (1, 0; 2 and 3, 1); number of stents (0, 1: 0; 2 to 5: 1); and total stent length (cm). The significance level adopted was &#945; = 0.05.  </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Result</title>
      <p>This study included 568 patients, 320 of whom underwent <italic>ad hoc</italic>procedures (Group 1) and 248, staged procedures (Group 2). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and angiographic characteristics of the groups as means and percentages. The groups did not differ regarding risk factors for DAC, except for dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension, more common in Group 2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="5" align="left">Total = 568</th>
              <th align="center">Ad hoc (n = 320)</th>
              <th align="center">Staged (n = 248)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">63.3 &#177; 12.00</td>
              <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 11.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">70.3</td>
              <td align="center">68.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.718<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>Patient's characteristics (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">74.1</td>
              <td align="center">81.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.035<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.324<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">DLP</td>
              <td align="center">57.8</td>
              <td align="center">67.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">39.4</td>
              <td align="center">43.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.412<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">30.0</td>
              <td align="center">30.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.941<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
              <td align="center">30.0</td>
              <td align="center">26.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.368<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG</td>
              <td align="center">17.8</td>
              <td align="center">19.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.630<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Previous CHF</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">27.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.564<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Angiographic characteristics (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">0.015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Single-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">30.3</td>
              <td align="center">22.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Two-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">30.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Three-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">38.8</td>
              <td align="center">50.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>Procedural characteristics (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">DES<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">32.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">LMC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.308<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">AD<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">48.7</td>
              <td align="center">46.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.568<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">RC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">32.1</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.560<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">CX<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.6</td>
              <td align="center">40.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">SVG<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.196<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Other vessels<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.249<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#167;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Lesions (number)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">1.36 &#177; 0.54</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Stents implanted (number)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 0.83</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.97</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">Total stent length (cm)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.01 &#177; 18.41</td>
              <td align="center">33.48 &#177; 22.82</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Yates correction for 2 x 2 tables;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Pearson correlation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>data from three patients of the ad hoc group missing;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>data from two patients of the ad hoc group missing;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Fisher exact test. Results presented as mean (standard deviation) or percentage.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>Results presented as mean (standard deviation) or percentage. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DLP: Dyslipidemia; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CHF: Congestive heart failure; DES: Drug-eluting stent; LMC: Left main coronary artery; AD: Anterior descending coronary artery; RC: Right coronary artery; CX: Circumflex artery; SVG: Saphenous vein graft.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Group 1 patients more often had single- and two-vessel angiographic characteristics than Group 2 patients, in whom the three-vessel pattern predominated. Group 2 as compared to Group 1 had a higher number of lesions treated (1.22 &#177; 0.49 vs. 1.36 &#177; 0.54; p &lt; 0.001), requiring a greater number of stents (1.32 &#177; 0.83 vs. 1.65 &#177; 0.97; p &lt; 0.001) and longer stent length (26 &#177; 18.4 vs. 33.48 &#177; 22.8; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The comparison of the radiological characteristics between both groups is expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. Group 1 patients as compared to Group 2 patients underwent a smaller amount of radiation expressed in Kerma (Group 1: 3.4 &#177; 12.6 Gy; Group 2: 9.3 &#177; 60.8 Gy; p &lt; 0.001) and DAP (Group 1: 119.7 &#177; 70.7 Gycm<sup>2</sup>; Group 2: 139.2 &#177; 75.3 Gycm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.001), a shorter fluoroscopic time (Group 1: 16.5 &#177; 10.1 minutes; Group 2: 22.4 &#177; 14 minutes; p &lt; 0.001), and a smaller number of acquisitions (Group 1: 26.3 &#177; 9.6; Group 2: 31.6 &#177; 10.9; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiological characteristics of the procedures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Ad hoc (n = 320)</th>
              <th align="center">Staged (n = 248)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total Kerma (Gy)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 60.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total DAP (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">119.7 &#177; 70.7</td>
              <td align="center">139.2 &#177; 75.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total fluoroscopic time (min)</td>
              <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">22.4 &#177; 14.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total acquisition (number)</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Kerma per lesion (Gy)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 12.7</td>
              <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 60.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DAP per lesion (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">106.3 &#177; 67.3</td>
              <td align="center">112.1 &#177; 68.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.145</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fluoroscopic time per lesion (min)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">17.7 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acquisition per lesion (number)</td>
              <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.2 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test; DAP: Dose-area product.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1 -</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiological characteristics of the procedures (p &lt; 0.01). DAP: dose-area product.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0487-50110-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> compares patients according to their number of lesions treated. Those having only one lesion treated were exposed to lower radiation doses, and those having two or more lesions treated showed a tendency towards lower doses.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiological characteristics of the procedures, with stratification according to the number of lesions treated</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Ad hoc</th>
              <th align="center">Staged</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>One lesion</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(n = 260)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(n = 165)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total Kerma (Gy)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 14.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 74.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total DAP (Gycm2)</td>
              <td align="center">115.3 &#177; 69.5</td>
              <td align="center">130.7 &#177; 74.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total fluoroscopic time (min)</td>
              <td align="center">15.3 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total acquisition (number)</td>
              <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Two or more lesions</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(n = 58)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(n = 83)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total Kerma (Gy)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.103<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total DAP (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">141.6 &#177; 72.5</td>
              <td align="center">156.1 &#177; 75.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.203<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total fluoroscopic time (min)</td>
              <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177;1 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.121<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total acquisition (number)</td>
              <td align="center">31.8 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test; DAP: Dose-area product.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows the multiple regression analysis for radiation exposure. The predictors related to the increase in radiation exposure were the number of stents implanted (two or more) and the three-vessel pattern.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables associated with the total dose-area product (Generalized Linear Model, with gamma distribution and logarithmic link function), n = 566</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">SE coef</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of stents (2-5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.301</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiographic characteristic (three-vessel)</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Constant</td>
              <td align="center">4.646</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>SE coef: Standard error of the estimated coeffiaent</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding of this study performed with consecutive patients undergoing angioplasty in one single center was hat those submitted to the <italic>ad hoc</italic>strategy as compared to those submitted to the staged strategy received a smaller amount of radiation (expressed in Kerma and DAP) and had a shorter fluoroscopic time and a smaller number of acquisitions.</p>
      <p>The doses used were greater than those of previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Considering only the doses used in angioplasties, previous studies have reported mean DAP of 55 Gycm<sup>2</sup> and 86.2 Gycm<sup>2</sup>, while, in this study, it was 119.7 Gycm<sup>2</sup>. In addition to the greater complexity of the lesions treated in this study, with more three-vessel patients in both groups, that finding might relate to the fact that the procedures were performed in one single academic institution, involving interventional cardiology trainees, as already reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.  </p>
      <p>Regarding the angiographic characteristics, a larger number of three-vessel patients was observed in the staged procedure group. However, of the 320 Group 1 patients, 58 (18.1%) had two or more lesions treated, while of the 248 Group 2 patients, 83 (33.5%) had two or more lesions treated. Comparing both subgroups, a clear tendency towards a smaller dose of radiation is observed in Group 1. This shows that, although Group 2 had a more complex anatomy, it did not increase the radiation dose.</p>
      <p>Regarding the characteristics of the procedure, Group 2 had more angioplasties of the circumflex artery (CX), and a greater number of lesions treated and of stents implanted. A study with 1,827 patients undergoing angioplasty has shown that the complexity of the lesion treated, angioplasty of the CX and number of lesions treated correlated with an increase in the radiation dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Another study involving 20,669 procedures has shown that the treatment of two or more lesions correlated with an increase in radiation exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Thus, the greater number of angioplasties of the CX and of lesions approached in Group 2 may have increased the need for radiation observed in that group. However, when assessing the radiation dose used per lesion treated, Group 1 maintained its advantage regarding lower dose, expressed as the fluoroscopic time and number of acquisitions, with a clear tendency towards lower Kerma and DAP values per lesion treated in that group.</p>
      <p>Assessing the subgroup of patients having only one lesion treated (260 Group 1 patients and 165 Group 2 patients), a significant difference was observed in the radiation dose expressed in total Kerma (p = 0.006), total DAP (p = 0.007), total fluoroscopic time (p &lt; 0.001) and total number of acquisitions (p &lt; 0.001), favoring Group 1.</p>
      <p>Delewi et al. have reported that the increase in radiation exposure of patients undergoing angioplasty and coronary angiography related to the following: body mass index, history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, number of lesions treated and of chronic total occlusion lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In our study, the variables related to increased radiation exposure were the number of stents implanted and the three-vessel pattern. Therefore, one may assume that patients undergoing a staged procedure, with several and complex lesions to treat, especially those obese and having previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, might require a high radiation dose and previous planning of the procedure, aimed at minimizing the physician&#8217;s and patient&#8217;s radiation exposure. In addition, it is worth considering the <italic>ad hoc</italic> procedure, mainly in the presence of other variables related to increased radiation dose.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This historical prospective study was conducted at one single center with data collection from medical records.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Ad hoc percutaneous coronary angioplasty, as compared to staged angioplasty, was associated with a significant reduction in patient&#8217;s radiation exposure even after adjusting for baseline differences between groups, with smaller DAP and Kerma, shorter fluoroscopic time and smaller number of acquisitions. Our findings suggest that lower radiation doses can be seen as a potential benefit of <italic>ad hoc</italic>angioplasty.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana <italic>Ad Hoc</italic> Reduz a Exposi&#231;&#227;o Radiol&#243;gica? - An&#225;lise em 568 Pacientes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Truffa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo M.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galon</surname>
            <given-names>Micheli Z.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spadaro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Augusto Meirelles Truffa</bold> &#8226; Rua das Orqu&#237;deas, 96, Jardim Novo Mundo. CEP 13211-600, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail:   <email>marciotruffa@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Truffa MAM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Truffa MAM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Truffa MAM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Truffa MAM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Truffa MAM, Alves GMP, Bernardi F, Esteves Filho A, Ribeiro E, Galon MZ, Spadaro A, Kajita LJ, Arrieta R, Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Uma s&#233;rie de vantagens e desvantagens tem sido descrita para a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea <italic>ad hoc</italic>, como a realizada ao mesmo tempo que o cateterismo diagn&#243;stico, por&#233;m pouco se sabe sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica desse procedimento, comparado com a interven&#231;&#227;o estadiada, ou seja, em dois momentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o utilizada na angioplastia <italic>ad hoc</italic> com a angioplastia estadiada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O produto de dose por &#225;rea e o Kerma total foram mensurados, somando-se ambas as fases de diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utica. Al&#233;m disso, foram computados o tempo total de fluoroscopia e o n&#250;mero de filmagens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 568 pacientes consecutivos foram tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea <italic>ad hoc</italic> (n = 320) ou estadiada (n = 248). &#192; admiss&#227;o, o grupo do <italic>ad hoc</italic> apresentava menos hipertens&#227;o (74,1% vs. 81,9%; p = 0,035), dislipidemia (57,8% vs. 67,7%; p = 0,02) e doen&#231;a triarterial (38,8% vs. 50,4%; p = 0,015). O grupo   <italic>ad hoc</italic> foi exposto a doses significativamente menores de radia&#231;&#227;o, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para as diferen&#231;as basais entre os grupos. O grupo <italic>ad hoc</italic> foi exposto a uma dose de produto de dose por &#225;rea total de 119,7 &#177; 70,7 Gycm<sup>2</sup> enquanto que os pacientes estadiados foram expostos a uma dose de 139,2 &#177; 75,3 Gycm<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea <italic>ad hoc</italic> reduziu a exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos realizados em tempos separados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopia</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoramento da Radia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos intervencionistas, como a angiografia coronariana e a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, com um aumento exponencial de seu uso e sem alternativa, at&#233; o momento, no que se refere ao emprego da radia&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o deles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.  </p>
        <p>A <italic>International Commission on Radiological Protection</italic>(ICRP) determina os riscos da exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica em procedimentos guiados por fluoroscopia. Esses riscos est&#227;o relacionados a les&#245;es de pele (efeitos determin&#237;sticos) e ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de neoplasia (efeitos estoc&#225;sticos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Ocorre, atualmente, um aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de exames m&#233;dicos radiol&#243;gicos que, associado com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida mundial, corrobora um risco consider&#225;vel de c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.  </p>
        <p>Uma s&#233;rie de vantagens e desvantagens tem sido descrita para a ICP   <italic>ad hoc,</italic> como a realizada no mesmo tempo que o cateterismo diagn&#243;stico, por&#233;m pouco se sabe sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica desse procedimento, comparado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o estadiada, ou seja, num segundo momento, ap&#243;s o paciente j&#225; ter sido submetido ao cateterismo diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Doses de radia&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quais os pacientes s&#227;o expostos durante uma angiografia coronariana e procedimentos intervencionistas, como a angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, j&#225; foram reportadas, com doses maiores documentadas na angioplastia, principalmente em procedimentos complexos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo demonstrando se h&#225; diferen&#231;a na dose de radia&#231;&#227;o quando se comparam angioplastias <italic>ad hoc</italic> a estadiadas.</p>
        <p>Objetivamos, neste estudo, comparar a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos a dois esquemas de ICP diferentes: <italic>ad hoc</italic>e estadiada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo incluiu pacientes consecutivos de um &#250;nico centro submetidos &#224; ICP <italic>ad hoc</italic> (Grupo 1) e estadiada (Grupo 2), realizadas entre 1&#186; de julho de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2012. Os exames foram realizados em uma institui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, o Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, na qual os procedimentos de ICP s&#227;o realizados por m&#233;dicos assistentes acompanhados por m&#233;dicos em treinamento em cardiologia intervencionista.</p>
          <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e relacionados aos procedimentos foram obtidos por consulta dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos do Incor. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas de forma prospectiva hist&#243;rica. Foram inclu&#237;das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas relacionadas ao paciente (como sexo, idade, fatores de risco, quadro cl&#237;nico que motivou a solicita&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo, antecedentes card&#237;acos e anatomia coronariana) e relacionadas ao procedimento (n&#250;mero de les&#245;es tratadas, n&#250;mero de stents implantados e territ&#243;rio coronariano abordado). Em ambos os grupos, havia pacientes considerados est&#225;veis e inst&#225;veis, do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>A dose de radia&#231;&#227;o &#224; qual os pacientes foram expostos foi expressa em Kerma (nome do ingl&#234;s <italic>kinetic energy released per unit mass</italic>), que se refere ao feixe de radia&#231;&#227;o entregue ao ambiente em determinado ponto; e em produto de dose por &#225;rea (DAP, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>dose area product</italic>), que equivale ao produto da dose pela &#225;rea abrangida do intensificador. Kerma foi quantificado em Gy e DAP, em Gycm<sup>2</sup>. Utilizamos DAP por essa medida apresentar forte rela&#231;&#227;o com a dose efetiva transmitida ao paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tais medidas s&#227;o integradas no sistema de raio X e est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo de fluoroscopia e o n&#250;mero de filmagens foram computados e comparados. No grupo de angioplastia estadiada, as medidas de radia&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana diagn&#243;stica foram somadas com as da angioplastia.</p>
          <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do Incor, que &#233; constitu&#237;do por cinco salas, sendo quatro delas equipadas com equipamento Philips Allura Xper FD10 e uma com equipamento Philips Allura Xper FD20. O campo de filmagem foi de quadro diagonal de 15 a 25 cm. O modo de filmagem e o n&#250;mero de   <italic>frames</italic> foram variados: entre 15 e 30 frames/segundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o   <italic>softwareStatistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as categ&#243;ricas, em porcentagem. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi feita com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e com o teste qui quadrado ou exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Ao final, foi feita an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para a vari&#225;vel dependente DAP total utilizando modelos lineares generalizados (MLG) para vari&#225;vel dependente que n&#227;o seguiu distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; para isso, utilizou-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o Gamma, com fun&#231;&#227;o <italic>link</italic> logar&#237;tmica e m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic>. As vari&#225;veis preditoras inclu&#237;das no modelo inicial foram as seguintes: tipo do procedimento (<italic>ad hoc</italic>: 1/ estadiados: 0); idade (anos); sexo (masculino: 1/ feminino: 0); hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); diabetes melito (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); dislipidemia (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); tabagismo (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); ICP pr&#233;via (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva pr&#233;via (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); caracter&#237;stica angiogr&#225;fica (uniarterial, biarterial: 0/ triarterial: 1), uso de stent farmacol&#243;gico (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); angioplastia de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); angioplastia de descendente anterior (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); angioplastia de coron&#225;ria direita (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); angioplastia de circunflexa (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); angioplastia de ponte de safena (sim: 1/ n&#227;o: 0); quantidade de les&#245;es (1: 0/ 2 e 3: 1); quantidade de stents (0, 1: 0/ 2 a 5: 1); e comprimento total de stent (cm). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de &#945; = 0,05.  </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultado</title>
        <p>Foi inclu&#237;do um total de 568 pacientes, sendo 320 procedimentos   <italic>ad hoc</italic> (Grupo 1) e 248 estadiados (Grupo 2). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos est&#227;o expostas em m&#233;dia e porcentagem na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco para DA C, excetuando dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial, mais presentes no Grupo 2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes e do procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="5" align="left">Total = 568</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Ad hoc</italic> (n = 320)</th>
                <th align="center">Estadiados (n = 248)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,3 &#177; 12,00</td>
                <td align="center">63,9 &#177; 11,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70,3</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,718<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas paciente (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">74,1</td>
                <td align="center">81,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,035<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,324<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">DLP</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">67,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">39,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,412<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">0.941<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">26,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,368<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">RVM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,630<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ICC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,564<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Uniarteriais</td>
                <td align="center">30,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Biarteriais</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Triarteriais</td>
                <td align="center">38,8</td>
                <td align="center">50,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas procedimento (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">SF<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">TCE<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,308<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">DA<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">48,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,568 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CD<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">32,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,560<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CX<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001S<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PVS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,196<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Outros vasos<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,249<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Les&#245;es (quantidade)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Stents utilizados (quantidade)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 0,83</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 0,97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Comprimento total de stent (cm)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,01 &#177; 18,41</td>
                <td align="center">33,48 &#177; 22,82</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico U de Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste qui quadrado de Yates para tabelas 2 x 2;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>teste qui quadrado de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>faltou informa&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo ad hoc;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>faltou informa&#231;&#227;o de dois pacientes do grupo ad hoc;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>Resultados apresentados como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou porcentagem. HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes melito; DLP: Dislipidemia; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; RVM: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; SF: Stent farmacol&#243;gico; TCE: Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; DA: Descendente anterior; CD: Coron&#225;ria direita; CX: Circunflexa; PVS: Ponte de veia safena.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes do Grupo 1 apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas uni e biarterial mais frequentemente quando comparados aos do Grupo 2, ao passo que este apresentou maior predom&#237;nio do padr&#227;o triarterial. O Grupo 2 teve um n&#250;mero maior de les&#245;es tratadas (1,22 &#177; 0,49 vs. 1,36 &#177; 0,54; p &lt; 0,001), sendo necess&#225;rio o emprego de um maior n&#250;mero (1,32 &#177; 0,83 vs. 1,65 &#177; 0,97; p &lt; 0,001) e maior comprimento (26 &#177; 18,4 vs. 33,48 &#177; 22,8; p &lt; 0,001) de stents do que no Grupo 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>O resultado da compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas entre os dois grupos est&#225; exposto em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref> e ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia por meio de estrat&#233;gia <italic>ad hoc</italic>, quando comparados aos submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia estadiada, receberam menor quantidade de radia&#231;&#227;o expressa em Kerma (Grupo 1: 3,4 &#177; 12,6 Gy; Grupo 2: 9,3 &#177; 60,8 Gy; p &lt; 0,001) e DAP (Grupo 1: 119,7 &#177; 70,7 Gycm<sup>2</sup>; Grupo 2: 139,2 &#177; 75,3 Gycm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,001), menor tempo de fluoroscopia (Grupo 1: 16,5 &#177; 10,1 minutos; Grupo 2: 22,4 &#177; 14 minutos; p &lt; 0,001), e de n&#250;mero de filmagens (Grupo 1: 26,3 &#177; 9,6; Grupo 2: 31,6 &#177; 10,9; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas dos procedimentos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Ad hoc</italic> (n = 320)</th>
                <th align="center">Estadiados (n = 248)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Kerma total (Gy)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 60,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP total (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">119,7 &#177; 70,7</td>
                <td align="center">139.2 &#177; 75,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fluoroscopia total (minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,4 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Filmagens total (quantidade)</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kerma por les&#227;o (Gy)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 60,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP por les&#227;o (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">106,.3 &#177; 67.3</td>
                <td align="center">112,1 &#177; 68,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fluoroscopic time per lesion (min)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">17.7 &#177; 11.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Filmagens por les&#227;o (quantidade)</td>
                <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">25,2 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico U de Mann-Whitney. DAP: Produto de dose por &#225;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1 -</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas dos procedimentos (p &lt; 0,01). DAP: Produto de dose por &#225;rea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0487-50110-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que trataram apenas uma les&#227;o est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>. Os que tiveram apenas uma les&#227;o tratada foram expostos a menores doses de radia&#231;&#227;o, e os que tiveram duas ou mais les&#245;es tratadas tiveram uma tend&#234;ncia a menores doses.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas dos procedimentos, com estratifica&#231;&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero de les&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>Ad hoc</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">Estadiados</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Uma les&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 260)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 165)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kerma total (Gy)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 74,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP total (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">115,3 &#177; 69,5</td>
                <td align="center">130,7 &#177; 74,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fluoroscopia total (minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Filmagens total (quantidade)</td>
                <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Duas ou mais les&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 58)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 83)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kerma total (Gy)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,103<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP totaL (Gycm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">141,6 &#177; 72,5</td>
                <td align="center">156,1 &#177; 75,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,203<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fluoroscopia Total (minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177;1 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,121<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FIlmagens total (quantidade)</td>
                <td align="center">31,8 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN43">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico U de Mann-Whitney. DAP: Produto de dose por &#225;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>. Os preditores relacionados ao aumento de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica foram quantidade de stents utilizados (dois ou mais) e padr&#227;o coronariano triarterial.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis associadas ao produto de dose por &#225;rea total (Modelo Linear Generalizado, com distribui&#231;&#227;o Gamma e fun&#231;&#227;o link logar&#237;tmica), n = 566</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Coefficient</th>
                <th align="center">EP coef</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quantidade de stents (2-5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,301</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caracter&#237;stica angiogr&#225;fica (triarterial)</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Constante</td>
                <td align="center">4,646</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN44">
              <p>Ep coef: Erro padr&#227;o do coeficiente estimado</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo realizado em um &#250;nico centro em pacientes consecutivos foi que os pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia por meio de estrat&#233;gia <italic>ad hoc,</italic> quando comparados aos submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia estadiada, receberam menor quantidade de radia&#231;&#227;o (expressa em Kerma e DAP), menor tempo de fluoroscopia e de n&#250;mero de filmagens.</p>
        <p>Utilizaram-se doses maiores que as usadas em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Observando apenas doses utilizadas em angioplastias, em um dos estudos, a m&#233;dia de DAP foi de 55 Gycm<sup>2</sup> e, em outro, de 86,2 Gycm<sup>2</sup>, enquanto que, neste estudo, foi de 119,7 Gycm<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m da maior complexidade das les&#245;es tratadas, com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes triarteriais em ambos os grupos, tal achado pode estar relacionado ao fato de os exames terem sido realizados em uma institui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, envolvendo m&#233;dicos em treinamento em cardiologia intervencionista, como j&#225; documentado em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.  </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, observou&#8209;se um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes triarteriais no grupo dos pacientes estadiados. No entanto, dos 320 pacientes do Grupo 1, 58 trataram duas ou mais les&#245;es (18,1%), enquanto que, no Grupo 2, dos 248 pacientes, 83 trataram duas ou mais les&#245;es (33,5%) e, comparando os dois subgrupos, observamos clara tend&#234;ncia a menor dose de radia&#231;&#227;o no grupo <italic>ad hoc</italic>. Isso demonstra que, apesar do grupo estadiado possuir anatomia mais complexa, tal fato n&#227;o se refletiu no aumento da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento, observamos mais angioplastias de art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX), maior quantidade de les&#245;es tratadas e de stents utilizados no Grupo 2. Estudo pr&#233;vio de 1.827 pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia demonstrou que a complexidade da les&#227;o tratada, a angioplastia de ACX e o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es tratadas correlacionaram-se com o aumento da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Outro estudo envolvendo 20.669 procedimentos demonstrou que o tratamento de duas ou mais les&#245;es correlacionou-se ao aumento de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Portanto, o maior n&#250;mero de angioplastias de ACX e de les&#245;es abordadas no grupo estadiado podem ter corroborado para uma maior necessidade de radia&#231;&#227;o observada nesse grupo. No entanto, quando avaliamos a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o utilizada por les&#227;o tratada, mantivemos a vantagem do grupo <italic>ad hoc,</italic>no que se referiu a menor dose, expressa em tempo de fluoroscopia e quantidade de filmagens, com clara tend&#234;ncia a menores valores de Kerma e DAP por les&#227;o tratada nesse grupo.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar o subgrupo de pacientes que trataram apenas uma les&#227;o, ou seja, 260 pacientes do Grupo 1 e 165 do Grupo 2, nota-se diferen&#231;a significativa na dose de radia&#231;&#227;o expressa por Kerma total (p = 0,006), DAP total (p = 0,007), fluoroscopia total (p &lt; 0,001) e quantidade de filmagens total (p &lt; 0,001) a favor do grupo   <italic>ad hoc</italic>.</p>
        <p>Delewi e cols. ainda relatam que o aumento de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica em pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia e &#224; cineangiocoronariografia esteve relacionado a: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#250;mero de les&#245;es tratadas e les&#245;es de oclus&#245;es cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em nosso estudo, as vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao aumento de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica foram quantidade de stents utilizados e padr&#227;o coronariano triarterial. Podemos, ent&#227;o, inferir que, em pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a procedimento estadiado, com muitas les&#245;es a serem tratadas, com les&#245;es complexas, especialmente se obesos e com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, alta dose de radia&#231;&#227;o pode ser necess&#225;ria, devendo ser realizado um planejamento pr&#233;vio ao procedimento, com o intuito de minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica para o m&#233;dico e o paciente. Al&#233;m disso, devemos levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o procedimento   <italic>ad hoc</italic> em nossos casos, principalmente quando essas outras vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao aumento da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o estiverem presentes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise em um &#250;nico centro com caracter&#237;stica prospectiva, por&#233;m hist&#243;rica, com coleta de dados de prontu&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea <italic>ad hoc</italic> foi associada a significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica ao paciente, quando comparada &#224; angioplastia estadiada, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para as diferen&#231;as basais entre os grupos, apresentando menor dose de produto de dose por &#225;rea e Kerma, menor tempo de fluoroscopia e de n&#250;mero de filmagens. Nossos achados sugerem que menores doses de radia&#231;&#227;o podem ser vistas como um potencial benef&#237;cio da angioplastia <italic>ad hoc</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
