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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">r9DkbQTLDHwv6dkCRGmL3QF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400466</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050099</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efficacy of Patient Selection for Diagnostic Coronary Angiography in Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ligab&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Moreira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danillo Taiguara da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda GMR</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisco Flavio Costa Filho</bold>, Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500, Ibirapuera. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email: <email>flavioamerica@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ, Ligab&#243; LT, Santos EM, Silva DT, Puzzi MA; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis e Writing of the manuscript: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ, Ligab&#243; LT, Santos EM, Silva DT, Puzzi MA, Braga SL, Abizaid A, Sousa AGMR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>466</fpage>
      <lpage>471</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Guidelines recommend that in suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD), a clinical (non-invasive) evaluation should be performed before coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We assessed the efficacy of patient selection for coronary angiography in suspected stable CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We prospectively selected consecutive patients without known CAD, referred to a high-volume tertiary center. Demographic characteristics, risk factors, symptoms and non-invasive test results were correlated to the presence of obstructive CAD. We estimated the CAD probability based on available clinical data and the incremental diagnostic value of previous non-invasive tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 830 patients were included; median age was 61 years, 49.3% were males, 81% had hypertension and 35.5% were diabetics. Non-invasive tests were performed in 64.8% of the patients. At coronary angiography, 23.8% of the patients had obstructive CAD. The independent predictors for obstructive CAD were: male gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.95; confidence interval [CI] 95%, 2.70 - 5.77), age (OR for 5 years increment, 1.15; CI 95%, 1.06 - 1.26), diabetes (OR, 2.01; CI 95%, 1.40 - 2.90), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.02; CI 95%, 1.32 - 3.07), typical angina (OR, 2.92; CI 95%, 1.77 - 4.83) and previous non-invasive test (OR 1.54; CI 95% 1.05 - 2.27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this study, less than a quarter of the patients referred for coronary angiography with suspected CAD had the diagnosis confirmed. A better clinical and non-invasive assessment is necessary, to improve the efficacy of patient selection for coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Selection</kwd>
        <kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Despite major advances in the identification of risk factors and diagnostic approach, defining the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) with significant obstruction using only clinical and noninvasive methods, is often a difficult task for the physician. It is well known that the standard procedure for studying the coronary anatomy is the coronary angiography. Nevertheless, this test should be judiciously requested, as it is an invasive procedure and not free from complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>For patients in stable clinical condition, the current guidelines recommend straight forward coronary angiography in those considered to have a high probability of CAD, and clinical follow-up in those with low probability of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. However, the majority of patients are classified as having an intermediate probability of CAD and, in these cases the need for the invasive procedure is subject to the non-invasive test results or the assistant physician&#8217;s judgment.</p>
      <p>In a recent North-American Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, only 37.6% of the stable patients without previous CAD diagnosis and referred for coronary angiography had significant obstructive lesions, suggesting that better risk stratification strategies are needed. As far as we know, there are no such data available in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to analyze, in a population of consecutive patients, the efficacy of patient selection for coronary angiography for suspected stable CAD. Moreover, we aim to estimate obstructive CAD probability based on available clinical data before the invasive procedure, as well as determine the incremental diagnostic value of previous non-invasive tests.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional observational study that collected prospective data from consecutive patients referred by physicians from centers included in the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - SUS) network to a tertiary cardiology center to undergo coronary angiography between July 2012 and January 2013.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>The eligible patients had suspected stable obstructive CAD, and were electively referred for coronary angiography. Patients with ongoing acute coronary syndromes (ACS), patients with &#8805; 50% obstruction in a previous coronary angiography, patients with a history of myocardial infarction, surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization were excluded. We also excluded patients who were being evaluated for valvular surgery or heart transplantation.</p>
        <p>The information on demographic characteristics, risk factors for CAD, symptoms and the results of non-invasive tests were collected by a team of cardiologists before coronary angiography was performed.</p>
        <p>Symptoms were categorized as typical angina, atypical chest pain, ischemic equivalent or no symptoms. The typical angina was defined as (1) substernal chest pain or discomfort that is (2) caused by exertion or emotional stress and (3) relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerine. Atypical chest pain included patients with atypical angina (only two out of the above mentioned criteria) and those with non-anginal chest pain (one or none of the above mentioned criteria)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Ischemic equivalents were considered as any collection of clinical findings (dyspnea, dizziness, arrhythmias) that the physician thought to be consistent with obstructive CAD.</p>
        <p>The presence or absence of classical risk factors for CAD was established according to the patients&#180; information. Non-invasive diagnostic tests were considered to be any test suggesting ischemic disease, performed before the coronary angiography, such as resting electrocardiogram, ECG stress testing, myocardial radionuclide imaging, rest or stress echocardiogram, or coronary computed tomography angiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obstructive Artery Disease</title>
        <p>Obstructive CAD was defined as stenosis &#8805; 70% in a major epicardial vessel or its branches, or &#8805; 50% in the left main coronary artery, according to recommendations from AHA/ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Baseline demographic characteristics, risk factors for CAD, symptoms and non-invasive test results of patients with or without obstructive CAD were compared. The continuous variables were presented as medians and interquartile ranges; the categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The continuous variables were compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the categorical variables were compared using the chi&#8209;square test.</p>
        <p>Models for logistic regression (univariate and multivariate analysis) were adjusted to identify associated factors and independent predictors for obstructive CAD. The variables with p &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis were selected for the multivariate analysis. To assess if the risk factors and the performance of previous non-invasive tests had any incremental power for predicting the presence of obstructive CAD, three models were considered: a basic model (with gender, age and symptoms); a clinical model, which is the basic model added by risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking); and a third model called the extended model, which adds the performance of previous non-invasive tests to the clinical model. The area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristics<italic>)</italic> curve was used to compare the discriminatory capacity of the 3 models and a non-parametric test was used to compare the values of the statistical C among the models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using the software SPSS for Windows version 13.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (protocol number 4250).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between July 2012 and January 2013, 3,817 coronary angiographies were performed at the Invasive Cardiology Service of <italic>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</italic>, which had been requested by 118 different centers of the SUS network. Of these patients, 2,987 (78.3%) were excluded from this analysis, as the test had been requested during ongoing ACS, for patients with a previous diagnosis of CAD, or for pre-surgical assessment for heart surgery. Our study analyzed 830 patients submitted to elective coronary angiography with suspected obstructive CAD, which represented 21.7% of all patients referred for coronary angiography during this period.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline Characteristics</title>
        <p>The median age was 61 years (interquartile interval 54 &#8211; 69 years), and 49.3% of the patients were males. The prevalence of hypertension was 81.0%, dyslipidemia was 66.6%, diabetes was 35.5% and 16.5% of them declared being current smokers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline Characteristics of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristic</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 830</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Median</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interquartile range</td>
                <td align="center">54-69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">409 (49.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Body mass index, kg/m2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Median</td>
                <td align="center">27.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interquartile</td>
                <td align="center">24.9-31.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current</td>
                <td align="center">137 (16.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Former</td>
                <td align="center">318 (38.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">295 (35.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">672 (81.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">553 (66.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine clearance <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Median</td>
                <td align="center">83.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interquartile range</td>
                <td align="center">64.0-103.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peripheral arterial disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (2.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (2.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (9.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clinical presentation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">156 (18.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Typical angina</td>
                <td align="center">277 (33.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atypical chest pain <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">198 (23.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic equivalent <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">198 (23.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-invasive diagnostic test <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#167;</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">538 (64.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG Stress testing</td>
                <td align="center">270 (32.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocardial radionuclide imaging</td>
                <td align="center">182 (21.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stress echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">12 (1.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Computed tomography coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="center">30 (3.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">33 (4.0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to estimate creatinine clearance.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Atypical symptoms were defined as atypical angina and non-anginal chest pain.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Ischemic equivalent was defined as dyspnea, dizziness or arrhythmias.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Resting electrocardiogram, resting echocardiography, computed tomography coronary angiography, ECG stress testing, myocardial radionuclide imaging or stress echocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the patients referred for coronary angiography, 33.5% had typical angina, 23.9% had atypical chest pain (atypical angina or non-anginal chest pain), a similar proportion, 23.9%, had ischemic equivalent symptoms (dyspnea, dizziness, arrhythmias), and 18.8% had no symptoms.</p>
        <p>It was observed that 538 patients (64.8%) had been submitted to non-invasive diagnostic tests before the coronary angiography, but only 464 of them (55.9%) had undergone cardiac stress tests (ECG stress testing, stress echocardiography, and radionuclide stress myocardial perfusion imaging). The most frequently performed test was the ECG stress testing, in 32.5% of them.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prevalence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</title>
        <p>Obstructive CAD (stenosis &#8805; 50% on the left main coronary artery, or &#8805; 70% in a major epicardial vessel) was found in only 198 (23.8%) patients. Of these patients, 54.5% had single&#8211;vessel disease, 27.8% had two&#8211;vessel disease, 13.1% had three&#8211;vessel disease lesions, and 5.6% had a significant lesion in the left main coronary artery. Considering the alternative definition of obstructive CAD as a lesion with stenosis &#8805; 50% in any epicardial vessel, the prevalence increased to 32.2%. Therefore, two thirds (67.8%) of the patients submitted to the invasive coronary angiography for suspected stable obstructive CAD did not have significant lesions at the coronary angiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors for the Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</title>
        <p>The univariate analysis showed 6 variables significantly associated (p &lt; 0.10) with the presence of obstructive CAD: age, male gender, diabetes, dyslipidemia, presence of typical angina, and having undergone some previous non-invasive test. The patients that reported arterial hypertension (OR, 1.23; CI 95% 0.81 &#8211; 1.88, p = 0.33) or current smoking (OR, 1.06; CI 95% 0.70 &#8211; 1.63, p = 0.77) were associated with a greater probability of obstructive CAD, but without statistical significance.</p>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), male gender (OR, 3.95; CI 95%, 2.70 &#8211; 5.77, p &lt; 0.001), age (OR for each 5 incremental years, 1.15; CI 95%, 1.06 &#8211; 1.26, p = 0.002), diabetes (OR, 2.01; C I 95%, 1.40 &#8211; 2.90, p &lt; 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.02; CI 95%, 1.32 &#8211; 3.07, p &lt; 0.001), typical angina (OR, 2.92; CI 95%, 1.77 &#8211; 4.83, p &lt; 0.001), and having undergone some non-invasive test (OR, 1.54; CI 95%, 1.05 &#8211; 2.27, p = 0.027), were shown to be independent predictors for obstructive CAD.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictors of obstructive CAD (stenosis &#8805; 50% in left main coronary artery or &#8805; 70% any epicardial vessels)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Confidence interval 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, every 5 years increase</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.06-1.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">3.95</td>
                <td align="center">2.70-5.77</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">2.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.40-2.90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2.02</td>
                <td align="center">1.32-3.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Typical angina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">2.92</td>
                <td align="center">1.77-4.83</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-invasive diagnostic test <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1.54</td>
                <td align="center">1.05-2.27</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Compared with asymptomatic patients.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Resting electrocardiogram, resting echocardiography, computed tomography coronary angiography, ECG stress testing, myocardial radionuclide imaging or stress echocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Models for Predicting CAD</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> summarizes the performance of each of the 3 prediction models. The basic model, which only uses the clinical variables age, gender and the presence of typical angina, showed a statistical C of 0.703 (CI 95%, 0.652 &#8211; 0.0754). The clinical model, which added the presence of risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and active smoking) to the basic model, had a statistical C of 0.728 (CI 95%, 0.678 &#8211; 0.778). The third model, the extended one, which added the performance of non-invasive tests to the clinical model, revealed a statistical C of 0.739 (CI 95%, 0.701 &#8211; 0.778). The comparative analysis of the area under the ROC curve did not show any significant difference among them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of the prediction model for the presence of obstructive CAD (stenosis &#8805; 50% in left main coronary artery or &#8805; 70% any epicardial vessels)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Basic Model</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Clinical Model</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Extended Model</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age by 5 years</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 (0.98-1.21)</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.96-1.20)</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.96-1.20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">4.31 (2.69- 6.90)</td>
                <td align="center">4.44 (2.75-7.18)</td>
                <td align="center">4.39 (2.71-7.10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Typical angina</td>
                <td align="center">3.00 (1.83- 4.94)</td>
                <td align="center">2.80 (1.68- 4.69)</td>
                <td align="center">2.94 (1.75-4.93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.90 (1.20- 3.02)</td>
                <td align="center">1.91 (1.20-3.03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.80 (1.06- 3.07)</td>
                <td align="center">1.82 (1.07- 3.10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.66 (0.36- 1.22)</td>
                <td align="center">0.66 (0.36-1.20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current smoker</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 (0.48- 1.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.92 (0.49- 1.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-invasive diagnostic test <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.43 (0.87- 2.34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C statistic</td>
                <td align="center">0.703 (0.652 a 0.754)</td>
                <td align="center">0.728 (0.678 a 0.778)</td>
                <td align="center">0.739 (0.701 a 0.778)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Resting electrocardiography, resting echocardiography, computed tomography coronary angiography, ECG stress testing, myocardial radionuclide imaging or stress echocardiography</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of areas under the ROC curve between the basic, clinical and extended models</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Model</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Basic<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>  <italic>versus</italic> clinical<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Basic <italic>versus</italic> extended<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clinical <italic>versus</italic> extended</td>
                <td align="center">0.62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Basic model: gender, age, stable angina.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Clinical model: gender, age, stable angina, hypertension, diabetes, current smoker and dyslipidemia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Extended model: gender, age, stable angina, hypertension, diabetes, current smoker, dyslipidemia and any previous non-invasive diagnostic test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, which included patients without known CAD submitted to coronary angiography, the efficacy of patient selection for coronary angiography was low.</p>
      <p>Of the 830 patients assessed for suspected clinical significant CAD (stenosis &#8805; 50% in the left main coronary artery or &#8805; 70% on any other epicardial vessel), only 198 (23.9%) had this hypothesis confirmed by the coronary angiography. The percentage was a little higher (32.3%) when the CAD definition was expanded to include stenosis &#8805; 50% in any other epicardial vessel. In approximately two thirds of the patients (67.7%), coronary angiography revealed coronaries without any obstructive atherosclerotic process.</p>
      <p>The comparison of our results with the ones found in other studies is difficult because of the different definitions used for obstructive CAD, as well as different inclusion criteria. Most previous publications report information on populations from high-income countries, and just a few of them were carried out in middle-income countries, such as Brazil. Galon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> conducted an overview of the clinical-angiographic profile of 1,282 patients submitted to 1,410 coronary angiographies in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, between March 2007 and May 2008. In this study, 72.7% of the procedures showed coronary arteries with significant obstructive lesion. However, approximately half of the patients submitted to coronary angiography had ACS, and 16% had already been diagnosed for previous CAD. Besides that, the authors considered obstructive CAD as the presence of lesions with stenosis &#8805; 50%.</p>
      <p>The CASS (Coronary Artery Surgery Study) Registry, published in 1986, involving 21,487 coronary angiographies, showed that 81.2% of the patients had a coronary obstruction, defined as a lesion &#8805; 50% in any vessel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. More recently, Patel et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> published a registry with 398,978 patients without a previous CAD diagnosis, in the absence of ACS, submitted to coronary angiography in 663 hospitals, between January 2004 and April 2008. As in our study, the presence of obstructive CAD (stenosis &#8805;70%) found was low (37.6%). Absence of coronary disease was found in 39.2% of the patients.</p>
      <p>Not surprisingly, we observed that the stronger independent predictors for the presence of obstructive CAD at the coronary angiography were the traditional risk factors age, male gender, presence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, in addition to the presence of typical angina. On the other hand, in our study, reported arterial hypertension and smoking did not show any association with obstructive CAD in the univariate analysis. Regarding hypertension, a possible explanation could have been the high prevalence detected in our sample in both groups. As for smoking, it was assessed only qualitatively through patient reports, whereas quantitative characteristics such as exposure time and intensity of consumption were not considered.</p>
      <p>It is well known that non-invasive tests are useful tools for the decision-making process in daily clinical practice, due to its important negative predictive value in patient populations with intermediate pre-test probability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, preventing these individuals from being unnecessarily exposed to the risks of the invasive test.</p>
      <p>In our study, we observed that approximately 35% of the individuals were directly referred to coronary angiography, without any previous non-invasive tests. This percentage represents approximately twice the one found by Patel (16%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Many are the possible reasons for, in the SUS network context, a patient with suspected stable CAD to be directly referred to coronary angiography before a functional test is performed. Although the official data show that the number of non-invasive tests performed by the SUS network<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> has almost doubled, it is likely that there is still a great repressed demand, increasing the delay to performing these tests, thus making it longer than that observed for coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>The Forrest and Diamond classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, created in 1979, is still currently recommended by the cardiology societies for assessment of pre-test probability of finding obstructive CAD (stenosis &#8805; 50%) at the coronary angiography, using only age, gender and type of chest pain. Although it is useful for being practical, it is criticized for not considering the presence of other traditional factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In our study, we observed that the statistical C value was greater (from 0.703 to 0.728) when the presence of traditional risk factors such as diabetes and dyslipidemia were added to the basic model (age, gender and symptoms), but without significant statistical difference. In a study that assessed models for estimating the presence of CAD (stenosis &gt; 50%) in a low prevalence population, Genders et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> found results similar to ours. Adding traditional risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking) to the basic model (age, gender, symptoms) showed a greater discriminatory capacity (statistical-C from 0.77 to 0.79).</p>
      <p>It should be mentioned that our study had several limitations. We could not assess the performance of the non&#8209;invasive stress test (ECG stress testing, stress echocardiogram, myocardial radionuclide imaging) as we did not have any information on patients submitted to noninvasive testing that were not referred for catheterization. Moreover, the interpretation of the test results was performed by the assistant physician. Important information, such as maximum heart rate, Duke score, percentage of ischemic area, which help the interpretation of the non-invasive stress testing, was not available. Furthermore, the characterization of chest pain was simplified to typical angina or atypical symptoms (atypical angina or non-anginal chest pain).</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study that describes the clinical approach for patients with suspected stable CAD in the context of the Brazilian SUS network. Although it was conducted in a single center, it represents the reality of the clinical decision making process of more than 100 secondary and tertiary centers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In a scenario of clinical practice of the Brazilian SUS network, the efficacy of patient selection without previous diagnosis of CAD for coronary angiography was low, with the diagnosis being confirmed in less than a quarter of the patients. The incremental diagnostic value of a previous non-invasive test was low and non-significant. A better clinical and non-invasive assessment is needed and it should be available for SUS patients to improve the efficacy of the selection for the invasive test.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia da Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes para Cateterismo Coron&#225;rio por Suspeita de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ligab&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Moreira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danillo Taiguara da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda GMR</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Flavio Costa Filho</bold>, Av. Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500, Ibirapuera. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. Email:   <email>flavioamerica@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ, Ligab&#243; LT, Santos EM, Silva DT, Puzzi MA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa Filho FF, Chaves AJ, Ligab&#243; LT, Santos EM, Silva DT, Puzzi MA, Braga SL, Abizaid A, Sousa AGMR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Diretrizes recomendam que na suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (n&#227;o-invasiva) deve ser realizada antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes &#224; coronariografia invasiva na suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Prospectivamente, selecionamos pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC referenciados a um centro terci&#225;rio de grande volume. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco, sintomatologia e resultados de exames n&#227;o-invasivos foram correlacionados com a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva. Estimamos a probabilidade de DAC com base nos dados cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis e no valor incremental diagn&#243;stico dos exames n&#227;o-invasivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 830 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do, mediana de idade de 61 anos, 49,3% homens, 81% hipertensos e 35,5% de diab&#233;ticos. Exames n&#227;o-invasivos foram realizados em 64,8% dos pacientes. Na coronariografia, 23,8% dos pacientes tinham DAC obstrutiva. Os preditores independentes para DAC obstrutiva foram: sexo masculino (odds ratio [OR], 3,95; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%, 2,70 &#8211; 5,77), idade (OR por incremento de 5 anos, 1,15; IC 95%, 1,06 &#8211; 1,26), diabetes (OR, 2,01; IC 95%, 1,40 &#8211; 2,90), dislipidemia (OR, 2,02; IC 95%, 1,32 &#8211; 3,07), angina t&#237;pica (OR, 2,92; IC 95%, 1,77 &#8211; 4,83) e teste n&#227;o-invasivo pr&#233;vio (OR 1,54; IC 95% 1,05 &#8211; 2,27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesse estudo, menos de um quarto dos pacientes referenciados a um centro terci&#225;rio para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia por suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel teve o diagn&#243;stico confirmado. Uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e maior acesso a exames n&#227;o-invasivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para aumentar a efic&#225;cia da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para coronariografia invasiva.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>Efic&#225;cia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os na identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco e abordagem diagn&#243;stica, definir a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) com obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa usando apenas m&#233;todos cl&#237;nicos e n&#227;o invasivos &#233;, muitas vezes, uma tarefa dif&#237;cil para o m&#233;dico. Sabe-se que o procedimento padr&#227;o para o estudo da anatomia coron&#225;ria &#233; o estudo angiogr&#225;fico invasivo. Entretanto, o teste deve ser criteriosamente solicitado, uma vez que &#233; um procedimento invasivo n&#227;o isento de complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para os pacientes em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225;vel, as diretrizes atuais recomendam angiografia coronariana diretamente para aqueles considerados como tendo uma alta probabilidade de DAC, e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico em pacientes com baixa probabilidade de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, a maioria dos doentes &#233; classificada como tendo uma probabilidade intermediaria de DAC e, nesses casos, a necessidade de um procedimento invasivo est&#225; sujeita aos resultados dos testes n&#227;o-invasivos ou &#224; decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico.</p>
        <p>Em um recente registro norte-americano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> apenas 37,6% dos pacientes est&#225;veis, sem diagn&#243;stico anterior de DAC e encaminhados para a angiografia coron&#225;ria, apresentavam les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas, sugerindo que estrat&#233;gias melhores s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Tanto quanto sabemos, tais dados n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Brasil.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; analisar a efic&#225;cia da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para a angiografia coron&#225;ria por suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, nosso objetivo &#233; estimar a probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva com base em dados cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis antes do procedimento invasivo, bem como determinar o valor diagn&#243;stico incremental que testes n&#227;o&#8209;invasivos anteriores poderiam apresentar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional transversal que coletou dados prospectivos de pacientes consecutivos encaminhados por m&#233;dicos de centros de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) a um centro cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio para realizar angiografia coron&#225;ria entre julho de 2012 e janeiro de 2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de Estudo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis tinham suspeita de DAC obstrutiva est&#225;vel e foram encaminhados de forma eletiva para a angiografia coron&#225;ria. Os pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA) em curso, pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% em uma angiografia coronariana pr&#233;via, pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, foram exclu&#237;dos. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes encaminhados ao cateterismo para pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia valvar ou transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco para DAC, sintomas e resultados dos testes n&#227;o&#8209;invasivos foram coletadas por uma equipe de cardiologistas antes que angiografia coronariana fosse realizada.</p>
          <p>Os sintomas foram categorizados como angina t&#237;pica, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, equivalentes isqu&#234;micos ou aus&#234;ncia de sintomas. A angina t&#237;pica foi definida como (1) desconforto ou dor tor&#225;cica, (2) provocada por esfor&#231;o ou estresse emocional e (3) aliviada pelo repouso e/ou uso de nitrato. A dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica incluiu pacientes com angina at&#237;pica (apenas dois dos crit&#233;rios acima mencionados) e aqueles com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa (um ou nenhum dos crit&#233;rios acima mencionados)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Foram considerados equivalentes isqu&#234;micos qualquer conjunto de achados cl&#237;nicos (dispn&#233;ia, tontura, arritmias) que, no entender do m&#233;dico, era consistente com DAC obstrutiva.</p>
          <p>A presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC foram estabelecidas de acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes. Foram considerados testes de diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o-invasivos quaisquer testes que sugerissem doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, realizados antes da angiografia coronariana, como eletrocardiograma de repouso, teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, ecocardiograma de estresse ou de repouso, ou angiotomografia coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva</title>
          <p>DAC obstrutiva foi definida como estenose &#8805; 70% em alguma das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas principais ou em seus ramos, ou estenose &#8805; 50% no tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do AHA/ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco para DAC, sintomas e resultados dos testes n&#227;o-invasivos de pacientes com ou sem DAC obstrutiva foram comparados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann&#8209;Whitney n&#227;o param&#233;trico, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (an&#225;lise uni e multivariada) foram ajustados para identificar fatores associados e preditores independentes para DAC obstrutiva. As vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram selecionadas para a an&#225;lise multivariada. Para avaliar se os fatores de risco e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes n&#227;o-invasivos anteriores tinham qualquer poder incremental para prever a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva, foram considerados tr&#234;s modelos: um modelo b&#225;sico (com sexo, idade e sintomas); um modelo cl&#237;nico, que &#233; o modelo b&#225;sico com a adi&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco (diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo); e um terceiro modelo chamado modelo estendido, que adiciona a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes n&#227;o&#8209;invasivos anteriores ao modelo cl&#237;nico. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>receive operator characteristics</italic>) foi utilizada para comparar a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos tr&#234;s modelos, e o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico foi usado para comparar os valores da estat&#237;stica C entre os modelos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#201;ticos</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o (protocolo n&#250;mero 4250).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre julho de 2012 e janeiro de 2013, foram realizadas 3.817 angiocoronariografias diagn&#243;sticas no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, solicitadas por 118 centros diferentes do SUS. Desses pacientes, 2.987 (78,3%) foram exclu&#237;dos dessa an&#225;lise por terem sido recrutados durante uma SCA em curso, por apresentarem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC ou por estarem em avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Nosso estudo analisou 830 pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana eletiva com suspeita de DAC obstrutiva, o que representou 21,7% de todos os pacientes encaminhados para a angiografia coron&#225;ria durante este per&#237;odo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Basais</title>
          <p>A mediana de idade foi de 61 anos (intervalo interquartil 54-69 anos), e 49,3% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 81,0%, a dislipidemia de 66,6%, diabetes 35,5% e 16,5% deles declararam serem fumantes atuais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;stica</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>n = 830</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo interquartil</td>
                  <td align="center">54-69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (49,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana</td>
                  <td align="center">27,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interquartil</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9-31,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atual</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (16,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (38,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">295 (35,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">672 (81,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">553 (66,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance da creatinina <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana</td>
                  <td align="center">83,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo interquartil</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0-103,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (2,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (2,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (9,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (18,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (33,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">198 (23,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Equivalente isqu&#234;mico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">198 (23,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">538 (64,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                  <td align="center">270 (32,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por radionucl&#237;deos</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (21,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ecocardiografia de estresse</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotomografia coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eletrocardiograma de repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (3,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ecocardiografia de repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (4,0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>A F&#243;rmula de Cockroft Gault foi utilizada para estimar a clearance da creatinina.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Sintomas at&#237;picos foram definidos como angina at&#237;pica e dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Equivalente isqu&#234;mico foi definido como dispn&#233;ia, tontura ou arritmias.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>Eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecocardiograma de repouso, angiotomografia coronariana, teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou ecocardiograma de estresse.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Dos pacientes encaminhados para angiografia coronariana, 33,5% apresentaram angina t&#237;pica, 23,9% tinham dor at&#237;pica no peito (angina at&#237;pica ou dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa), uma percentagem semelhante, 23,9%, apresentou sintomas equivalentes isqu&#234;micos (dispn&#233;ia, tontura, arritmias), e 18,8% n&#227;o apresentaram nenhum sintoma.</p>
          <p>Observou-se que 538 pacientes (64,8%) realizaram algum teste diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o-invasivo antes da angiografia coronariana, mas apenas 464 (55,9%) realizaram testes card&#237;acos sob estresse (teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma de estresse e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse). O exame n&#227;o-invasivo mais frequentemente realizado foi o teste ergom&#233;trico, em 32,5% deles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Obstrutiva</title>
          <p>A DAC obstrutiva (estenose &#8805; 50% no TCE, ou &#8805; 70% em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica) foi encontrada em apenas 198 (23,8%) pacientes. Desses pacientes, 54,5% apresentaram doen&#231;a uniarterial, 27,8% tinham doen&#231;a biarterial, 13,1% apresentaram les&#245;es em doen&#231;a triarterial, e 5,6% tinham uma les&#227;o significativa no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Considerando a defini&#231;&#227;o alternativa da DAC obstrutiva como uma les&#227;o com estenose &#8805; 50% em qualquer vaso epic&#225;rdico, a preval&#234;ncia aumentou para 32,2%. Portanto, dois ter&#231;os (67,8%) dos pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva por suspeita de DAC obstrutiva est&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentava les&#245;es significativas na cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores para a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Obstrutiva</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou seis vari&#225;veis significativamente associadas (p &lt; 0,10) com a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva: idade, sexo masculino, diabetes, dislipidemia, presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste n&#227;o-invasivo anterior. Os pacientes que relataram hipertens&#227;o arterial (OR, 1,23; IC 95% 0,81-1,88, p = 0,33) ou tabagismo atual (OR, 1,06; IC 95% 0,70-1,63, p = 0,77) foram associados com uma maior probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>), o sexo masculino (OR, 3,95; 95% CI, 2,70-5,77, p &lt; 0,001), idade (OR para cada 5 anos incrementais, 1,15; 95% CI, 1,06-1,26, p = 0,002), diabetes (OR, 2,01; 95% CI, 1,40-2,90, p &lt; 0,001), dislipidemia (OR, 2,02; 95% CI, 1,32-3,07, p &lt; 0,001), angina t&#237;pica (OR, 2,92; IC 95 %, 1,77-4,83, p &lt; 0,001), e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste n&#227;o&#8209;invasivo (OR, 1,54; 95% CI, 1,05-2,27, p = 0,027), mostraram ser preditores independentes para a DAC obstrutiva.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de DAC obstrutiva (estenose &#8805; 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou &#8805; 70% em qualquer art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, aumento a cada 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06-1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">3,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,70-5,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40-2,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32-3,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">2,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77-4,83</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05-2,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecocardiograma de repouso, angiotomografia coronariana, teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou ecocardiograma de estresse.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelos preditores de DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref> resume o desempenho de cada um dos tr&#234;s modelos preditores. O modelo b&#225;sico, que utiliza apenas as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas idade, sexo e a presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica, mostrou uma estat&#237;stica-C de 0,703 (IC 95%, 0,652-,0754). O modelo cl&#237;nico, que adicionou a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco (diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo ativo) ao modelo b&#225;sico, apresentou uma estat&#237;stica-C de 0,728 (IC 95%, 0,678-0,778). O terceiro modelo, o estendido, que acrescentou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes n&#227;o-invasivos ao modelo cl&#237;nico, mostrou uma estat&#237;stica-C de 0,739 (IC 95%, 0,701-,778). A an&#225;lise comparativa da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Odds ratio</italic> e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o para a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva (estenose &#8805; 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou &#8805; 70% em qualquer art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Modelo B&#225;sico</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Modelo Clinico</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Modelo Estendido</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade a cada 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,98-1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,96-1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,96-1,20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">4.31 (2,69- 6,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,44 (2,75-7,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,39 (2,71-7,10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00 (1,83- 4,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80 (1,68- 4,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.94 (1,75-4,93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90 (1,20- 3,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91 (1,20-3,03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80 (1,06- 3,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 (1,07- 3,10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 (0,36- 1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 (0,36-1,20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante atual</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,48- 1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,49- 1,75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 (0,87- 2,34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estat&#237;stica-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,703 (0,652 a 0,754)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,728 (0,678 a 0,778)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,739 (0,701 a 0,778)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecocardiograma de repouso, angiotomografia coronariana, teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou ecocardiograma de estresse.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob a curva ROC entre os modelos b&#225;sico, cl&#237;nico e estendido</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>B&#225;sico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>  <italic>versus</italic> cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B&#225;sico <italic>versus</italic> estendido<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cl&#237;nico <italic>versus</italic> estendido</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Modelo B&#225;sico: sexo, idade, angina est&#225;vel.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Modelo Cl&#237;nico: sexo, idade, angina est&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, fumante atual e dislipidemia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Modelo Estendido: sexo, idade, angina est&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, fumante atual, dislipidemia e qualquer teste diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo pr&#233;vio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesse estudo, que incluiu pacientes sem DAC conhecida submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana, a efic&#225;cia da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para a angiografia coron&#225;ria foi baixa.</p>
        <p>Dos 830 pacientes avaliados por suspeita de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria significativa cl&#237;nica (estenose &#8805; 50% no TCE ou &#8805; 70% em qualquer outra art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria), apenas 198 (23,9%) pacientes tiveram essa hip&#243;tese confirmada pela angiografia coronariana. O percentual foi um pouco mais elevado (32,3%) quando a defini&#231;&#227;o de DAC foi expandida para incluir estenose &#8805; 50% em qualquer outra art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Em cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes (67,7%) a angiografia coronariana revelou coron&#225;rias sem qualquer processo ateroscler&#243;tico obstrutivo.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados com os encontrados em outros estudos &#233; dif&#237;cil por causa das diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para a DAC obstrutiva, bem como diferentes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores relata informa&#231;&#245;es sobre popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses de alta renda, e apenas algumas delas foram realizadas em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia, como o Brasil. Galon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>estudaram o perfil cl&#237;nico-angiogr&#225;fico de 1.282 pacientes submetidos a 1.410 coronariografias na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, entre mar&#231;o de 2007 e maio de 2008. Neste estudo, 72,7% dos cateterismos mostraram art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. No entanto, cerca de metade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana apresentava SCA, e 16% j&#225; haviam sido diagnosticados com DAC anteriormente. Al&#233;m disso, os autores consideraram como DAC obstrutiva a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es com estenose &#8805; 50%.</p>
        <p>O Registro CASS (<italic>Coronary Artery Surgery Study</italic>), publicado em 1986, envolvendo 21.487 cineangiocoronariografias, mostrou que 81,2% dos pacientes tinham uma obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, definida como uma les&#227;o &#8805; 50% em qualquer art&#233;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Mais recentemente, Patel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> publicaram um registro com 398.978 pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC, na aus&#234;ncia de SCA, submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana em 663 hospitais norte-americanos, entre janeiro de 2004 e abril de 2008. Como em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva (estenose &#8805; 70%) foi baixa (37,6%). A aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria foi verificada em 39,2% dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>De forma n&#227;o surpreendente, observou-se que os preditores independentes mais fortes para a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva na angiografia coron&#225;ria foram os fatores de risco tradicionais, isto &#233;, idade, sexo masculino, presen&#231;a de diabetes e dislipidemia, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica. Por outro lado, em nosso estudo, hipertens&#227;o arterial e o tabagismo n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a DAC obstrutiva na an&#225;lise univariada. Para a hipertens&#227;o, uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o pode ter sido a alta preval&#234;ncia detectada em nossa amostra em ambos os grupos. Quanto ao tabagismo, ele foi avaliado apenas qualitativamente atrav&#233;s de relatos dos pacientes, e n&#227;o foram consideradas caracter&#237;sticas quantitativas, como o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade do consumo.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que os exames n&#227;o-invasivos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia s&#227;o ferramentas &#250;teis para o processo de tomada de decis&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria devido ao seu importante valor preditivo negativo em pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;&#8209;teste intermedi&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, impedindo que estes indiv&#237;duos sejam desnecesariamente expostos aos riscos do teste invasivo.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, observou-se que aproximadamente 35% dos indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados diretamente para a angiografia coron&#225;ria sem testes n&#227;o-invasivos anteriores. Essa porcentagem representa aproximadamente o dobro do encontrado por Patel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> (16%). Muitas s&#227;o as poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para que, no &#226;mbito do SUS, um paciente com suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel seja encaminhado diretamente para a angiografia coron&#225;ria antes de um teste funcional. Embora os dados oficiais mostrem que o n&#250;mero de testes n&#227;o-invasivos realizados pelo SUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> tenha praticamente duplicado, &#233; prov&#225;vel que ainda haja uma grande demanda reprimida, aumentando a demora at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o desses testes e tornando essa espera mais longa do que para a angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Forrester-Diamond<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, criada em 1979, &#233; recomendada ainda hoje pelas sociedades de cardiologia para avaliar a probabilidade do pr&#233;-teste de encontrar DAC obstrutiva (estenose &#8805; 50%). Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o utiliza apenas a idade, sexo e tipo de dor tor&#225;cica. Embora seja &#250;til por ser pr&#225;tica, ela &#233; criticada por n&#227;o considerar a presen&#231;a de outros fatores tradicionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Em nosso estudo, observou-se que o valor da estat&#237;stica-C foi maior (de 0,703 para 0,728), quando fatores de risco tradicionais foram adicionados ao modelo b&#225;sico (idade, sexo e sintomas), embora sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo que avaliou os modelos para estimar a presen&#231;a de DAC (estenose &gt; 50%) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa preval&#234;ncia, Genders e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> encontraram resultados semelhantes ao nosso. Adicionando fatores de risco tradicionais (diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagismo) ao modelo b&#225;sico (idade, sexo, sintomas), observou-se uma maior capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o (estat&#237;stica-C de 0,77-0,79).</p>
        <p>Deve-se mencionar que nosso estudo apresentou v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o desempenho do teste n&#227;o&#8209;invasivo de estresse (teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma de estresse, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica) porque n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos informa&#231;&#227;o sobre os pacientes que se submeteram ao teste n&#227;o&#8209;invasivo, mas n&#227;o foram encaminhados para o cateterismo. Al&#233;m disso, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do teste foi feita pelo m&#233;dico assistente. Informa&#231;&#245;es importantes, tais como freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, escore de Duke e percentual de &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, que auxiliam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do teste de estresse n&#227;o-invasivo, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica foi simplificada para angina t&#237;pica ou sintomas at&#237;picos (angina at&#237;pica ou dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa).</p>
        <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo que descreve a abordagem cl&#237;nica para pacientes com suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel no &#226;mbito do SUS. Apesar de ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro, ele representa a realidade do processo de tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica de mais de 100 centros secund&#225;rios e terci&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em um cen&#225;rio de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do SUS, a efic&#225;cia da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC para a angiografia coron&#225;ria foi baixa, sendo o diagn&#243;stico confirmado em menos de um quarto dos pacientes. O valor diagn&#243;stico incremental de um teste n&#227;o-invasivo anterior foi baixo e n&#227;o significativo. Uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e n&#227;o-invasiva deve estar dispon&#237;vel aos pacientes do SUS, a fim de melhorarmos a efic&#225;cia na sele&#231;&#227;o para o exame invasivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
