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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kz9SfBs537rN8jNw6dkw3yp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400479</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050095</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High-fat Diet Promotes Cardiac Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Albert Schiaveto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Desenvolvimento na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Desenvolvimento na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste &#8211; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (FMB/UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (IBB/UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvio Assis de Oliveira J&#250;nior,</bold> UFMS. Rua Eduardo Santos Pereira, 804, Apto 501, Monte Castelo. Postal Code 79010030, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>silviojr_fisio@yahoo.com.br</email>,   <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Campos DHS, Martinez PF, Cicogna AC, Oliveira-Junior SA; Acquisition of data: Martins F, Campos DHS, Pagan LU, Okoshi K, Souza AS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Martins F, Martinez PF, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP, Oliveira-Junior SA; Statistical analysis: Padovani CR, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obtaining financing: Oliveira-Junior SA; Writing of the manuscript: Martins F, Martinez PF, Oliveira-Junior SA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC,.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>479</fpage>
      <lpage>486</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although nutritional, metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities are commonly seen in experimental studies of obesity, it is uncertain whether these effects result from the treatment or from body adiposity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of treatment and body composition on metabolic and cardiovascular aspects in rats receiving high saturated fat diet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixteen Wistar rats were used, distributed into two groups, the control (C) group, treated with isocaloric diet (2.93 kcal/g) and an obese (OB) group, treated with high-fat diet (3.64 kcal/g). The study period was 20 weeks. Analyses of nutritional behavior, body composition, glycemia, cholesterolemia, lipemia, systolic arterial pressure, echocardiography, and cardiac histology were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>High-fat diet associates with manifestations of obesity, accompanied by changes in glycemia, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and myocardial interstitial fibrosis. After adjusting for adiposity, the metabolic effects were normalized, whereas differences in morphometric changes between groups were maintained.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>It was concluded that adiposity body composition has a stronger association with metabolic disturbances in obese rodents, whereas the high-fat dietary intervention is found to be more related to cardiac morphological changes in experimental models of diet-induced obesity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, High-Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology, Experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac remodeling results from aggression or continuous overload conditions, and causes molecular, cellular and interstitial changes that manifest clinically as changes in the size, mass, geometry, and function of the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Experimental studies, including exogenous obesity models, i.e. diet-induced obesity, have reported myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis associated with functional disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In the metabolic context, disturbances related to cholesterol and lipid levels, as well as to glucose metabolism have also been frequently shown as comorbidities in experimental models of high energy diet-induced obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although dietetic interventions have been frequently used in studies on obesity, the distinction between treatment responses and adiposity-related effects has been poorly investigated. High-fat and high-energy diets, <italic>per se</italic>, are associated with different tissue and systemic changes in rodents, regardless of obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. On the other hand, numerous endocrine, paracrine and autocrine properties have been attributed to the adipose tissue, highlighting its important role on the coordination of metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study was primarily aimed to assess the nutritional, metabolic and cardiovascular profiles of rats undergoing a high-fat, high-energy diet. The initial hypothesis was that the dietetic intervention would be associated with the manifestation of obesity, metabolic disturbances, including glycemic and dyslipidemic disorders, and evidence of cardiac remodeling in rodents. The second aim was to differentiate the effects resulting from the treatment from those related to increased adiposity. The hypothesis was that the influence of body composition on such responses surpasses the effects associated with diet.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The scientific project was evaluated and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (CEUA / UFMS), and in conformity with the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and experimental protocol</title>
        <p>Sixteen male Wistar rats, aged 30 days, were studied. Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> of our research group were considered for sample size determination. The animals were randomly assigned to either Control (C) group or Obese (OB) group, to receive a isocaloric diet (2.93 kcal/g) or a high-fat, high-energy diet (3.64 kcal/g) respectively, for 20 weeks. The animals were kept in individual cages at a temperature of 22 &#177; 2&#176;C and humidity of 55 &#177; 5%, under 12 h light / 12 h dark cycles, with free access to water.</p>
        <p>The experimental diets differed only in their lipid content, and were balanced in terms of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The isocaloric diet provided 34.3% of energy from protein, 57.1% from carbohydrate, and 8.6% from fat (3.3% from unsaturated and 5.3% from saturated fat). The high-fat intervention provided 24.0% of energy from protein, 53.3% from carbohydrate, and 22.7% from fat (8.0% from unsaturated and 14.7% from saturated fat). Both diets contained soybean bran and husk, and were supplemented with vitamins and minerals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nutritional and murinometric characterization</title>
        <p>Nutritional characterization comprised evaluation of food intake (FI), energy intake (EI) and energy efficiency. Food intake was assessed daily, and EI was calculated by the formula: FI x (energy value of the diet)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Energy provided by fatty acids was calculated by the formula: EI x (% fat provided by the diet)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In order to evaluate the efficiency of conversion of dietary energy into body mass, food efficiency (FE) was calculated by weight gain (g) / total energy intake (kcal) rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>For body composition analysis, body mass was measured weekly, using a digital scale. Weight gain was calculated by subtracting the final weight from the initial weight. After euthanasia, adiposity measures were obtained considering retroperitoneal, epididymal and visceral fat masses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Total body adiposity was calculated by the relationship between the sum of fat in each compartment (CF) and the final body mass (BM): &#931;CF&#215;100/(BM - &#931;CF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metabolic characterization</title>
        <p>Glucose tolerance test was performed after a 12-hour fast, and blood samples collected from caudal artery were used for glucose analysis. Intraperitoneal administration of 20% glucose (glucose monohydrate, Merck, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) (2 g/kg) was performed, followed by measurement of glucose levels at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, using a glucose meter (ACCU-CHEK GO KIT, Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda, SP, Brazil).</p>
        <p>Two days after <italic>in vivo</italic> analysis, the animals were kept under fasting for 12 hours, anaesthetized intraperitoneally with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and euthanized by decapitation. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged (3,000 rpm) and stored for further analysis. Biochemical analyses included measurements of serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, albumin and total protein, using an enzymatic method with specific kits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular characterization</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular characterization comprised determination of systolic arterial pressure, echocardiographic analysis, cardiopulmonary morphology analysis and myocardial morphometry. Systolic arterial pressure was measured by plethysmography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> using a sphygmomanometer (709-0610, Narco Bio-Systems &#174;, Austin, TX, USA) at the end of experimental period. Two days later, transthoracic echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function and structure, according to previously described methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.  </p>
        <p>Following the measurement of body mass, the animals were anesthetized intramuscularly with a ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) solution. For the echocardiography test, the anterior chest hair was removed and the animals were examined in the left lateral decubitus position. For determination of cardiac chambers, one-dimensional guided M-mode images were obtained with the ultrasound beam oriented by two-dimensional imaging, and the transducer in the parasternal short-axis position. Images of the left ventricle (LV) were obtained at the papillary muscle level, by positioning the M-mode cursor below the plane of the mitral valve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, and images of the thoracic aorta and left atrium were obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor below the plane of the aortic valve. The images were recorded with the use of a printer (UP-890, Sony Co., Japan), and the cardiac structures were measured manually using a precision pachimeter. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD), posterior wall diastolic thickness (PWDT) and interventricular diastolic septum thickness (IVDST) were measured at the point of maximum diameter of the ventricular cavity. Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVED), posterior wall systolic thickness (PWST) and interventricular systolic septum thickness (IVSST) were measured at the point of minimum diameter of the ventricular cavity. Left atrium (LA) was measured at its maximum diameter. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated by the formula: LVM = [(LVDD+PWDT+IVDST)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>-(LVDD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>]x1.04. The following variables were derived from the above-mentioned dimensions: relative thickness of the LV (PWDT/ LVSD),LVDD/FBW, LA/FBW and LVM Index (LVMI, LVM/FBW) where FBW refers to final body weight.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular systolic function was evaluated by using the following parameters:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Percentage of mid-wall shortening: [(LVDD + &#189;PWDT + &#189;IVDST) - (LVED + &#189;PWST + &#189;IVSST)]/(LVDD + &#189;PWDT + &#189;IVDST);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Percentage of endocardial shortening: [(LVDD - LVED)/LVDD];</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Diastolic function was evaluated by the parameters: ratio of the peak early filling velocity (E-wave) to peak atrial contraction velocity (A-wave) of transmitral flow (E/A ratio); E-wave decelaration time (DT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT). The echocardiography was performed using a commercially available echocardiographic system with an 11.5-MHz transducer (Vivid S6, General Electric Medical Systems). All measurements were performed by the same investigator, following the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>For evaluation of macroscopic morphology, the atrial mass, right ventricle mass (RVM), and left ventricle mass (LVM) were expressed both in absolute values and in relation to final body mass (BM) and tibia length. Morphometric analysis of myocardium, involving both myocyte cross-sectional areas (MCSAs) and interstitial collagen fraction (ICF) was performed in LV samples. Tissue fragments were fixed in 10% formalin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, embedded in paraffin, and 7- &#956;m sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) or Picrosirius Red (PR). Sections stained with HE were used for analysis of MCSAs, encompassing 50-100 cardiomyocytes, whereas sections stained with PR were used for quantification of ICF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SYSTAT&#174;, version 12.0 (Systat Software, Inc.). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate data distribution. Parametric results were analyzed using Student's t-test and expressed as mean and standard deviation. Non-parametric findings were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and expressed as median and interquartile range. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effect of adiposity as an intervening variable on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, considering the measures related to adipose tissue as covariables. To draw statistical conclusions, the level of significance was set at 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>With respect to nutritional behavior and body composition, although the C group had lower food intake and unchanged energy consumption, higher fat intake, energy efficiency, body mass, and changes in body weight and adiposity were observed in the OB group as compared with controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).  </p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Nutritional behavior and murinometric parameters (mean and standard deviation)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bsottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control (C)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (OB)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Food intake (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TEI (kcal/day)</td>
              <td align="center">84.3 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.5864</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TEI &#183; Fat (kcal)</td>
              <td align="center">708 &#177; 73</td>
              <td align="center">1956 &#177; 159</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Energy efficiency (kcal/g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.030 &#177; 0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.036 &#177; 0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.0007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Final body mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">506 &#177; 59</td>
              <td align="center">575 &#177; 60</td>
              <td align="center">0.0369<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight change (%)</td>
              <td align="center">230 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center">269 &#177; 36</td>
              <td align="center">0.0415<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adiposity</td>
              <td align="center">4.89 &#177; 1.26</td>
              <td align="center">8.18 &#177; 1.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>TEI: total energy intake; TEI &#183; Fat: total energy intake in relation to fat consumption;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; Student's t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the context of metabolism, levels of lipid, cholesterol, protein and albumin were not significantly different between the groups. However, glucose levels were different between groups, and hyperglycemia was observed in the OB group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Biochemical profile and glucose tolerance (mean and standard deviation)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bsottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Control (C)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Obese (OB)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglyceride</td>
              <td align="center">68.8 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">78.9 &#177; 15.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.1650</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">67.8 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">72.6 &#177; 14.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.4138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">22.5 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.7639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">31.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.3774</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VLDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.1991</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Protein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.74 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">5.75 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.9700</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Albumin (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.23 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">3.25 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.8147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">87.8 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">97.0 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.0480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AUC</td>
              <td align="center">27699 &#177; 3109</td>
              <td align="center">29366 &#177; 6123</td>
              <td align="center">0.5036</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; AUC: area under the curve; AUC: Glucose tolerance  </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C;Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In agreement with these findings, the OB group showed altered glucose tolerance as compared with C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), although no changes in area under the curve were observed. In the covariance analysis, after adjusting the values for adiposity, glucose levels were found to be normal in both groups (C, 93 &#177; 4; OB, 94 &#177; 4 mg/dL, p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Glucose levels during glucose tolerance test; control group (blue line); obese group (red line); *p &lt; 0.05; ANOVA and Bonferroni test.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0479-50095-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Considering the <italic>in vivo</italic> cardiovascular results, no changes in systolic arterial pressure or cardiac function were observed in response to diet. In the structural aspect, only absolute values of left atrium diameter were found to be increased in the OB group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systolic arterial pressure and parameters of cardiac morphological and functional performance (mean and standard deviation)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bsottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control (C)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (OB)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>SAP (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">115 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">0,6687</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac frequency (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">233 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">235 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">0.8401</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrium (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.50 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.0429<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LAs/AA</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.5200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVM (g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.2867</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.44 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">8.92 &#177; 0.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.1564</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVED (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.14 &#177; 0.55</td>
              <td align="center">4.56 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.1980</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PWDT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.39 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.8528</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVDST (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.9669</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Relative thickness<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.31 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.1188</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Endocardial shortening (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.3366</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SVLVPW (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.0638</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EF (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.2954</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.7721</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DT</td>
              <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">48.5 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.9736</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVRT</td>
              <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.1335</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVRT/ R-R</td>
              <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">55.0 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.1201</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>SAP: systolic arterial pressure; LA/AA: ratio of left atrium diameter to aortic artery diameter; LVM: left ventricle mass; LVDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter;LVED: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; PWDT: posterior wall diastolic thickness; IVDST: interventricular diastolic septum thickness;  </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>posterior wall systolicthickness in relation to LVDD; SVLVPW: shortening velocity of the left ventricle posterior wall; EF: ejection fraction; E/A ratio: E-wave to A-wave ratio (velocity oftransmitral flow); DT:E-wave decelaration time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time of the left ventricle; IVRT/ R-R: isovolumetric relaxation time of the left ventricle inrelation to R-R interval (cardiac frequency);  </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; Student's t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Additionally, although macroscopic findings were similar between the groups, higher values of MCSAs and ICF fraction were observed in the OB group as compared with controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estimators (mean and standard deviation) of macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the heart</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bsottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control (C)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (OB)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial mass (mg)</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center">145 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">0.1327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RVM (mg)</td>
              <td align="center">300 &#177; 41</td>
              <td align="center">303 &#177; 52</td>
              <td align="center">0.9295</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVM (mg)</td>
              <td align="center">796 &#177; 94</td>
              <td align="center">805 &#177; 82</td>
              <td align="center">0.8351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial mass/BM (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.245 &#177; 0.074</td>
              <td align="center">0.263 &#177; 0.048</td>
              <td align="center">0.5610</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RVM/BM (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.619 &#177; 0.101</td>
              <td align="center">0.546 &#177; 0.059</td>
              <td align="center">0.1013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVM/BM (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.0638</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MCSAs (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">94.9 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">103.1 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.0190<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ICF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.20 &#177; 1.08</td>
              <td align="center">4.33 &#177; 2.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.0486<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <p>RVM: right ventricle mass; LVM: left ventricle mass; BM: final body mass; Atrial mass/BM: atrial mass-to-final body mass ratio; RVM/BM: right ventricle mass-to-final bodymass ratio; LVM/BM: left ventricle mass-to-final body mass ratio; MCSAs: myocyte cross-sectional areas; ICF: interstitial collagen fraction;  </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After adjusting the morphometric values for adiposity indexes, no changes in the MCSAs (C, 95 &#177; 3; OB, 103 &#177; 3 &#956;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, p &lt; 0.05) and ICF (C, 2 &#177; 1; OB, 5 &#177; 1 %, p &lt; 0.05) values were observed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In accordance with the initial hypothesis of this study, high-fat diet associates with manifestation of obesity, metabolic disturbances and cardiac remodeling in rodents. This hypothesis was largely confirmed by the results, since the occurrence of obesity was associated with hyperglycemia, altered glucose tolerance, and morphometric indicators of cardiac remodeling in rats treated with high-fat, high-energy diet. However, the second hypothesis was only partly confirmed, since although glucose changes were found to be directly related to body composition, the cardiac findings resulted from diet-related factors, independently of adiposity.</p>
      <p>With respect to the effects of diet on nutritional behavior and adiposity, although no change in energy intake was observed on both groups, the OB group had higher fat intake and energy efficiency and, as a consequence, higher BMI, as compared to the C group. High-fat diets are classically associated with accumulation of body reserves and fat due to the high energy density of lipids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. In this context, the increase in body mass may have resulted from the development of adiposity, which corroborates with obesity, in accordance with previous findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Consequently, in the metabolic aspect, hyperglycemia and altered glucose tolerance in the OB group was mainly caused by obesity. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines, which may lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and, consequently, altered glucose tolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Results of glucose measurements are in accordance with previous evidence that high-fat diet-induced obesity associates with altered glucose and insulin metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. On the other hand, neither lipid levels nor cholesterol levels were affected by the treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Regarding lipid concentrations, continuously increased levels of insulin may have stimulated triglyceride uptake by adipocytes, contributing to adipogenesis and inhibiting lipolysis, and hence attenuating the increase in triglyceride levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In addition, unchanged levels of cholesterol may be associated with quantities of cholesterol equivalent in experimental diets. Changes in cholesterol levels have been reported only by studies in which oxidized cholesterol was added to the diets<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. These findings differ from those reported in previous approaches in the literature, and further studies aiming to better explain these results are still needed.</p>
      <p>Concerning the cardiovascular aspect, the systolic pressure was not influenced by diet-induced obesity. In a recent study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, although an increase in adipose tissue has led to metabolic and hormonal changes, no changes in arterial pressure were observed at 15 and 30 week. We have previously reported that systolic pressure in rats with diet-induced obesity was affected by physical stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and progression of the experimental protocol, although in the end of the experiment, arterial pressure levels remained unchanged<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, the possibility that changes in arterial pressure may have occurred in the present experimental model cannot be ruled out, and further investigations are needed to clarify this effect.</p>
      <p>Similarly, the echocardiographic study and macroscopic analysis did not reveal significant changes in cardiac structure or function. Although different from previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, considering that cardiac remodeling encompasses complex processes related to cardiovascular adaptation and defense to chronic overload, the possibility that these responses were not produced during this experimental period (20 weeks) cannot be excluded. This is corroborated by a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, in which the pressure overload in response to diet and/or body composition induced cardiac injury only at 15 weeks, and cardiac remodeling was observed by 30 weeks after intervention. Also, values of microscopic morphology variables were affected by the high-fat diet in this study, suggesting evidence or cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <p>Intriguingly, myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis were not modulated by increased adiposity in the OB group, implicating that diet was the main determinant of cardiac remodeling. Saturated fats are the main metabolic fuel for the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and, paradoxically, accumulation of excess lipid may stimulate mitochondrial overload and activates molecular mechanisms of cardiac remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. As a result, lipotoxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and/or oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>may be related to the onset of cardiac remodeling. Accumulation of products of lipid metabolization generates the production of potential intracellular substrates for non-oxidative, damaging processes, such as diacylglycerol and ceramide, which act in molecular pathways of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In addition, free radicals produced during lipid oxidation cause cellular damage by oxidative damage to proteins and DNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, and interact with pathways that regulate myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Based on the current findings, further studies need to be carried out to investigate different mechanisms associated with the development of cardiovascular disturbances using diet-induced obesity models.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it can be concluded that increased body adiposity has a stronger association with metabolic disturbances than dietary fat overload, whereas the high-fat dietary intervention is found to be more related to cardiac changes in experimental models of exogenous obesity. Similarly, by using canonical correlation analysis, we verified that the consumption of saturated fat was the main cause of various disturbances in an experimental model of obesity induced by a high-energy, high-sucrose and high-fatty acid diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This is the first study to differentiate the effects of obesity condition from the effects of a high-fat diet. It is clear, however, that further studies are needed in order to confirm or not the evidence here described. It is suggested that the use of different diet compositions and different fatty acids is investigated in future studies in order to clarify the effects of different components of the treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>High-fat diet was associated with obesity, hyperglycemia, and myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. While the metabolic disturbances were associated with obesity, cardiac remodeling were directly associated with diet.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernando Martins, from Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank Jos&#233; C. Georgette and M&#225;rio B. Bruno for technical assistance.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica Promove Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Modelo Experimental de Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Albert Schiaveto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Desenvolvimento na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Desenvolvimento na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste &#8211; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (FMB/UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (IBB/UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvio Assis de Oliveira J&#250;nior,</bold> UFMS. R. Eduardo Santos Pereira, 804, Apto 501, Monte Castelo. CEP 79010-030, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>silviojr_fisio@yahoo.com.br</email>,   <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Campos DHS, Martinez PF, Cicogna AC, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Martins F, Campos DHS, Pagan LU, Okoshi K, Souza AS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Martins F, Martinez PF, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP, Oliveira-Junior SA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Padovani CR, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira-Junior SA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martins F, Martinez PF, Oliveira-Junior SA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora anormalidades nutricionais, metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares sejam comuns a diversos experimentos de obesidade, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecido se tais efeitos s&#227;o resultantes do tratamento ou da adiposidade corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do tratamento e da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal sobre aspectos metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares de ratos submetidos a dieta hiperlip&#237;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados 16 ratos <italic>Wistar</italic>, distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos, Controle (C), tratado com dieta normocal&#243;rica (2,93 kcal/g), e Obeso (OB), que recebeu dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (3,64 kcal/g). O per&#237;odo de estudo foi de 20 semanas. Posteriormente, foram realizadas an&#225;lises do comportamento nutricional e murinom&#233;trico, glicemia, colesterolemia, lipidemia, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, ecocardiograma e aspectos histol&#243;gicos do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A dieta hiperlip&#237;dica associa-se com manifesta&#231;&#245;es de obesidade, acompanhada de altera&#231;&#245;es da glicemia, hipertrofia cardiomiocit&#225;ria e fibrose intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio. Quando ajustados aos valores de adiposidade, os efeitos metab&#243;licos foram normalizados, enquanto que as altera&#231;&#245;es morfom&#233;tricas mantiveram-se diferentes entre os grupos C e OB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Conclui-se que a adiposidade est&#225; mais associada com anormalidades metab&#243;licas em obesos. A interven&#231;&#227;o hiperlip&#237;dica mostra-se mais relacionada com modifica&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do cora&#231;&#227;o em experimentos de obesidade induzida por dieta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia Experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca resulta de condi&#231;&#245;es de agress&#227;o ou sobrecarga cont&#237;nua, as quais repercutem em varia&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que se manifestam clinicamente por altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, massa, geometria e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Nesse aspecto, diversos estudos documentaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e fibrose intersticial, acompanhadas de desordens funcionais em diferentes modelos experimentais, incluindo estudos sobre obesidade ex&#243;gena, isto &#233;, induzida por dieta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. No contexto metab&#243;lico, dist&#250;rbios relacionados &#224; colesterolemia, &#224; lipidemia e ao metabolismo glic&#234;mico foram tamb&#233;m mostrados como comorbidades comuns a modelos experimentais de obesidade induzida por dieta hipercal&#243;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora o uso de interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas seja muito comum em investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre a obesidade, poucos estudos fizeram distin&#231;&#227;o entre respostas espec&#237;ficas do tratamento diet&#233;tico e efeitos atribu&#237;dos &#224; adiposidade. Dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas e hipercal&#243;ricas,   <italic>per se</italic>, associam-se com diferentes altera&#231;&#245;es teciduais e sist&#234;micas em roedores, desvinculadas da ocorr&#234;ncia de obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Por outro lado, in&#250;meras propriedades end&#243;crinas, par&#225;crinas e aut&#243;crinas t&#234;m sido atribu&#237;das ao tecido adiposo, evidenciando seu importante papel na coordena&#231;&#227;o de diferentes anormalidades metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho foi inicialmente proposto para analisar o perfil nutricional, metab&#243;lico e cardiovascular de ratos submetidos &#224; dieta hiperlip&#237;dica e hipercal&#243;rica. Como hip&#243;tese inicial, admitiu-se que a interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica estivesse associada com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de obesidade, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, incluindo desordens glic&#234;micas e dislipid&#234;micas, e ind&#237;cios de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em roedores. Um segundo prop&#243;sito foi diferenciar os efeitos provindos de tratamento das respostas decorrentes do aumento da adiposidade, sob a hip&#243;tese de que a influ&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o murinom&#233;trica suplanta os efeitos associados &#224; dieta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O projeto cient&#237;fico foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA/ UFMS), estando em conformidade com regimentos do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e Protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados 16 ratos da linhagem <italic>Wistar</italic>, machos, com 30 dias de idade. Para defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral, foram considerados estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; realizados por nosso grupo de pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Os animais foram randomicamente distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: Controle (C) e Obeso (OB). O grupo C foi tratado com dieta normocal&#243;rica (2,93 kcal/g) e o grupo OB recebeu dieta hiperlip&#237;dica e hipercal&#243;rica (3,64 kcal/g) durante 20 semanas. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais, em temperatura ambiente de 22 &#177; 2&#176;C, umidade de 55 &#177; 5%, ciclos de ilumina&#231;&#227;o claro/escuro de 12 horas e livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua.</p>
          <p>As dietas experimentais diferenciavam-se apenas nos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos, e eram equilibradas quanto &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o proteica, hidratos de carbono, vitaminas e minerais. A dieta normocal&#243;rica era constitu&#237;da de 34,3% do valor energ&#233;tico de prote&#237;na, 57,1% de hidratos de carbono e 8,6% de gordura (3,3% de lip&#237;deos insaturados e 5,3% de saturados). A interven&#231;&#227;o hiperlip&#237;dica foi constitu&#237;da de 24,0% de prote&#237;na, 53,3% de hidratos de carbono e 22,7% de gordura (8,0% de lip&#237;deos insaturados e 14,7% de saturados). Nas duas prepara&#231;&#245;es, foram utilizados: farelo e casca de soja, milho, dextrina, e &#243;leos de palma e de soja, acrescidos de suplementa&#231;&#227;o vitam&#237;nica e de mineral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o nutricional e murinom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o nutricional envolveu ingest&#227;o alimentar (IA), ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica (IC) e efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica. A IA foi avaliada diariamente e a IC foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: IA &#215; (valor cal&#243;rico da dieta)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Para analisar o consumo energ&#233;tico proveniente apenas de &#225;cidos graxos, considerou-se o c&#225;lculo proporcional de lip&#237;deos ingeridos segundo a dieta: IC total &#215; (propor&#231;&#227;o relativa (%) de lip&#237;deos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Com a finalidade de analisar a capacidade de convers&#227;o de energia consumida da dieta em massa corporal, foi considerada a efici&#234;ncia alimentar (EA), obtida a partir da rela&#231;&#227;o entre varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal total (g) e energia total ingerida (kcal)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o murinom&#233;trica, a massa corporal foi mensurada semanalmente, utilizando-se uma balan&#231;a digital. A varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal foi obtida a partir da diferen&#231;a entre os valores de massa corporal inicial e final. Para a obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas de adiposidade, foi considerada a massa adiposa (MA) procedente das regi&#245;es retroperitoneal, epididimal e visceral obtida ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Para estima&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade corporal total, considerou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a MA dos dep&#243;sitos segmentares e a massa corporal (MC) final: &#931;MA&#215;100/(MC - &#931;MA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise da toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica, os animais foram submetidos a jejum por 12 horas, e amostras sangu&#237;neas provenientes da art&#233;ria caudal foram utilizadas para a mensura&#231;&#227;o glic&#234;mica. Em seguida, foi realizada a administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de glicose a 20% (Glicose Monohidratada, Merck, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), em dosagem equivalente a 2 g/kg. Os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram ent&#227;o avaliados no decorrer de 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 e 240 minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Para tanto, utilizou-se o glicos&#237;metro ACCU-CHEK GO KIT (Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda, SP, Brazil).</p>
          <p>Dois dias ap&#243;s os procedimentos para an&#225;lise <italic>in vivo</italic>, os animais foram mantidos em jejum por um per&#237;odo de 12 horas, submetidos &#224; anestesia intraperitoneal com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg) e eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o. Amostras sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas, centrifugadas (3000 rpm) e armazenadas para posterior an&#225;lise. Para a an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica s&#233;rica, foram avaliadas as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, albumina e prote&#237;na total por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico com kits espec&#237;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular envolveu press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica, avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia cardiopulmonar e morfometria mioc&#225;rdica. A mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi feita ao final do per&#237;odo experimental por meio de pletismografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro com especifica&#231;&#245;es Narco Bio-Systems &#174;, modelo 709-0610 (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, USA).</p>
          <p>Dois dias depois, todos os animais foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o conforme metodologia previamente descrita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>Obtida a massa corporal, os animais foram anestesiados com uma mistura de cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1 mg/kg), administrados por via intramuscular. Posteriormente &#224; tricotomia na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, cada rato foi posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma. Para determina&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, foram obtidas imagens em modo monodimensional (modo-M) com o feixe de ultrassom orientado pelas imagens em modo bidimensional, mantendo-se o transdutor em posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal eixo menor. A imagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi obtida posicionando-se o cursor do modo-M abaixo do plano da valva mitral no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. As imagens da aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo foram obtidas com o cursor do modo-M posicionado ao n&#237;vel do plano da valva a&#243;rtica. As imagens obtidas foram registradas em impressora (modelo UP-890, Sony Co.). As estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas, manualmente, com o aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro de precis&#227;o.</p>
          <p>No momento correspondente ao di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade ventricular, foram mensurados o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), e espessuras diast&#243;licas da parede posterior do VE (EDPP) e do septo interventricular (EDSIV). No momento de di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da cavidade, foram avaliados o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (DSVE) e espessuras sist&#243;licas da parede posterior (ESPP) e do septo interventricular (ESSIV). O &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi medido no momento de seu di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo. A massa do VE (MVE) foi calculada de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: MVE = [(DDVE+EDPP+EDSIV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>-(DDVE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>]x1,04. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram derivadas das dimens&#245;es acima descritas: espessura relativa do VE (EDPP/DDVE), DDVE/MCF, AE/PC e &#237;ndice de MVE (IMVE, MVE/PC)&#8220;, em que MCF corresponde &#224; massa corporal final (g).</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pelos seguintes &#237;ndices:</p>
          <p>&#8211; porcentagem de encurtamento mesoc&#225;rdico (% Enc. Meso): [(DDVE + &#189;EDPP + &#189;EDSIV) - (DSVE + &#189;ESPP + &#189;ESSIV)]/(DDVE + &#189;EDPP + &#189;EDSIV);</p>
          <p>&#8211; porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico (% Enc. Endo): [(DDVE - DSVE)/DDVE];</p>
          <p>&#8211; velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP).</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi analisada pelos &#237;ndices: raz&#227;o entre os picos de velocidade de fluxo de enchimento inicial (onda E) e da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) do fluxo transmitral (E/A), tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE) e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV). Todas as medidas foram feitas pelo mesmo pesquisador, em conformidade com os procedimentos da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, sendo utilizado um ecocardi&#243;grafo dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipado com um transdutor eletr&#244;nico de multifrequ&#234;ncia (5- 11,5 MHz).</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a morfologia macrosc&#243;pica, foram medidas as massas de &#225;trios (MAt) e dos ventr&#237;culos direito (MVD) esquerdo (MVE), em valores absolutos e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa corporal final (MCF) e ao comprimento da t&#237;bia. A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio, envolvendo a &#225;rea transversa miocit&#225;ria e a fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno, foi realizada em amostras do VE. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, os fragmentos foram inclu&#237;dos em blocos de parafina. Em seguida, sec&#231;&#245;es de 7 &#956;m de espessura foram coletadas em l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas e coradas com Hematoxilina&#8211;Eosina (HE) e Picrosirius Red (PR). Os cortes corados com HE foram utilizados para an&#225;lise da &#225;rea seccional transversa, contemplando 50-100 cardiomi&#243;citos por animal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. As l&#226;minas coradas por PR foram utilizadas para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software SYSTAT 12.0 (SYSTAT 12 &#169; Copyright 2007, SYSTAT Software, Inc). Para an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, usou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados param&#233;tricos foram analisados com emprego do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, e est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Os achados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram analisados por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney, e s&#227;o apresentados por meio de mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Para analisar o efeito da adiposidade como vari&#225;vel interveniente sobre resultados metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares, utilizou-se a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA), adotando-se as medidas de tecido adiposo como covari&#225;vel. Todas as conclus&#245;es estat&#237;sticas foram discutidas ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento nutricional e murinom&#233;trico, apesar de exibir ingest&#227;o alimentar inferior e consumo cal&#243;rico inalterado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, os animais do grupo OB mostraram maiores valores de ingest&#227;o de lip&#237;deos, efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica, massa corporal, varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal e adiposidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o do comportamento nutricional e murinom&#233;trico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (C)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obeso (OB)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ingest&#227;o Alimentar (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICT (kcal/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">84,3 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,5864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICT &#183; Lip&#237;deos (kcal)</td>
                <td align="center">708 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center">1956 &#177; 159</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E. Energ&#233;tica (kcal/g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030 &#177; 0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,036 &#177; 0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,0007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa Corporal Final (g)</td>
                <td align="center">506 &#177; 59</td>
                <td align="center">575 &#177; 60</td>
                <td align="center">0,0369<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varia&#231;&#227;o Ponderal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">230 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">269 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">0,0415<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adiposidade</td>
                <td align="center">4,89 &#177; 1,26</td>
                <td align="center">8,18 &#177; 1,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>ICT: ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total; ICT &#183; Lip&#237;deos: ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total, proporcional aos lip&#237;deos; E Energ&#233;tica: efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica;  </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No contexto metab&#243;lico, lipidemia, colesterolemia, prote&#237;na e albumina n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. No entanto, os n&#237;veis de glicose foram diferentes entre os grupos, constatando-se hiperglicemia no grupo OB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o do perfil bioqu&#237;mico e toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (C)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obeso (OB)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">68,8 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">78,9 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,1650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">67,8 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">72,6 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">22,5 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">31,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,3774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VLDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,1991</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,74 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">5,75 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,9700</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,23 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">3,25 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,8147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">87,8 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">97,0 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC</td>
                <td align="center">27699 &#177; 3109</td>
                <td align="center">29366 &#177; 6123</td>
                <td align="center">0,5036</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade; VLDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de muito baixa densidade; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva de toler&#226;nciaglic&#234;mica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs. C; teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Corroborando com esses achados, o grupo OB revelou alterada toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), embora os valores de &#225;rea sob a curva de glicemia n&#227;o tenham sido alterados. Na an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia, ajustando-se os resultados aos valores de adiposidade, verificou-se que os n&#237;veis de glicose mostraram-se normalizados em ambos os grupos (C, 93 &#177; 4; OB, 94 &#177; 4 mg/dL, p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comportamento da glicemia obtido no teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. Tra&#231;ado azul: Grupo Controle (C); Tra&#231;ado vermelho: Grupo Obeso (OB). * p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0479-50095-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Levando-se em conta os resultados cardiovasculares <italic>in vivo</italic>, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram alteradas pela dieta. No contexto estrutural, apenas o di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo, em valores absolutos, revelou-se ampliado no grupo OB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e descritores de morfologia e desempenho funcional do cora</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (C)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obeso (OB)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">0,6687</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">233 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">235 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">0,8401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,50 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,0429<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE/AO</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,5200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,2867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,44 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">8,92 &#177; 0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,1564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,14 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">4,56 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,1980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EDPP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,8528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EDSIV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,9669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esp. Relativa</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,31 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,1188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enc. Endoc&#225;rdio (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,3366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEPP (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,0638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,2954</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,7721</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TDE</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRIV</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,1335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRIV/ R-R</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,1201</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; AE/AO: rela&#231;&#227;o entre os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e da art&#233;ria aorta (AO); MVE: massa de ventr&#237;culo de esquerdo (VE);DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE; EDPP: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE; EDSIV: espessura diast&#243;lica do septointerventricular; Esp. Relativa: rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura sist&#243;lica da parede posterior e o DDVE; Enc. Endoc&#225;rdico: encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico; VEPP: velocidadede encurtamento da parede posterior do VE; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A do fluxo transmitral; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da ondaE; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE; TRIV/ R-R: rela&#231;&#227;o entre TRIV e intervalo R-R da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, embora os grupos tenham mostrado valores similares de morfologia macrosc&#243;pica, o grupo OB apresentou maiores medidas de &#225;rea seccional transversa dos cardiomi&#243;citos e fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o dos estimadores de morfologia macro e microsc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (C)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obeso (OB)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>MAt (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">145 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0,1327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVD (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">300 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">303 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">0,9295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVE (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">796 &#177; 94</td>
                <td align="center">805 &#177; 82</td>
                <td align="center">0,8351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MA/MC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245 &#177; 0,074</td>
                <td align="center">0,263 &#177; 0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,5610</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVD/MC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,619 &#177; 0,101</td>
                <td align="center">0,546 &#177; 0,059</td>
                <td align="center">0,1013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVE/MC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,0638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (&#956;m2)</td>
                <td align="center">94,9 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">103,1 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0190<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FIC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,20 &#177; 1,08</td>
                <td align="center">4,33 &#177; 2,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,0486<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>MAt: massa de &#225;trios; MVD: massa de ventr&#237;culo direito; MVE: massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MA/MC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre MA e massa corporal final; MVD/MC: rela&#231;&#227;oentre massa de ventr&#237;culo direito e massa corporal final; MVE/MC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre MVE e massa corporal final; ASC: &#225;rea seccional transversa dos cardiomi&#243;citos; FIC: fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno;  </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ajustando-se os valores de morfometria aos &#237;ndices de adiposidade, n&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a no comportamento das vari&#225;veis ASC (C, 95 &#177; 3; OB, 103 &#177; 3 &#956;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, p &lt; 0,05) e FIC (C, 2 &#177; 1; OB, 5 &#177; 1%, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>De acordo com a hip&#243;tese prim&#225;ria do presente trabalho, a dieta hiperlip&#237;dica associa-se com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de obesidade, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e ocorr&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em roedores. Os resultados confirmaram, em grande parte, essa premissa, levando-se em conta que a ocorr&#234;ncia de obesidade foi acompanhada de hiperglicemia, toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica alterada e indicadores morfom&#233;tricos de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos animais tratados com dieta hiperlip&#237;dica e hipercal&#243;rica. Contudo, embora as altera&#231;&#245;es glic&#234;micas se mostrassem diretamente relacionadas com a condi&#231;&#227;o murinom&#233;trica, os achados card&#237;acos decorreram de fatores associados com a dieta, independentemente da adiposidade, confirmando apenas parcialmente a segunda hip&#243;tese postulada.</p>
        <p>Em considera&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos da dieta sobre o comportamento nutricional e a adiposidade, apesar do consumo cal&#243;rico inalterado entre os grupos, o grupo OB exibiu maiores medidas de ingest&#227;o lip&#237;dica e efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. Como resultado, os &#237;ndices de massa corporal foram mais elevados nos animais OB. Classicamente, em raz&#227;o da maior densidade energ&#233;tica dos lip&#237;deos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, a ingest&#227;o de dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas culmina em ac&#250;mulo de reservas corporais e crescimento adiposo. Nesse contexto, o aumento de massa corporal foi resultante, provavelmente, do desenvolvimento da adiposidade, corroborando o quadro de obesidade, o que est&#225; em conformidade com achados pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por conseguinte, no aspecto metab&#243;lico, a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia e alterada toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica do grupo OB foi decorrente, principalmente, da obesidade. A hipertrofia do tecido adiposo est&#225; associada com a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, que podem desencadear hiperglicemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, resultando em alterada toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os achados de glicemia conferem com diferentes evid&#234;ncias da literatura que constataram que a obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlip&#237;dica se associou com altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de glicose e insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em contrapartida, lipidemia e colesterolemia n&#227;o foram modificadas pelo tratamento (Tabela 2). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; lipidemia, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a insulina, mantendo-se elevada, tenha estimulado a capta&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos nos adip&#243;citos, contribuindo para a adipog&#234;nese e inibindo a lip&#243;lise, podendo amenizar o aumento de trigliceridemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Por sua vez, a colesterolemia inalterada pode estar ligada aos n&#237;veis equivalentes de colesterol nas dietas experimentais. Altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de colesterol t&#234;m sido presentes somente quando colesterol oxidado &#233; adicionado &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Certamente, outros estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para melhor explicar esses achados, que s&#227;o divergentes de outras investiga&#231;&#245;es da literatura.</p>
        <p>Analisando-se o aspecto cardiovascular, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica n&#227;o foi afetada pela obesidade induzida por dieta. Em estudo recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, embora o aumento do tecido adiposo tenha levado a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hormonais, n&#227;o se verificou altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas. Previamente, mostramos que a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de ratos com obesidade induzida por dieta foi afetada ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o de estresse f&#237;sico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e pela progress&#227;o do protocolo experimental, ainda que os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial se mantivessem inalterados ao final do experimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Portanto, n&#227;o se descarta a possibilidade de dist&#250;rbios de press&#227;o arterial no presente modelo experimental; mais estudos necessitam ser feitos para adicionais esclarecimentos.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico e a an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica macrosc&#243;pica n&#227;o mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas de estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. Embora divergente de outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, considerando-se que a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca envolve um processo complexo de adapta&#231;&#227;o e defesa do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco frente a per&#237;odos cr&#244;nicos de sobrecarga, a possibilidade de essas respostas n&#227;o terem ocorrido durante o per&#237;odo deste experimento (20 semanas) n&#227;o pode ser descartada. Tal fato &#233; corroborado por um estudo pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, em que somente a partir de 15 semanas, a sobrecarga devido &#224; dieta e/ou condi&#231;&#227;o biom&#233;trica causou importante agress&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o, o qual se remodelou continuamente at&#233; a 30&#170; semana. Ainda, as vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas microsc&#243;picas mostraram-se alteradas com a dieta hiperlip&#237;dica, sustentando um ind&#237;cio da ocorr&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Intrigantemente, a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e a fibrose intersticial n&#227;o foram moduladas pela maior adiposidade no grupo OB, real&#231;ando a dieta como principal determinante da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os lip&#237;deos saturados s&#227;o os principais combust&#237;veis metab&#243;licos para o cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e, antagonicamente, o ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios em excesso pode estimular a sobrecarga mitocondrial e ativar mecanismos moleculares de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Como resultado, lipotoxicidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e/ou estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> podem estar relacionados com o in&#237;cio da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O ac&#250;mulo de produtos de metaboliza&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica &#233; gerador de potenciais substratos intracelulares para a ocorr&#234;ncia de processos n&#227;o-oxidativos e danosos, como forma&#231;&#227;o de diacilglicerol e s&#237;ntese de ceramida, os quais fomentam vias moleculares de hipertrofia cardiomiocit&#225;ria, apoptose e fibrose intersticial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, radicais livres procedentes da oxida&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;deos promovem dano celular por meio do dano oxidativo em prote&#237;nas e DNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, al&#233;m de interagirem com in&#250;meras vias celulares que regulam hipertrofia e remodela&#231;&#227;o intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Partindo-se dos presentes achados, novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com o intuito de se investigar os diferentes mecanismos associados com o desenvolvimento de anormalidades cardiovasculares em modelos experimentais de obesidade induzida por dieta.</p>
        <p>Sob essas considera&#231;&#245;es, pode-se concluir que a ampliada adiposidade corporal &#233; mais associada com anormalidades metab&#243;licas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a sobrecarga diet&#233;tica de lip&#237;deos. Por sua vez, a interven&#231;&#227;o hiperlip&#237;dica mostra-se mais relacionada com modifica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em experimentos de obesidade ex&#243;gena. Analogamente, por meio de correla&#231;&#227;o can&#244;nica, verificamos que o consumo de gordura saturada foi o principal causador de dist&#250;rbios variados em modelo experimental de obesidade induzida por dieta hipercal&#243;rica com alto aporte de sacarose e &#225;cidos graxos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O presente estudo &#233; a primeira investiga&#231;&#227;o a diferenciar os efeitos da condi&#231;&#227;o de obesidade das respostas provindas da dieta hiperlip&#237;dica. Entretanto, destaca-se a necessidade de que novos estudos sejam desenvolvidos para corroborar ou n&#227;o evid&#234;ncias aqui obtidas. Sugere-se a altera&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta, considerando-se a introdu&#231;&#227;o isolada de diferentes &#225;cidos graxos, na busca de se esclarecer melhor os efeitos dos diversos componentes do tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dieta hiperlip&#237;dica foi associada com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de obesidade, hiperglicemia, hipertrofia e fibrose intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio. Enquanto os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos decorreram da obesidade corporal, a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mostrou-se diretamente associada com a dieta.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fernando Martins pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a Jos&#233; C. Georgette e M&#225;rio B. Bruno pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
