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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yV3GMMrjk5mt5gmczt6BFZd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400457</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150109</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Human Tissue Kallikrein Activity in Angiographically Documented Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mandil</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Rosan&#227; Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Amintas Fabiano de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lifecenter</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas &#8211; Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research on Research Network Team</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Research on Research Network Team &#8211; Duke University, North Carolina, USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Duke University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lifecenter</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica &#8211; Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (PPGFUC/RS), Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Estev&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo</bold>, Rua Dias Adorno, 39 / 1703 &#8211; Santo Agostinho. Postal Code 30190-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>estevao@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>estevaolanna1@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Figueiredo EL, Figueiredo AFS; Acquisition of data: Figueiredo EL, Magalh&#227;es CA, Figueiredo AFS, Mandil A, Garcia JCF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Figueiredo EL, Magalh&#227;es CA, Figueiredo AFS, Pellanda LC, Belli KC; Obtaining financing: Figueiredo AFS; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Figueiredo EL, Figueiredo AFS, Pellanda LC, Belli KC; Patients selection: Ara&#250;jo RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>565</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein&#8211;kinin system (KKS). hK1-specific amidase activity is reduced in urine samples from hypertensive and heart failure (HF) patients. The pathophysiologic role of hK1 in coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD patients</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty-five individuals (18&#8211;75 years) who underwent cardiac catheterism (CATH) were included. Random midstream urine samples were collected immediately before CATH. Patients were classified in two groups according to the presence of coronary lesions: CAD (43 patients) and non-CAD (22 patients). hK1 amidase activity was estimated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinine was determined using Jaff&#233;&#8217;s method. Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was expressed as <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine) to correct for differences in urine flow rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels were similar between CAD [0.146   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183;mg creatinine)] and non-CAD [0.189   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinine)] patients (p = 0.803) and remained similar to values previously reported for hypertensive patients [0.210   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinine)] and HF patients [0.104   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinine)]. CAD severity and hypertension were not observed to significantly affect urinary hK1-specific amidase activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CAD patients had low levels of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity, suggesting that renal KKS activity may be reduced in patients with this disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Human Tissue Kallikrein</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Kallikrein</kwd>
        <kwd>Kallikrein-Kinin System</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais</funding-source>
          <award-id>CDS 923/98</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) caused approximately 1 out of every 6 deaths in the United States in 2007 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. An estimated 16,300,000 Americans have CAD, of which one of the most prevalent risk factors (RFs) is hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Blood pressure exhibits an inverse relationship with urinary or renal human tissue kallikrein (hK1) activity levels in primary hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In addition, urinary hK1 levels are significantly reduced in heart failure (HF) patients <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Kallikreins (EC 3.4.21.8) comprise a subgroup of the serine protease family and are known to have several physiological functions, including the control of blood pressure, coronary artery perfusion, electrolyte balance, inflammation, and other diverse physiological processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Our group has demonstrated that urinary hK1-specific amidase activity is significantly reduced in hypertension and HF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hypertension is a RF for both CAD and HF, and HF is the final outcome of untreated hypertension and CAD. However, urinary hK1 levels and their association with the severity of angiographically determined stable CAD remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of established or suspected CAD patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study from January 2008 to January 2010. Sixty-five individuals were enrolled in the study regardless of gender and race. Random midstream urine samples were collected in the Catheterism Laboratory at the Lifecenter Hospital immediately before cardiac catheterism (CATH) for known or suspected CAD.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethical Research Committees of both the Lifecenter Hospital in Belo Horizonte and the Federal University of Minas Gerais, as well as the National Commission for Ethics in Research. All patients read the protocol, had their queries satisfactorily replied, and provided written informed consent.</p>
      <p>Urine samples were transferred to the Clinical Enzymology Laboratory of the Clinical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, and were visually and chemically examined using a dipstick test (Urofita 10U bioBR&#193;S Diagn&#243;sticos, Biobr&#225;s S.A., Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). All urine samples were negative for all evaluated chemical compounds (e.g., bilirubin, blood, glucose, ketone bodies, nitrites, protein, urobilinogen).</p>
      <p>Traditional RFs for CAD were identified through standard interviews conducted directly by physicians, as well as by nurse and pharmacist participating in the study. CATH exams were conducted by interventional cardiologists certified by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology, and were registered in the hospital records. Patients underwent a thorough clinical interview and physical examination. All symptoms and signs were analyzed, as well as patients&#8217; personal histories and the use and types of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular medications. All subjects were studied as outpatients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Patients of any gender and race were eligible for inclusion in the study if they were older than 18 years and younger than 75 years, had known or suspected CAD, and provided consent. Suspected CAD was defined by the medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, abnormalities in other imaging exams (e.g., exercise test, echocardiogram, and myocardial scintigraphy). The criteria for patient exclusion were non-agreement for study participation, recent history of acute coronary syndrome (&lt; 3 months), serum creatinine level &#8805; 1.5 mg/dL or 133   <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L for men and &#8805; 1.4 mg/dL or 124<italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L for women, history of severe allergy to ionic contrast agents, or presence of blood or nitrite in the urine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Presence and severity of CAD</title>
        <p>Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of CAD. Diagnostic coronary angiograms were performed under local anesthesia (90% femoral approach and 10% radial) with non-ionic contrast agent and were classified by either of the two examiners through a visual analysis of stenosis as mild (&lt; 40%), moderate (40-70%), and severe (70-100%); flow was classified according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Group criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Questionable cases were reviewed by both examiners, sometimes with the aid of quantitative coronary angiography (Axiom Artis, Siemens, Munich, Germany), and/or were referred for intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS; I-LAB Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA). Both examiners were blinded to the hK1-specific amidase activity results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>hK1 amidase activity</title>
        <p>hK1 amidase activity was evaluated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan (Chromogenix AB, Italy)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Substrate hydrolysis was assayed spectrophotometrically at 410 nm to monitor the release of 4-nitroaniline (4-Nan) [&#949;<sub>410</sub>= 8800/(M &#183; cm)], as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The assay was performed as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Specifically, 5 incubation mixtures, identified by capital letters A, B, C, D, and E, contained the following: A, 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of urine and 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of 200 mM glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0 containing 0.05% (w/v) NaN<sub>3</sub> (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA); B, 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of urine and 100   <italic>&#181;</italic>L of a 1000 KIU/mL Trasylol<sup>&#174;</sup> solution (strong kallikrein inhibitor also known as aprotinin, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor-BPTI, or Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; C, 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of urine and 100   <italic>&#181;</italic>L of a 1 mg/mL SBTI (Sigma) solution (strong serine proteinase and plasma kallikrein inhibitor that is not, however, an hK1 inhibitor)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> in 200 mM of glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0; D, 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of urine and 100<italic>&#181;</italic>L of 200 mM glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0; and E, 600 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of 200 mM glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0. The mixtures were preincubated at 37&#186;C for 10 minutes for temperature equilibration. Next, 400 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of a 160 <italic>&#181;</italic>M D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan substrate solution in 200 mM glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0, were added to the A, B, C, and E mixtures; 400 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of 200 mM glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0, was added to the D mixture instead of substrate solution. The mixtures were again incubated at 37&#186;C for 30 minutes, and the reactions were stopped by the addition of 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of 60% (v/v) acetic acid per mixture.</p>
        <p>The mixtures were incubated in quadruplicate. Enzymatic hydrolysis was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 410 nm of the released 4-Nan using a Shimadzu UV 160 A UV-Vis recording spectrophotometer (2-nm spectral band width). The reference cell contained 1000 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0, and 100   <italic>&#181;</italic>L of acetic acid solution. The total substrate concentration was determined from the amount of 4-Nan released after complete hydrolysis by an excess of bovine &#946;-trypsin (kindly provided by Dr. Marcelo Matos Santoro, Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). The &#916;A<sub>410</sub>values were calculated and transformed into reaction rates (v) and expressed as   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mL urine). The reaction rates were linear up to 60 minutes.</p>
        <p>In all evaluated urine samples, the enzymatic activity was completely inhibited by Trasylol<sup>&#174;</sup> (incubation mixture B); no inhibition was observed in the presence of SBTI (incubation mixture C), indicating only the presence of the enzyme hK1.</p>
        <p>hK1-specific amidase activity was calculated by dividing the reaction rate (v) by the creatinine concentration (mg/mL urine). The result was expressed as   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine) to correct for differences in the urine flow rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Creatinine determination</title>
        <p>Creatinine was determined spectrophotometrically using a kit of reagents based on Jaffe&#8217;s reaction (Bioclin/Quibasa Qu&#237;mica B&#225;sica Ltda, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) and expressed as mg/mL urine, as described in our previous reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. These assays were also performed in quadruplicate.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Confounders</title>
        <p>Information about patients&#8217; medication use was obtained through interviews. Drugs were classified into 2 groups: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and all other medications. Blood pressure was measured in all patients while at rest and in a sitting position prior to the CATH procedure; this information was classified in the interview according to the international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using Minitab software for Windows, version 15.0, and are expressed as medians because of the irregular distributions of the investigated variables. Differences between groups and the effects of medications on hK1-specific amidase activity in CAD were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, as the studied population exhibited a non-Gaussian distribution with non-homogeneous variances. Differences between CAD severity subgroups were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The frequencies of both genders and the presence or absence of hypertension, angina pectoris, dyspnea, stroke, and diabetes mellitus were compared using the Chi-square test. The presence or absence of gout and hypothyroidism were compared using Fisher&#8217;s test. A pvalue &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>The sample size was calculated based on values determined during our previous studies [difference between groups: HF patients, 0.104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine) and controls, 0.260 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] with a standard deviation of 0.23; an estimated 35 patients were needed for each group at a significance level of 0.95 and power of 0.8.</p>
        <p>This study was developed within the Research and Innovation Coaching Program, a partnership between the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Duke University Research on Research group (USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From January 2008 to January 2010, 4254 CATHs were performed at Lifecenter Hospital; of these, 65 treated patients were included in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the presence of coronary lesions: CAD (43 patients), and non-CAD (22 patients). The subgroups were similar with respect to gender and the presence or absence of hypertension. Although CAD patients were significantly older than non-CAD patients, patients with and without hypertension did not differ in terms of age. Among the 43 CAD patients, 36 were hypertensive (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Among the 22 non-CAD patients, 19 were hypertensive (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flowchart of eligible and included patients in the present study. CATH: Cardiac catheterism; HF: Heart failure; WIC: Written informed consent; CAD: Coronary artery disease.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0457-50109-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the studied patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameter</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CAD Patients (n = 43)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-CAD Patients (n = 22)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>P</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Demographic</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
              <td align="center">62.5 (55.0-69.0)</td>
              <td align="center">56.7 (49.3-64.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">b</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender (male/female)</td>
              <td align="center">30/13</td>
              <td align="center">10/12</td>
              <td align="center">0.057<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Physiologic</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertensive (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">36/07</td>
              <td align="center">19/03</td>
              <td align="center">0.085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina pectoris (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">18/25</td>
              <td align="center">2/20</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyspnea (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">4/39</td>
              <td align="center">4/18</td>
              <td align="center">0.516<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stroke (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">0/43</td>
              <td align="center">1/21</td>
              <td align="center">0.338<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">6/37</td>
              <td align="center">1/21</td>
              <td align="center">0.478<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gout (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">1/42</td>
              <td align="center">0/22</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypothyroidism (yes/no)</td>
              <td align="center">1/42</td>
              <td align="center">0/22</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Biochemical</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>hK1 sp am act <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">e</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.146 (0.085-0.260)</td>
              <td align="center">0.189 (0.069-0.323)</td>
              <td align="center">0.803<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">b</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>CAD: Coronary artery disease; Non-CAD: Non coronary artery disease; hK1 sp am act: hK1-specific amidase activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Median values; numbers in parentheses are the 25&#8211;75% interquartile ranges;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann&#8211;Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Chi-Square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>e</label>
            <p>&#956;M/(min &#183; mg creatinine).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the 43 CAD patients, the median hK1-specific amidase activity was 0.146   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine), whereas among the 22 non-CAD subjects this value was 0.189 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine).</p>
      <p>CAD and non-CAD patients did not differ significantly with respect to urinary hK1-specific amidase activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Among the 43 CAD patients, 14, 6, and 23 had mild, moderate, and severe stenosis, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). We did not observe any statistically significant effect of CAD severity on urinary hK1-specific amidase activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity and CAD classification</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameter</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mild (n = 14)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Moderate (n = 06)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Severe (n = 23)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>hK1 sp am act <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.181 (0.097-0.413)</td>
              <td align="center">0.245 (0.119-0.545)</td>
              <td align="center">0.141 (0.069-0.264)</td>
              <td align="center">0.234<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <p>CAD: Coronary artery disease; hK1 sp am act: hK1-specific amidase activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>&#956;M/(min . mg creatinine);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>b</label>
            <p> Median values; numbers in parentheses are the 25-75% interquartile ranges;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No effect of hypertension on urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was observed in either CAD or non-CAD patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Effect of hypertension on hK1-specific amidase activity in CAD and Non-CAD patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>CAD (n=43)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Non-CAD (n=22)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyp (n=26)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-Hyp (n=17)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyp (n=10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-Hyp (n=12)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">hK1 sp am act <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.139</td>
              <td align="center">0.245  </td>
              <td align="center">0.785<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.202  </td>
              <td align="center">0.148  </td>
              <td align="center">0.531<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> (0.091-0.250)</td>
              <td>(0.066-0.323)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>(0.064-0.537)</td>
              <td>(0.070-0.266)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>CAD: Coronary artery disease; Non-CAD: Non-coronary artery disease; Hyp: Hypertensive; Non-Hyp: Non-hypertensive; hK1-sp am act: hK1 specific amidase activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>&#956;M/(min. mg creatinine);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Median values: numbers in prenthesis are the 25-75% interquartile ranges;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding medication use, 16 CAD patients were using ACEI/ARB drugs. There was no statistically significant difference in ACEI or ARB use with respect to urinary hK1-specific amidase activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Effects of medications on hK1-specific amidase activity in CAD patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ACEI/ARB (n = 16)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Other medications (n = 27)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>hK1 sp am act <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">b</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.179 (0.089-0.259)</td>
              <td align="center">0.153 (0.069-0.291)</td>
              <td align="center">0.900<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">c</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <p>ACEI/ARB: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptorblocker; hK1 sp am activity: hK1-specific amidase activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>&#956;M/(min . mg creatinine);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Median value; numbers in parentheses are the 25-75% interquartile ranges;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The urinary hK1 specific amidase activity values in CAD patients were within the ranges described previously for HF and hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median hKI-specific amidase activity values In heart failure, hypertensive, CAD, and Non-CAD patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameter</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HF Patients<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">a</xref> (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CAD Patients (n = 43)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-CAD Patients (n = 22)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyp Patients<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref> (n = 100)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HF Controls<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">a</xref> (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyp Controls<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref> (n = 89)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>hK1 sp am act <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">c</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">d</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.104 (0.067-0.297)</td>
              <td align="center">0.146 (0.085-0.280)</td>
              <td align="center">0.189 (0.069-0.323)</td>
              <td align="center">0.210 (0.100-0.395)</td>
              <td align="center">0.213 (0.147-0.401)</td>
              <td align="center">0.260 (0.180-0.445)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <p>HF: Heart failure; CAD: Coronary artery disease; Non-CAD: Non-coronary artery disease; Hyp: Hypertensive; hK1 sp am act: hK1-specific amidase activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN22">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Median values described in Figueiredo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN23">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Median values described in Belo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN24">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>&#956;M/(min &#8226; mg creatinine;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN25">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>Median value; numbers in parentheses are the 25-75% interquartile ranges.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare urinary hK1-specific amidase activity in human patients with and without angiographically documented stable CAD.</p>
      <p>We evaluated hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD and non-CAD patients and found no statistically significant difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>Kallikreins (EC 3.4.21.8) comprise a subgroup of the serine protease family and known to have several physiological functions. These proteins are divided into 2 main groups: plasma (EC 3.4.21.34) and tissue (EC 3.4.21.35) kallikreins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The human KLK1 gene, located on chromosome 19q13.4, expresses true tissue kallikrein (hK1) in the kidney, pancreas, salivary glands, vasculature, and heart, among other tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.The best known biochemical function of hK1 is release of the vasoactive and spasmogenic decapeptide kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin) (Lys-BK) from the plasma protein low molecular weight kininogen; Lys-BK is involved in the control of blood pressure, coronary artery perfusion, electrolyte balance, inflammation, and other diverse physiological processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. hK1 activity can be measured in the urine using photometric assays with synthetic substrates, or radioimmunoassays<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Many studies concerning the role of KKS in heart and circulatory diseases also address kinins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 2006, we reported the results of a study of 28 HF patients and 28 healthy control subjects in whom the median urinary hK1 specific amidase activity was significantly lower among HF patients [0.104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] than among controls [0.213 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] (p = 0.020)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 2009, our group also reported a study of 100 non-diabetic primary hypertensive patients and 89 healthy control subjects, in which the median value of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was significantly lower in hypertensive patients [0.210<italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] than in controls [0.260   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinine)] (p= 0.010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, urinary hK1-specific amidase activity did not significantly differ between CAD and non-CAD patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). For CAD patients, the median value of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity observed in the present study [0.146 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] remained within the values previously reported for HF [0.104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] and hypertensive [0.210 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] patients of our previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the median value of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity for non-CAD subjects in the present study [0.189 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] was lower than the median values reported for the controls in our previous studies of HF patients [0.213 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/min &#183; mg creatinine] and hypertensive patients [0.260 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>For further analysis, we compared the median values of urinary hK1-specific amidase activities of HF [0.104<italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] and hypertensive patients [0.210<italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] of our previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> with the value reported herein for CAD patients [0.146   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)]. We observed no significant differences in these comparisons (p = 0.297 and p = 0.131, respectively). We also compared the median urinary hK1 amidase activities for HF [0.104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] and hypertensive patients [0.210 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)] in our previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> with the value reported herein for non-CAD patients [0.189 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min &#183; mg creatinine)]. Again, no significant differences were observed (p = 0.629 and p = 0.184, respectively). Unlike our previous studies, wherein the controls were asymptomatic and lacked known diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, in the present study, all subjects who underwent CATH exhibited symptoms, signs, or suspected CAD. We know that we cannot exclude endothelial or microvascular disease in angiographically normal coronary arteries, and that normal or near-normal coronary angiograms are observed in up to 20% of women with documented myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Therefore, we suggest that this type of disease might explain the lack of differences in urinary hK1-specific amidase activities between the 2 groups of patients (CAD and non-CAD).</p>
      <p>The results reported in the present study demonstratethat the median value of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity of CAD patients remained within the values previously described for hypertensive and HF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). As hK1-specific amidase activity was reduced among patients in those studies, relative to normal controls, we suggest that hK1-specific amidase activity might also be reduced in the group of CAD patients studied herein. We must also consider the fact that our non-CAD group underwent CATH. Therefore, although the non-CAD group lacked angiographically documented CAD, they differed from a completely healthy, disease-free population.</p>
      <p>Nolly et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reported the presence of a local KKS in rat hearts and suggested that locally generated kinins might help regulate cardiac function.</p>
      <p>Some studies have produced direct evidence for a cardioprotective role of tissue kallikrein in infarcted rats.</p>
      <p>In 2002, Agata et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> used a somatic approach to explore the role of the KKS in cardiac remodeling and apoptosis after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Rats were submitted to coronary artery ligation to induce MI, and adenovirus carrying the hK1 or luciferase (control) gene was injected into the tail vein at 1 week after surgery. Cardiac output gradually decreased from 2 to 6 weeks after MI, whereas delivery of the kallikrein gene prevented this decrease.</p>
      <p>In 2005, Griol-Charhbili et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> tested the hypothesis that tissue kallikrein (TK) would play a protective role in myocardial ischemia by inducing ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries with and without ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or ACE inhibitor (ramiprilat) pretreatment <italic>in vivo</italic> in littermate wild-type (WT) or TK-deficient (TK<sup>-/-</sup>) mice. IR induced similar infarcts in WT and TK<sup>-/-</sup> mice. IPC reduced the infarct size by 65% in WT mice and by 40% in TK<sup>-/-</sup> mice (P &lt; 0.05, TK<sup>-/-</sup>  <italic>vs.</italic> WT). Although ramiprilat also reduced the infarct size by 29% in WT, its effect was completely suppressed in TK<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Pretreatment of WT mice with a B2, but not a B1, kinin receptor antagonist reproduced the effects of TK deficiency. However, B2 receptor-deficient mice (B2<sup>-/-</sup>) unexpectedly responded to IPC or ramiprilat similarly to WT mice. However, constitutively high levels of B1 receptor gene expression were observed in B2<sup>-/-</sup> mice following pretreatment. In WT and TK<sup>-/-</sup> mice, both the B2 and B1 mRNA levels increased several fold during IR and increased further still during IPC + IR. Thus, according to the authors, TK and the B2 receptor play critical roles in cardioprotection against ischemia following 2 experimental and potentially clinically relevant maneuvers.</p>
      <p>In 2006, Koch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> reported a study in which the bradykinin coronary outflow, left ventricular performance, and left ventricular dimensions were investigated in transgenic rats harboring the hK1 gene (hKLK1) under basal and ischemic conditions. The main finding of their study was that transgenic rats harboring hKLK1, which were characterized by increased basal coronary bradykinin levels, demonstrated improved cardiac function and remodeling after MI induction in vivo.</p>
      <p>In the same year, Spillmann et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> induced MI in anesthetized mice by permanently occluding the left anterior descendant coronary artery. hKLK1 was delivered to the peri-infarct myocardium via an adenoviral vector (Ad.hKLK1). Controls received empty vector (Ad.Null) or saline. The survival rates were similar among the groups. Ad.hKLK1 increased the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and promoted the growth of capillaries and arterioles in the peri-infarct myocardium. In addition, Ad.hKLK1 increased the number of cardiac progenitor cells in the peri-infarct and suppressed the apoptotic death of peri-infarct cardiomyocytes both in vivo and ex vivo. As a consequence of these beneficial effects, hKLK1-transduced hearts were protected from post-MI ventricular dilatation and showed better systolic and diastolic functions at 5 weeks after MI. Similar results were reported by Pons et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> in 2008.</p>
      <p>In 2007, Yao et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> reported a study in which they examined the potential therapeutic effects of a consistent, subdepressive dose of infused kallikrein and kinin on ventricular remodeling and neovascularization in rats after MI. At 1 week after coronary artery ligation, tissue kallikrein (TK) or bradykinin (BK) was infused through a minipump for 4 weeks. At 5 weeks after MI, this TK or BK infusion significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced diastolic dysfunction without affecting systolic blood pressure. The infusions also significantly increased capillary density in the non-infarcted region. The TK and BK infusions also reduced the heart weight/body weight ratio, cardiomyocyte size, and atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide expression levels in the non-infarcted area. The authors concluded that a subdepressive dose of kallikrein or BK could restore impaired cardiac function in rats with post-infarction HF by inhibiting hypertrophy and fibrosis and promoting angiogenesis through increased nitric oxide formation and suppression of oxidative stress and TGF-&#946;1 expression.</p>
      <p>In 2008, Chao et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> investigated the role of TK in protection against cardiac injury mediated through direct kinin B2 receptor activation in kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats after inducing acute MI. TK was injected locally into the myocardium of Brown Norway Katholiek rats after coronary artery ligation with and without coinjection of icatibant (a kinin B2 receptor antagonist) and N<sup>&#969;</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). One day after MI, TK treatment significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced the MI size and left ventricle and diastolic pressure in Brown Norway Katholiek rats. Kallikrein attenuated ischemia-induced apoptosis and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the ischemic myocardium, in conjunction with increased nitric oxide levels and reduced myeloperoxidase activity. Icatibant and N<sup>&#969;</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester abolished the effects of kallikrein, indicating a kinin-B2 receptor-nitric oxide-mediated event. All of these studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of KKS in animals with acute MI (a severe form of CAD), but none measured tissue kallikrein activities in infarcted animals, as we did in stable CAD and non-CAD human patients. As treatment with injected TK or BK improved cardiac function and prevented HF in ischemic conditions in rats in previous studies, we could suppose that tissue kallikrein activity was also reduced in those animals.</p>
      <p>In 2013, Yao et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> evaluated whether the levels of both tissue kallikrein and the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the peripheral blood would correlate with plaque stability, as well as the relationship among tissue kallikrein expression, macrophage numbers, and angiogenesis in CAD. Tissue kallikrein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hs-CRP plasma levels were measured in 100 patients newly diagnosed with CAD and 33 CAD-free controls. CAD patients were defined as having angiographically diagnosed coronary stenosis amounting to a lumen reduction of at least 50% or greater coronary diameter lumen stenosis in a major coronary artery. CAD patients were further divided according to the number of diseased vessels into single-vessel CAD, multi-vessel CAD, and multi-vessel CAD with acute obstruction of 1 major coronary artery groups. hK1 plasma levels were determined using an ELISA specific for hK1. Patients were stratified according to CAD severity as moderate (n = 33), multi-vessel (n = 35), and multi-vessel with acute coronary syndromes (ACS; n = 32). Patients without CAD were used as controls (n = 33). The authors found that patients with CAD and ACS had significantly elevated levels of tissue kallikrein. In addition, the hs-CRP concentration was increased in patients with ACS. A strong positive correlation between plasma tissue kallilkrein and CAD severity was also demonstrated. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during an 8- to 24-month follow-up period significantly correlated with tissue kallikrein levels in the ACS group. The authors concluded that plasma TK levels were a useful predictor for the presence and extent of CAD.</p>
      <p>In 2014, Zhang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> investigated the relationship between plasma tissue kallikrein levels and the presence and severity of CAD in a Chinese population. The study involved 898 consecutive CAD patients and 905 ethnically and geographically matched controls. CAD was angiographically confirmed in all patients, and the severity of CAD was determined according to the number of affected vessels and coronary stenosis scores. Plasma tissue kallikrein levels, which were measured via ELISA, were significantly higher in CAD patients than in controls (0.347 &#177; 0.082 vs. 0.256 &#177; 0.087 mg/L, p &lt; 0.001) and were directly associated with a higher risk of CAD (odds ratio = 3.49, 95% confidence interval: 2.90-4.19). The authors themselves affirmed that paradoxically, the plasma tissue kalllikrein level was independently and positively associated with the presence of human CAD, although numerous studies (as described above) have confirmed the independent cardioprotective effect of tissue kallikrein in animal models. On the other hand, Zhang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> used a 1-way ANOVA and multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis to demonstrate that plasma tissue kallikrein levels were negatively associated with the severity of CAD, according to vessel scores (p &lt; 0.001) and stenosis scores (r = -0.211, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>In contrast to these 2 earlier studies, we measured the activity of urinary tissue kallikrein, whose origin is renal, using a spectrophotometric method. The former authors measured tissue kallikrein levels, rather than activity, directly in plasma (via ELISA). However, many tissues (e.g., brain, pancreas, salivary glands, heart) are known to produce plasma tissue kallikrein<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>We also evaluated the effect of CAD severity on urinary hK1-specific amidase activity. As mentioned above, no effect was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). In our published study regarding urinary hK1-specific amidase activity and HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, we also observed no relationship between HF severity and urinary hK1-specific amidase activity. Yao et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> observed a strong positive correlation between plasma tissue kallilkrein and CAD severity of CAD, whereas Zhang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> demonstrated the opposite result. Therefore, additional studies are truly needed to understand the true role of hK1 in CAD.</p>
      <p>We also evaluated the effect of hypertension on urinary hK1-specific amidase activity in CAD and non-CAD patients to exclude possible confounding factors, and observed no effect (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). Regarding medication use among CAD patients, 16 and 27 patients did and did not use angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB), respectively. We found no statistically significant influence of ACEI or ARB use on urinary hK1-specific amidase activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The results reported in the present study demonstrate that the urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels in CAD patients remained within the previously described ranges for HF and hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). As hK1 specific amidase activity in those studies was reduced in comparison to that of normal controls, we suggest that urinary hK1-specific amidase activity and, consequently, renal KKS activity, might also be reduced in the studied group of CAD patients. We must consider that patients in our non-CAD group also underwent CATH. Therefore, although the patients in this group were angiographically diagnosed as free of CAD, they might differ from a completely healthy, disease-free population.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study has some limitations. First, it is cross-sectional and therefore cannot be used to infer causality; however, our aim was to test our hypothesis regarding an association between hK1 and CAD. Second, as observed in ,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, we evaluated 1971 potentially eligible patients, but could only include 65 (43 with CAD and 22 without CAD) in the study. Despite this fact, the characteristics of our sample were similar to those reported in previous studies of CAD patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. According to our study aim, we needed to include angiographically documented non-CAD patients to provide a comparison of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels with those of angiographically documented CAD patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, compared with non-CAD controls, the urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was reduced in our population of angiographically documented CAD patients, similar to previously reported findings in HF and hypertensive patients. Although this finding might have been expected, it has not previously been demonstrated. A reduction in urinary hK1-specific amidase activity in CAD patients suggests that renal KKS activity might also be reduced in these patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Research supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) (Proc.: CDS 923/98). The authors are indebted to Aleida Nazareth Soares, for statistical support, and Erick Ramalho, MA, for revising the manuscript.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade da Calicre&#237;na Tecidual Humana na Doen&#231;a Coronariana Cr&#244;nica Est&#225;vel Angiograficamente Documentada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mandil</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Rosan&#227; Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Amintas Fabiano de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lifecenter</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas &#8211; Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research on Research Network Team</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country> </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Research on Research Network Team &#8211; Duke University, North Carolina, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lifecenter</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica &#8211; Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (PPGFUC/RS), Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo</bold>, Rua Dias Adorno, 39, apto. 1.703, Santo Agostinho. CEP 30190-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>estevao@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Figueiredo EL, Figueiredo AFS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Figueiredo EL, Magalh&#227;es CA, Figueiredo AFS, Mandil A, Garcia JCF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Figueiredo EL, Magalh&#227;es CA, Figueiredo AFS, Pellanda LC, Belli KC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Figueiredo AFS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Figueiredo EL, Figueiredo AFS, Pellanda LC, Belli KC; Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes: Ara&#250;jo RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaramos n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A calicre&#237;na tecidual humana (hK1) &#233; enzima-chave do sistema calicre&#237;na-cinina (SCC). A atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 est&#225; reduzida na urina de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC); seu papel na doen&#231;a arterial (DAC) coronariana ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 na urina de pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sessenta e cinco indiv&#237;duos (18 a 75 anos) que se submeteram ao cateterismo card&#237;aco (CAT) coletaram amostra do jato m&#233;dio de urina imediatamente antes do CAT. Baseando-se na presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas, os pacientes eram classificados em dois grupos: DAC (43 pacientes) e sem DAC (22 indiv&#237;duos). A atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 foi estimada com o substrato cromog&#234;nico D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinina foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Jaff&#233;. A atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi expressa em <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina) para corrigir diferen&#231;as no fluxo urin&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi semelhante entre os pacientes com DAC [0,146 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] e aqueles sem DAC [0,189   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] (p = 0,803), e permaneceu entre os baixos valores previamente publicados para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria [0,210 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] e para aqueles com IC [0,104   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)], respectivamente. Nenhum efeito estatisticamente significativo da gravidade da DAC e da hipertens&#227;o sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi observado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 na urina estava reduzida nos pacientes com DAC, o que pode sugerir que a atividade do SCC renal esteja reduzida nessa doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Calicre&#237;na Tecidual Humana</kwd>
        <kwd>Calicre&#237;na Tecidual</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Calicre&#237;na-Cinina</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) causou aproximadamente uma em cada seis mortes nos Estados Unidos em 2007 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Estima-se que 16 milh&#245;es e 300 mil americanos tenham DAC, e a hipertens&#227;o &#233; um dos mais prevalentes fatores de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis da atividade da calicre&#237;na tecidual humana (hK1) urin&#225;ria ou renal em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de hK1 urin&#225;ria est&#227;o significativamente reduzidos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Calicre&#237;nas (EC 3.4.21.8) s&#227;o um subgrupo da fam&#237;lia das serino-proteases conhecidas por apresentarem v&#225;rias fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo o controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, a perfus&#227;o das art&#233;rias coronarianas, o equil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e outros diversos processos fisiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Nosso grupo demonstrou que a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria est&#225; significativamente reduzida em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria e IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco para a DAC e a IC. Por outro lado, a IC &#233; a via final para a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o tratada e a DAC. No entanto, os n&#237;veis da atividade da hK1 urin&#225;ria e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade da DAC est&#225;vel angiograficamente determinada permanecem desconhecidos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 medindo sua atividade na urina de pacientes com DAC estabelecida ou suspeita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se um estudo transversal, de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2010. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 65 indiv&#237;duos de qualquer sexo e ra&#231;a. Amostras do jato m&#233;dio de urina foram coletadas no Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Lifecenter momentos antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco (CAT) em indiv&#237;duos com DAC conhecida ou suspeita.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Lifecenter de Belo Horizonte e da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e tamb&#233;m foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Todos os pacientes leram o protocolo, tiveram suas d&#250;vidas satisfatoriamente esclarecidas e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>As amostras de urina foram transferidas para o Laborat&#243;rio de Enzimologia Cl&#237;nica do Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas da Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia da UFMG, onde foram visualmente e quimicamente examinadas com fita reagente (Urofita 10 U bioBR&#193;S Diagn&#243;sticos, Biobr&#225;s S.A., Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). Todas as amostras de urina foram negativas para todos os compostos qu&#237;micos avaliados (bilirrubina, sangue, glicose, corpos cet&#244;nicos, nitritos, prote&#237;nas e urobilinog&#234;nio).</p>
        <p>Fatores de risco tradicionais para DAC foram determinados por meio de entrevistas padr&#227;o realizadas pelos pr&#243;prios m&#233;dicos, bem como pela enfermeira e pela farmac&#234;utica participante do estudo. Os exames de CAT foram realizados por cardiologistas intervencionistas certificados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista e registrados nos registros do hospital. Os pacientes passaram por uma completa entrevista cl&#237;nica, bem como por exame f&#237;sico. Todos os sintomas e sinais cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes, seus antecedentes pessoais e tipos de medica&#231;&#227;o (cardiovascular ou n&#227;o) foram analisados. Todos os sujeitos foram estudados como pacientes externos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes de qualquer sexo e ra&#231;a, desde que maiores de 18 anos e com menos de 75 anos, com DAC conhecida ou suspeita, e que dessem seu consentimento. DAC suspeita foi definida pela hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, anormalidades em outros exames de imagem (teste ergom&#233;trico e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica). Os crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o foram: n&#227;o concord&#226;ncia em participar do estudo, pacientes que tiveram recentemente s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA, menos de 3 meses), creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 1,5 mg/dL ou 133   <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L para os homens e 1,4 mg/dL ou 124   <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L para as mulheres, hist&#243;ria de grave alergia a contrastes i&#244;nicos, presen&#231;a de sangue ou nitrito na urina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Presen&#231;a e gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram classificados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DAC. Coronariografias diagn&#243;sticas foram realizadas sob anestesia local (90% por acesso femoral e 10%, radial) utilizando contraste n&#227;o i&#244;nico e classificados por cada um dos dois examinadores pela an&#225;lise visual da estenose como branda (&lt;40%), moderada (40 a 70%) e grave (70 a 100%), e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo foi classificado de acordo com crit&#233;rios do <italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>(TIMI) <italic>Study Group</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Casos duvidosos foram revistos por ambos os examinadores com o aux&#237;lio de angiografia coronariana quantitativa (AXIOM Artis, Siemens, Munich, Alemanha) e/ou submetidos a ultrassom intravascular IVUS (I-LAB Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, Estados Unidos). Nenhum dos examinadores conhecia os resultados da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1</title>
          <p>A atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 foi determinada com o substrato cromog&#234;nico D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan (Chromogenix AB, It&#225;lia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A hidr&#243;lise do substrato foi obtida espectrofotometricamente em 410 nm, monitorando-se a libera&#231;&#227;o de 4-Nitroanilina (4-Nan) [&#400;<sub>410  </sub>= 8.800/(M . cm)], como descrito previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O ensaio foi realizado como j&#225; descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Especificamente, cinco misturas de incuba&#231;&#227;o, identificadas pelas letras A, B, C, D e E, continham: A - 500<italic>&#181;</italic>L de urina e 100   <italic>&#181;</italic>L de tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0, contendo 0,05% (peso/volume) de NaN<sub>3</sub> (Sigma Chemical Co , Estados Unidos); B - 500<italic>&#181;</italic>L de urina e 100<italic>&#181;</italic>L de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Trasylol<bold>&#174;</bold>a 1.000 KIU/mL (um forte inibidor de hK1, tamb&#233;m conhecido como aprotinina, inibidor pancre&#225;tico bovino de tripsina-BPTI, ou inibidor pancre&#225;tico de tripsina de Kunitz)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; C - 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de urina e 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de inibidor de tripsina de soja (SBTI), que &#233; um forte inibidor de serino-proteases e de calicre&#237;na plasm&#225;tica, entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; inibidor da hK1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, a 1 mg/mL em tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0;  </p>
          <p> D - 500 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de urina e 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0; e E - 600 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de tamp&#227;o glicina NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0. As misturas foram pr&#233;-incubadas a 37&#186;C durante 10 minutos para equil&#237;brio da temperatura. Em seguida, 400 L de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan, o substrato, a 160 <italic>&#181;</italic>M em tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0 eram adicionados &#224;s misturas A, B, C e E e 400 <italic>&#181;</italic>L do tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0, ao inv&#233;s da solu&#231;&#227;o do substrato, eram adicionados &#224; mistura D. As misturas foram, novamente, incubadas a 37<bold>&#186;</bold>C durante 30 minutos e a rea&#231;&#227;o foi paralisada pela adi&#231;&#227;o de 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico a 60% (volume/volume). As misturas foram incubadas em quadruplicatas. A hidr&#243;lise enzim&#225;tica foi monitorada medindo-se a absorv&#226;ncia da 4-Nan, liberada em 410 nm em um espectrofot&#244;metro Shimadzu UV 160 UV-Vis (com largura da banda espectral de 2 nm). A cubeta de refer&#234;ncia continha 1000   <italic>&#181;</italic>L de tamp&#227;o glicina-NaOH 200 mM, pH 9,0 e 100   <italic>&#181;</italic>L da solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico a 60%. A concentra&#231;&#227;o total do substrato foi determinada a partir da quantidade de 4-Nan liberada na hidr&#243;lise completa por excesso de beta-tripsina bovina (que foi gentilmente fornecida pelo Professor Dr. Marcelo Matos Santoro, do Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia do ICB da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). O &#916;A<sub>410</sub> foi calculado e transformado em velocidade de rea&#231;&#227;o (v) expressa em <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mL de urina). As velocidades das rea&#231;&#245;es eram lineares com o tempo at&#233; 60 minutos.</p>
          <p>Em todas as amostras de urina avaliadas, a atividade enzim&#225;tica foi completamente inibida pelo Trasylol&#174; (mistura de incuba&#231;&#227;o B) e nenhuma inibi&#231;&#227;o foi observada na presen&#231;a de SBTI (mistura de incuba&#231;&#227;o C), indicando somente a presen&#231;a da enzima hK1.</p>
          <p>A atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 era calculada dividindo-se a velocidade da rea&#231;&#227;o (v) pela concentra&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (mg/mL de urina). O resultado foi expresso em <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina) para corrigir diferen&#231;as no fluxo urin&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da creatinina</title>
          <p>A creatinina era determinada espectrofotometricamente com um   <italic>kit</italic>de reagentes baseado na rea&#231;&#227;o de Jaff&#233; (Bioclin/Quibasa Qu&#237;mica B&#225;sica Ltda., Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil) e expressa em mg/mL de urina, como previamente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Os ensaios foram tamb&#233;m realizados em quadruplicatas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Confundidores</title>
          <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as medica&#231;&#245;es que os pacientes usavam foram obtidas por meio de entrevista. Os medicamentos foram classificados em dois grupo: um com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA)/bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina (BRA); o outro, com qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial era medida com o paciente em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do CAT, e classificada na entrevista de acordo com as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa Minitab&#174; para Windows, vers&#227;o 15.0, e expressos como medianas, por causa da distribui&#231;&#227;o irregular das vari&#225;veis investigadas. Diferen&#231;as entre os grupos e os efeitos de medicamentos sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 na DAC foram avaliadas por meio do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, uma vez que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana, com varian&#231;as n&#227;o homog&#234;neas. Diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de gravidade da DAC foram comparadas pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis. As frequ&#234;ncias de ambos os sexos e a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, angina pectoris, dispneia, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e diabetes melito foram comparadas pelo teste Qui-Quadrado. A presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de gota e hipotireoidismo foi comparada pelo teste de Fisher. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado baseado em valores encontrados em nossos estudos pr&#233;vios [diferen&#231;a entre grupos: patientes com IC 0,104   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinina)] e controles 0,260   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg creatinina), respectivamente], com desvio padr&#227;o de 0,23, estimando a necessidade de 35 pacientes em cada grupo, considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,95 e poder de 0,8.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido dentro do Programa <italic>Research and Innovation Coaching</italic>, uma parceria entre a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e o grupo de Pesquisa <italic>Research on Research</italic>, da Duke University, nos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2010, 4.254 CATs foram realizados no Hospital Lifecenter, com 65 pacientes sendo inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: DAC (43 pacientes) e sem DAC (22 indiv&#237;duos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes com DAC foram significativamente mais velhos que os pacientes sem DAC, mas a idade n&#227;o diferiu entre aqueles com e sem hipertens&#227;o. Os subgrupos foram semelhantes quanto ao sexo e &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Entre os 43 pacientes com DAC, 35 eram hipertensos e, entre os 22 indiv&#237;duos sem DAC, 20 eram hipertensos.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis e inclu&#237;dos no estudo. CATs: Cateterismo card&#237;aco; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CI: Consentimento informado; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0457-50109-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pacientes com DAC (n = 43)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pacientes sem DAC (n = 22)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;fico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">62,5 (55,0-69,0)</td>
                <td align="center">56,7 (49,3-64,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">b</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">30/13</td>
                <td align="center">10/12</td>
                <td align="center">0,057<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fisiol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertenso (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">36/07</td>
                <td align="center">19/03</td>
                <td align="center">0,085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina pectoris (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">18/25</td>
                <td align="center">2/20</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">4/39</td>
                <td align="center">4/18</td>
                <td align="center">0,516<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">0/43</td>
                <td align="center">1/21</td>
                <td align="center">0,338<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melitos (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">6/37</td>
                <td align="center">1/21</td>
                <td align="center">0,478<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gota (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">1/42</td>
                <td align="center">0/22</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">d</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotiroidismo (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">1/42</td>
                <td align="center">0/22</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">d</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bioqu&#237;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativ am esp hK1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">c</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">d</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,146 (0,085-0,260)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189 (0,069-0,323)</td>
                <td align="center">0,803<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">b</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Dados expressos como medianas; n&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses s&#227;o o intervalo interquartis 25% e 75%, respectivamente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>teste de Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>teste do Qui-Quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>teste de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>e</label>
              <p>&#956;M/(min . mg de creatinina)". DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVE: Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; Ativ am esp hK1: Atividade amid&#225;sic espec&#237;fica da hK1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Entre os 43 pacientes com DAC, a mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi de 0,146 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina), enquanto que entre os 22 indiv&#237;duos sem DAC, foi de 0,189 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina), respectivamente.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as medianas da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria para os pacientes com DAC e aqueles sem DAC.</p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com DAC, 14 tinham uma doen&#231;a leve, 6 moderada e 23 grave (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o foi observado efeito estatisticamente significativo da gravidade da DAC sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria e classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Branda (n = 14)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Moderada (n = 06)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grave (n = 23)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativ am esp hK1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">c</xref>,<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,181 (0,097-0,413)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245 (0,119-0,545)</td>
                <td align="center">0,141 (0,069-0,264)</td>
                <td align="center">0,234<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>&#956;M/(min . mg de creatinina);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Dados expressos como medianas, n&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses representam o intervalo interquartis 25% e 75%, respectivamente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>teste de Kruskall-Wallis; Ativ am esp hK1: Atividade amid&#225;sic especifica da hK1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com DAC e aqueles sem DAC, n&#227;o foi observado efeito estatisticamente significativo da hipertens&#227;o sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito da hipertens&#227;o sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 em pacientes com e sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>DAC (n =</bold>
                  <bold>43)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Sem DAC (n</bold>
                  <bold>= 22)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hip (n = 26)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem hip (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hip(n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem hip (n = 12)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Ativ am esp hK1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">c</xref>,<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,139  </td>
                <td align="center">0,245  </td>
                <td align="center">0,785<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">c</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,202  </td>
                <td align="center">0,148  </td>
                <td align="center">0,531<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(0,091-0,250)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,066-0,323)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(0,064-0,537)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,070-0,266)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>&#956;M/(min . mg de creatinina);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN38">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Dados expressos como medianas, n&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses representam o intervalo interquartis 25% e 75%, respectivamente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN39">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney. DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Sem DAC: Sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Hip: Hipertensos; Sem hip: Sem hipertens&#227;o; Ativ am esp hK1: Atividade amid&#225;sic espec&#237;fica da hK1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es, 16 pacientes com DAC estavam usando IECA/BRA. N&#227;o foi observado efeito estatisticamente significativo do uso de IECA/BRA sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeitos de medicamentos sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IECA/BRA (n = 16)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Outros medicamentos (n = 27)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativ am esp hK1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">c</xref>,<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,179 (0,089-0,259)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153 (0,069-0,291)</td>
                <td align="center">0,900<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN40">
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN41">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Dados expressos como medianas, n&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses s&#227;o o intervalo interquartis 25% e 75%, respectivamente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN42">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>&#956;M/(min. mg de creatinina);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN43">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>teste de Mann-Whitney. IECA/BRA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; Ativ am esp hK1: Atividade amid&#225;sic espec&#237;fica da hK1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria nos pacientes com DAC permaneceu dentro daqueles j&#225; descritos para pacientes com IC e hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores das medianas da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 nos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">a</xref> (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DAC (n = 43)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem DAC (n = 22)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hip<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN45">b</xref> (n = 100)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">a</xref> (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle Hip<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN45">b</xref> (n = 89)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativ am esp hK1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">c</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN47">d</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,104 (0,067- 0,297)</td>
                <td align="center">0,146 (0,085-0,280)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189 (0,069-0,323)</td>
                <td align="center">0,210 (0,100-0,395)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213 (0,147-0,401)</td>
                <td align="center">0,260 (0,180-0,445)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN44">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>valores de medianas descritos em Figueiredo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN45">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>valores de medianas descritos em Belo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN46">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>&#956;M/(min . mg de creatinina);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN47">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>dados expressos como medianas, n&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses representam o intervalo interquartis 25% e 75%, respectivamente; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Sem DAC: Sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Hip: Hipertensos; Ativ am esp hK1: Atividade amid&#225;sic espec&#237;fica da hK1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde vai nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo comparando a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria em pacientes humanos com DAC est&#225;vel e sem DAC angiograficamente documentada.</p>
        <p>Mediu-se a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 na urina de pacientes com DAC e sem DAC, e nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os dois grupos foi observada.</p>
        <p>Calicre&#237;nas (EC 3.4.21.8) constituem um subgrupo da fam&#237;lia das serino-proteases conhecidas por terem v&#225;rias fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas. Elas s&#227;o divididas em dois principais grupos: calicre&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas (EC 3.4.21.34) e teciduais (EC 3.4.21.35)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O gene humano KLK1, localizado no cromossomo 19q13.4, expressa a verdadeira calicre&#237;na tecidual (hK1) em tecidos como rins, p&#226;ncreas, gl&#226;ndulas salivares, vasos e cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A principal fun&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica conhecida da hK1 &#233; a libera&#231;&#227;o, da prote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica cininog&#234;nio de baixo peso molecular, do decapept&#237;deo vasoativo e espasmog&#234;nico calidina (lisil-bradicinina - Lis-BK), que &#233; envolvido no controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, da perfus&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, do equil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, da inflama&#231;&#227;o e em outros diversos processos fisiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A atividade da hK1 pode ser medida na urina tanto por ensaio fotom&#233;trico, utilizando-se substratos sint&#233;ticos, quanto por radioimunoensaio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Muitos estudos sobre o papel do SCC nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e circulat&#243;rias s&#227;o relacionados &#224;s cininas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 2006, publicamos os resultados de um estudo com 28 pacientes com IC e 28 sujeitos sadios como controles, no qual o valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com IC [0,104   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] do que nos controles [0,213   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] (valor de p = 0,020)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 2009, nosso grupo publicou estudo realizado com 100 pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria e 89 indiv&#237;duos controles sadios, no qual o valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria foi significativamente menor nos pacientes hipertensos [0,210<italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina) do que nos controles [0,260 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] (valor de p= 0,010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os pacientes com DAC e os indiv&#237;duos sem DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). O valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria para os pacientes com DAC [0,146   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] permaneceu entre os valores reportados para os pacientes hipertensos [0,210 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] e para aqueles com IC [0,104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] de nossos pr&#233;vios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria para os sujeitos sem DAC encontrado no presente estudo [0,189   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] foi menor do que os das medianas reportados para ambos os controles para os pacientes com IC [0,213<italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] e para os pacientes hipertensos [0,260 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] de nossos pr&#233;vios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>Para aprofundar a an&#225;lise, comparou-se o valor da mediana da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria para pacientes com IC [0,104 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/min . mg de creatinina)] e para hipertensos [0,210 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] de nossos pr&#233;vios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, com o valor agora descrito para os pacientes com DAC [0,146 <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)]. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada (valor de p = 0,131 e valor de p = 0,297, respectivamente). Comparou-se, tamb&#233;m, os valores das medianas das atividades amid&#225;sicas espec&#237;ficas da hK1 urin&#225;ria para pacientes com IC [0,104   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] e para pacientes hipertensos [0,210   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)] de nossos estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, com o valor agora descrito para pacientes sem DAC [0,189   <italic>&#181;</italic>M/(min . mg de creatinina)]. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi tamb&#233;m observada (valor de p= 0,184 e valor de p = 0,629, respectivamente). Diferente de nossos estudos pr&#233;vios, nos quais os controles eram assintom&#225;ticos e sem doen&#231;a conhecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, no presente estudo, todos os sujeitos submetidos aos CATs tinham sintomas, sinais ou suspeitas de DAC. Sabe-se que n&#227;o se pode excluir doen&#231;a endotelial ou microvascular em art&#233;rias coronarianas angiograficamente normais, e sabe-se tamb&#233;m que angiografias normais ou quase normais s&#227;o observadas em at&#233; 20% de mulheres com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica documentada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Assim, sugerimos que tal fato provavelmente explicaria a falta de diferen&#231;a na atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria observada entre os dois grupos de pacientes (DAC e sem DAC).</p>
        <p>Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo sugerem que a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria nos pacientes com DAC est&#225; dentro dos valores j&#225; descritos para pacientes com IC e para pacientes hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Uma vez que, naqueles estudos, a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 estava reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles normais, sugerimos que a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 poderia estar reduzida no grupo de pacientes com DAC estudado. Deve-se levar em conta o fato de que nosso grupo sem DAC foi submetido ao Cat. Assim, embora esse grupo tivesse aus&#234;ncia angiograficamente documentada de DAC, eles poderiam diferir de uma popula&#231;&#227;o completamente livre de outras doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Um SCC local presente nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos foi reportado por Nolly e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, que sugeriram que as cininas produzidas localmente poderiam ajudar a regular a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>H&#225; alguns trabalhos mostrando evid&#234;ncias diretas para algum papel cardioprotetor da calicre&#237;na tecidual em ratos infartados.</p>
        <p>Em 2002, Agata e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>usaram a abordagem som&#225;tica para explorar o papel do SCC no remodelamento card&#237;aco e na apoptose ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) em ratos. Ratos foram submetidos &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria para induzir ao IM, e adenov&#237;rus transportando o gene da hK1 ou da luciferase (controle) foi injetado na veia da cauda 1 semana ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco diminuiu gradualmente de 2 a 6 semanas ap&#243;s o IM, enquanto que a libera&#231;&#227;o do gene da hK1 preveniu essa diminui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em 2005, Griol-Charhbili e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> testaram a hip&#243;tese de que a calicre&#237;na tecidual (CT) exerceria um papel protetor na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, provocando les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o da isquemia, com e sem o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PCI) ou pr&#233;-tratamento com IECA (ramiprilat),   <italic>in vivo</italic> em ninhadas de camundongos do tipo selvagem (TS) ou deficientes de calicre&#237;na tecidual (CT<sup>-/-</sup>). Reperfus&#227;o da isquemia (RI) induziu a infartos semelhantes nos camundongos TS e deficientes de calicre&#237;na tecidual (TK<sup>-/-</sup>). PCI reduziu a extens&#227;o do infarto em 65% nos camundongos TS e em 40% nos camundongos CT<sup>-/-</sup> (valor de p &lt; 0,05; CT<sup>-/-</sup>vs. TS). Ramiprilat tamb&#233;m reduziu a extens&#227;o do infarto em 29% nos TS, mas, nos CT<sup>-/-</sup>, esse efeito foi completamente suprimido. O pr&#233;-tratamento dos camundongos TS com um antagonista do receptor B2 de cininas, mas n&#227;o do receptor B1, reproduziu os efeitos da defici&#234;ncia da CT. No entanto, camundongos deficientes do receptor B2 (B2<sup>-/-</sup>) inesperadamente responderam ao PCI ou ao ramiprilat como os camundongos TS. N&#227;o obstante o pr&#233;-tratamento dos camundongos B2<sup>-/-</sup>, a express&#227;o gen&#233;tica do receptor B1 foi constitutivamente alta. Nos camundongos TS e CT<sup>-/-</sup>, os n&#237;veis de ambos os mARN B2 e B1 aumentaram v&#225;rias vezes durante a RI e ainda mais durante o PCI+RI. Assim, segundo os autores, a CT e o receptor B2 disputam um papel cr&#237;tico na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o produzida por dois procedimentos experimentais de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica potencial (o PCI e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA) durante a isquemia.</p>
        <p>Em 2006, Koch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> reportaram um estudo no qual eles investigaram a fluxo de bradicinina (BK) coronariana, o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e as dimens&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas de ratos transg&#234;nicos portadores do gene da hK1 (hKLK1) sob condi&#231;&#245;es basais e isqu&#234;micas. O principal achado de seus estudos foi que os ratos transg&#234;nicos portadores do gene hKLK1, que foram caracterizados por n&#237;veis basais aumentados de BK coronariana, mostraram uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e no remodelamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de IM.</p>
        <p>No mesmo ano, Spillmann e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> induziram IM camundongos anestesiados ocluindo permanentemente a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior. O gene hKLK1 foi liberado ao mioc&#225;rdio peri-infarto por meio de um vetor adenoviral (Ad.hKLK1). Os controles receberam Ad.vazio ou salina. A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi semelhante entre os grupos. O Ad.hKLK1 aumentou o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas endoteliais progenitoras circulantes e promoveu o crescimento de capilares e arter&#237;olas no mioc&#225;rdio peri-infarto. Al&#233;m disso, Ad.hKLK1 aumentou a abund&#226;ncia de c&#233;lulas progenitoras card&#237;acas no peri-infarto e suprimiu a morte apopt&#243;tica de cardiomi&#243;citos peri-infarto tanto <italic>in vivo</italic> quanto <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Como consequ&#234;ncia desses efeitos ben&#233;ficos, ap&#243;s 5 semanas do IM, cora&#231;&#245;es com hKLK1-transferidos foram protegidos da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-IM e mostraram melhores fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Resultados semelhantes foram reportados, em 2008, por Pons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 2007, Yao e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> publicaram um estudo, no qual eles examinaram os efeitos potenciais terap&#234;uticos de um fornecimento est&#225;vel de hK1 e da infus&#227;o de cinina em uma dose subdepressora sobre o remodelamento ventricular e a neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o em ratos ap&#243;s IM. Uma semana ap&#243;s a liga&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, CT ou BK foi infundida por meio de uma minibomba durante 4 semanas. Em 5 semanas ap&#243;s o IM, CT e infus&#227;o de BK melhorou significativamente a contractilidade e reduziu a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sem afetar a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica. CT e infus&#227;o de BK tamb&#233;m reduziram a raz&#227;o peso card&#237;aco/peso corporal, o tamanho dos cardiomi&#243;citos, e a express&#227;o dos pept&#237;deos atrial natriur&#233;tico e natriur&#233;tico cerebral na &#225;rea n&#227;o infartada. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que uma dose subdepressora de hK1 ou BK pode restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca prejudicada em ratos com IC p&#243;s-infarto, inibindo hipertrofia e fibrose, e promovendo angiog&#234;nese, por meio da forma&#231;&#227;o aumentada de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON) e da supress&#227;o do estresse oxidative, e al&#233;m da express&#227;o de fator de transforma&#231;&#227;o de crescimento beta 1 (TGF-&#946;1).</p>
        <p>Em 2008, Chao e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> investigaram o papel da CT na prote&#231;&#227;o contra dano card&#237;aco por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o direta do receptor B2 de cinina usando ratos marrons Katholiek noruegueses deficientes em cininog&#234;nio, ap&#243;s IM agudo. A CT foi injetada localmente no mioc&#225;rdio desses ratos ap&#243;s liga&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com e sem a inje&#231;&#227;o de icatibant (um antagonista do receptor B2 de cinina) e de N<sup>w</sup>-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster (um inibidor da ON sintetase). Um dia ap&#243;s o IM, o tratamento com CT aumentou significativamente a contratilidade card&#237;aca, reduzindo o tamanho do IM e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda nos ratos. A hK1 atenuou a apoptose induzida pela isquemia e o ac&#250;mulo de mon&#243;citos/macr&#243;fagos no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico em combina&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis aumentados de ON e reduzida atividade da mieloperoxidase. Icatibant e N<sup>w</sup>-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster aboliram os efeitos da hK1, indicando um evento mediado pelo receptor B2 de cinina e ON. Todos estes estudos mostraram efeitos ben&#233;ficos do SCC em animais com IM agudo (uma forma severa de DAC), mas nenhum deles mediu a atividade da CT nos animais infartados como fizemos com nossos pacientes humanos com DAC est&#225;vel e com os sem DAC. Uma vez que nestes estudos pr&#233;vios a inje&#231;&#227;o de hK1 melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e previniu a IC em condi&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas em ratos, pode-se supor que a atividade da CT em ratos estava diminu&#237;da.</p>
        <p>Em 2013, Yao e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>avaliaram se n&#237;veis de CT e biomarcador inflamat&#243;rio, a prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (as-PCR), no sangue perif&#233;rico correlacionam-se com a estabilidade da placa, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da CT, n&#250;mero de macr&#243;fagos e angiog&#234;nese na DAC. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da CT, do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (FCEV) e da as-PCR foram medidos em 100 pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com DAC e em 33 controles sem DAC. Os pacientes com DAC foram definidos como tendo estenose coron&#225;ria angiogr&#225;fica de pelo menos 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men ou maior estenose do di&#226;metro luminar em uma principal art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. De acordo com o n&#250;mero de vasos doentes, os pacientes com DAC foram posteriormente divididos em grupo DAC de um &#250;nico vaso, grupo DAC multivaso e grupo DAC com obstru&#231;&#227;o aguda de uma principal art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da CT humana foram determinados usando ELISA espec&#237;fica para a CT humana. De acordo com a gravidade da DAC, os pacientes foram estratificados como moderada (n = 33), multivaso (n = 35) e multivaso com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA) (n = 32). Pacientes sem DAC foram usados como controles (n = 33). Os autores encontraram que pacientes com DAC e SCA tinham n&#237;veis significativamente elevados da CT. Al&#233;m disso, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de as-PCR estava aumentada na SCA. Uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a CT plasm&#225;tica e a gravidade da DAC tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada. Principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos (PECA) durante 8 a 24 meses de acompanhamento significativamente correlacionaram com os n&#237;veis da CT no grupo SCA. Eles conclu&#237;ram que os n&#237;vieis plasm&#225;ticos da CT eram um preditor &#250;til para a presen&#231;a e exten&#231;&#227;o da DAC.</p>
        <p>Em 2014, Zhang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da CT plasm&#225;tica com a presen&#231;a e gravidade da DAC em uma popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. O estudo envolveu 898 pacientes consecutivos com DAC e 905 controles, etnicamente e geograficamente emparelhados. A DAC foi confirmada angiograficamente em todos os pacientes, e a gravidade da DAC foi expressa pelo n&#250;mero de vasos afetados e a quantidade de estenose coron&#225;ria. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da CT foram medidos usando-se um m&#233;todo de ELISA, tendo sido significativamente mais altos nos pacientes com DAC do que nos controles (0,347 &#177; 0,082 vs. 0,256 &#177; 0,087 mg/L; valor de p&lt; 0,001), e diretamente associados com um risco mais alto de DAC (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic> - OR = 3,49; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95% = 2,90 ; -4,19). Os autores, eles mesmos, afirmaram que &#233; um paradoxo que o n&#237;vel da CT plasm&#225;tica fosse independentemente e positivamente associado com a presen&#231;a de DAC humana, embora numerosos estudos (como aqueles previamente mostrados acima) tenham confirmado o efeito cardioprotetor da CT em modelos animais. Por outro lado, ANOVA unidirecional e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel passo a passo demonstraram, no estudo de Zhang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da CT foram negativamente associados com a gravidade da DAC, de acordo com o n&#250;mero de vasos (valor de p&lt; 0,001) e o n&#250;mero de estenoses (r= -0,211; valor de p&lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Diferentemente desses dois &#250;ltimos estudos, em nosso trabalho, medimos a atividade da hK1 urin&#225;ria, cuja origem &#233; renal, por um m&#233;todo espectrofotom&#233;trico. Os autores precedentes mediram os n&#237;veis de CT diretamente no plasma (com ELISA), e n&#227;o sua atividade. Por outro lado, j&#225; se sabe que a CT no plasma tem sua origem em muitos tecidos (c&#233;rebro, p&#226;ncreas, gl&#226;ndulas salivares e cora&#231;&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Avaliamos, tamb&#233;m, o efeito da gravidade de DAC sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria. Como mencionado acima, nenhum efeito foi observado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). Em estudo publicado sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 na IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, n&#227;o observamos rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da IC e os valores da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria. Yao e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>encontraram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a CT plasm&#225;tica e a gravidade da DAC, enquanto Zhang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>demonstraram o oposto. Assim, estudos adicionais s&#227;o realmente necess&#225;rios para se entender o real papel da hK1 na DAC.</p>
        <p>Avaliamos ainda o efeito da hipertens&#227;o sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria nos pacientes com DAC e nos sem DAC, a fim de excluir poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o e, nenhum efeito foi observado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos que os pacientes com DAC estavam fazendo uso, 16 eram usu&#225;rios de IECA/BRA e 27, n&#227;o. N&#227;o houve nenhuma influ&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa do uso de IECA ou BRA sobre a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os resultados reportados no presente estudo mostraram que a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria nos pacientes com DAC permaneceu dentro dos valores j&#225; descritos para pacientes com IC e com hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Uma vez que, naqueles estudos, a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 estava reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles normais, sugerimos que a atividade amid&#225;sica da hK1 urin&#225;ria e, consequentemente, a atividade do SCC renal poderia estar reduzida no grupo de pacientes com DAC estudado. Deve-se ainda levar em conta o fato de que nosso grupo sem DAC foi submetido ao CAT. Assim, embora os pacientes deste grupo tenham apresentado aus&#234;ncia angiograficamente documentada de DAC, eles poderiam diferir de uma popula&#231;&#227;o completamente livre de outras doen&#231;as.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, &#233; transversal e, portanto, n&#227;o pode ser usado para inferir casualidade; nosso objetivo, por&#233;m, foi testar a hip&#243;tese da associa&#231;&#227;o entre hK1 e DAC. Segundo, como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, 1.971 pacientes possivelmente eleg&#237;veis foram avaliados e somente 65 deles puderam ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 43 com DAC e 22 sem DAC. A despeito disso, as caracter&#237;sticas de nossa amostra foram semelhantes &#224;quelas reportadas em estudos pr&#233;vios com pacientes com DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. De acordo com o objetivo deste estudo, necessit&#225;vamos usar pacientes sem DAC, angiograficamente documentados, para a compara&#231;&#227;o da atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria nos pacientes com DAC angiograficamente documentada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como nos pacientes com IC e hipertens&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles normais, a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria estava reduzida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC angiograficamente documentada. Embora este pudesse ser um achado esperado, at&#233; agora nunca foi demonstrado. Se a atividade amid&#225;sica espec&#237;fica da hK1 urin&#225;ria est&#225; reduzida nos pacientes com DAC, podemos sugerir que a atividade do SCC renal esteja tamb&#233;m reduzida nos pacientes com DAC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Pesquisa apoiada pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas gerais (FAPEMIG), processo CDS 923/98. Os autores agradecem a Aleida Nazareth Soares, pelo aux&#237;lio estat&#237;stico, e a Erick Ramalho, pela revis&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
