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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DLS8LrwzjcfsSQbf3PwFv3Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300440</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150115</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Treatment of Mitral Paraprosthetic Regurgitation: an Alternative to Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>George Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, c &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold>, Rua Comandante Garcia d&#8217;Avila, 412, Morumbi. Postal Code 05654040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail:   <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Lemos Neto PA. Acquisition of data: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Lemos Neto PA, Vieira MLC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sampaio RO, Miranda GB, Lemos Neto PA, Vieira MLC. Writing of the manuscript: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Miranda GB, Lemos Neto PA, Tarasoutchi F. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>440</fpage>
      <lpage>442</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthesis-Related Infections / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Paraprosthetic regurgitation occurs in approximately 7%&#8211;17% of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and 2%&#8211;10% of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Typically, this regurgitation is discrete and does imply major clinical complications; however, when it is moderate or severe, the consequences can be serious, leading to heart failure and/or hemolysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It is estimated that approximately 1%&#8211;5% of cases develop to more clinically severe conditions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The main causes of paraprosthetic regurgitation are calcification of the valvular annulus, infection, suture technique, and size and shape of the prosthesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p> Usually, surgical treatment is considered as the first treatment option for symptomatic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In 1992, however, an alternative treatment via percutaneous occlusion of the paravalvular orifice was proposed for cases in which the patient faces high risk from surgical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 70-year-old male patient received a mechanical mitral prosthesis implant in 2002 during his fourth heart surgery. At that time, the patient presented multiple postoperative complications: septic shock requiring high doses of vasoactive medications, acute renal failure and atrial fibrillation, and prolonged hospitalization. After this period, the patient made good progress and had no limitations on daily activities, until 3 years previously, when he began to experience recurrent hematuria due to intravascular hemolysis. The patient was clinically followed until June 2012, when the hemolysis markedly worsened, in association with heart failure up to functional class III [New York Heart Association (NYHA)]. On physical examination, there was a regurgitant systolic murmur +++/4 in the mitral area and crackle at the base of the lungs.</p>
      <p>Laboratory examinations showed the following: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 3256 U/L [reference value (RV): 85&#8209;227 U/L], haptoglobin 0.2 g/L (RV: 0.3&#8211;2.0 g/L), hemoglobin (Hb) 7.3 g/dL (RV: 13.0&#8211;18.0 g/dL), hematocrit (Hct) 22% (RV: 40.0-52.0%), and hemoglobinuria. Two&#8209;dimensional transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated the mechanical prosthesis with normal mobility for its elements as well as moderate/significant periprosthetic regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">B</xref>) associated with maximum LA&#8211;LV diastolic gradient estimated at 13 mmHg (average, 4 mmHg). The valve area was estimated at 3.2 cm<sup>2</sup>. Because of the difficulty in accurately determining the size of the regurgitant orifice and subsequently choosing the best occlusion device, we performed three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. This technique identified both anterior and posterior periprosthetic insufficiency: anterior gap of 22 mm along the long axis and posterior gap of approximately 12 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>). Because of the risk of many postoperative complications (as in 2002) and the high surgical risk associated with a fifth heart surgery, in a joint decision along with the patient and family, we opted for percutaneous treatment.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram (2D-TEE). (A) Preoperative 2D-TEE (B and C); (C) preoperative 3D-TEE; (D) post-operative 3D-TEE</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0440-50115-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment</title>
        <p>Two percutaneous devices, &#8220;Duct Occluder 8 mm &#215; 6" and &#8220;5 mm VSD," were implanted, with a significant reduction in postimplant regurgitation (there was a decrease of approximately 70% in the anterior orifice) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). A second 3D echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>) was performed 45 days after the procedure and demonstrated good positioning of the occlusion devices and minimum residual paraprosthetic reflux. Six months after the procedure, the patient presented with a second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz II, and two episodes of presyncope; a DDD pacemaker was implanted. The patient improved to functional class I (NYHA). Physical examination at this time showed a slight systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation (+/4) and improved laboratory results (LDH 728 U/L, Hb 10.5 g/dL, Hct 32.3%).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Hemodynamics laboratory image of the catheter in the paraprosthetic orifice before deployment. (B) Hemodynamics laboratory image of the deployed device.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0440-50115-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Paraprosthetic reflux is a significant complication of valve replacement surgery. Percutaneous closure of a paraprosthetic orifice is now considered a safe procedure, providing an alternative to surgery in patients with a high surgical risk. However, there are still few reports of percutaneous intervention in patients with paraprosthetic regurgitation.</p>
      <p>In 2006, Pate et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> published a study of 10 patients who were not candidates for surgery and underwent percutaneous closure of mitral paravalvular leak; this author noted a 70% success rate for this procedure, associated with clinical improvement. However, four patients required a second intervention.</p>
      <p>In 2011, Sorajja et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> published a study of 115 patients who underwent the percutaneous procedure, with technical success in 77% of cases and clinical improvement in 67%. The total number of complications 30 days after the procedure was 8.7%: death in two cases (1.7%), stroke in three cases (2.6%), vascular complications in one case (0.9%), hemothorax in four cases (3.5%), and emergency surgery in one case (0.9%).</p>
      <p>In addition, in 2011, Ruiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> showed that in retrospective analysis of 43 patients, procedural success was observed in 86% of cases and clinical improvement was observed in 77%.</p>
      <p>In this present case, 6 months after percutaneous treatment, the patient developed atrioventricular block and required a pacemaker. After an extensive review of the literature, we found no reports of second-degree atrioventricular block as a late complication of percutaneous closure of the paraprosthetic mitral valve orifice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Even in the aortic position, where it may be more common considering the anatomy of the conduction system, there are no reports of this complication. The risk of this event (late implant pacemaker for AVB) seems to have been random, particularly in closing the paraprosthetic mitral orifice; however, it cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, the fact the pacemaker was implanted 6 months after the procedure is also relevant, which in our view leaves it unclear whether a possible complication exists and is yet to be described. Therefore, this event should be noted and followed in the literature.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we conclude that a percutaneous procedure to correct paraprosthetic regurgitation is feasible in patients with a high surgical risk and has a significant clinical impact.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Einhorn</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous closure of periprosthetic paravalvular leaks</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Pate</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Zubaidi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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              <surname>Chandavimol</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
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              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
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              <surname>Munt</surname>
              <given-names>BI</given-names>
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          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
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        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, Rihal CS. Percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation: acute and 30-day outcome in 115 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(4):314-21.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Sorajja</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
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              <surname>Cabalka</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Hagler</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Rihal</surname>
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            </name>
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          <article-title>Percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation: acute and 30-day outcome in 115 patients</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Percut&#226;neo de Refluxo Paraprot&#233;tico Mitral: Alternativa &#224; Cirurgia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>George Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold>, Rua Comandante Garcia d'Avila, 412, Morumbi. CEP 05654040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail:   <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Lemos Neto PA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Lemos Neto PA, Vieira MLC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sampaio RO, Miranda GB, Lemos Neto PA, Vieira MLC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sampaio RO, Oliveira AG, Miranda GB, Lemos Neto PA, Tarasoutchi F. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es Relacionadas a Pr&#243;tese / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hem&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O refluxo paraprot&#233;tico ocorre em cerca de 7 a 17% dos pacientes submetidos a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral e em 2 a 10% dos pacientes que realizaram troca valvar a&#243;rtica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Habitualmente o refluxo &#233; discreto e n&#227;o acarreta grandes complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, entretanto, quando moderado ou importante, a repercuss&#227;o pode ser grave, com o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e/ou hem&#243;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Estima-se que aproximadamente 1 a 5% dos casos desenvolvem condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais severas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. As principais causas para ocorr&#234;ncia de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico s&#227;o: calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, infec&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnica de sutura, e tamanho e forma da pr&#243;tese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Usualmente, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; considerado a primeira op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes que se encontram sintom&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Entretanto, em 1992, foi proposto tratamento alternativo por via percut&#226;nea para oclus&#227;o do orif&#237;cio paravalvar, sendo este considerado para os casos em que o paciente apresenta alto risco ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente com 70 anos, sexo masculino, portador de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral implantada em 2002, em sua quarta cirurgia card&#237;aca. Apresentou, &#224; &#233;poca, m&#250;ltiplas intercorr&#234;ncias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a saber: choque s&#233;ptico, necessitando altas doses de vasoativos, insufici&#234;ncia renal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda, al&#233;m de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, evoluiu bem, sem limita&#231;&#245;es para atividades habituais, at&#233; que, h&#225; 3 anos, iniciou hemat&#250;ria recidivante, devido &#224; hem&#243;lise intravascular. O paciente manteve acompanhamento cl&#237;nico at&#233; que, em junho de 2012, houve piora acentuada da hem&#243;lise, associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca at&#233; classe funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) III. Ao exame f&#237;sico, observou-se um sopro sist&#243;lico regurgitativo +++/4 na &#225;rea mitral e estertores crepitantes nas bases pulmonares.</p>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais demostravam: Desidrogenase L&#225;tica (DHL) 3.256 U/L (Valor de Refer&#234;ncia &#8211; VR: 85 a 227 U/L), haptoglobina 0,2 g/L (VR: 0,3 a 2,0 g/L), Hemoglobina (Hb) 7,3 g/dL (VR: 13,0 a 18,0 g/dL), Hemat&#243;crito (Ht) 22% (VR: 40,0 a 52,0%) e hemoglobin&#250;ria. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico bidimensional demostrou pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica com mobilidade normal de seus elementos e moderada/importante regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 1A</xref>e<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">1B</xref>), associados a gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo &#225;trio esquerdo - ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (AE-VE) estimados em 13 mmHg (pico) e 4 mmHg (m&#233;dio). A &#225;rea valvar foi estimada em 3,2 cm<sup>2</sup>. Devido &#224; dificuldade em determinar com precis&#227;o a dimens&#227;o do orif&#237;cio regurgitante e, a partir da&#237;, a escolha do melhor dispositivo oclusor, foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tridimensional. O mesmo identificou insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica (posterior e anterior), sendo a anterior com dimens&#227;o em eixo longo de 22 mm e a posterior de aproximadamente 12 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1C</xref>). Considerando um p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em 2002 com muitas complica&#231;&#245;es e alto risco cir&#250;rgico, por se tratar de uma quinta cirurgia card&#237;aca, optou-se, em decis&#227;o conjunta com o paciente e familiares, por tratamento percut&#226;neo.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Ecocardiograma transeof&#225;gico bidimensional. (A) Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; (B) ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica bidimensional pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; (C) ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica tridimensional pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; (D) ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica tridimensional p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0440-50115-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento</title>
          <p>Foi realizado implante de dois dispositivos percut&#226;neos Amplatzer&#174; Duct-Occluder 8 x 6 mm e VSD 5 mm, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do refluxo p&#243;s-implante (houve redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 70% do orif&#237;cio anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Contado 45 dias do procedimento, foi realizado novo ecocardiograma tridimensional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1D</xref>), sendo demonstrados bom posicionamento dos oclusores e m&#237;nimo refluxo paraprot&#233;tico residual. Ap&#243;s 6 meses do procedimento, o paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau, Mobitz II e dois epis&#243;dios de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, sendo implantado marca-passo DDD. O paciente evoluiu com melhora para classe funcional (I/NYHA). O exame f&#237;sico, nesta ocasi&#227;o, mostrou discreto sopro sist&#243;lico regurgitativo mitral (+/4) e melhora dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais (DHL 728 U/L, Hb 10,5 g/dL, Ht 32,3%).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Imagem do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;minca de cateter no orif&#237;cio paraprot&#233;tico antes de sua libera&#231;&#227;o. (B) Imagem do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do dispositivo j&#225; alocado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0440-50115-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O refluxo paraprot&#233;tico &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o relevante em cirurgia de troca valvar. O fechamento percut&#226;neo do orif&#237;cio paraprot&#233;tico tem sido considerado um procedimento seguro, servindo como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica alternativa &#224; cirurgia em paciente com alto risco cir&#250;rgico. Entretanto ainda h&#225; poucos relatos de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em portadores de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico.</p>
        <p>Em 2006, Pate e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> demostraram experi&#234;ncia com dez pacientes submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea de <italic>leak</italic> paravalvar mitral em pacientes n&#227;o candidatos a cirurgia, tendo observado taxa de 70% de sucesso no procedimento, associado &#224; melhora cl&#237;nica. No entanto, quatro pacientes necessitaram de uma segunda interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em 2011, Sorajja e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> publicaram estudo com 115 pacientes que realizaram procedimento percut&#226;neo, com sucesso t&#233;cnico em 77% dos casos e melhora cl&#237;nica em 67%. O total de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s 30 dias do procedimento foi de 8,7%: sendo morte em dois (1,7%) casos, acidente vascular cerebral em tr&#234;s casos (2,6%), complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares em um caso (0,9%), hemot&#243;rax em quatro casos (3,5%) e cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia em um caso (0,9%).</p>
        <p>Ainda em 2011, Ruiz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, em an&#225;lise retrospectiva em 43 pacientes, observaram sucesso no procedimento em 86% dos casos e melhora cl&#237;nica em 77%.</p>
        <p>No presente caso, ap&#243;s 6 meses do tratamento percut&#226;neo, o paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular, tendo sido necess&#225;rio implante de marca-passo. Ap&#243;s extensa revis&#227;o em literatura, n&#227;o encontramos relato de bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau como complica&#231;&#227;o tardia, do fechamento percut&#226;neo de orif&#237;cio paraprot&#233;tico em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Mesmo na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, que poderia ser mais usual, dada a anatomia do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos a respeito. O risco desse evento (implante tardio de marca-passo pelo BAV) ter sido ao acaso, sobretudo no fechamento do orif&#237;cio paraprot&#233;tico na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, n&#227;o pode, portanto, ser desprezado. Entretanto, o fato do implante do marca-passo ter ocorrido 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento &#233; tamb&#233;m relevante, o que, a nosso ver, deixa a quest&#227;o aberta quanto &#224; poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o descrita. Esse evento deve ser, dessa forma, citado e acompanhado pela literatura.</p>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o procedimento percut&#226;neo para corre&#231;&#227;o de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico &#233; fact&#237;vel em paciente com alto risco cir&#250;rgico e repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica importante.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
