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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NWbGXbKs8tPg4gQDbdNk7Cc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300430</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150135</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 4 - A 79-Year-Old Man with Congestive Heart Failure Due to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mustafa</surname>
            <given-names>Sumaia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Mitsuo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Valdemir Melechco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Bianchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>430</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Ascites</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>JAP, a 79-year-old male and retired metalworker, born in V&#225;rzea Alegre (Cear&#225;, Brazil) and residing in S&#227;o Paulo was admitted to the hospital in October 2013 due to decompensated heart failure.</p>
    <p>The patient was referred 1 year before to InCor with a history of progressive dyspnea triggered by less than ordinary activities, lower-extremity edema, and abdominal enlargement. He sought medical care due to the abdominal enlargement, which was diagnosed as an ascites. He denied chest pain, hospitalization due to myocardial infarction or stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.</p>
    <p>The patient was a previous smoker and had stopped smoking at the age of 37 years. He was also an alcoholic and reported drinking alcohol for the last time 1 year before.</p>
    <p>He was referred to InCor for treatment of heart failure.</p>
    <p>An echocardiogram revealed an increased thickness in the septum (17 mm) and free left ventricular wall (15 mm), and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 26%.</p>
    <p>The patient reported daily use of enalapril 10 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide 80 mg, omeprazole 40 mg, and ferrous sulfate (40 mg Fe) three tablets.</p>
    <p>On March 12, 2013, his physical examination showed a weight of 55 kg, height of 1.75 m, body mass index (BMI) of 18 kg/m&#178;, heart rate of 60 bpm, blood pressure of 90 X 50 mm Hg, and the presence of a hepatojugular reflux. There were no signs of jugular venous hypertension, and the pulmonary and cardiac auscultations were normal. He had ascites, and his liver was palpable 5 cm below the right costal margin. Peripheral pulses were palpable, and a ++/4+ edema was observed.</p>
    <p>An ECG (February 23, 2012) had shown a sinus rhythm, heart rate of 52 bpm, PR interval of 192 ms, QRS duration of 106 ms, indirect signs of right atrial overload (wide variability in QRS amplitude between V1 and V2), and left atrial overload (prolonged and notched P waves), low QRS voltage in the frontal plane with an indeterminate axis, an electrically inactive area in the anteroseptal region and secondary changes in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: sinus bradycardia, low-voltage QRS complexes in the frontal plane, indirect signs of right atrial overload (small QRS complexes in V1 and wide QRS complexes in V2), left atrial overload, electrically inactive area in the anteroseptal region.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A chest x-ray showed cardiomegaly.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests performed on April 20, 2012, had shown the following results: hemoglobin 13.1 g/dL, hematocrit 40%, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 87 fL, leukocytes 9,230/mm<sup>3</sup> (banded neutrophils 1%, segmented neutrophils 35%, eosinophils 20%, basophils 1%, lymphocytes 33%, and monocytes 10%), platelets 222,000 /mm<sup>3</sup>, cholesterol 207 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol 54 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol 138 mg/dL, triglycerides 77 mg/dL, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) 77 U/L, blood glucose 88 mg/dL, urea 80 mg/dL, creatinine 1.2 mg/dL (glomerular filtration rate &#8805; 60 mL/min/1.73 m&#178;), sodium 131 mEq/L, potassium 6.3 mEq/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 22 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 34 U/L, uric acid 6.3 mg/dL, TSH 1.24 &#181;UI/mL, free T4 1.36 ng/dL, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 1.24 ng/mL. On urinalysis, urine specific gravity was 1.007, pH 5.5, the sediment was normal, and there were no abnormal elements.</p>
    <p>A new echocardiographic assessment on April 20, 2012, had shown an aortic diameter of 32 mm, left atrium of 52 mm, septal and posterior left ventricular wall thickness of 15 mm, diastolic/systolic left ventricular diameters of 46/40 mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction of 28%. Both ventricles had diffuse and marked hypokinesia. The valves were normal and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure was estimated at 32 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Echocardiogram - a) Four-chamber view: marked enlargement of the left and right atria; b) parasternal long-axis view: enlarged left atrium, left ventricular wall thickening, normal cavity.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A 24-hour electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring on April 19, 2012, showed a baseline sinus rhythm with a lowest rate of 46 bpm and greatest rate of 97 bpm; 48 isolated, polymorphic, and paired ventricular extrasystoles; 137 atrial extrasystoles; and an episode of atrial tachycardia over three beats with a frequency of 98 bpm. There were no atrioventricular or intraventricular blocks interfering with the conduction of the stimulus.</p>
    <p>The patient was transferred from the pacemaker clinic to the general cardiopathy clinic.</p>
    <p>During a clinic appointment on January 22, 2013, the patient was asymptomatic and reported the use of enalapril 10 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide 60 mg, and carvedilol 12.5 mg. His physical examination was normal.</p>
    <p>The main diagnostic hypotheses were hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy.</p>
    <p>A testicular ultrasound (September 09, 2013) was normal, except for cystic formations in the right inguinal canal. An abdominal ultrasonography (September 10, 2013) showed substantial ascites and hepatic cysts with internal septations, and no signs of portal hypertension.</p>
    <p>After presenting an increase in dyspnea with the development of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, worsening ascites and lower-extremity edema, and paresthesia on hands and feet, the patient was admitted to the hospital.</p>
    <p>On physical examination (October 19, 2013) he was oriented and eupneic, with a heart rate of 69 bpm, blood pressure of 80 X 60 mmHg, a normal pulmonary auscultation, cardiac auscultation with arrhythmia and no murmurs, substantial ascites, and edema and hyperemia of the lower extremities.</p>
    <p>A chest x-ray (October 21, 2013) showed cardiomegaly and interstitial lung infiltrates; the lateral incidence showed the right ventricle markedly enlarged (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f03">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest x-ray (October 21, 2013), posteroanterior (PA) view: pulmonary interstitial infiltrates and cardiomegaly.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f04">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest x-ray (October 21, 2013) in lateral view: right ventricle markedly enlarged.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>On ECG, the patient presented atrial flutter with variable atrioventricular block, indirect signs of right atrial overload (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi sign), heart rate of 61 bpm, low QRS voltage in the frontal plane, intraventricular conduction impairment, left ventricular overload, and secondary changes in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f05">
      <label>Figure 5</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: Atrial flutter, impaired intraventricular conduction, left ventricular overload.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Laboratory tests on October 19, 2013, showed the following results: hemoglobin 13.5 g/dL, hematocrit 42%, leukocytes 7,230/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 66%, eosinophils 12%, lymphocytes 13%, monocytes 9%), platelets 232,000 /mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 193 mg/dL, creatinine 2.03 m/dL (glomerular filtration rate of 34 mL/min/1,73 m&#178;), sodium 133 mEq/L, potassium 3.9 mEq/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) 18.1 mg/L, vitamin B12 360 pg/mL, folic acid 8.35 ng/mL, total bilirubin 0.75 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.37 mg/dL, AST 24 U/L, ALT 16 U/L, gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) 241 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 166 U/L, iron 71 &#181;g/dL, ferritin 62.9 ng/mL, prothrombin time (PT, INR) 0.95, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT, rel) 0.95, ionic calcium 1.09 mmol/L, chloride 89 mEq/L, and arterial lactate 15 mg/dL. Urinalysis showed urine specific gravity of 1.020, pH 5.5, proteinuria 0.25 g/L, epithelial cells 4,000/mL, leukocytes 2,000/mL, erythrocytes 3,000/mL, and hyaline casts 27,250/mL.</p>
    <p>Another echocardiogram performed on October 21, 2013, showed a left atrial diameter of 56 mm, septal thickness of 18 mm, posterior wall thickness of 13 mm, left ventricle (diastole/systole) with 46/40 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction of 28%, pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated at 45 mmHg, marked left ventricular and moderate right ventricular dysfunction, and moderate tricuspid insufficiency.</p>
    <p>An ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract (October 24, 2013) showed that the left kidney measured 9.6 cm, and the right kidney measured 9 cm and had simple cortical cysts.</p>
    <p>Serum protein electrophoresis was normal, and a urinary electrophoresis did not detect proteins. Measurement of serum beta 2-microglobulin was 7 mg/mL (limit for individuals above the age of 60 years = 2.6 mg/mL).</p>
    <p>A biopsy of the cheek mucosa (October 23, 2013) showed deposits of amyloid substance in the deep chorion and in the adjacent adipose tissue.</p>
    <p>Stool microscopy (October 25, 2013) was positive for <italic>Blastocystis hominis</italic>and <italic>Entamoeba coli</italic>.</p>
    <p>A paracentesis drained 3,500 mL of a yellowish fluid with normal cellularity.</p>
    <p>During hospitalization, the patient received daily intravenous furosemide 60 mg, carvedilol 25 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg, hydralazine 75 mg, isosorbide 80 mg, aspirin 100 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and enoxaparin 40 mg. The patient also received oxacillin 2 g/day for 7 days initially, and later vancomycin, meropenem and teicoplanin, and piperacillin/tazobactam.</p>
    <p>A new chest x-ray (November 08, 2013) showed cardiomegaly and an interstitial pulmonary infiltrate suggestive of pulmonary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f06">
      <label>Figure 6</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest x-ray (November 08, 2013): pulmonary interstitial infiltrates suggestive of pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>During a new paracentesis (November 11, 2013), the aspirated fluid was bloody, and the patient presented hypotension and decreased consciousness, progressing to cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity, which was reverted. This was followed by ventricular tachycardia, cardioverted with 200 J.</p>
    <p>New tests (November 11, 2013 - morning) showed the following results: hemoglobin 11.9 g/dL, hematocrit 36%, leukocytes 7,780/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 83%, eosinophils 2%, lymphocytes 9%, and monocytes 6%), platelets 188,000 /mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 301 mg/dL, creatinine 4.14 mg/dL, sodium 125 mEq/L, potassium 4.4 mEq/L, CRP 97.06 mg/L. On venous blood gas analysis, pH was 7.33, bicarbonate 19.9 mmol/L, and base excess (-) 5.4 mmol/L. Additional tests performed on the same day (November 11, 2013 &#8211; 5:44 pm) showed hemoglobin of 6.3 g/dL, sodium of 123 mEq/L, potassium of 5.4 mEq/L, venous lactate of 93 mg/dL, PT (INR) of 3.2 and aPTT (rel) of 1.98.</p>
    <p>Later during the day, the patient progressed with shock refractory to high doses of dobutamine (20 &#181;g/kg/min ) and norepinephrine (1.2 &#181;g/kg/min), followed by cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity that recovered but was followed by a new irreversible cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity during intra-aortic balloon placement (November 11, 2013 &#8211; 6:30 pm).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical Aspects</title>
      <p>The patient JAB, a 79-year-old previous smoker and alcoholic man residing in S&#227;o Paulo, attended an outpatient clinic at InCor due to heart failure which worsened progressively since 2012, requiring hospitalization for treatment.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is a systemic and complex clinical syndrome, defined as a cardiac dysfunction that causes the blood supply to be insufficient to meet tissular metabolic demands, in the presence of a normal venous return, or which only meets the demands with high filling pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Prevalence studies estimate that 23 million individuals worldwide have heart failure and that 2 million new cases are diagnosed annually. According to DATASUS information, Brazil has about 2 million individuals with heart failure and 240,000 new cases diagnosed annually<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The main causes of heart failure are hypertension, coronary artery disease, Chagas disease, cardiomyopathies, endocrinopathies, toxins, and drugs, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The cardinal manifestations of heart failure are dyspnea and fatigue, and may include exercise intolerance, fluid retention, and pulmonary and systemic congestion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The patient in this case presented with progressive dyspnea triggered by less than ordinary activities, lower-extremity edema, and ascites, which characterized him as class III according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification.</p>
      <p>On complementary tests, the echocardiogram showed marked left ventricular hypertrophy with some degree of asymmetry, and reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac hypertrophy is often associated with hypertension or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but both present with normal or increased ECG voltage. Therefore, the findings of ventricular hypertrophy associated with decreased ECG voltage in the absence of pericardial effusion are exclusive of infiltrative cardiomyopathies, a group of cardiac disorders within the restrictive cardiomyopathies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy may occur with a wide variety of systemic diseases. Some restrictive cardiomyopathies are rare in clinical practice and may present initially with heart failure. This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by filling restriction, with reduced diastolic volume in one or both ventricles, normal or close to normal systolic function, and ventricular wall thickening. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases, such as amyloidosis, endomyocardial disease with or without eosinophilia, sarcoidosis, and hemochromatosis, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In this case, the presence of amyloid deposits in the cheek mucosa biopsy indicated a diagnosis of amyloidosis, and the increase in serum beta-2 microglobulin reflected a worse prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis is characterized by deposits of amyloid protein in different organs and tissues. These deposits may be responsible for different types of clinical presentation, with a spectrum that ranges from lack of symptoms to sequential organic dysfunction culminating with death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac amyloidosis is caused by amyloid deposits around cardiac fibers, and can be identified by a left ventricular wall thickening exceeding 12 mm in the absence of hypertension with at least one of the following characteristics: conduction disorder and low voltage complexes on the ECG, restrictive cardiomyopathy, low cardiac output, isolate atrial involvement (as commonly seen in elderly individuals) or diffuse involvement affecting the ventricles. In the latter situation, it can cause heart failure with a poor prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our patient, who was not hypertensive, presented low voltage complexes on the ECG, which were more prominent in the frontal plane, an electrically inactive area in the anteroseptal region, and diffuse changes in ventricular repolarization. This pattern can be found in some diseases in addition to infiltrative cardiomyopathies, such as decompensated hypothyroidism, pericardial effusion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity. Other electrocardiographic information, such as the pattern of infarction, can be found with or without obstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease by deposition of substances in the microcirculation and small intramyocardial arteries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis may be classified as primary, secondary, or hereditary. Primary amyloidosis, in which AL is the primarily involved protein, may be further subdivided into idiopathic (localized forms) or associated with multiple myeloma or other plasma cell dyscrasias (systemic forms)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic disorder of plasma cells that affects individuals with an average age of 70 years at diagnosis. Some characteristics of the patient in this case could suggest multiple myeloma: age, male gender, renal failure, and cylindruria. However, other important clinical parameters were absent, such as hypercalcemia, anemia, and bone disease. Also, the Bence-Jones protein, which is present in up to 75% of the cases, was not detected on urinary electrophoresis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The secondary type of amyloidosis results from deposits of AA protein and frequently arises as a complication of infectious or inflammatory processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis (the most common cause), tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, syphilis, or even neoplastic diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are present in these disorders, stimulate the hepatic production of serum A amyloid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Finally, the hereditary type of the disease has an autosomal dominant transmission and may involve several types of amyloid proteins, such as the AA protein in some groups of patients with familial Mediterranean fever, and the ATTR protein (derived from the transthyretin or prealbumin) in familial amyloid polyneuropathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the treatment, measures to control symptoms related to diastolic heart failure, such as volume control, should be implemented. Diuretics and vasodilators should be administered with caution since the cardiac output in these patients is greatly dependent on increased venous pressures. Specific treatment should be directed to the etiology of the amyloidosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>After an evaluation in the clinic on January, 2013, the patient received medications that are proven to modify the rates of hospitalization and mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aldosterone antagonist), and symptom-relieving agents (diuretics)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The patient was receiving enalapril 10 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide 60 mg, and carvedilol 12.5 mg.</p>
      <p>After 8 months, due to the decompensated heart failure and hypotension, the patient returned to the emergency room and required hospitalization. The use of conventional therapy for heart failure often worsens the progression of amyloidosis. Therefore, cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected when the patient&#8217;s clinical condition worsens in response to conventional treatment, particularly in individuals older than 50 years. The therapy is exclusively symptomatic and should not include digitalis, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or calcium channel antagonists, since some studies have shown an increased sensitivity to these drugs which can lead to hypotension and intensification of conduction disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the decompensation of the patient&#8217;s heart failure with deterioration of the ascites culminated in two paracenteses, with the last paracentesis probably accompanied by a puncture accident due to the appearance of bloody fluid, decrease in red blood count, and hypovolemic shock associated with cardiogenic shock, culminating in a mixed refractory shock and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity <bold>(Dr. Sumaia Mustafa, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada).</bold></p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <title>Diagnostic hypotheses:</title>
        <list-item>
          <p>Heart failure due to restrictive cardiomyopathy (probably cardiac amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Decompensated heart failure;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cause of death: mixed shock (hypovolemic + cardiogenic) with cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity <bold>(Dr. Sumaia Mustafa, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold>.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>Autopsy</title>
        <p> The heart weighed 680 g and was increased in volume due to moderate cavity dilation and wall thickening in all four chambers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). The myocardium had an increased consistency. The endocardium of the atria, in particular, was finely granular and brown-yellowish in appearance. There were no significant changes in the valves, and the coronary arteries were armed without significant obstruction of their lumen.</p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross Section of the heart base showing biatrial enlargement and thickening of the cardiac walls. Note the granular aspect of the right atrial endocardium (area demarcated with an ellipse).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Histological examination of the myocardium showed extracellular deposits of amorphous and eosinophilic material promoting atrophy of the contractile cells. These deposits stained positive with Congo red when observed under polarized light (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figures 8</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">9</xref>). This same material was present in the interstitium of the cheek mucosa evaluated by biopsy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>) according to data from the clinical history. Deposits were also observed in the tunica media of muscular arteries in both lungs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>) and in the renal hilum.</p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of the ventricular myocardium showing atrophic cardiomyocytes due to deposits of amorphous eosinophilic material in the interstitium. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (20x objective magnification).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of myocardial tissue obtained under polarized light. Note the greenish material that corresponds to amyloid substance stained by Congo red (5x objective magnification).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Biopsy of the cheek mucosa performed approximately 1 month before death. Note that the mucosal chorion reacts positively to Congo red (photomicrography obtained under conventional microscopy with a 10x objective magnification).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of a peripheral muscular pulmonary artery showing areas of positivity for deposits of amyloid in the arterial wall (Congo red staining photographed under conventional microscopy, 5x objective magnification).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Bone marrow histological examination showed hypercellularity of moderate degree for the patient's age, and no signs of monoclonal proliferation. Immunohistochemical reactions for immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chains were inconclusive, and CD138 labeling showed no proliferation of plasma cells.</p>
        <p>Autopsy findings included a 4-cm hepatic cyst in the right lobe lined with flat cells without atypia, and retention cysts in the right kidney. The right adrenal weighed 44 g and was increased in volume and completely calcified. The histological examination showed only calcification and was inconclusive for the possibility of prior malignancy.</p>
        <p>There was a voluminous serosanguinous ascites and a serous pericardial effusion. We found no visceral or abdominal vessel injury resulting from the paracentesis and the amount of bloody material in the ascitic fluid was small.</p>
        <p>Histologically, there were signs of congestive heart failure in the lungs and liver   <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagnoses:</bold> Cardiovascular amyloidosis;</p>
        <p>Congestive heart failure;</p>
        <p>Calcified nodule in the right adrenal gland <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello).</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mass spectrometry</title>
        <p>Mass spectrometry gathers all qualities to establish an unequivocal diagnosis of amyloidosis since it has a high sensitivity and ability to identify the proteins through sequencing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Therefore, we adopted an approach based on shotgun proteomics to identify the amyloid deposits in the sample.</p>
        <p>Sections of heart tissue containing amyloid deposits (confirmed by staining with Congo red) fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin were dissected and the proteins were then extracted with Liquid Tissue&#174; MS Protein Prep Kit (Expression Pathology) according to the manufacturer's protocol. After digestion with trypsin, the resulting peptides were analyzed by high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using the mass spectrometer Q-Exactive (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The acquisitions of spectral data were carried out using the DDA (date dependent analysis) mode with a selection of the 10 most abundant ions for sequencing by HCD (Higher-energy collisional dissociation). The data were processed with the software MaxQuant. The proteomic analysis was performed in triplicate.</p>
        <p>The processed data generated lists of proteins representing the protein content of the sample. In total, 25 possible amyloid proteins were investigated in these lists in order to determine the identity of the deposited substance. There were 15 peptides belonging to transthyretin that together covered 76.2% of the full sequence of the protein.</p>
        <p>To confirm the result, we also evaluated the abundance of different peptides present in the sample. Among the 25 most abundant peptides, three belonged to transthyretin (ALGISPFHEHAEVVFTANDSGPR, TSESGELHGLTTEEEFVEGIYK, and GSPAINVAVHVFR). The others were assigned to actin, myosin, desmin, and myoglobin, confirming the identity of the amyloid protein <bold>(Dr. Fabio Mitsuo Lima and Dr. Valdemir Melechco Carvalho- Fleury Group).</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular amyloidosis due to deposition of transthyretin <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello, Dr. Jussara Bianchi Castelli, Dr. Fabio Mitsuo Lima and Dr. Valdemir Melechco Carvalho)</bold>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Comments:</title>
        <p>This case demonstrates how important it is in amyloidosis to investigate the deposited substance. Amyloidosis is a generic name to describe a group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposits of different substances in different organs. These substances are fibrillar proteins that become insoluble with changes in their spatial conformation. More than 20 types of proteins have been described in these deposits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. From an anatomopathological perspective, the deposits can be characterized by immunohistochemical reactions, but with some restrictions as described below. The cardiovascular system is most often affected by the AL protein (deposits of light-chain immunoglobulin), senile, and familial forms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>The pathologist may identify neoplastic proliferation of plasmocytes producing the deposited immunoglobulins by bone marrow examination labeled for these cells. In tissue preparations, the pathologist may demonstrate by immunohistochemistry if the deposited substance is one of these immunoglobulins. Some authors recommend a biopsy of other organs before the endomyocardial biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and identify the type of amyloid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In this case, immunohistochemical labeling was not helpful in establishing the diagnosis, because it was inconclusive to the type of protein deposited.</p>
        <p>Although there are reports in the literature of identification of transthyretin in tissues by immunohistochemical reactions, this was not possible in this case. However, with mass spectrometry analysis, we identified that the deposited protein was transthyretin, which is usually present in senile and familial forms of amyloidosis. In this patient, the familial form was less likely due to the exclusive involvement of heart and blood vessels. However, only a genetic research and evaluation of other members of the family could exclude it completely.</p>
        <p>Another point that deserves discussion in this case is the laboratory report of high levels of immunoglobulin E. We could assume that this referred to the deposited protein, but the diagnostic methods performed to complement the autopsy revealed that this was not the case.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello and Dr. Jussara Bianchi Castelli (Pathology Laboratory, InCor, FMUSP).</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Heart Failure; Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive; Ascites; Cardiomegaly; Heart Arrest.</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4 - Homem de 79 Anos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva por Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Ascite</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>JAP, 79 anos, masculino, metal&#250;rgico aposentado, natural de V&#225;rzea Alegre (CE) e procedente de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), foi internado em outubro de 2013 por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>O paciente havia sido encaminhado 1 ano antes ao InCor com hist&#243;ria de dispneia progressiva at&#233; m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, edema de membros inferiores e aumento do volume abdominal. A procura de atendimento m&#233;dico havia sido feita pelo aumento do volume abdominal que foi diagnosticado como ascite. Na ocasi&#227;o, negou dor precordial, interna&#231;&#227;o por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, ou hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e diabetes.</p>
      <p>O paciente era ex-tabagista e havia interrompido o uso do cigarro aos 37 anos de idade. Era tamb&#233;m ex-etilista e havia usado &#225;lcool pela &#250;ltima vez 1 ano antes.</p>
      <p>O encaminhamento ao InCor foi realizado para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Um ecocardiograma revelou aumento de espessura de septo (17 mm) e parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (15 mm), e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 26%.</p>
      <p>O paciente fazia uso di&#225;rio de enalapril 10 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, furosemida 80 mg, omeprazol 40 mg e sulfato ferroso (40 mg Fe) tr&#234;s dr&#225;geas.</p>
      <p>Em 12 de mar&#231;o de 2013, o paciente apresentou ao exame f&#237;sico peso de 55 kg, altura de 1,75 m, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de 18 kg/m&#178;, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 90 X 50 mm Hg e refluxo hepatojugular. N&#227;o apresentava hipertens&#227;o venosa jugular e as auscultas pulmonar e card&#237;aca estavam normais. Apresentava ainda ascite e o f&#237;gado foi palpado a 5 cm do rebordo costal direito. Os pulsos das extremidades eram palp&#225;veis e havia edema ++/4+.</p>
      <p>Um ECG (23 de fevereiro de 2012) havia mostrado ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 52 bpm, intervalo PR de 192 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS de 106 ms, sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (ampla varia&#231;&#227;o da amplitude dos complexos entre V1 e V2) e sobrecarga atrial esquerda (onda P de dura&#231;&#227;o aumentada e entalhada), baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal com eixo indeterminado, &#225;rea &#226;nterosseptal eletricamente inativa e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f12">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: bradicardia sinusal, baixa voltagem de complexos QRS no plano frontal, sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (complexo QRS pequeno em V1 e amplo em V2), sobrecarga atrial esquerda, &#225;rea &#226;nterosseptal eletricamente inativa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Uma radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou cardiomegalia.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais realizados em 20 de abril de 2012 haviam revelado os seguintes resultados: hemoglobina 13,1 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 40%, volume corpuscular m&#233;dio (VCM) 87 fL, leuc&#243;citos 9.230/mm&#179; (bastonetes 1%, segmentados 35%, eosin&#243;filos 20%, bas&#243;filos 1%, linf&#243;citos 33% e mon&#243;citos 10%), plaquetas 222.000/mm&#179;, colesterol 207 mg/dL, HDL-colesterol 54 mg/dL, LDL-colesterol 138 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 77 mg/dL, creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) 77 U/L, glicemia 88 mg/dL, ureia 80 mg/dL, creatinina 1,2 mg/dL (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &#8805; 60 mL/min/1,73 m&#178;), s&#243;dio 131 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 6,3 mEq/L, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) 22 U/L, alanina aminotransferase (ALT) 34 U/L, &#225;cido &#250;rico 6,3 mg/dL, TSH 1,24 &#181;UI/mL, T4 livre 1,36 ng/dL e ant&#237;geno prost&#225;tico espec&#237;fico (PSA) 1,24 ng/mL. O exame de urina tipo I revelou densidade 1,007, pH 5,5, aus&#234;ncia de elementos anormais e sedimento normal.</p>
      <p>Uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica em 20 de abril de 2012 havia revelado um di&#226;metro de aorta de 32 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 52 mm, espessura de septo e de parede posterior de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 15 mm, di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico/sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 46/40 mm e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 28%. Ambos os ventr&#237;culos apresentavam hipocinesia difusa e acentuada. As valvas estavam normais e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 32 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f13">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma &#8211; a) corte tipo quatro c&#226;maras: aumento acentuado de &#225;trios; b) corte paraesternal longitudinal: aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de paredes espessadas, cavidade normal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 24 h pelo sistema Holter (19 de abril de 2012) revelou ritmo sinusal de base; frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de 46 bpm e m&#225;xima de 97 bpm; 48 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, polim&#243;rficas e com um par; 137 extrass&#237;stoles atriais; e um epis&#243;dio de taquicardia atrial com tr&#234;s batimentos com frequ&#234;ncia de 98 bpm. N&#227;o foram observados bloqueios atrioventriculares ou intraventriculares de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi transferido do ambulat&#243;rio de marca-passo para o de cardiopatia geral.</p>
      <p>Em uma consulta ambulatorial em 22 de janeiro de 2013, o paciente estava assintom&#225;tico e fazia uso di&#225;rio de enalapril 10 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, furosemida 60 mg e carvedilol 12,5 mg. O exame f&#237;sico estava normal.</p>
      <p>As principais suspeitas diagn&#243;sticas foram de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica ou restritiva.</p>
      <p>Uma ultrassonografia de test&#237;culo (09 de setembro de 2013) foi normal, exceto por forma&#231;&#245;es c&#237;sticas no canal inguinal direito e uma ultrassonografia de abdome (10 de setembro de 2013) revelou ascite volumosa e cistos hep&#225;ticos com septa&#231;&#245;es internas, sem sinais de hipertens&#227;o portal.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s apresentar agravamento da dispneia com desenvolvimento de dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, piora da ascite e do edema de membros inferiores, e parestesias de m&#227;os e p&#233;s, o paciente foi hospitalizado.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (19 de outubro de 2013) o paciente estava orientado e eupneico, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 69 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 80 X 60 mmHg, pulm&#245;es livres, ausculta card&#237;aca com bulhas arr&#237;tmicas e sem sopros, ascite volumosa e membros inferiores com edema e hiperemia.</p>
      <p>Uma radiografia de t&#243;rax (21 de outubro de 2013) revelou cardiomegalia e infiltrado intersticial em campos pulmonares; a proje&#231;&#227;o de perfil revelou aumento acentuado de ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f14">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax (21/outubro/2013) em incid&#234;ncia p&#243;stero-anterior (PA): infiltrado intersticial pulmonar e cardiomegalia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f15">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax (21/outubro/2013) em incid&#234;ncia de perfil: aumento acentuado de ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O ECG revelou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial com bloqueio atrioventricular vari&#225;vel, sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (sinal de Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 61 bpm, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f16">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: Flutter atrial, dist&#250;rbio intraventricular da condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais realizados em 19 de outubro de 2013 mostraram os seguintes resultados: hemoglobina 13,5 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 42%, leuc&#243;citos 7.230/mm&#179; (neutr&#243;filos 66%, eosin&#243;filos 12%, linf&#243;citos 13%, mon&#243;citos 9%), plaquetas 232.000/mm&#179;, ureia 193 mg/dL, creatinina 2,03 m/dL (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 34 mL/min/1,73 m&#178;), s&#243;dio 133 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,9 mEq/L, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) 18,1 mg/L, vitamina B12 360 pg/mL, &#225;cido f&#243;lico 8,35 ng/mL, bilirrubinas totais 0,75 mg/dL, bilirrubina direta 0,37 mg/dL, AST 24 U/L, ALT 16 U/L, gama glutamil transferase (gama GT) 241 U/L, fosfatase alcalina 166 U/L, ferro 71 &#181;g/dL, ferritina 62,9 ng/mL, tempo de protrombina (TP, INR) 0,95, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA, rel) 0,95, exame de urina tipo I (densidade 1,020, pH 5,5, protein&#250;ria 0,25 g/L, c&#233;lulas epiteliais 4.000/mL, leuc&#243;citos 2.000/mL, eritr&#243;citos 3.000/mL, cilindros hialinos 27.250/mL), c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico 1,09 mmol/L, cloreto 89 mEq/L, lactato arterial 15 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica em 21 de outubro de 2013) revelou um di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo de 56 mm, espessura de septo de 18 mm, espessura de parede posterior de 13 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) com 46/40 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 28%, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada em 45 mmHg, disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e moderada de ventr&#237;culo direito e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada.</p>
      <p>Uma ultrassonografia de rins e vias urin&#225;rias (24 de outubro de 2013) mostrou que o rim esquerdo media 9,6 cm e que o direito media 9,0 cm e apresentava cistos corticais simples.</p>
      <p>A eletroforese de prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas foi normal, e n&#227;o foram detectadas prote&#237;nas na eletroforese de urina. Uma dosagem s&#233;rica de beta 2 microglobulina foi de 7 mg/mL (valor limite para idade acima de 60 anos = 2,6 mg/mL).</p>
      <p>Uma biopsia da mucosa jugal (23 de outubro de 2013) revelou deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amiloide em c&#243;rion profundo e no tecido adiposo subjacente.</p>
      <p>Um exame protoparasitol&#243;gico de fezes (25 de outubro de 2013) foi positivo para   <italic>Blastocystis hominis</italic> e <italic>Entamoeba coli</italic>.</p>
      <p>&#192; pun&#231;&#227;o de abdome houve drenagem de 3.500 mL de l&#237;quido amarelo-citrino com celularidade normal.</p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o o paciente recebeu doses di&#225;rias de furosemida 60 mg por via endovenosa, carvedilol 25 mg, hidroclorotiazida 100 mg, hidralazina 75 mg, isossorbida 80 mg, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, enoxaparina 40 mg. Ele recebeu ainda oxacilina 2 g/dia inicialmente por sete dias, e depois vancomicina, meropenem e teicoplanina, e piperacilina e tazobactam.</p>
      <p>Uma nova radiografia de t&#243;rax (08 de novembro de 2013) revelou cardiomegalia e infiltrado intersticial pulmonar sugestivo de congest&#227;o pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f17">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax (08/novembro/2013): infiltrado intersticial pulmonar sugestivo de congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Uma nova pun&#231;&#227;o-drenagem abdominal (11 de novembro de 2013) resultou em aspira&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido sanguinolento e o paciente passou a apresentar hipotens&#227;o arterial, rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia e, em seguida, parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso que foi revertida. Esta foi seguida de taquicardia ventricular, cardiovertida com 200 J.</p>
      <p>Novos exames (11 de novembro de 2013 pela manh&#227;) mostraram os seguintes resultados: hemoglobina 11,9 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 36%, leuc&#243;citos 7.780/mm&#179; (neutr&#243;filos 83%, eosin&#243;filos 2%, linf&#243;citos 9% e mon&#243;citos 6%), plaquetas 188.000/mm&#179;, ureia 301 mg/dL, creatinina 4,14 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 125 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,4 mEq/L, PCR 97,06 mg/L. Uma gasometria venosa mostrou pH 7,33, bicarbonato 19,9 mmol/L e excesso de base (-) 5,4 mmol/L. Exames realizados no decorrer do mesmo dia (11 de novembro de 2013 &#224;s 17h44) mostraram hemoglobina de 6,3 g/dL, s&#243;dio de 123 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio de 5,4 mEq/L, lactato venoso de 93 mg/dL, TP (INR) de 3,2 e TTPA (rel) de 1,98.</p>
      <p>Neste mesmo dia o paciente evoluiu com choque refrat&#225;rio a doses altas de dobutamina (20 &#181;g/kg/min) e noradrenalina (1,2 &#181;g/kg/min), seguido de parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso que recuperou mas foi seguida de uma nova parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso irrevers&#237;vel durante passagem de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (11 de novembro de 2013 &#224;s 18h30).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O paciente JAB, homem de 79 anos de idade, ex-tabagista e ex-etilista, natural de S&#227;o Paulo, vinha em acompanhamento ambulatorial no InCor por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com piora progressiva desde 2012, raz&#227;o pela qual precisou ser internado para tratamento.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica sist&#234;mica e complexa, definida como uma disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que resulta em suprimento sangu&#237;neo inadequado para atende &#224;s necessidades metab&#243;licas tissulares na presen&#231;a de retorno venoso normal, ou que atende a essas necessidades apenas com elevada press&#227;o de enchimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos de preval&#234;ncia estimam que 23 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos no mundo t&#234;m insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e que 2 milh&#245;es de casos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente. De acordo com o DATASUS, o Brasil tem cerca de 2 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 240 mil casos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>As principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a coronariana, doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiomiopatias, endocrinopatias, toxinas e drogas, entre outras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardinais s&#227;o dispneia e fadiga, podendo cursar com intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O paciente neste caso apresentava dispneia progressiva aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, edema de membros inferiores e ascite, o que o caracterizava como classe III de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>(NYHA).</p>
        <p>Analisando os exames complementares, o ecocardiograma evidenciou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda importante com algum grau de assimetria e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. A hipertrofia card&#237;aca est&#225; frequentemente associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial ou cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, mas ambas cursam com voltagem normal ou aumentada no ECG, de modo que os achados de hipertrofia ventricular associados &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de voltagem no ECG na aus&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico s&#227;o exclusivos de cardiopatias infiltrativas, um grupo de afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas dentro das cardiomiopatias restritivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia restritiva pode ocorrer por uma grande variedade de doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. Algumas destas cardiomiopatias s&#227;o raras na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e podem se apresentar inicialmente com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esse tipo de cardiomiopatia se caracteriza pela restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento, com volume diast&#243;lico reduzido em um ou em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal ou pr&#243;xima do normal e espessamento da parede ventricular. Pode ser idiop&#225;tica ou estar associada a outras doen&#231;as, como a amiloidose, doen&#231;a endomioc&#225;rdica com ou sem eosinofilia, sarcoidose, hemocromatose, entre outras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No caso em discuss&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amiloide na bi&#243;psia da mucosa jugal revela o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da beta 2 microglobulina s&#233;rica indica um pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a que se caracteriza pelo dep&#243;sito de prote&#237;na amiloide em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos. Esse dep&#243;sito pode ser respons&#225;vel por modos distintos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com espectro que varia desde a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica sequencial e, por &#250;ltimo, o &#243;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; causada por dep&#243;sito amiloide entre as fibras card&#237;acas e pode ser identificada por um espessamento maior de 12 mm da parede ventricular esquerda na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial com pelo menos uma das caracter&#237;sticas a seguir: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o e complexos de baixa voltagem &#224; eletrocardiografia, cardiomiopatia restritiva, baixo d&#233;bito, comprometimento atrial isolado, como &#233; comum em idosos, ou comprometimento mais difuso afetando os ventr&#237;culos. Nesta &#250;ltima situa&#231;&#227;o, pode causar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com progn&#243;stico reservado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nosso paciente, que n&#227;o era hipertenso, apresentava ao ECG complexos de baixa voltagem mais evidentes no plano frontal, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa &#226;nterosseptal e altera&#231;&#245;es difusas na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Este padr&#227;o pode ser encontrado em algumas doen&#231;as al&#233;m das cardiomiopatias infiltrativas, como o hipotireoidismo descompensado, derrame peric&#225;rdico, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e obesidade. Outros dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, como o padr&#227;o do infarto, podem ser encontrados na presen&#231;a ou mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana obstrutiva pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias na microcircula&#231;&#227;o e nas pequenas art&#233;rias intramioc&#225;rdicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>A amiloidose pode ser classificada em prim&#225;ria, secund&#225;ria e heredit&#225;ria. O AL &#233; o tipo de prote&#237;na amiloide envolvida na forma prim&#225;ria, que pode ser ainda subdividida em idiop&#225;tica (formas localizadas) ou associada ao mieloma m&#250;ltiplo ou outras discrasias plasmocit&#225;rias (formas sist&#234;micas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>O mieloma m&#250;ltiplo &#233; um dist&#250;rbio de c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas de car&#225;ter neopl&#225;sico que acomete indiv&#237;duos com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 70 anos ao diagn&#243;stico. O paciente em discuss&#227;o apresentava algumas caracter&#237;sticas que poderiam sugerir o diagn&#243;stico de mieloma m&#250;ltiplo, como a idade, o sexo masculino, a insufici&#234;ncia renal e a cilindr&#250;ria. Por&#233;m faltavam outros dados cl&#237;nicos importantes como a hipercalcemia, anemia, doen&#231;a &#243;ssea e o encontro da prote&#237;na de Bence-Jones na eletroforese urin&#225;ria (presente em at&#233; 75% dos casos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A forma secund&#225;ria da amiloidose &#233; resultante da deposi&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na AA e surge com frequ&#234;ncia como uma complica&#231;&#227;o de processos infecciosos ou inflamat&#243;rios cr&#244;nicos como artrite reumatoide (a causa mais comum), tuberculose, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal, s&#237;filis, e doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas. Estes dist&#250;rbios cursam com a presen&#231;a de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que estimulam a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de amiloide A s&#233;rico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, a forma heredit&#225;ria da doen&#231;a tem uma transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante e pode envolver v&#225;rios tipos de prote&#237;na amiloide, como por exemplo a AA em alguns grupos de doentes com febre Mediterr&#226;nea familiar e a ATTR (derivada da transtirretina ou pr&#233;-albumina) na polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, devem ser implementadas medidas de controle de sintomas relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, como o controle vol&#234;mico. O uso de diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores deve ser cauteloso, pois o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco destes pacientes depende grandemente das press&#245;es venosas aumentadas. O tratamento espec&#237;fico deve ser direcionado pela etiologia da amiloidose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do paciente em janeiro de 2013, foram utilizados f&#225;rmacos que comprovadamente modificam as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, antagonista da aldosterona) e agentes que aliviam os sintomas (diur&#233;ticos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O paciente fazia uso de enalapril 10 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, furosemida 60 mg e carvedilol 12,5 mg.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 8 meses, devido ao quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e hipotens&#227;o, o paciente retornou ao pronto-socorro e necessitou internamento. O uso da terap&#234;utica cl&#225;ssica para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca frequentemente piora a evolu&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose. Portanto, deve-se suspeitar de amiloidose card&#237;aca quando o quadro cl&#237;nico piora em resposta ao tratamento convencional, em especial no caso de pacientes com mais de 50 anos. A terap&#234;utica &#233; apenas sintom&#225;tica e deve-se evitar digit&#225;licos, betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e antagonistas do canal de c&#225;lcio, pois alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado aumento da sensibilidade a estes f&#225;rmacos que podem induzir hipotens&#227;o e acentuar os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Deste modo, a descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com piora da ascite culminou em duas paracenteses, sendo a &#250;ltima provavelmente acompanhada de acidente de pun&#231;&#227;o devido ao surgimento de l&#237;quido sanguinolento, diminui&#231;&#227;o da hematimetria e choque hipovol&#234;mico associado a choque cardiog&#234;nico, culminando em choque misto refrat&#225;rio e parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso <bold>(Dra. Sumaia Mustafa, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold>.</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <title>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</title>
          <list-item>
            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por cardiomiopatia restritiva (prov&#225;vel amiloidose card&#237;aca associada a mieloma m&#250;ltiplo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Causa do &#243;bito: choque misto (hipovol&#234;mico + cardiog&#234;nico) com parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso <bold>(Dra. Sumaia Mustafa, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada).</bold></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
          <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 680 g e mostrava aumento de volume &#224; custa de moderada dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades e espessamento das paredes das quatro c&#226;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 7</xref>). A consist&#234;ncia do mioc&#225;rdio estava aumentada. O endoc&#225;rdio dos &#225;trios, em particular, mostrava aspecto finamente granuloso e colora&#231;&#227;o castanha-amarelada. As valvas n&#227;o mostravam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas e as coron&#225;rias n&#227;o apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa da luz.</p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte da base do cora&#231;&#227;o exibindo dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial e espessamento das paredes card&#237;acas. Nota-se aspecto granuloso do endoc&#225;rdio atrial direito (&#225;rea demarcada com uma elipse).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou dep&#243;sito extracelular de material amorfo e eosinof&#237;lico promovendo atrofia das c&#233;lulas contr&#225;teis. Esses dep&#243;sitos foram positivos na colora&#231;&#227;o pelo vermelho Congo quando observados sob luz polarizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figuras 8</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">9</xref>). Este mesmo material estava presente no interst&#237;cio da mucosa jugal avaliada por bi&#243;psia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 10</xref>), conforme dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. Dep&#243;sitos foram observados ainda na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia de art&#233;rias musculares de ambos os pulm&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 11</xref>) e art&#233;rias dos hilos renais.</p>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular mostrando cardiomi&#243;citos atr&#243;ficos pela presen&#231;a de material amorfo eosinof&#237;lico depositado no interst&#237;cio. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina. Aumento da objetiva-20X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de tecido mioc&#225;rdico obtida sob luz polarizada. Nota-se material esverdeado correspondendo &#224; positividade da subst&#226;ncia amiloide pela colora&#231;&#227;o do vermelho Congo. Aumento da objetiva-5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bi&#243;psia de mucosa jugal realizada cerca de 1 m&#234;s antes do &#243;bito. Nota-se que o c&#243;rion da mucosa reage positivamente ao vermelho Congo (fotomicrografia obtida sob microscopia convencional). Aumento da objetiva-10X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figura 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de art&#233;ria muscular perif&#233;rica do pulm&#227;o mostrando pontos de positividade para dep&#243;sitos de amiloide na parede (colora&#231;&#227;o pelo vermelho Congo fotografada sob microscopia convencional). Aumento da objetiva-5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0430-50135-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O exame histol&#243;gico da medula &#243;ssea mostrou hipercelularidade moderada para a idade, sem sinais de prolifera&#231;&#227;o monoclonal. Rea&#231;&#245;es de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas <italic>kappa</italic> e   <italic>lambda</italic>foram inconclusivas e a marca&#231;&#227;o para CD138 n&#227;o mostrou prolifera&#231;&#227;o de plasm&#243;citos.</p>
          <p>Foram achados de necr&#243;psia um cisto hep&#225;tico de 4 cm de di&#226;metro no lobo direito, revestido por c&#233;lulas planas sem atipias, al&#233;m de cistos de reten&#231;&#227;o no rim direito. A suprarrenal direita estava aumentada de volume e completamente calcificada (peso 44 g). O exame histol&#243;gico evidenciou apenas calcifica&#231;&#227;o, sendo inconclusivo para a possibilidade de neoplasia pr&#233;via.</p>
          <p>Havia ascite serossanguinolenta volumosa e derrame peric&#225;rdico seroso. N&#227;o encontramos les&#227;o em v&#237;scera ou vaso abdominal decorrente da pun&#231;&#227;o e a quantidade de material hem&#225;tico no l&#237;quido asc&#237;tico era pequena.</p>
          <p>Histologicamente, evidenciaram-se ainda sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em pulm&#245;es e f&#237;gado <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello).</bold></p>
          <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos:</bold> Amiloidose cardiovascular;</p>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva;</p>
          <p>N&#243;dulo calcificado da gl&#226;ndula suprarrenal direita <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello).</bold></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Espectrometria de massa</title>
          <p>A espectrometria de massas possui todos os predicados para viabilizar o diagn&#243;stico inequ&#237;voco da amiloidose, pois apresenta alta sensibilidade e capacidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas por meio de sequenciamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Portanto, foi adotada uma abordagem baseada em prote&#244;mica <italic>shotgun</italic> com o objetivo de identificar o dep&#243;sito amiloide presente na amostra.</p>
          <p>Sec&#231;&#245;es de tecido card&#237;aco com dep&#243;sitos amiloides (confirmados por colora&#231;&#227;o por vermelho Congo) fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina foram dissecadas e as prote&#237;nas foram extra&#237;das com Liquid Tissue&#174; MS Protein Prep Kit (Expression Pathology) segundo protocolo do fabricante. Ap&#243;s digest&#227;o com tripsina, os pept&#237;deos resultantes foram analisados por cromatografia l&#237;quida acoplada a espectrometria de massas de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o utilizando o espectr&#244;metro de massas Q-Exactive (Thermo Fisher Scientific). As aquisi&#231;&#245;es dos dados espectrais foram realizadas utilizando o modo DDA (<italic>data dependent analysis</italic>) com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos 10 &#237;ons mais abundantes para sequenciamento por HCD (<italic>Higher-energy collisional dissociation</italic>). Os dados obtidos foram processados por meio do programa MaxQuant. A an&#225;lise prote&#244;mica foi realizada em triplicata.</p>
          <p>Os dados processados geraram listas de prote&#237;nas que representam o conte&#250;do proteico da amostra. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 25 prote&#237;nas amiloides poss&#237;veis foi pesquisada nestas listas a fim de determinar a identidade do dep&#243;sito. Foram encontrados 15 pept&#237;deos pertencentes &#224; transtirretina, que juntos, cobriram 76,2% da sequ&#234;ncia completa da prote&#237;na.</p>
          <p>Para confirmar o resultado, n&#243;s tamb&#233;m avaliamos a abund&#226;ncia dos diferentes pept&#237;deos presentes na amostra. Dentre os 25 pept&#237;deos mais abundantes, tr&#234;s pertenceram &#224; transtirretina (ALGISPFHEHAEVVFTANDSGPR, TSESGELHGLTTEEEFVEGIYK e GSPAINVAVHVFR). Os demais foram atribu&#237;dos &#224; actina, miosina, desmina e mioglobina, confirmando a identidade da prote&#237;na amiloide. <bold>(Dr. Fabio Mitsuo Lima e Dr. Valdemir Melechco Carvalho- Grupo Fleury)</bold></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Amiloidose cardiovascular por dep&#243;sito de transtirretina. <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello, Dra. Jussara Bianchi Castelli, Dr. Fabio Mitsuo Lima e Dr. Valdemir Melechco Carvalho)</bold></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coment&#225;rios:</title>
          <p>Este caso demonstra a grande import&#226;ncia em casos de amiloidose de investigar a subst&#226;ncia depositada. Amiloidose &#233; o nome gen&#233;rico para descrever um grupo de doen&#231;as caracterizadas por dep&#243;sito extracelular de diferentes subst&#226;ncias em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os. Essas subst&#226;ncias s&#227;o prote&#237;nas de aspecto fibrilar que por altera&#231;&#227;o na conforma&#231;&#227;o espacial se tornam insol&#250;veis. Mais de 20 tipos de prote&#237;nas foram descritos nos dep&#243;sitos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Do ponto de vista anatomopatol&#243;gico, os dep&#243;sitos podem ser caracterizados atrav&#233;s de rea&#231;&#245;es de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, embora com restri&#231;&#245;es como ser&#225; descrito a seguir. O sistema cardiovascular &#233; na maior parte das vezes acometido pelas formas AL (dep&#243;sitos de imunoglobulinas de cadeia leve), senil e familiar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel para o patologista identificar prolifera&#231;&#227;o neopl&#225;sica dos plasm&#243;citos produtores das imunoglobulinas depositadas atrav&#233;s de exame da medula &#243;ssea com marca&#231;&#227;o para tais c&#233;lulas. O patologista pode tamb&#233;m demonstrar nos tecidos atrav&#233;s de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica se a subst&#226;ncia depositada &#233; uma dessas imunoglobulinas. Alguns autores preconizam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psias em outros &#243;rg&#227;os antes da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica para firmar o diagn&#243;stico e estabelecer o tipo de amiloide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. No presente caso, a marca&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica n&#227;o auxiliou no diagn&#243;stico, uma vez que foi inconclusiva quanto ao tipo de prote&#237;na depositada.</p>
          <p>Apesar de existirem na literatura relatos de identifica&#231;&#227;o tecidual de transtirretina por rea&#231;&#245;es de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, isto n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel neste caso. Todavia, a partir da an&#225;lise por espectrometria de massa, verificou-se que a prote&#237;na depositada era a transtirretina, que costuma estar presente nas formas senil e familiar de amiloidose. No caso em discuss&#227;o, a forma familiar &#233; menos prov&#225;vel pelo acometimento exclusivo de cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos. Todavia, apenas a pesquisa gen&#233;tica e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros membros da fam&#237;lia poderiam exclu&#237;-la definitivamente.</p>
          <p>Outro ponto que merece discuss&#227;o neste caso &#233; o relato laboratorial de n&#237;veis elevados de imunoglobulina E. Poder&#237;amos supor que fosse esta a prote&#237;na depositada, por&#233;m os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos realizados como complementa&#231;&#227;o da necr&#243;psia revelaram n&#227;o ser este o caso.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello e Dra. Jussara Bianchi Castelli (Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do InCor HCFMUSP).</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Cardiomiopatia Restritiva; Ascite; Cardiomegalia; Parada Card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
          <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
