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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CwSwLTmPP5xsy3yn6yDwjhM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400472</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Galectin-3 Polymorphism in Subjects with Chronic Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larocca</surname>
            <given-names>Ticiana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Th&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Botelho Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular &#8211; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz - FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ticiana Ferreira Larocca</bold>, Av. S&#227;o Rafael, 2152. Postal Code 41253-190. S&#227;o Marcos, Salvador, BA - Brazil. <email>Email: ticiana@cbtc-hsr.org</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Souza BSF, Santos RR, Soares MBP; Acquisition of data: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Torre&#227;o J&#193;; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL, Torre&#227;o JA, Souza BSF, Soares MBP; Statistical analysis: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL; Obtaining financing: Santos RR, Soares MBP; Writing of the manuscript: Cruz GS, Larocca TF, Souza BSF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL, Souza BSF, Santos RR, Soares MBP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>472</fpage>
      <lpage>478</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Galectin-3, a &#946;-galactoside binding lectin, has been described as a mediator of cardiac fibrosis in experimental studies and as a risk factor associated with cardiovascular events in subjects with heart failure. Previous studies have evaluated the genetic susceptibility to Chagas disease in humans, including the polymorphisms of cytokine genes, demonstrating correlations between the genetic polymorphism and cardiomyopathy development in the chronic phase. However, the relationship between the galectin-3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and phenotypic variations in Chagas disease has not been evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to determine whether genetic polymorphisms of galectin-3 may predispose to the development of cardiac forms of Chagas disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Fifty-five subjects with Chagas disease were enrolled in this observational study. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping the variants rs4644 and rs4652 of the galectin-3 gene.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>For the SNP rs4644, the relative risk for the cardiac form was not associated with the genotypes AA (OR = 0.79, p = 0.759), AC (OR = 4.38, p = 0.058), or CC (OR = 0.39, p = 0.127). Similarly, for the SNP rs4652, no association was found between the genotypes AA (OR = 0.64, p = 0.571), AC (OR = 2.85, p = 0.105), or CC (OR = 0.49, p = 0.227) and the cardiac form of the disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our results showed no association between the different genotypes for both SNPs of the galectin-3 gene and the cardiac form of Chagas disease. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectin 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease (CD), caused by the intracellular parasite <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, is a major public health problem in Latin America and affects millions of people worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. About 30% of the patients develop chronic cardiomyopathy, which is the most severe form of CD and associated with worse prognosis in heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Since there is no effective treatment in this stage of the disease, it is crucial to identify biomarkers that might be used in the early detection of cardiac disease and prognostic stratification.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have evaluated the genetic susceptibility to CD in humans. Polymorphisms of molecules involved in host damage, induced by the parasite, such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-&#945;, and IFN-&#947; have been determined in subjects with the disease, demonstrating the association between genetic polymorphism and the development of cardiomyopathy in the chronic phase of CD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recently, our group has demonstrated that the galectin-3 gene is overexpressed in the heart of animals chronically infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family that binds &#946;-galactosides and is produced by activated macrophages and fibroblasts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. It has been shown to be a mediator of cardiac fibrosis in experimental studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and to be related to cardiovascular events and heart failure severity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that genetic variants at two galectin-3 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites (rs4644 and rs4652, corresponding to   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +191 A&gt;C and <italic>LGALS3</italic> +292 A&gt;C, respectively) are able to change the protein levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Galectin-3 plays an important role in inflammation and fibrosis process, and the relationship between the SNPs in the galectin-3 gene and the phenotypic variations in CD have not been evaluated. We hypothesized that galectin-3 SNPs can influence the development of cardiac forms of Chagas disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the correlation of genetic polymorphisms of galectin-3 with severity of the cardiac form of Chagas disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A retrospective observational study was performed between January 2011 and December 2013. A convenience sample of 55 subjects attending the CD outpatient clinic at Hospital S&#227;o Rafael was studied.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were: CD diagnosis confirmed microbiologically by two serological tests (indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence), and age from 18 to 70 years. Exclusion criteria were: previous myocardial infarction or history of coronary artery disease, primary valve disease, dialysis treatment for end-stage renal disease, active liver disease, hematologic, neoplastic or bone diseases, and contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p>
        <p>The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee. All subjects signed a written informed consent before their inclusion in the study. All subjects underwent a structured medical history and physical examination, blood analysis, 12-lead Electrocardiography (ECG), chest X-Ray, 24-h Holter monitoring, conventional Doppler echocardiogram, and cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotyping of galectin-3 gene SNPs</title>
        <p>Samples of genomic DNA were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. DNA extraction was performed using the commercial kit QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations. The samples were stored in a freezer at -20&#176;C. Genotyping of the SNPs rs4644 and rs4652 of the galectin-3 gene was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TaqMan&#174; (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA), and the SNPs were amplified using the TaqMan&#174; Universal PCR protocol (Life Technologies). Genotypes of each SNP were determined using the Sequence Detection System software version 1.3.1 (Life Technologies). The probes and primers for the selected SNPs were supplied by the same company.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doppler echocardiogram</title>
        <p>Standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed using the Vivid 7 digital ultrasound system (GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway). Three cardiac cycles were stored in cineloop format for offline analysis. Left ventricle (LV) and left atrial dimensions were measured according to the American Society of Echocardiography&#8217;s recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using the biplane Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed using a Sigma HDx 1.5-T system (General Electric; Fairfield, CT, USA). For assessment of the LV function, electrocardiography-gated, breath-hold long-axis, short-axis, and four-chamber views were acquired in the same location in different sequences. Acquisition parameters used for the dynamic sequence included a repetition time (RT) of 3.5 ms, an echo time (ET) of 1.5 ms, flip angle of 60&#176;, a receiver bandwidth of 125 kHz, a 35 x 35 cm field of view (FOV), a matrix of 256x148, a temporal resolution (TR) of 35 ms, and a slice thickness of 8.0 mm without gap. Delayed enhancement images were acquired every heartbeat, 10 to 20 min after the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast (0.1 mmol/kg) using RT of 7.1 ms, ET of 3.1 ms, flip angle of 20&#176;, first cardiac phase, views per segment 16/32, matrix size of 256 x 192, slice thickness of 8.0 mm, gap between slices of 2 mm, field of view 32 to 38 cm, inversion time 150 to 300 ms, receiver bandwidth of 31.25 kHz, number of excitations of 2. The myocardial delayed enhancement (MDE) technique was used to investigate myocardial fibrosis, which was estimated by a quantitative visual method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical data were expressed as numbers (percentages, 95% confidence interval), and continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (interquartile range). The genotype distribution of the SNPs rs4644 and rs4652 (AA, AC and CC) in subjects with indeterminate form of CD was compared with that in subjects with the cardiac form of CD using the Chi-square test or the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The percentage of myocardial fibrosis was compared between the groups with the 3 different genotypes Kruskal-Wallis test. Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences in the median of myocardial fibrosis between subjects with and without the SNPs. The association between the cardiac form of CD and each of the genotypes (AA, AC and CC) was estimated by Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Cases with missing data were dropped from the analysis. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM), and p &lt; 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and imaging characteristics</title>
        <p>The study comprised 55 subjects, 42% were men, with mean age of 58 &#177; 9 years. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and smoking were 71, 14, 42 and 27% respectively. Regarding the clinical forms, the subjects were distributed as follows: 16 (29%) with the indeterminate form (subjects with no evidence of cardiac involvement or heart failure), 16 (29%) with the cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction and 23 (42%) with the cardiac form with ventricular dysfunction. Seventeen subjects were in NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class III-IV (31%). The mean LVEF, measured using the biplane Simpson&#8217;s method, was 54 &#177; 15%, and the median percentage of myocardial fibrosis was 9.4% (2.2-17.3). Clinical and demographic characteristics of the subjects are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Subjects' clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Subjects (n = 55)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">23 (41.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminate form</td>
                <td align="center">16 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">16 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiac form with ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">23 (42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA III ou IV</td>
                <td align="center">17 (30.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">39 (70.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current smoking</td>
                <td align="center">15 (27.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypercholesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">23 (41.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RBBB</td>
                <td align="center">27 (49.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">14.0 &#177; 0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinin (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53.7 &#177; 15.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVESV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">79.1 &#177; 65.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">177.3 &#177; 80.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVmass (g)</td>
                <td align="center">172.8 &#177; 57.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocardial fibrosis (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 (2.2-17.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables, and as mean &#177; SD or median (interquartile interval) for continuous variables; NYHA: New York Heart Association CMR: RBBB: Right bundle-branch block; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV: Left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV: Left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LV: Left ventricular mass.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n = 40 (delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotyping of LGALS3 SNPs</title>
        <p>The SNPs genotype distribution is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. There was no significant association between <italic>LGALS3</italic>genotypes (AA, AC, CC) of the SNPs rs4644 and rs4652 and the presence of the cardiac form of CD. For the SNP rs4644, the relative risk of the cardiac form was not associated with the genotype AA (OR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.17 to 3.63, p = 0.759), AC (OR = 4.38, 95%CI = 0.87 to 22.02, p = 0.058), or CC (OR = 0.39, 95%CI = 0.11 to 1.33, p = 0.127). Similarly, for the SNP rs4652, the genotypes AA (OR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.13 to 3.06, p = 0.571), AC (OR = 2.85, 95%CI = 0.78 to 10.40, p = 0.105), and CC (OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.15 to 1.58, p = 0.227) were not associated with the cardiac form of CD.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Genotype and allele frequency of LGALS3 + 191 and LGALS3+292 in 16 subjects with the indeterminate form and 39 subjects with the cardiac form of Chagas disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>LGALS3 polymorphism</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Indeterminate form (n=16)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Cardiac form (n = 39)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>LGALS3</italic> +191</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (19, 7-43)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15, 7-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 (0.17-3.63)</td>
                <td align="center">0.759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AC</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12, 4-36)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (38, 25-54)</td>
                <td align="center">4.38 (0.87-22.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC</td>
                <td align="center">11 (69, 44-86)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46, 32-61)</td>
                <td align="center">0.39 (0.11-1.33)</td>
                <td align="center">0.127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>LGALS3</italic> +292</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (19, 7-43)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13, 6-27)</td>
                <td align="center">0.64 (0.13-3.06)</td>
                <td align="center">0.571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AC</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25, 10-50)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (49, 34-64)</td>
                <td align="center">2.85 (0.78-10.40)</td>
                <td align="center">0.105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56, 33-77)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (38, 25-54)</td>
                <td align="center">0.49 (0.15-1.58)</td>
                <td align="center">0.227</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Data are expressed as number (percentage, 95% confidence interval).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The SNP rs4644 genotype frequencies were not statistically different between the subjects with the indeterminate form and with the cardiac form of CD. (AA [19%   <italic>vs</italic> 15%, p = 0.710], AC [12% <italic>vs</italic> 38%, p = 0.106] and CC [69% <italic>vs</italic> 46%, p = 0.149]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In subjects with the indeterminate form, the most frequent genotype was the CC genotype, with a significantly higher prevalence than the genotypes AA and AC (p = 0.011 and p = 0.003, respectively). In subjects with the cardiac form, two genotypes were found to be more prevalent, AC and CC, as compared with the AA genotype (p = 0.04 and p = 0.006, respectively), with no difference between the prevalence of AC and CC (p = 0.647).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of the genotypes AA, AC and CC of the LGALS3 rs4644 in the indeterminate form and cardiac form of Chagas disease. The p-values using two-sided Fisher&#8217;s exact test were p = 0.710, p = 0.106 and p = 0.149, respectively. * p = 0.04, compared to AA genotype; ** p = 0.006, compared to AA genotype AA; *** p = 0.011, compared to AA genotype, and p = 0.003, compared to AC genotype</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Similar results were observed for the SNP rs4652 genotype distribution between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In subjects with the indeterminate form and subjects with the cardiac form of CD, respectively, the prevalence of the AA genotype was 19% <italic>vs</italic> 13% (p = 0.678), the prevalence of AC was 25% <italic>vs</italic> 49% (p = 0.138), and the prevalence of CC was 56% <italic>vs</italic> 38% (p = 0.249). In subjects with the indeterminate form, there was no significant difference between the three genotypes (AA   <italic>vs</italic> CC, p = 0.066; AA <italic>vs</italic> AC, p = 1.00; and AC   <italic>vs</italic> AA, p = 0.149). Similarly to the SNP rs4644, in subjects with the cardiac form, genotypes AC and CC were more prevalent, as compared with genotype AA (p = 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively), with no difference between the prevalence of AC and CC (p = 0.494).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of the genotypes AA, AC and CC of the LGALS3 rs4652 in the indeterminate form and cardiac form of Chagas disease. The p-values using twosided Fisher&#8217;s exact test were p = 0. 678, p = 0.138 and p = 0.249, respectively; * p = 0.018, compared to the AA genotype; ** p = 0.001, compared to the AA genotype</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial fibrosis</title>
        <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the median percentage of myocardial fibrosis between subjects with and without the presence of any of the SNPs rs4644 and rs4652 genotypes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median percentage of myocardial fibrosis in subjects with and without galectin-3 SNPs by genotype</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Without the SNP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>With the SNP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4644 AA</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 (0.0-14.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 (0.0-4.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4644 AC</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 (0.0-9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 (0.0-19.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.969</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4644 CC</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 (0.0-15.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 (0.2-18.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4652 AA</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 (0.0-14.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (0.3-10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4652 AC</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 (0.0-10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 (0.0-15.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.862</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rs4652 CC</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 (0.0-14.1)</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 (0.0-10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.681</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; Data are expressed as median (interquartile interval); p-values of Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The median percentage of myocardial fibrosis was not statistically different between the AA, AC and CC genotypes (p = 0.508), or between SNP rs4644 and SNP rs4652 (p = 0.903 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of myocardial fibrosis in subjects with the AA, AC and CC genotypes of the LGALS3 rs4644 (A) and rs4652 (B), p = 0.508 and p = 0.903, respectively.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study evaluated the association between genetic variants of the   <italic>LGALS3</italic> gene, encoding for galectin-3, and disease severity in subjects with CD. Since galectin-3 has been previously found to be highly correlated with fibrosis, we also evaluated the association of the three genotypes of the SNPs rs4644 and rs4652 with myocardial fibrosis. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of any of the genotypes between the subjects with the indeterminate form and the cardiac form of the disease. Also, there was no difference in the median of myocardial fibrosis between subjects with the AA, AC and CC genotypes of the SNPs in question.</p>
      <p>The genetic predisposition to galectin-3 polymorphism has been previously associated with rheumatoid arthritis, another inflammatory disease. Hu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> described an association between this rheumatic disease and the   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +292C allele. Although we have shown that the   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +191C and <italic>LGALS3</italic> + 292C allele carriage was relatively high in subjects with the cardiac form of CD, the CC genotype, at least for the SNP rs4644, was relatively more frequent among subjects with the indeterminate form. Thus, we could not confirm the possible role of the presence of CC genotype or AA genotype for both SNPs as a protective or a risk factor for developing the cardiac form of CD. Similarly, no relationship between the genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding galectin-3 and the median of myocardial fibrosis was observed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Studies at the levels of genes and proteins contribute to the understanding of the role of genetic variants in the etiology of diseases, as well as to elucidate their potential as therapeutic targets, risk predictors and prognostic markers. Our findings did not lead to a significant conclusion on the role of galectin-3 polymorphism in the development of the cardiac form of CD. In addition, further studies with long-term follow up are necessary to evaluate whether other genetic variants play a role in inflammation and fibrosis in the indeterminate form of CD, to identify possible variants associated with disease progression in CD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank Dr. Kyan James Allahdadi, PhD, for carefully reviewing the manuscript.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Polimorfismo da Galectina-3 em Indiv&#237;duos com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larocca</surname>
            <given-names>Ticiana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Th&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Botelho Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular &#8211; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz - FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ticiana Ferreira Larocca</bold>, Av. S&#227;o Rafael, 2152. CEP 41253-190. S&#227;o Marcos, Salvador, BA - Brasil. Email:   <email>ticiana@cbtc-hsr.org</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Souza BSF, Santos RR, Soares MBP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Torre&#227;o J&#193;; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL, Torre&#227;o JA, Souza BSF, Soares MBP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Santos RR, Soares MBP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cruz GS, Larocca TF, Souza BSF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cruz GS, Angelo ALD, Larocca TF, Macedo CT, Noya- Rabelo M, Correia LCL, Souza BSF, Santos RR, Soares MBP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A galectina-3, uma lectina de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#946;-galactosidase, foi descrita como um mediador de fibrose card&#237;aca em estudos experimentais e um fator de risco associado com eventos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram a susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica para doen&#231;a de Chagas em humanos, incluindo polimorfismos dos genes de citocinas, demonstrando correla&#231;&#245;es entre o polimorfismo gen&#233;tico e o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia na fase cr&#244;nica. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (<italic>single nucleotide polymorphism</italic>, SNP) e varia&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas na doen&#231;a de Chagas ainda n&#227;o foi avaliada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da galectina-3 podem predispor ao desenvolvimento de formas card&#237;acas da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cinquenta e cinco indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo observacional. A genotipagem das variantes rs4644 e rs4652 do gene da galectina-3 foi realizada por PCR (rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Para o SNP rs4644, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o risco relativo para a forma card&#237;aca e os gen&#243;tipos AA (OR = 0,79, p = 0,759), AC (OR = 4,38, p = 0,058), ou CC (OR = 0,39, p = 0,127). Similarmente, para o SNP rs4652, n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos AA (OR = 0,64, p = 0,571), AC (OR = 2,85, p = 0,105), ou CC (OR = 0,49, p = 0,227) e a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes gen&#243;tipos para ambos SNPs do gene da galectina-3 e a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectina 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), causada por um parasita intracelular <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina e afeta milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Cerca de 30% dos pacientes apresentam miocardiopatia cr&#244;nica, a qual &#233; a forma mais grave da DC, associada a um pior progn&#243;stico entre as insufici&#234;ncias card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Uma vez que n&#227;o existe tratamento efetivo nesse est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a, &#233; fundamental a identifica&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores que possam ser utilizados na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram a susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica &#224; DC em humanos. Polimorfismos de mol&#233;culas envolvidas no dano ao hospedeiro, induzidas pelo parasita, foram determinados em indiv&#237;duos com a doen&#231;a, tais como IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-&#945;, e IFN-&#947;, demonstrando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismo gen&#233;tico e o desenvolvimento de miocardiopatia na fase cr&#244;nica da DC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou a superexpress&#227;o do gene de galectina-3 no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais cronicamente infectados com <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A galectina-3 &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia galectina que se liga a &#946;-galactosidases e &#233; produzida por macr&#243;fagos e fibroblastos ativados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Estudos experimentais demonstraram que a galectina-3 &#233; um mediador de fibrose card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, e est&#225; relacionada a eventos cardiovasculares e &#224; gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que variantes gen&#233;ticas em dois s&#237;tios de polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) do gene da galectina-3 (rs4644 e rs4652, correspondendo a   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +191 A&gt;C e <italic>LGALS3</italic> +292 A&gt;C, respectivamente) s&#227;o capazes de alterar os n&#237;veis da prote&#237;na<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A galectina-3 exerce um importante papel no processo de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre SNPs no gene que codifica a galectina-3 e varia&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas na DC n&#227;o foi avaliada. Nossa hip&#243;tese era a de que SNPs no gene que codifica a galectina-3 podem influenciar o desenvolvimento de formas card&#237;acas da DC. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da galectina-3 e a gravidade da forma card&#237;aca da DC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Um estudo retrospectivo observacional foi realizado entre janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013. Uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 55 indiv&#237;duos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a de Chagas do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael foi estudada.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: DC confirmada microbiologicamente por dois testes sorol&#243;gicos (hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta), e idade entre 18 a 70 anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria das valvas card&#237;acas, hemodi&#225;lise por fal&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ativa, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, neopl&#225;sicas ou &#243;sseas, e contraindica&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM). O estudo estava de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica. Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram um termo de consentimento antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Uma hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica estruturada de todos os volunt&#225;rios foi obtida, e todos se submeteram a exame f&#237;sico, an&#225;lise de sangue, eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, radiografia de t&#243;rax, monitoramento (24 h) com Holter, ecocardiograma com Doppler convencional, e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotipagem do polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico do gene da galectina-3</title>
          <p>Amostras do DNA gen&#244;mico foram obtidas de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de sangue perif&#233;rico. A extra&#231;&#227;o do DNA foi realizada utilizando-se o kit comercial   <italic>QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit</italic> (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Alemanha), seguindo&#8209;se as especifica&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. As amostras foram armazenadas em freezer a -20 &#186;C. A genotipagem dos SNPs rs4644 e rs4652 do gene da galectina-3 foi realizada por PCR (rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase) em tempo real com o sistema TaqMan&#174; (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA), e os SNPs foram amplificados usando o protocolo do sistema TaqMan&#174; Universal PCR (Life Technologies). Os gen&#243;tipos de cada SNP foram determinados pelo programa <italic>Sequence Detection System</italic>, vers&#227;o 1.3.1 (Life Technologies). Os primers e as sondas para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos SNPs foram obtidos de uma mesma empresa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma com Doppler</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi realizado utilizando&#8209;se o sistema de ultrassom digital Vivid 7 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway). Tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos foram registrados e armazenados digitalmente para posterior an&#225;lise. Medidas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) foram obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada utilizando&#8209;se o sistema Sigma HDx 1.5-T (General Electric; Fairfield, CT, EUA). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram adquiridas imagens sincronizadas ao eletrocardiograma, em apneia expirat&#243;ria, nos planos eixo curto, eixo longo e quatro c&#226;maras, em sequ&#234;ncias diferentes. Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o aplicados para a sequ&#234;ncia din&#226;mica foram: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o (TR) de 3,5 ms, tempo de eco (TE) de 1,5 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>flip angle</italic>) de 60&#176;, largura de banda de 125 kHz, campo de vis&#227;o de 35 x 35 cm, matriz de 256 x 148, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal (RT) de 35 ms, e espessura de corte de 8,0 mm, sem intervalo entre os cortes. Imagens por t&#233;cnica de realce tardio foram adquiridas a cada batimento card&#237;aco, 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de um contraste a base de gadol&#237;nio (0,1 mmol/kg), utilizando TR de 7,1 ms, TE de 3,1 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 20&#176;, primeira fase do ciclo card&#237;aco, n&#250;mero de linhas por seguimento de 16/32, tamanho da matriz 256 x 192, espessura de corte de 8,0 mm, intervalo entre os cortes de 2 mm, campo de vis&#227;o de 32 a 38 cm, tempo de invers&#227;o de 150 a 300 ms, largura de banda de 31,25 kHz, 2 NEX (n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es). A t&#233;cnica de realce tardio foi usada para investigar a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a qual foi estimada por um m&#233;todo visual quantitativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em n&#250;meros (porcentagens, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%), e os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos dos SNPs rs4644 e rs4652 (AA, AC e CC) nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada da DC foi comparada com a distribui&#231;&#227;o nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma card&#237;aca da DC usando o teste de chi-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. O percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi comparado entre os grupos com os 3 gen&#243;tipos diferentes utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Quando comparados separadamente os gen&#243;tipos, analisando a mediana de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem a presence do SNP, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a forma card&#237;aca da DC e cada um dos gen&#243;tipos (AA, AC e CC) foi estimada pela raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Os casos com dados faltantes n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM), e valores de p inferiores a 0,05 (teste bicaudal) foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de imagem</title>
          <p>O estudo envolveu 55 indiv&#237;duos, 42% homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 58 &#177; 9 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e tabagismo foi de 71, 14, 42 e 27%, respectivamente. Os indiv&#237;duos foram distribu&#237;dos quanto &#224;s formas cl&#237;nicas em: 16 (29%) com a forma indeterminada (sem evid&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), 16 (29%) com a forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e 23 (42%) com a forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), 17 indiv&#237;duos encontravam&#8209;se na classe funcional III-IV (31%). A FEVE, calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano, foi de 54 &#177; 15%, e a mediana do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi de 9,4% (2,2- 17,3). Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Indiv&#237;duos (n = 55)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (41,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forma indeterminada</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (30,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (70,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (27,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (41,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (49,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0 &#177; 0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVE (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,1 &#177; 65,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">177,3 &#177; 80,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">172,8 &#177; 57,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial fibrosis (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 (2,2-17,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>Dados expressos como n&#250;mero (percentual) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (intervalo interquartile) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; NYHA: New York Heart Association; BRD: Bloqueio do ramo direito do feixe de His; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: Volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>n = 40 (resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotipagem dos SNPs do gene LGALS3</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos dos SNPs encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os gen&#243;tipos do gene LGALS3 (AA, AC, CC) dos SNPs rs4644 e rs4652 e a presen&#231;a da forma card&#237;aca da DC. Para o SNP rs4644, o risco relativo da forma card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi associado com o gen&#243;tipo AA (OR = 0,79, IC 95% = 0,17 &#8211; 3,63, p = 0,759), AC (OR = 4,38, IC 95% = 0,87 &#8211; 22,02, p = 0,058), ou CC (OR = 0,39, IC 95% = 0,11 &#8211; 1,33, p = 0,127). Similarmente, para o SNP rs4652, o gen&#243;tipo AA (OR = 0,64, IC 95% = 0,13 &#8211; 3,06, p = 0,571), AC (OR = 2,85, IC 95% = 0,78 &#8211; 10,40, p = 0,105), e CC (OR = 0,49, IC 95% = 0,15 &#8211; 1,58, p = 0,227) n&#227;o se associaram com a forma card&#237;aca da DC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos genotipos e dos alelos dos genes LGALS3 + 191 e LGALS3+292 em 16 indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada e 39 indiv&#237;duos com a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Polimorfismo do gene LGALS3</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Forma indeterminada (n=16)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Forma card&#237;aca (n = 39)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>LGALS3</italic> +191</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AA</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (19, 7-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15, 7-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,17-3,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,759</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12, 4-36)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (38, 25-54)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,38 (0,87-22,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (69, 44-86)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (46, 32-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 (0,11-1,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>LGALS3</italic> +292</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AA</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (19, 7-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13, 6-27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 (0,13-3,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25, 10-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (49, 34-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85 (0,78-10,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56, 33-77)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (38, 25-54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,15-1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,227</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>Dados expressos em n&#250;meros (porcentagem, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As frequ&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos do SNP rs4644 n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada e aqueles com a forma card&#237;aca da DC [AA (19%<italic>vs</italic>15%, p = 0,710), AC (12% <italic>vs</italic> 38%, p = 0,106) e CC (69% <italic>vs</italic> 46%, p = 0,149)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada, o gen&#243;tipo mais frequente foi o gen&#243;tipo CC, com preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior que os gen&#243;tipos AA e AC (p = 0,011 e p = 0,003, respectivamente). Em indiv&#237;duos com a forma card&#237;aca, dois gen&#243;tipos foram mais prevalentes, AC e CC, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre a preval&#234;ncia de AC e CC (p = 0,647).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC do LGALS3 rs4644 na forma indeterminada e na forma card&#237;aca da Doen&#231;a de Chagas. Os valores de p usando o teste exato de Fisher (bilateral) foram p = 0,710, p = 0,106 e p = 0,149 respectivamente. * p = 0,04 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA; ** p = 0,006 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA; *** p = 0,011 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA; e p = 0,003 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Resultados semelhantes foram observados para a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos para SNP rs4652 entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada e naqueles com a forma card&#237;aca da DC, respectivamente, a preval&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo AA foi de 19% <italic>vs</italic> 13% (p = 0,678), de AC foi de 25% <italic>vs</italic> 49% (p = 0,138), e a preval&#234;ncia de CC foi de 56% <italic>vs</italic> 38% (p = 0,249). Nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada, n&#227;o houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos (AA   <italic>vs</italic> CC, p = 0,066; AA <italic>vs</italic> AC, p = 1,00; e AC   <italic>vs</italic> AA, p = 0,149). Similarmente ao SNP rs4644, nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma card&#237;aca, os gen&#243;tipos AC e CC foram mais prevalentes quando comparados ao gen&#243;tipo AA (p = 0,001 e = 0,018, respectivamente), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre a preval&#234;ncia de AC e CC (p = 0,494).</p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC do LGALS3 rs4652 na forma indeterminada e na forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Os valores de p usando o teste exato de Fisher (bilateral) foram p = 0,678, p = 0,138 e p = 0,249 respectivamente. * p = 0,018 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA. ** p = 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo AA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na mediana de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem a presen&#231;a de qualquer um dos gen&#243;tipos dos SNPs rs4644 e rs4652 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mediana do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em indiv&#237;duos com ou sem polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) por gen&#243;tipo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sem SNP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Com SNP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4644 AA</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (0,0-14,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,0-4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4644 AC</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (0,0-9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,0-19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4644 CC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,0-15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (0,2-18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4652 AA</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (0,0-14,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (0,3-10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4652 AC</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (0,0-10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (0,0-15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,862</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs4652 CC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 (0,0-14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 (0,0-10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,681</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>SNP: Polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (single nucleotide polymorphism); dados expressos em mediana (intervalo interquartil); valores de p derivados do teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A mediana do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC dos SNPs rs4644 (p = 0,508) e rs4652 (p = 0,903, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em indiv&#237;duos com os gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC de rs4644 (A) e rs4652 (B) do gene LGALS3 p = 0,508 e p = 0,903, respectivamente</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0472-50105-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as variantes gen&#233;ticas do gene   <italic>LGALS3</italic>, que codifica a galectina-3, e a gravidade da doen&#231;a em indiv&#237;duos com DC. Uma vez que a galectina-3 foi previamente correlacionada com fibrose, tamb&#233;m avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos dos SNPs rs4644 e rs4652 com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. N&#243;s n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa na preval&#234;ncia de qualquer dos gen&#243;tipos entre os indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada e a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mediana de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica entre os indiv&#237;duos com os gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC dos SNPs em quest&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica para o polimorfismo da galectina-3 j&#225; foi associada com artrite reumatoide, outra doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria. Hu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> descreveram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre essa doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e o alelo   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +292C. Apesar de termos demonstrado que a frequ&#234;ncia de   <italic>LGALS3</italic> +191C e <italic>LGALS3</italic> + 292C foi relativamente maior nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma card&#237;aca da DC, o gen&#243;tipo CC, pelo menos para SNP rs4644, foi relativamente mais frequente entre os indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada. Assim, n&#243;s n&#227;o confirmamos o poss&#237;vel papel da presen&#231;a do gen&#243;tipo CC ou do gen&#243;tipo AA para ambos SNPs como um fator protetor ou de risco para o desenvolvimento da forma card&#237;aca da DC. Similarmente, n&#227;o foi observada rela&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos no gene que codifica a galectina-3 e a frequ&#234;ncia de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos a n&#237;veis de genes e prote&#237;nas contribuem para o entendimento sobre o papel de variantes gen&#233;ticas na etiologia das doen&#231;as, bem como seu potencial papel como alvos terap&#234;uticos, preditores de risco e marcadores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
        <p>Os nossos resultados n&#227;o conduziram a uma conclus&#227;o significativa sobre o papel do polimorfismo da galectina-3 no desenvolvimento da forma card&#237;aca da DC. Estudos adicionais com longo seguimento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar se outras variantes gen&#233;ticas desempenham um papel na inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose na forma indeterminada da DC, para identificar poss&#237;veis variantes associadas com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem o Dr. Kyan James Allahdadi pela revis&#227;o cuidadosa do artigo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
