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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CdP9Y9sFxVTvwcCDQq8Lwkf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400450</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score in Brazil: Comparison with InsCor and the EuroSCORE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mej&#237;a</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matrangolo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna La Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Titinger</surname>
            <given-names>David Provenzale</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Batisti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto Palma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mej&#237;a</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; InCor. 44 Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar Avenue - 2&#186; andar &#8211; Block II &#8211; Room 11 Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>omarvmejia@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Matrangolo BLR, Mej&#237;a OAV, Titinger DP, Faria LB, Dallan LRP, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; Acquisition of data: Matrangolo BLR, Mej&#237;a OAV, Titinger DP, Faria LB, Dallan LRP, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mej&#237;a OAV, Galas FRB, Jatene FB; Statistical analysis: Mej&#237;a OAV, Jatene FB; Writing of the manuscript: Mej&#237;a OAV, Faria LB, Dallan LRP, Galas FRB, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mej&#237;a OAV, Galas FRB, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>450</fpage>
      <lpage>456</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Risk scores for cardiac surgery cannot continue to be neglected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the performance of &#8220;Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score&#8221; (ACEF Score) to predict mortality in patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass graft and/or heart valve surgery, and to compare it to other scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective cohort study was carried out with the database of a Brazilian tertiary care center. A total of 2,565 patients submitted to elective surgeries between May 2007 and July 2009 were assessed. For a more detailed analysis, the ACEF Score performance was compared to the InsCor&#8217;s and EuroSCORE&#8217;s performance through correlation, calibration and discrimination tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients were stratified into mild, moderate and severe for all models. Calibration was inadequate for ACEF Score (p = 0.046) and adequate for InsCor (p = 0.460) and EuroSCORE (p = 0.750). As for discrimination, the area under the ROC curve was questionable for the ACEF Score (0.625) and adequate for InsCor (0.744) and EuroSCORE (0.763).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Although simple to use and practical, the ACEF Score, unlike InsCor and EuroSCORE, was not accurate for predicting mortality in patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass graft and/or heart valve surgery in a Brazilian tertiary care center. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac surgery represents a big impact on the health system due to its significant use of human and financial resources. Therefore, risk stratification becomes increasingly important <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding clinical practice, there are three ways to use a risk score in a specific population. The simplest, but also the less optimal, is the immediate use of an external score, without any model adaptation. Recalibration, which maintains the same model variables, has its weights adjusted based on its own data. Remodeling is the choice of new variables based on local risk factors. Undoubtedly, this last option offers the best accuracy and the best performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the InsCor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> model with ten variables, a product of the remodeling of two international models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, provides information on the impact of local risk factors. However, the EuroSCORE, with 17 variables, remains the most widely used in the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Over time, controversies related to the overestimation of the EuroSCORE led to the development of the EuroSCORE II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This model, which is even more complex, had problems related to its external validation, including in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, which led us to rethink about the choice of international scores and the preference for increasingly simple models.</p>
      <p>The &#8220;Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction&#8221; (ACEF) score was proposed in 2009 to predict mortality in adult patients submitted to elective heart surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The main characteristic of this score is the fact that it is a practical one, as the ratio between age and ejection fraction is the basis of calculation, added by an additional point when preoperative creatinine is &gt; 2.0 mg/dL. The ACEF Score was developed and validated in Italy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> only, where it attained good accuracy, excellent calibration and parsimony in clinical application. This model, which attained a similar performance to that of EuroSCORE, was never validated outside Italy or compared to a Brazilian model.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ACEF Score and compare its performance with the InsCor and the EuroSCORE for predicting mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and/or elective heart valve surgery in a Brazilian tertiary care center.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>A retrospective, observational study was carried out based on a prospective database of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP).</p>
        <p>The hypothesis that the records included data for all variables of the chosen models had to be confirmed before the start of the analysis. Thus, to carry out the statistical validation, the sample size should include at least a hundred deaths. Data published by InCor showed a mortality of 4.8% for elective CABG and 8.4% for elective heart valve surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; thereby, the minimum number of patients would be 2,084. We then chose the number of consecutive patients consecutively submitted to elective surgeries between May 2007 and July 2009, which amounted to a total of 2,565 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were the following: age &#8805; 18 years old and having undergone heart valve surgery (replacement or plastic), Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG; with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass) or associated surgery (CABG and valve surgery), electively, in the established period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection, definition and organization</title>
        <p>The collection of data from patients included in this registry was performed by a graduate student supervised by two assistant physicians of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of InCor. At the time, a spreadsheet was created to cover all the variables described by the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet and EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> models. In this analysis, 60 preoperative variables were collected per patient and placed in an interface created in Excel. After the registry evaluation, we observed that it could also provide information to validate the ACEF Score &#8722; and, moreover, it could compare its performance to that of the InsCor and EuroSCORE.</p>
        <p>The ACEF Score value was calculated by the following equation, available in the model publication:</p>
        <p>
          <italic>Age (y) /EF (%) + 1 (if preoperative serum creatinine value &gt; 2.0 mg/dL</italic>
        </p>
        <p>The additive value of InsCor was calculated from a graph with its own scoring system and the EuroSCORE, from the site: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>. All settings attributed to the model variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Chart 1</xref>) were taken into account, together with their respective values and classified according to their importance regarding the death event. The follow-up was limited to the hospital phase, having hospital mortality as the primary outcome, which covered the period between surgery and hospital discharge. For optimization and completeness of the data, all information recorded in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery were confined to the Incor Data Processing Service.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Models and their variables</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>ACEF Score</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>InsCor</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>EuroSCORE</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, ejection fraction and creatinine = 2 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">Age &gt; 70 years, female gender, associated coronary surgery + valve, recent infarction, reoperation, aortic valve surgery, tricuspid valve surgery, creatinine &gt; 2mg/dL, ejection fraction &lt; 30%, preoperative events (use of preoperative inotropics, cardiogenic shock, cardiac resuscitation, use of intra-aortic balloon, acute renal failure, heart massage, orotracheal intubation, tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation)</td>
                <td align="center">Age, gender, COPD, peripheral vascular disease, neurological dysfunction, creatinine, endocarditis, previous cardiac surgery, critical preoperative status (use of preoperative inotropics, cardiogenic shock, cardiac resuscitation and use of intra-aortic balloon), unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary hypertension (sPAP &gt; 60 mmHg), emergency, associated surgery surgery on the aorta and VSD post-infarction</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>ACEF Score: Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; sPAP: Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure; VSD: Ventricular Septal Defect</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>To evaluate the performance of the ACEF score, the EuroSCORE and InsCor in mortality prediction, the models predictive validation was carried out in 2,565 patients. The validation was performed through calibration and discrimination tests. The calibration was calculated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L), which shows the degree to which the model fits the data. Therefore, it has a different interpretation; if the H-L test is not significant (p&gt; 0.05), the model has a proper fit. Models with good fit show no significance at the test, indicating that the model&#8217;s prediction is not significantly different from the observed values.</p>
        <p>The discrimination, which differentiates high-risk patients from low-risk ones was measured by the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical variables as percentages. The models&#8217; performance was measured by comparing the observed and expected mortality in the risk groups established by the models. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for contingency tables. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Statistics Desktop, version 22.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York, United States).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics and Informed Consent</title>
        <p>The Free and Informed Consent was waived, as the study includes only data without identification.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>Of the 2,565 analyzed patients, 167 patients (6.5%) died. The mean age was 59.62 &#177; 13.35 years, and 913 (35.59%) patients were females. The mean ejection fraction was 56.62% &#177; 12.99%. The mean score values in the sample was 1.18 &#177; 0.54, 3.48 &#177; 3.31 and 3.78 &#177; 2.87 for the ACEF Score, InsCor and EuroSCORE, respectively. The following surgeries were performed: 1,130 (44.1%) isolated CABG; 679 (26.5%) mitral valve surgeries; 580 (22.6%) aortic valve surgeries and 176 (6.86%) CABG + valve surgeries. Nevertheless, there were 449 (17.5%) reoperation cases and 100 (3.9%) patients with creatinine &gt; 2 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adequacy of the models</title>
        <p>There was a high positive correlation between EuroSCORE and InsCor (Spearman, r = 0.770; p &lt; 0.0001), a moderate one between EuroSCORE and ACEF Score (Spearman, r = 0.527; p &lt; 0.0001) and a low one between InsCor and ACEF Score (Spearman, r = 0.301; p &lt; 0.0001) to predict mortality in the assessed sample.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calibration</title>
        <p>The ACEF score showed association with death (p &lt; 0.0001). However, the H-L test did not show a good model fit (p = 0.046) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). For a better analysis, the ACEF score was divided into three categories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). On the other hand, the InsCor, in addition to demonstrating an association with death (p &lt;0.0001), showed good fit (p = 0.460) in the H-L test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). In   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>, the InsCor was divided into three categories. Still, the EuroSCORE showed association with death (p &lt;0.0001) and a good fit (p = 0.750) in the H-L test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>, the EuroSCORE was divided into three categories.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between the ACEF Score, death and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Death</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">10.26</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">245.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">11.81</td>
                <td align="center">247</td>
                <td align="center">244.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">12.72</td>
                <td align="center">246</td>
                <td align="center">244.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13.38</td>
                <td align="center">250</td>
                <td align="center">243.62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">259</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">14.20</td>
                <td align="center">248</td>
                <td align="center">244.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">255</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">14.73</td>
                <td align="center">234</td>
                <td align="center">240.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">15.76</td>
                <td align="center">247</td>
                <td align="center">241.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">17.39</td>
                <td align="center">232</td>
                <td align="center">239.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">21.35</td>
                <td align="center">232</td>
                <td align="center">235.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">254</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">35.42</td>
                <td align="center">220</td>
                <td align="center">218.58</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ACEF Score divided into mild, moderate and severe risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Observed percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Expected percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mild</td>
                <td align="center">769</td>
                <td align="center">4.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">1,028</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
                <td align="center">5.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">7.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe</td>
                <td align="center">768</td>
                <td align="center">10.9</td>
                <td align="center">8.7</td>
                <td align="center">13.1</td>
                <td align="center">9.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.5</td>
                <td align="center">11.7</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between InsCor, death and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Death</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">641</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">15.76</td>
                <td align="center">627</td>
                <td align="center">625.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">601</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">22.54</td>
                <td align="center">584</td>
                <td align="center">578.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">287</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13.26</td>
                <td align="center">276</td>
                <td align="center">273.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">9.20</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">152.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">402</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">28.00</td>
                <td align="center">369</td>
                <td align="center">374.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">293</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">31.54</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">261.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">179</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">46.69</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">132.31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>InsCor divided into mild, moderate and severe risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Observed percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Expected percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mild</td>
                <td align="center">1.242</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">851</td>
                <td align="center">6.0</td>
                <td align="center">4.4</td>
                <td align="center">7.6</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">4.3</td>
                <td align="center">7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.460</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe</td>
                <td align="center">472</td>
                <td align="center">18.0</td>
                <td align="center">14.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.5</td>
                <td align="center">16.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.2</td>
                <td align="center">19.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between the EuroSCORE, death and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Death</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Observed</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Expected</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3.83</td>
                <td align="center">289</td>
                <td align="center">290.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">377</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6.79</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">370.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">6.96</td>
                <td align="center">274</td>
                <td align="center">273.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">383</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13.11</td>
                <td align="center">372</td>
                <td align="center">369.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">332</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">15.60</td>
                <td align="center">317</td>
                <td align="center">316.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">14.63</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">213.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">232</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">20.19</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">211.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">268</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">35.73</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">232.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">50.18</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">120.82</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>EuroSCORE divided into mild, moderate and severe risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Observed percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Expected percentage</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>LL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mild</td>
                <td align="center">951</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">943</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.750</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe</td>
                <td align="center">671</td>
                <td align="center">16.2</td>
                <td align="center">13.5</td>
                <td align="center">19.0</td>
                <td align="center">15.8</td>
                <td align="center">13.0</td>
                <td align="center">18.6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discrimination</title>
        <p>The area under the ROC curve was 0.625 (95% CI: from 0.58 to 0.67; p &lt; 0.0001) for the ACEF score, of 0.744 (95% CI: 0.70-0.79; p &lt; 0.0001) for InsCor and 0.763 (95%CI: 0.72-0.80; p &lt; 0.0001) for the EuroSCORE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). There was an overlap between the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE and that of InsCor. However, the ACEF score showed the lowest area and it did not overlap with that of the other models.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve for the ACEF score, InsCor and EuroSCORE in assessing the power of discrimination performed in 2565 patients. EURO: EuroSCORE; ACEF Score: Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score;</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0450-50101-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Risk scores should be linear and simplified formulas for predicting mortality or morbidity at the bedside and without the need for calculators or other personal assistants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>These instruments are usually evaluated in terms of accuracy (discriminative power), calibration and clinical performance. Many authors have emphasized that the level of precision rarely exceeds an area under the ROC curve of 0.75 (value that is inappropriate for clinical purposes), and that calibration may be inaccurate for low and high risk groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Risk scores are developed through statistical methods and subsequently validated in other populations to assess its clinical applicability. They are developed to be used in large populations, such as the EuroSCORE, constructed from 19,030 patients with nearly 450 events. This evidently allows the inclusion of a large number of independent predictors into the model (ten events are considered per predictor)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, the publication of the ACEF Score confirms the experimental hypothesis that a risk score can be developed based on a very limited number of risk factors. The evidence that the risk of mortality in elective cardiac surgery can be predicted with only three risk factors seems to be in conflict with the general hypothesis that the higher the number of considered risk factors, the more accurate and better calibrated the model will be. However, a number of clinical, practical and mathematical considerations may explain this apparent paradox.</p>
      <p>Wells et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> concluded that &#8220;less is more&#8221; in the multivariate analysis. Thus, instead of including many variables, the models could be more consistent and effective when confined to a few variables (good predictors). In this study, however, the three risk factors used in the ACEF Score were also included in the InsCor and EuroSCORE. Perhaps one advantage of the ACEF Score, in addition to its simplicity, is that the variables age and ejection fraction are used in their continuous form instead of categorical, as in the other two models. The inclusion of a large number of independent variables increases the risk of multicollinearity, which, in practice, would be the risk of redundant information in the model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. However, for individual cases, and especially in complex ones, greatly simplifying a model can be risky.</p>
      <p>The question would be: national or international score; simple, intermediate or complex one - which one will be easier, cheaper and more appropriate?</p>
      <p>After the publication of the administrative database of the Brazilian Unified Health System [Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)], showing a mortality in cardiac surgery of 8% in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, efforts were made related to the validation of international risk models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and the formulation of national models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Comparing raw results of an administrative database with a clinical database, and also a voluntary one, such as the Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS), in the United States, is unacceptable. It should be emphasized that the STS registry represents 10% of the total surgeries performed annually in referral hospitals of the United States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this context, the data from the Italian public health service are important. In the capital, Rome, CABG mortality in the same period during which the Brazilian analysis was carried out was 5.4%. When mortality was divided by socioeconomic status (at the same hospitals), mortality in the higher socioeconomic group (economically more favored and more educated) was 4.8%. In the most disadvantaged group (the poorest and least educated), mortality was 8.2% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>There is no doubt that SUS includes the range of poorer patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Brazil, where less than 30% of procedures are performed by the private sector<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The current scenario is extremely timely, as it provides space for the search of risk scores that are more accurate for our reality, knowing that the simpler and more effective a model is, the better cost-effectiveness of the system.</p>
      <p>For all these reasons, the ACEF Score, validated in Italy, was chosen to be validated in Brazil, following all the recommendations of the authors (on label). However, although the ACEF Score has shown to be comparable to the EuroSCORE, it showed to inferior to the InsCor and EuroSCORE and moreover, it was inadequate for our reality.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the EuroSCORE confirmed its good performance in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, as it is more complex and has the same accuracy of the InsCor (areas of overlapping ROC curves), it should be preferred exclusively for individual evaluation.</p>
      <p>The EuroSCORE was recently remodeled<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> and is now called &#8220;EuroSCORE II&#8221;. However, this version was not chosen for this study because, in addition to being more complex, it has brought to Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the same difficulties it showed in several centers worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we observed that the ACEF score, even applied <italic>on label</italic>, showed its deficiency for a population with hypothetically similar characteristics to those of the population that originated it.</p>
      <p>Thus, the accuracy of InsCor of ten variables was better than that of the ACEF score of three variables, and similar to the EuroSCORE of 17 variables, showing that intermediate complexity models may be preferred.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>First, as there was no record of patients, the calculation of ACEF score was carried out retrospectively. However, those in charge of the calculations were not aware of the outcomes. Second, although the registry includes patients from different regions of Brazil, data were collected from a single tertiary center, characterizing it as a single-center study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The ACEF Score, although simple and practical, failed to predict mortality in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft and/or elective heart valve surgery in a Brazilian tertiary care center.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>Mej&#237;a OA, Lisboa LA, Puig LB, Moreira LF, Dallan LA, Pomerantzeff PM, et al. InsCor: a simple and accurate method for risk assessment in heart surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(3):246-54.</mixed-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score</italic> no Brasil: Compara&#231;&#227;o com o InsCor e o EuroSCORE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mej&#237;a</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matrangolo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna La Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Titinger</surname>
            <given-names>David Provenzale</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Batisti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto Palma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mej&#237;a</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; InCor. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2&#186; andar &#8211; Bloco II - Sala 11 Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>omarvmejia@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Matrangolo BLR, Mej&#237;a OAV, Titinger DP, Faria LB, Dallan LRP, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Matrangolo BLR, Mej&#237;a OAV, Titinger DP, Faria LB, Dallan LAO, Dallan LRP, Lisboa LAF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mej&#237;a OAV, Galas FRB, Jatene FB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mej&#237;a OAV, Jatene FB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mej&#237;a OAV, Faria LB, Dallan LRP, Galas FRB, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mej&#237;a OAV, Galas FRB, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Escores de risco para cirurgia card&#237;aca n&#227;o podem continuar sendo neglicenciados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho do Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score (ACEF Score) na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou valvar eletiva, e compar&#225;-lo a outros escores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo no banco de um centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro. Foram avaliados 2.565 pacientes operados de maneira eletiva entre maio de 2007 e julho de 2009. Para uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada, o desempenho do ACEF Score foi comparado ao do InsCor e ao do EuroSCORE por meio de testes de correla&#231;&#227;o, calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram estratificados em leve, moderado e grave para todos os modelos. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi inadequada para o ACEF Score (p = 0,046) e adequada para o InsCor (p = 0,460) e o EuroSCORE (p = 0,750). Na discrimina&#231;&#227;o, a &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC apresentou-se question&#225;vel para o ACEF Score (0,625) e apropriada para o InsCor (0,744) e o EuroSCORE (0,763).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Embora simples e pr&#225;tico, o ACEF Score, ao contr&#225;rio do InsCor e do EuroSCORE, n&#227;o se mostrou acurado para predizer mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou valvar eletiva em centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Card&#237;acos / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia card&#237;aca representa um grande impacto no sistema de sa&#250;de pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de recursos humanos e financeiros. Assim, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco torna-se cada vez mais importante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, existem tr&#234;s formas de utilizar um escores de risco em uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A mais simples, mas tamb&#233;m a menos ideal, &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o imediata de um escore externo, sem nenhuma adapta&#231;&#227;o do modelo. A recalibra&#231;&#227;o, que mant&#233;m as mesmas vari&#225;veis do modelo, tem seus pesos ajustados com base em seus pr&#243;prios dados. O remodelamento &#233; a escolha de novas vari&#225;veis em fun&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco locais. Sem d&#250;vidas, essa &#250;ltima op&#231;&#227;o oferece a melhor acur&#225;cia e o melhor desempenho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, a formula&#231;&#227;o do InsCor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> de dez vari&#225;veis, produto do remodelamento de dois modelos internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, traz informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o impacto dos fatores de risco locais. No entanto, o EuroSCORE, de 17 vari&#225;veis, permanece o mais utilizado no pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Com o tempo, controv&#233;rsias relacionadas &#224; superestima&#231;&#227;o do EuroSCORE levaram ao desenvolvimento do EuroSCORE II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Esse modelo, ainda mais complexo, teve problemas relacionados &#224; sua valida&#231;&#227;o externa, inclusive no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, o que levou a repensar sobre a escolha de escores internacionais e pela prefer&#234;ncia de modelos cada vez mais simples.</p>
        <p>O <italic>Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score</italic> (ACEF Score) foi proposto em 2009 para predizer mortalidade em pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A caracter&#237;stica principal desse escore &#233; sua praticidade, pois a raz&#227;o entre a idade e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; a base do c&#225;lculo, somando-se um ponto adicional quando a creatinina pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria for &gt; 2,0 mg/dL. O ACEF Score foi desenvolvido e validado unicamente na It&#225;lia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, onde obteve boa acur&#225;cia, excelente calibra&#231;&#227;o e parcim&#244;nia na aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Esse modelo, que obteve desempenho similar ao do EuroSCORE, nunca foi validado fora da It&#225;lia, nem muito menos comparado com algum modelo brasileiro.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do ACEF Score e comparar seu desempenho com o InsCor e o EuroSCORE na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou valvar eletiva em centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo e observacional realizado a partir de banco de dados prospectivo do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP).</p>
          <p>Antes de iniciar esta an&#225;lise, a hip&#243;tese de que o registro inclu&#237;a dados para todas as vari&#225;veis dos modelos escolhidos teve que ser confirmada. Assim, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da valida&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica, o tamanho da amostra deveria incluir, no m&#237;nimo, cem &#243;bitos. Dados publicados pelo InCor mostraram uma mortalidade de 4,8% para cirurgia coron&#225;ria eletiva e de 8,4% para cirurgia valvar eletiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; desse modo, o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de pacientes seria de 2.084. Optamos, ent&#227;o, pelo n&#250;mero de pacientes operados consecutivamente de forma eletiva entre maio de 2007 e julho de 2009, o que perfez um total de 2.565 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram ter idade &#8805; 18 anos e ter passado por cirurgia valvar (troca ou pl&#225;stica), Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRM; com ou sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea) ou cirurgia associada (CRM e cirurgia valvar), de forma eletiva, no per&#237;odo estabelecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta, defini&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste registro foi realizada por um m&#233;dico p&#243;s-graduando e supervisionado por dois m&#233;dicos assistentes do Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do InCor. Na &#233;poca, uma planilha foi confeccionada para contemplar todas as vari&#225;veis descritas pelos modelos 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet e EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Nesta an&#225;lise, foram coletadas 60 vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias por paciente e colocadas numa interface criada em Excel. Ap&#243;s o registro ser avaliado, observou-se que ele tamb&#233;m poderia proporcionar informa&#231;&#227;o para a valida&#231;&#227;o do ACEF Score &#8722; e, mais ainda, poderia comparar seu desempenho ao do InsCor e do EuroSCORE.</p>
          <p>O valor do ACEF Score foi calculado por paciente seguindo a equa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel na publica&#231;&#227;o do modelo.</p>
          <p>
            <italic>Age (y) /EF (%) + 1 (if preoperative serum creatinine value&gt; 2.0 mg/dL</italic>
          </p>
          <p>O valor aditivo do InsCor foi calculado a partir de um gr&#225;fico com sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria e o do EuroSCORE, a partir do <italic>site</italic>  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>. Foram respeitadas todas as defini&#231;&#245;es atribu&#237;das &#224;s vari&#225;veis dos modelos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Quadro 1</xref>) junto a seus respectivos valores e classificadas segundo sua import&#226;ncia com o evento morte. O seguimento se limitou &#224; fase hospitalar, tendo como desfecho prim&#225;rio a mortalidade hospitalar, que compreendeu o per&#237;odo entre a cirurgia e a alta hospitalar. Para otimiza&#231;&#227;o e completude dos dados, todas as informa&#231;&#245;es registradas no Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular foram confinadas ao Servi&#231;o de Inform&#225;tica do Incor.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos e suas respectivas vari&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>ACEF Score</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>InsCor</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>EuroSCORE</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e creatinina = 2 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade acima de 70 anos, sexo feminino, cirurgia associada coron&#225;ria + valva, infarto recente, reopera&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia de valva a&#243;rtica, cirurgia de valva tric&#250;spide, creatinina &gt; 2 mg/dL, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30%, eventos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (uso de inotr&#243;pico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, choque cardiog&#234;nico, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, massagem card&#237;aca, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, taquicardia ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular)</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, g&#234;nero, DPOC, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, creatinina, endocardite, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, estado cr&#237;tico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (uso de inotr&#243;pico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, choque cardiog&#234;nico, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico), angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (PSAP &gt; 60 mmHg), emerg&#234;ncia, cirurgia associada, cirurgia na aorta e CIV p&#243;s-infarto</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>ACEF Score: Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; PSAP: Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar; CIV: Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para avaliar o desempenho do ACEF Score, do EuroSCORE e do InsCor na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, foi realizada a valida&#231;&#227;o preditiva dos modelos em 2.565 pacientes. A valida&#231;&#227;o foi feita mediante testes de calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi calculada utilizando o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L), que mostra o grau em que o modelo se adapta aos dados. Desse modo, ele tem uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o diferente, se o teste de H-L n&#227;o &#233; significativo (p &gt; 0,05), o modelo tem ajuste adequado. Modelos bem ajustados n&#227;o mostram signific&#226;ncia no teste, indicando que a previs&#227;o do modelo n&#227;o &#233; significativamente diferente dos valores observados.</p>
          <p>A discrimina&#231;&#227;o que distingue entre pacientes de baixo e alto risco foi medida pela &#225;rea abaixo da curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como percentagens. O desempenho dos modelos foi medido pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade observada e esperada nos grupos de risco estabelecidos pelos modelos. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para as tabelas de conting&#234;ncia. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>(SPSS), Statistics Desktop, vers&#227;o 22.0, para Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, Nova Iorque, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#201;tica e Termo de Consentimento</title>
          <p>O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi dispensado por incluir unicamente dados sem identifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Dos 2.565 pacientes analisados, 167 pacientes (6,5%) morreram. A m&#233;dia das idades foi de 59,62 &#177; 13,35 anos, e 913 (35,59%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 56,62% &#177; 12,99%. O valor m&#233;dio dos escores na amostra foi de 1,18 &#177; 0,54, 3,48 &#177; 3,31 e 3,78 &#177; 2,87 para o ACEF Score, InsCor e EuroSCORE, respectivamente. Foram realizadas 1.130 (44,1%) CRM isoladas; 679 (26,5%) cirurgias da valva mitral; 580 (22,6%) cirurgias da valva a&#243;rtica e 176 (6,86%) CRM + cirurgia valvar. Assim mesmo, foram registrados 449 (17,5%) casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o e 100 (3,9%) pacientes com creatinina &gt; 2 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Adequacidade dos modelos</title>
          <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva alta entre EuroSCORE e InsCor (Spearman, r = 0,770; p &lt;0,0001), moderada entre EuroSCORE e ACEF Score (Spearman, r = 0,527; p &lt; 0,0001) e baixa entre InsCor e ACEF Score (Spearman, r = 0,301; p &lt; 0,0001) para predizer mortalidade na amostra estudada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O ACEF Score apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,0001). No entanto, o teste H-L n&#227;o mostrou um bom ajuste do modelo (p = 0,046) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 1</xref>). Para uma melhor an&#225;lise, o ACEF Score foi dividido em tr&#234;s categorias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 2</xref>). Por outro lado, o InsCor, al&#233;m de mostrar associa&#231;&#227;o com &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,0001), apresentou bom ajuste (p = 0,460) no teste H-L, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">tabela 4</xref>, o InsCor foi dividido em tr&#234;s categorias. Ainda assim, o EuroSCORE teve associa&#231;&#227;o com &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,0001) e bom ajuste (p = 0,750) no teste H-L (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">tabela 6</xref>, o EuroSCORE foi dividido em tr&#234;s categorias.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o ACEF Score, &#243;bito e o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                    <bold>Grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>&#211;bito</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sim</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">256</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">10,26</td>
                  <td align="center">242</td>
                  <td align="center">245,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">256</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">11,81</td>
                  <td align="center">247</td>
                  <td align="center">244,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">12,72</td>
                  <td align="center">246</td>
                  <td align="center">244,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,38</td>
                  <td align="center">250</td>
                  <td align="center">243,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">259</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">14,20</td>
                  <td align="center">248</td>
                  <td align="center">244,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">255</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">14,73</td>
                  <td align="center">234</td>
                  <td align="center">240,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">15,76</td>
                  <td align="center">247</td>
                  <td align="center">241,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">17,39</td>
                  <td align="center">232</td>
                  <td align="center">239,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">21,35</td>
                  <td align="center">232</td>
                  <td align="center">235,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">254</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">35,42</td>
                  <td align="center">220</td>
                  <td align="center">218,58</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ACEF Score dividido em risco leve, moderado e grave</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem observada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem esperada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">769</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">768</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; LI: limite inferior; LS: limite superior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o InsCor, &#243;bito e o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                    <bold>Grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>&#211;bito</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sim</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">641</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">15,76</td>
                  <td align="center">627</td>
                  <td align="center">625,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">601</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">22,54</td>
                  <td align="center">584</td>
                  <td align="center">578,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">287</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">13,26</td>
                  <td align="center">276</td>
                  <td align="center">273,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">162</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,20</td>
                  <td align="center">155</td>
                  <td align="center">152,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">402</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">28,00</td>
                  <td align="center">369</td>
                  <td align="center">374,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">293</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">31,54</td>
                  <td align="center">256</td>
                  <td align="center">261,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">179</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">46,69</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">132,31</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>InsCor dividido em risco leve, moderado e grave</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem observada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem esperada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">1.242</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">851</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,460</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">472</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; LI: limite inferior; LS: limite superior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o EuroSCORE, &#243;bito e o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                    <bold>Grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>&#211;bito</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sim</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Esperado</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">294</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,83</td>
                  <td align="center">289</td>
                  <td align="center">290,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">377</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">6,79</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">370,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,96</td>
                  <td align="center">274</td>
                  <td align="center">273,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">13,11</td>
                  <td align="center">372</td>
                  <td align="center">369,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">332</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">15,60</td>
                  <td align="center">317</td>
                  <td align="center">316,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">14,63</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">213,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">232</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">20,19</td>
                  <td align="center">214</td>
                  <td align="center">211,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">268</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">35,73</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                  <td align="center">232,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">50,18</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">120,82</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>EuroSCORE dividido em risco leve, moderado e grave</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem observada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Percentagem esperada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>LS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">951</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">943</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">671</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">18,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; LI: limite inferior; LS: limite superior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discrimina&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC foi de 0,625 (IC 95% 0,58-0,67; p &lt; 0,0001) para o ACEF Score, de 0,744 (IC 95% 0,70-0,79; p &lt; 0,0001) para o InsCor e de 0,763 (IC 95% 0,72-0,80; p &lt; 0,0001) para o EuroSCORE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Observou-se sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas ROC do EuroSCORE e do InsCor. No entanto, o ACEF Score apresentou a menor &#225;rea e esta n&#227;o se sobrep&#244;s a dos outros modelos.</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC para o ACEF score, InsCor e EuroSCORE na avalia&#231;&#227;o do poder de discrimina&#231;&#227;o realizada em 2565 pacientes. EURO: EuroSCORE; ACEF Score: Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0450-50101-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Escores de risco devem ser f&#243;rmulas lineares e simplificadas para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ou morbidades &#224; beira do leito e sem a necessidade de calculadoras ou de outros assistentes pessoais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Esses instrumentos s&#227;o normalmente avaliados em termos de precis&#227;o (poder discriminat&#243;rio), calibra&#231;&#227;o e desempenho cl&#237;nico. Muitos autores t&#234;m destacado que o n&#237;vel de precis&#227;o raramente ultrapassa uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,75 (valor que &#233; inadequado para fins cl&#237;nicos), e que a calibra&#231;&#227;o pode ser imprecisa para os grupos de baixo e alto risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Escores de risco s&#227;o desenvolvidos por meio de m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos e validados posteriormente em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, para avaliar sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica. Eles s&#227;o desenvolvidos para serem utilizados em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es, como &#233; o caso do EuroSCORE, constru&#237;do a partir de 19.030 pacientes com quase 450 eventos. Isso, evidentemente, permite a inclus&#227;o de um n&#250;mero muito grande de preditores independentes no modelo (consideram-se dez eventos por preditor)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Entretanto, a publica&#231;&#227;o do ACEF Score confirma a hip&#243;tese experimental de que um escore de risco pode ser desenvolvido com base em um n&#250;mero muito limitado de fatores de risco. A evid&#234;ncia de que o risco de mortalidade em cirurgias card&#237;acas eletivas pode ser previsto com apenas tr&#234;s fatores de risco parece entrar em conflito com a hip&#243;tese geral de que quanto mais fatores de risco considerados, mais preciso e melhor calibrado ser&#225; o modelo. No entanto, uma s&#233;rie de considera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, pr&#225;ticas e matem&#225;ticas pode justificar esse aparente paradoxo.</p>
        <p>Wells e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> conclu&#237;ram que &#8220;menos &#233; mais&#8221; na an&#225;lise multivariada. Assim, em vez de incluir muitas vari&#225;veis, modelos poderiam ser mais consistentes e eficazes, quando confinados a poucas vari&#225;veis (bons preditores). Neste estudo, contudo, os tr&#234;s fatores de risco utilizados na pontua&#231;&#227;o do ACEF Score foram tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;dos no InsCor e EuroSCORE. Talvez uma vantagem do ACEF Score, al&#233;m de sua simplicidade, seja que as vari&#225;veis idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o utilizadas em sua forma cont&#237;nua &#8722; ao inv&#233;s da forma categ&#243;rica dos outros dois modelos. A inclus&#227;o de um grande n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis independentes aumenta o risco de multicolinearidade, o que, em termos pr&#225;ticos, seria o risco de informa&#231;&#227;o redundante no modelo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. No entanto, para casos individuais e, principalmente, nos complexos, simplificar muito um modelo pode ser arriscado.</p>
        <p>A pergunta seria: escore nacional ou internacional; simples, intermedi&#225;rio ou complexo &#8722; o que ser&#225; mais f&#225;cil, barato e apropriado?</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados administrativo do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), mostrando uma mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca de 8% no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, foram feitos esfor&#231;os relacionados &#224; valida&#231;&#227;o de modelos de risco internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e &#224; formula&#231;&#227;o de modelos nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Comparar resultados brutos de um banco de dados administrativo com um banco de dados cl&#237;nico, e ainda volunt&#225;rio, como o da <italic>Society Thoracic Surgery</italic>(STS), nos Estados Unidos, &#233; inaceit&#225;vel. Ressalte-se que o registro do STS representa 10% do total das cirurgias realizadas anualmente nos hospitais de refer&#234;ncia dos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, s&#227;o importantes os dados do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de da It&#225;lia. Na regi&#227;o da capital, Roma, a mortalidade em CRM no mesmo per&#237;odo em que se realizou a an&#225;lise brasileira foi de 5,4%. Quando se dividiu a mortalidade por   <italic>status</italic> socioecon&#244;mico (nos mesmos hospitais), a mortalidade no grupo socioecon&#244;mico mais elevado (mais favorecidos economicamente e mais instru&#237;dos) foi de 4,8%. No grupo mais desfavorecido (os mais pobres e menos instru&#237;dos), a mortalidade foi de 8,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o existem d&#250;vidas de que o SUS inclui a faixa de pacientes mais carentes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no Brasil, onde menos de 30% dos procedimentos s&#227;o realizados pelo setor privado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O cen&#225;rio atual &#233; extremamente oportuno, pois propicia espa&#231;o para a procura de escores de risco mais acurados em nossa realidade, sabendo que quanto mais simples e eficaz um modelo, melhor custo-efetividade ter&#225; o sistema.</p>
        <p>Por todas essas raz&#245;es, o ACEF Score, validado na It&#225;lia, foi escolhido para ser validado no Brasil, seguindo todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seus autores (<italic>on label</italic>). No entanto, embora o ACEF Score tenha se mostrado compar&#225;vel ao EuroSCORE, ele se revelou inferior ao InsCor e ao EuroSCORE e, inclusive, foi inadequado para nossa realidade.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o EuroSCORE confirmou seu bom desempenho no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No entanto, por ser mais complexo e apresentar a mesma acur&#225;cia que o InsCor (&#225;reas das curvas ROC sobrepostas), deve ser preferido unicamente para avalia&#231;&#245;es individuais.</p>
        <p>O EuroSCORE foi recentemente remodelado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e passou a ser chamado &#8220;EuroSCORE II&#8221;. No entanto, essa vers&#227;o n&#227;o foi escolhida para este estudo, porque, al&#233;m de ser mais complexa, ela trouxe para o Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> as mesmas dificuldades que apresentou em v&#225;rios centros no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, pudemos observar que o ACEF Score, mesmo aplicado <italic>on label</italic>, mostrou sua defici&#234;ncia para uma popula&#231;&#227;o hipoteticamente com caracter&#237;sticas similares &#224;s da popula&#231;&#227;o que o originou.</p>
        <p>Assim, a acur&#225;cia do InsCor de dez vari&#225;veis foi melhor que &#224; do ACEF Score de tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis e similar &#224; do EuroSCORE de 17 vari&#225;veis, mostrando que modelos de complexidade intermedi&#225;ria possam ser preferidos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Primeiro, como n&#227;o havia registro de pacientes, o c&#225;lculo do ACEF Score foi realizado retrospectivamente. No entanto, os respons&#225;veis pelo c&#225;lculo n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos desfechos. Segundo, embora seja um registro com pacientes provenientes de v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do Brasil, os dados foram coletados de um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio, caracterizando o estudo como unic&#234;ntrico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ACEF Score, embora simples e pr&#225;tico, n&#227;o conseguiu predizer mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou valvar eletiva em centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
