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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vmwT85mLnrXmp3Qbzzvkv5j</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300426</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150130</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Patient Management with Metallic Valve Prosthesis during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Dantas Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Flavio Tarasoutchi</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP. Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira Cesar. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail:   <email>tarasout@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F; Writing of the manuscript: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>426</fpage>
      <lpage>429</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Abortion, Spontaneous</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Prosthetic thrombosis is a rare complication, but it has high mortality and morbidity. Young women of childbearing age that have prosthetic heart valves are at increased risk of thrombosis during pregnancy due to changes in coagulation factors. Anticoagulation with adequate control and frequent follow-up if pregnancy occurs must be performed in order to prevent complications related to anticoagulant use. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in most clinical conditions.</p>
      <p>Patients with metallic prosthetic valves have an estimated 5% risk of thrombosis during pregnancy and maternal mortality of 1.5% related to the event. Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists during pregnancy is related to varying degrees of complications at each stage of the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Warfarin sodium crosses the placental barrier and when used in the first trimester of pregnancy is a teratogenic agent, causing 1-3% of malformations characterized by fetal warfarin syndrome and also constitutes a major cause of miscarriage in 10-30% of cases. In the third trimester and at delivery, the use of warfarin is associated with maternal and neonatal bleeding in approximately 5 to 15% of cases, respectively. On the other hand, inadequate anticoagulation, including the suspension of the oral anticoagulants aiming at fetal protection, carries a maternal risk of about 25% of metallic prosthesis thrombosis, particularly in the mitral valve. This fact is also due to the state of maternal hypercoagulability with activation of coagulation factors V, VI, VII, IX, X, platelet activity and fibrinogen synthesis, and decrease in protein S levels.</p>
      <p>The Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC), assessing 212 pregnant women with metal prosthesis, showed that prosthesis thrombosis occurred in 10 (4.7%) patients and maternal hemorrhage in 23.1%, concluding that only 58% of patients with metallic prosthesis had a complication-free pregnancy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>There are controversies about the best anticoagulation regimen during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum of women with metallic valve prosthesis. There are no guidelines about the best single or combined treatment option considering the presumed risk of thrombosis, because there is no evidence regarding maternal effectiveness while taking fetal protection into account. Current recommendations, based on the literature, have been the replacement of warfarin sodium in the first trimester of pregnancy by low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) until the 12<sup>th</sup> week of pregnancy. After this gestational age, warfarin is reintroduced until the 36<sup>th</sup> week of gestation and then replaced again by LMWH 24 hours before delivery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The target INR (International Normalized Ratio) during pregnancy should be 2.5 to 3.5 (mean 3.0) when it is mitral prosthesis, and 2.0 to 3.0 when it is aortic prosthesis, values that give the highest maternal protection rates (5.7% risk of death or thromboembolism) compared with heparine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Published review of pregnant women with prosthetic outcomes showed that warfarin provides better protection than heparin as prophylaxis of thromboembolic events in women with metal prostheses, but with greater risk of embryopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However, a retrospective, observational study with 3 anticoagulation regimens: enoxaparin before 6 weeks of pregnancy, between 6&#8209;12 weeks or oral anticoagulants throughout the pregnancy, showed that with the use of enoxaparin, thromboembolic complications were seen in 14.9% and most of them were related to subtherapeutic doses, verified through the measurement of anti-factor Xa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The anticoagulation regimen at subtherapeutic levels is the main cause of valve thrombosis, being found in up to 93% of cases, regardless of the regimen used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The risk of thrombosis is probably lower if the anticoagulant dose is appropriate and varies according to the type and position of the metal valve, also taking into consideration the patient's risk factors.</p>
      <p>Data from the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, warn about the inefficiency of using subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH) in preventing metal prosthetic valve thrombosis during pregnancy, due to difficulties in attaining effective anticoagulation, its control and patient adherence to the drug. However, in services that choose this alternative, it is recommended that UFH be initiated at high doses (17,500-20,000 IU 2xday/subcutaneously) and controlled by activated partial prothrombin time (aPTT), which should be twice the control value, remembering that response to heparin is modified by the physiological state of maternal hypercoagulability. When the LMWH is selected, the dose should be administered every 12 hours, subcutaneously, based on the control of the anti-factor Xa between 0.8&#8209;1.2 U/ml, which should be determined after 4-6h of use. Factors that should be taken into account in deciding the best anticoagulant therapy include: patient preferences, expertise of the attending physician and availability of medication level monitoring<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anticoagulation in pregnant patient</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medication</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 6-12th week</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMWH 1.0 mg/kg SC 12/12h UFH 17.500 to 20.000 IU SC 2x/day</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-factor Xa: 0.8-1.2 U/mL aPTT 2x higher than control</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12th up to 36th week</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warfarin 5 mg 1x/day orally LMWH 1.0 mg/kg SC 12/12h</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">INR between 2.0 and 3.0 if aortic prosthesis and between 2.5 and 3.5 if mitral valve prosthesis Anti-factor Xa: 0.8-1.2 U/mL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After 36th week up to delivery</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMWH 1.0 mg/kg SC 12/12h UFH 17,500 to 20,000 IU SC 2x/day</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-factor Xa: 0.8-1.2 U/mL aPTT 2x higher than control</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Puerperium</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMWH 1.0 mg/kg SC 12/12h Reach target INR after introduction of warfarin 5 mg 1x/day orally</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-factor Xa: 0.8-1.2 U/mL INR between 2.0 and 3.0 if aortic prosthesis and between 2.5 and 3.5 if mitral valve prosthesis</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>LMWH: Low molecular weight heparin; SC: Subcutaneous; UFH: Unfractionated heparin; IU: International units. INR: International normalized ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The European Society of Cardiology contraindicates the use of ASA in addition to anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic valves, as there is no data in the literature demonstrating its benefit and safety<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. On the other hand, the latest guideline of American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology suggests adding 75-110 mg/day of ASA to the anticoagulation regimen to all patients with metal valves and in patients with biological valves, anticoagulation should be prescribed in the first 3 months and after that maintain ASA at a dose of 75-100 mg/day indefinitely. The addition of aspirin reduces the incidence of embolic phenomena, cardiovascular death and stroke and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology suggests its association in patients with high thromboembolic risk (old prosthesis model in the mitral position, atrial fibrillation, more than one metal prosthesis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The use of new anticoagulants (direct thrombin inhibitors and Factor Xa oral inhibitors) is formally contraindicated in patients with metallic prosthetic valve.</p>
      <p>In the postpartum period, LMWH should be used with Anti&#8209;factor Xa control and subsequent interruption after reaching 3.0 INR with warfarin. During this period, valve thrombosis should be suspected when patients develop progressive dyspnea, pulmonary edema, syncope, symptoms of low cardiac output or hemodynamic instability, after excluding tachyarrhythmias as the cause, especially in patients with inadequate anticoagulation. Additionally, an auscultatory finding that suggests valve thrombosis is the cessation or muffling of the clicking sound when the prosthesis closes. Transesophageal echocardiography seems to be the most sensitive method to confirm the diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The treatment of thrombosis during the puerperal period should be the one proposed for patients with prosthetic valve out of the pregnancy and postpartum period, taking into consideration their clinical condition, thrombus size and location of the affected prosthesis. Surgery is the treatment of choice and should preferably be indicated in patients with NYHA functional class III and IV dyspnea, with no surgical contraindication, left prosthesis thrombosis, thrombus &#8805; 10 mm or thrombus area &gt; 0.8 cm<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The disadvantage of surgery is due to high perioperative mortality (between 5%-18%) closely associated with functional class, which is the main predictor. Patients in functional classes I to III (NYHA) have 4-7% mortality, while those in FC IV have 17.5% and 31.3%. However, compared to thrombolysis, surgery has the highest success rates (81% vs. 70.9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The use of thrombolytic should be considered in: critical patients at high risk of death if submitted to surgery in places where there is no surgical team available or tricuspid or pulmonary valve thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Thrombolysis has a systemic embolization risk of 5-19 %, major bleeding 5-8%, recurrence 15-31% and mortality from 6 to 12.5%. Success rates vary from 64 to 89%, with a high chance of being effective if the thrombus has presumably existed for less than 14 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In case of partial success, or residual thrombus, the patient should be referred to surgery after 24 hours of thrombolytic infusion withdrawal. In this scenario, surgery should be considered an urgency or emergency case, depending on the patient's clinical condition, with high mortality rates. This reinforces the importance of choosing the initial therapy for patients with valve thrombosis, to minimize risks of re-interventions and increase the full resolution rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Patient monitoring with transesophageal echocardiography should be performed during the procedure. The recommended doses of thrombolytic agents are: streptokinase 1,500,000 IU in 60 min without UFH and Alteplase (rtPA) 10mg in bolus + 90 mg in 90 minutes with UFH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Recently, a thrombolytic protocol with low-dose and slow infusion (rtPA 25 mg intravenous infusion in 6 hours, repeating at 24 h and, if necessary, up to 6x reaching the maximum dose of 150 mg, without bolus or use of concomitant heparin) in pregnant women with prosthetic thrombosis, showed effective thrombolysis with no maternal deaths and fetal mortality around 20%, a better result than the commonly used strategies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, the author compares it with old studies, and perhaps this difference could be less with the improvement in surgical techniques. Therefore, we can not infer that thrombolysis is better than the surgical strategy in pregnant women.</p>
      <p>After surgery or thrombolysis, the patients should be anticoagulated. The US Guidelines advises INR: 3-4 for prostheses in the aortic position and INR: 3.5-4.5 with the addition of aspirin in the mitral position. On the other hand, the European guideline recommends anticoagulation according to the prosthesis thrombogenicity and risk factors for thromboembolic events of the patient (mitral or tricuspid valve, previous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, ventricular dysfunction EF &lt; 35%), with INR ranging from: 2.5 - 3.5 for low-risk, INR: 3.0 - 4.0 for high risk regardless of prosthesis position<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering the abovementioned facts, we highlight the importance of warning women of childbearing age that have prosthetic heart valves of the risks during pregnancy, establishing anticoagulation with adequate control and frequent monitoring if pregnancy occurs, preferably at centers of excellence in valvular heart disease, in order to prevent complications related to the use of anticoagulants such as embryopathies, miscarriage, bleeding and prosthesis thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. The treatment should be individualized depending on the patient's clinical condition, according to the our algorithm proposed by our team (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algorithm proposed for the treatment of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnant and postpartum women. FC: Functional class the New York Heart Association (NYHA)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0426-50130-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <fpage>122</fpage>
          <lpage>127</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Avila WS, Grinberg M. [Anticoagulation, pregnancy and cardiopathy. A triad, three dominions and five moments]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(1):44-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anticoagulation.pregnancy and cardiopathy. A triad, three dominions and five momentsArq Bras</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo do Paciente com Pr&#243;tese Valvar Met&#225;lica no Per&#237;odo Grav&#237;dico-Puerperal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Dantas Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Flavio Tarasoutchi</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira Cesar. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tarasout@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Seabra Garcez JDS, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Pomerantzeff PM, Avila WS, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aborto Espont&#226;neo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A trombose de pr&#243;tese &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o incomum, por&#233;m com grande mortalidade e morbidade. Mulheres jovens em idade f&#233;rtil que possuem pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica apresentam maior risco de trombose durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o devido a altera&#231;&#245;es nos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com controle adequado e o acompanhamento frequente, se a gesta&#231;&#227;o ocorrer, devem ser realizados para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao uso de anticoagulantes. A cirurgia permanece como tratamento de escolha para a trombose de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica na maioria das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>Pacientes portadoras de pr&#243;tese valvar met&#225;lica apresentam um risco estimado de 5% de trombose valvar durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e de mortalidade de materna de 1,5% relacionada ao evento. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com antagonistas da vitamina K durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada a graus vari&#225;veis de complica&#231;&#245;es a cada fase do ciclo grav&#237;dico&#8209;puerperal. A varfarina s&#243;dica atravessa a barreira placent&#225;ria e, quando usada no primeiro trimestre, &#233; teratog&#234;nica, acarretando 1 a 3% de malforma&#231;&#245;es caracterizadas pela s&#237;ndrome varfar&#237;nica-fetal, e tamb&#233;m &#233; a grande causa de abortamento espont&#226;neo em 10 a 30% dos casos. No terceiro trimestre e parto, o uso da varfarina est&#225; associado &#224; hemorragia materna e neonatal em cerca de 5 e 15% dos casos, respectivamente. Em contrapartida, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada, incluindo a suspens&#227;o do anticoagulante oral, com intuito de prote&#231;&#227;o do feto, apresenta um risco materno de cerca de 25% de trombose de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica, sendo particularmente maior na posi&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral. Este fato deve-se tamb&#233;m ao estado de hipercoagulabilidade materna com a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o V, VI, VII, IX, X, da atividade plaquet&#225;ria e da s&#237;ntese do fibrinog&#234;nio, e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na S. O <italic>Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease</italic> (ROPAC) no estudo de 212 gestantes portadoras de pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas mostrou que a trombose da pr&#243;teses ocorreu em 4,7% dos pacientes e hemorragia materna em 23,1%, concluindo que somente 58% das pacientes com pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas tiveram a gravidez livres de complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>H&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre o melhor esquema de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o durante a gravidez, parto e puerp&#233;rio de mulheres portadoras de pr&#243;tese valvar met&#225;lica. N&#227;o existem diretrizes no intuito da melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica isolada ou combinada face os riscos presumidos de trombose, porque n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia materna ao lado da prote&#231;&#227;o fetal. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual, apoiada na literatura, tem sido para a substitui&#231;&#227;o da varfarina s&#243;dica no primeiro trimestre da gravidez pela Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular (HBPM) at&#233; a 12&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s essa idade gestacional, reintroduzimos a varfarina at&#233; 36&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o e, posteriormente, esta &#233; novamente substitu&#237;da pela HBPM 24 horas antes do parto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O alvo da rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI) durante o per&#237;odo gestacional deve ser de 2,5 a 3,5 (m&#233;dia 3,0), quando pr&#243;tese mitral, e de 2,0 a 3,0, quando a&#243;rtica, valores que conferem as maiores taxas de prote&#231;&#227;o materna (5,7% de risco de morte ou tromboembolismo) comparada com a heparina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Revis&#227;o publicada sobre desfechos de gestantes com pr&#243;tese demonstrou que a varfarina confere prote&#231;&#227;o superior do que a heparina como profilaxia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em mulheres com pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas, mas com maior risco de embriopatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No entanto, estudo retrospectivo observacional com tr&#234;s regimes de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (enoxaparina antes de 6 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, entre 6 e 12 semanas ou anticoagulante oral durante toda gesta&#231;&#227;o) observou que, com uso de enoxaparina, as complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas foram vistas em 14,9% dos casos, nos quais a maioria estava relacionada com doses subterap&#234;uticas verificadas por meio da dosagem do fator Anti-Xa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;veis subterap&#234;uticos &#233; a principal causa de trombose de valva, sendo encontrado em at&#233; 93%, independente do regime usado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O risco de trombose &#233; provavelmente menor se a dose do anticoagulante for adequada e dependente ainda do tipo e posi&#231;&#227;o da valva met&#225;lica, levando tamb&#233;m em considera&#231;&#227;o os fatores de risco da paciente.</p>
        <p>Os dados da literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> alertam para inefic&#225;cia do uso da Heparina N&#227;o Fracionada (HNF) subcut&#226;nea na preven&#231;&#227;o de trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar met&#225;lica durante a gravidez, devido &#224;s dificuldades de obten&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o eficaz, do seu controle e da ader&#234;ncia da paciente ao medicamento. Por&#233;m, em servi&#231;os que optam por essa alternativa, recomenda-se que a HNF seja iniciada em altas doses (17.500 a 20.000 UI 2xd subcut&#226;nea) e controlada pelo Tempo de Protrombina parcial Ativada (TTPa), que deve ser duas vezes acima do valor controle, lembrando&#8209;se de que a resposta &#224; heparina &#233; modificada pelo estado fisiol&#243;gico de hipercoagulabilidade materno. Quando selecionada a HBPM, sua dose deve ser administrada a cada 12 horas, subcut&#226;nea, apoiada no controle do fator Anti-XA entre 0,8 e 1,2 U/mL, que deve ser determinado ap&#243;s 4 a 6 horas da aplica&#231;&#227;o. Fatores que devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na decis&#227;o do melhor tratamento anticoagulante incluem prefer&#234;ncias do paciente,   <italic>expertise</italic> do m&#233;dico assistente e disponibilidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis das medica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na paciente gestante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Semanas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medicamento</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controle</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At&#233; 6&#170;-12&#170;</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HBPM 1,0 mg/kg SC a cada 12 horas HNF 17.500 a 20.000 UI SC 2 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-Xa: 0,8-1,2 U/mL TTPa 2 vezes acima do controle</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12&#170;-36&#170;</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Varfarina 5 mg VO uma vez ao dia HBPM 1,0 mg/kg SC a cada 12 horas</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNI entre 2,0 e 3,0, se pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, e entre 2,5 e 3,5, se pr&#243;tese mitral Anti-Xa: 0,8-1,2 U/mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ap&#243;s 36&#170; at&#233; o parto</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HBPM 1,0 mg/kg SC a cada 12 horas HNF 17.500 a 20.000 UI SC 2 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-Xa: 0,8-1,2 U/mL TTPa duas vezes acima do controle</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Puerp&#233;rio</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HBPM 1,0 mg/kg SC a cada 12 horas Alcan&#231;ar RNI alvo ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de varfarina 5 mg VO 1 vez ao dia</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-Xa: 0,8-1,2 U/mL RNI entre 2,0 e 3,0 se pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica e entre 2,5 e 3,5 se pr&#243;tese mitral</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>HBPM: Heparina de baixo peso molecular; SC: Subcut&#226;neo; HNF: Heparina n&#227;o fracionada; UI: Unidades; TTPa: Tempo de protrombina parcial ativada; VO: Via oral; RNI: Rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> contraindica o uso de &#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) em adi&#231;&#227;o a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com valvas prot&#233;ticas, por n&#227;o haver dados na literatura que comprovem seu beneficio e seguran&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Por outro lado, a American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology, em sua &#250;ltima diretriz, sugere adicionar o AAS 75 a 110 mg/dia ao regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes com valvas met&#225;licas e nos pacientes com valvas biol&#243;gicas anticoagular nos primeiros 3 meses e, ap&#243;s, manter o AAS na dose de 75 a 100 mg/dia por tempo indeterminado. A adi&#231;&#227;o de aspirina diminui a incid&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos, morte cardiovascular e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, e a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sugere sua associa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes de alto risco tromboemb&#243;lico (pr&#243;tese de modelo antigo em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, mais de uma pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica etc.)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso dos novos anticoagulantes (inibidores diretos da trombina e inibidores orais do Fator Xa) &#233; formalmente contraindicado em pacientes com pr&#243;tese valvar met&#225;lica.</p>
        <p>No puerp&#233;rio, deve-se usar HBPM com controle do fator Anti-Xa e posterior suspens&#227;o ap&#243;s atingir RNI 3,0 com varfarina. Durante esse per&#237;odo, a trombose de valva deve ser suspeitada quando a paciente desenvolver dispneia progressiva, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, s&#237;ncope, sintomas de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, excluindo as taquiarritmias como causa, especialmente em pacientes com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada. Al&#233;m disso, um achado auscultat&#243;rio que sugere a trombose valvar &#233; o desaparecimento ou abafamento do clique de fechamento da pr&#243;tese. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico parece ser o m&#233;todo mais sens&#237;vel para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tratamento da trombose durante o per&#237;odo puerperal deve ser o mesmo proposto para os pacientes portadores de valva prot&#233;tica fora do per&#237;odo grav&#237;dico-puerperal, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o sua condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o tamanho do trombo e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese afetada. A cirurgia imp&#245;e-se como o tratamento de escolha e deve ser indicada preferencialmente em pacientes com dispneia classe funcional III e IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, trombose de pr&#243;teses &#224; esquerda, trombo &#8805; 10 mm ou &#225;rea do trombo &gt; 0,8 cm<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A desvantagem da cirurgia deve-se a alta mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria (entre 5 a 18%) estreitamente associada &#224; classe funcional, sendo este o principal preditor. Os pacientes em classes funcional de I a III (NYHA) apresentam 4 a 7% de mortalidade, enquanto que, em classe funcional IV, apresentam 17,5 a 31,3%. Por&#233;m, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; tromb&#243;lise, a cirurgia apresenta as maiores taxas de sucesso (81% vs. 70,9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso de trombol&#237;tico pode ser considerado em pacientes cr&#237;ticos que apresentem grande risco de morte se submetidos &#224; cirurgia, em locais onde n&#227;o h&#225; equipe cir&#250;rgica dispon&#237;vel, ou trombose das valvas tric&#250;spide ou pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A tromb&#243;lise apresenta risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de 5 a 19%, sangramentos maiores de 5 a 8%, recorr&#234;ncia de 15 a 31% e mortalidade de 6 a 12,5%. Taxas de sucesso variam entre 64 a 89%, com alta chance de ser eficaz se o trombo tiver presumidamente menos de 14 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Nos casos de sucesso parcial, ou seja, trombo residual, o paciente deve ser encaminhado &#224; cirurgia ap&#243;s 24 horas da descontinua&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a cirurgia deve ser considerada de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia, dependendo da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, com altas taxas de mortalidade. Isso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da escolha da terapia inicial para os pacientes com trombose de valva, para minimizar riscos de reinterven&#231;&#245;es e aumentar taxa de resolu&#231;&#227;o completa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico deve ser realizada durante o procedimento. As doses recomendadas de trombol&#237;ticos s&#227;o: estreptoquinase 1.500.000 UI em 60 minutos sem HNF e alteplase (rT-PA) 10 mg em b&#243;lus + 90 mg em 90 minutos com HNF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Recentemente, protocolo com trombol&#237;tico em baixa dose e infus&#227;o lenta (rT-PA 25 mg infus&#227;o endovenosa em 6 horas, repetindo em 24 horas e, se necess&#225;rio, at&#233; seis vezes, atingindo dose m&#225;xima de 150 mg, sem b&#243;lus ou uso de heparina concomitante) em gestantes com trombose de pr&#243;tese apresentou tromb&#243;lise eficaz, sem mortes maternas e mortalidade fetal em torno de 20%, resultado melhor do que as estrat&#233;gias habitualmente usadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. No entanto, o autor compara com trabalhos antigos e, talvez, com o aprimoramento das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, essa diferen&#231;a seja menor. Portanto, n&#227;o podemos inferir que a tromb&#243;lise seja melhor que a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica nas gr&#225;vidas.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s cirurgia ou tromb&#243;lise, as pacientes devem ser anticoaguladas. A diretriz americana orienta RNI 3-4 para pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e RNI 3,5-4,5 com adi&#231;&#227;o de AAS em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral. J&#225; a diretriz europeia norteia a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a trombogenicidade da pr&#243;tese e dos fatores de risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos do paciente (troca de valva mitral ou tric&#250;spide, tromboembolismo pr&#233;vio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, estenose mitral, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular FE &lt; 35%), variando de RNI 2,5 a 3,5 para baixo risco, RNI 3,0 a 4,0 para alto risco, independente da posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, verifica-se a import&#226;ncia de alertar as mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil e que possuem pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica quanto aos riscos durante o per&#237;odo gestacional, orientando anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com controle adequado e acompanhamento frequente se a gesta&#231;&#227;o ocorrer, preferencialmente em centros de excel&#234;ncia em valvopatias, para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao uso de anticoagulantes, tais como embriopatias, aborto, sangramentos e trombose de pr&#243;tese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. O tratamento deve ser individualizado, dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da paciente, conforme algoritmo proposto por nossa equipe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo proposto para tratamento da trombose de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica na gestante e pu&#233;rpera. CF: Classe Funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0426-50130-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
