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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V8zPRPZcbd6BbBwV3fqr6hH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300418</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050121</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150121</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Systematic Review on Sleep Duration and Dyslipidemia in Adolescents: Understanding Inconsistencies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barufaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Augusta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bloch</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Vergetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szklo</surname>
            <given-names>Moyses</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Hor&#225;cio Macedo, S/N &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code 21941- 598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>gabrinut@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abreu GA, Barufaldi LA, Bloch KV, Szklo M; Acquisition of data: Abreu GA, Barufaldi LA; Writing of the manuscript: Abreu GA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>418</fpage>
      <lpage>425</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)</funding-source>
          <award-id>E26/100.332/2013</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>KVB</funding-source>
          <award-id>303594/2009-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>MS</funding-source>
          <award-id>302877/2009-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although many questions about the role of sleep remain unanswered, it is known that sleep is not only a physiological function, but also performs an important role in promoting growth, maturation and general health of children and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, contributing significantly to cognitive, emotional functions and school performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Currently, there is a tendency for the young population to have irregular sleeping hours, with differences in bed and wake-up times between weekdays and weekends, especially as they get older<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>There is a growing interest about the impact of sleep and its disorders on regulation of inflammatory processes and morbidities, particularly in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In children and adolescents, cross-sectional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and prospective<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> studies have shown an association between overweight or obesity and few hours of sleep. In adults, there is evidence supporting this association, as well as correlations with insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Few hours of sleep can also play a role in the etiology of a key risk factor to CVD, dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Physiologically, sleep reduction is associated with hormonal alterations that may promote the development of an atherogenic lipid profile, including increase of cortisol and ghrelin and reduction of leptin levels, in addition to sympathovagal responses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In order to obtain more information about the association between lipid metabolism alterations and sleep duration specifically in adolescents, we have performed a systematic review of the literature.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This systematic review was based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta&#8209;analyses (PRISMA) statement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The search was performed in the electronic databases Medline via Pubmed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Lilacs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, Web of Science<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, Scopus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and Adolec<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Selection of the descriptors used in the review process was made through MeSH (Pubmed&#8217;s Medical Subject Headings). The search was performed in English, using three concept blocks: the first with terms related to sleep (<italic>sleep</italic>); the second with terms related to adolescence (<italic>adoles</italic>*, <italic>teen</italic>*,   <italic>student</italic>*, <italic>youth</italic>, <italic>young</italic>); and the third with terms related to lipids (<italic>lipid</italic>*, <italic>lipemia*, cholesterol</italic>, HDL, LDL, <italic>triglyceride*, lipoprotein*, hypercholesterolemia*, hypercholesteremia*, dyslipidemia*, dyslipoproteinemia*, hyperlipidemia*, hyperlipemia*, &#8220;high density lipoprotein cholesterol&#8221;, &#8220;low density lipoprotein cholesterol</italic>&#8221;). The Boolean operator &#8220;OR&#8221; was used for the combination of the descriptors within each block and the Boolean operator &#8220;AND&#8221; was used to combine the blocks amongst themselves. The truncation of terms was applied when necessary. No search limits were used for date, language, study design or sample size. The search was carried out in August 2014, contemplating articles published up to that date. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the search strategy used in each database.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Search strategy used for each database</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pubmed</td>
              <td>(sleep*[Title/Abstract] AND (adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young[Title/Abstract]) AND (lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"[Title/Abstract]))</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lilacs</td>
              <td>sleep$ and (adoles$ OR teen$ OR student$ OR youth OR young) and (lipid$ OR lipemia$ OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride$ OR lipoprotein$ OR hypercholesterolemia$ OR hypercholesteremia$ OR dyslipidemia$ OR dyslipoproteinemia$ OR hyperlipidemia$ OR hyperlipemia$ OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol")</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adolec</td>
              <td>sleep$ [Words] and adoles$ OR teen$ OR student$ OR youth OR young [Words] and lipid$ OR lipemia$ OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride$ OR lipoprotein$ OR hypercholesterolemia$ OR hypercholesteremia$ OR dyslipidemia$ OR dyslipoproteinemia$ OR hyperlipidemia$ OR hyperlipemia$ OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol" [Words]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Web of Science</td>
              <td>(Topic(sleep*) AND Topic(adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young) AND Topic(lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR hdl OR ldl OR vldl OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"))</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Scopus</td>
              <td>(TITLE-ABS-KEY(sleep*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"))</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Criteria for article inclusion in the systematic review were as follows: (a) studies on adolescents older than 10 years old; (b) studies that evaluated the association between sleep duration in hours and any lipid marker; (c) original research article. Articles evaluating any kind of sleep-related disorder, review studies, and experimental studies with animals were excluded. It was decided not to include theses, dissertations, and monographs. We reviewed the bibliographic references of reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that were found in the databases.</p>
      <p>The articles were selected by two epidemiologists (GAA and LAB), initially based on title reading and then on abstract reading. Of the selected abstracts, the full articles were reviewed. In case of disagreement between the two reviewers with regard to the inclusion criteria, the title, and the abstract or the full article was maintained to be further evaluated. In case of disagreement with regard to the inclusion criteria, a third person was consulted.</p>
      <p>Data from included articles were extracted independently, in duplicate (GAA and LAB), using a standard form. After extraction, data were compared and discussed. We extracted information about authorship, publication date, study place, population study, type of study, methods of sleep duration measurement and lipid profile assessment, sleep duration in hours, lipid markers, measure of association used to evaluate the correlation between hours of sleep and lipid profile, and variables used for adjustment of regression models.</p>
      <p>We used an adaptation of the Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) Quality Assessment Scale for Case-Control and Cohort Studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, from the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, to assess the quality of the longitudinal study included in this review. We also used the same scale adapted by Flynn et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies.</p>
      <p>Due to the great amount of methodological heterogeneity observed between the assessed studies, a narrative approach to synthesize the results of studies included in the present systematic review was considered a better strategy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The flowchart showing the selection process is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. By the end of the evaluation process, of the 859 articles chosen after the removal of duplicates, 25 were submitted to full evaluation. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria at the end of the process.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flowchart of article selection.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0418-50121-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the relevant characteristics of the selected studies. Of the seven studies included, only one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> is longitudinal. The other six studies are cross-sectional. Five of the 7 studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> included students. Sample sizes varied considerably, from 699 in the study by Rey-L&#243;pez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> to 14,267 adolescents in the study by Gangwisch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main characteristics of the selected studies</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Reference/ Country</th>
              <th align="center">Study design/ Collection date</th>
              <th align="center">Study population</th>
              <th align="center">Age</th>
              <th align="center">Method for obtaining hours of sleep</th>
              <th align="center">Exposure classification (hours of sleep)</th>
              <th align="center">Method for lipid profile evaluation</th>
              <th align="center">Outcome (alterations of lipids)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Gangwisch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010/ United States</td>
              <td align="center">Longitudinal</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">Students, with national representativeness n = 14,257</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">11-21 years boys &#8773; 15.8 years old</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Continuous</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire/ "Has any doctor ever (<italic>between the 1st and the 3rd wave</italic>) said you have high cholesterol?"</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">Dichotomous variable</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Wave I: 1994-95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Wave II: 1996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Wave III 2001-02</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">48.7% male</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">girls &#8773; 15.9 years old</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Yes/No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="5" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011/ Hong Kong</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cross-sectional/ February 2007 -April 2008</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Students<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> n = 1,274</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">12-20 years old<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">Questionnaire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt;6.5h: 20%</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Blood collection (TC, TG, HDL, LDL cholesterol)</td>
              <td align="center">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TC &#8805; 5.2 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LDL &#8805; 2.6 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Actigraphy in sub-sample (n = 138)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5-8h: 40%</td>
              <td align="center">HDL &lt;1.0 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&gt;8h: 20%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Comparison of extreme quintiles</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">TG &#8805; 1.7 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Narang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012/ Canada</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cross-sectional/ 2009-2010</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Student n = 3,372 48.9% male</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14.6 years old<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">Continuous</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Capillary blood collection without fasting (TC and HDL cholesterol)</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Borderline: 4.4-5.1 mmol/L:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">High: &#8805; 5.2 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartiles</td>
              <td align="center">Non-HDL-cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#167;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Borderline: &gt; 3.10 to 3.75 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High: &gt; 3.75 mmol/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Azadbakht et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013/ Iran</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cross-sectional Data from CASPIAN III<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">//</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Students n = 5,528</td>
              <td align="center">&#8773; 14.69 (2.45) years old boys</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 5h</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Blood collection (TC, TG and LDL)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Abnormal serum lipids were defined as TC, LDL-C and or TG higher than the level corresponding to the age and gender-specific 95th percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14.7 (2.38) years old girls</td>
              <td align="center">5 to 8h</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&gt; 8h</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Berentzen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014/ Netherlands</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cross-sectional</td>
              <td align="center">General population n = 1,481</td>
              <td align="center">Mean age at completion of the questionnaire 11.4 (&#177; 0.3) years</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire</td>
              <td align="center">7.5-9.5 h</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Blood collection (TC and HDL cholesterol)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Continuous variable (mM)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">49% male</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mean age at the moment of medical examination 12.7 (&#177; 0.4) years</td>
              <td align="center">10-10.5 h (ref. cat.)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">11-12.5 h</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Rey-Lopez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014/ Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cross-sectional/ 2006-2007</td>
              <td align="center">Students n = 699</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14.8 years old</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Questionnaire</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Continuous variable</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Blood collection (TG, TC and HDL cholesterol)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Continuous variable (mg/dL)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">52% male</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="left">Lee et al, 2014/ Republic of Korea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Cross-sectional/ 2007-2008</td>
              <td align="center">General population n = 1,187</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#8773; 15 years old</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Questionnaire</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 5h</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Blood collection (TG and HDL cholesterol)</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Continuous variable (mg/dL)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">53% male</td>
              <td align="center">6-7h</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">8-9h (ref. cat.)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 10h</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; BMI: Body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>number of adolescents evaluated; total number of individuals evaluated in the study is 2,053, including children and adolescents;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>does not provide average age data or distribution by gender only for the adolescents&#8217; group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>does not provide age group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>non-HDL cholesterol corresponds to total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>CASPIAN III &#8211; Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All studies used questionnaires to obtain hours of sleep. The variable &#8220;sleep duration&#8221; was used as continuous in three studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>; whereas the other studies used different categories to classify sleep duration.</p>
      <p>To obtain the lipid profiles, five studies collected venous blood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, one collected capillary blood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, and another used self-reported information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Five studies measured total cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and HDL-cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, four measured triglycerides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, and two evaluated LDL-cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Almost all studies controlled for gender<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>; waist perimeter was adjusted for in two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, physical activity in four<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, Tanner stage in two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, maternal level of education in two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, socioeconomic status in two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, body mass index (BMI) in one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, and caloric intake in one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>The methodological quality assessment of the seven included studies is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. Only two cross-sectional studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> obtained four points out of six in the bias risk evaluation. The longitudinal study showed a moderate risk of bias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evaluation of the risk of bias of the studies included</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Study</th>
              <th align="center">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011/ Hong Kong</th>
              <th align="center">Narang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012/ Canada</th>
              <th align="center">Azadbakht et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013/ Iran</th>
              <th align="center">Berentzen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014/ Netherlands</th>
              <th align="center">Rey-L&#243;pez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014/ Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain</th>
              <th align="center">Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, 2014/ Republic of Korea</th>
              <th align="center">Gangwisch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010/ United States</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sample representativeness</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Definition of presenting condition</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Evaluation of exposure</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Evaluation of outcome</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonresponse rate</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Representativeness of the exposed cohort</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Comparability of cohorts</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Assessment of outcome</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequacy of follow up of cohorts</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">4/6</td>
              <td align="center">2/6</td>
              <td align="center">4/6</td>
              <td align="center">3/6</td>
              <td align="center">3/6</td>
              <td align="center">3/6</td>
              <td align="center">4/9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>Cross-sectional studies (maximum 6 points) Sample representativeness: yes (1); no (0); not informed (0) Definition of presenting condition: classification based on two or more lipid markers (1); on only one lipid marker (0) Evaluation of Exposure (hours of sleep): combination of questionnaire with another evaluation method (1); only questionnaire (0) Evaluation of Outcome (lipid profile): venous blood (2); capillary blood (1); self-referred (0) Nonresponse rate: non-respondents described (1); non-described (0)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <p>Cohort studies (maximum 9 points) Evaluation of Exposure (hours of sleep): combination of questionnaire with another evaluation method (1); only questionnaire (0) Evaluation of Outcome (lipid profile): venous blood (2); capillary blood (1); self-reported (0) Representativeness of the exposed cohort (representative of the average): adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0) Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study: adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0) Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis: adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0) Assessment of outcome (independent blind assessment or record linkage): adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0) Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur: adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0) Adequacy of follow up of cohorts (complete follow up or subject slost to follow up unlikely to introduce bias): adequately addressed (1); not adequately addressed &#8260; not reported (0)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows the main results of the associations found and the control variables each study used. Considering the seven studies included, only in three an association was found between hours of sleep and lipid profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Two studies found that shorter sleep duration was associated with a worse lipid profile (total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, and the results of the third one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> showed that long sleep duration was associated with high triglyceride levels. The other four studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> did not find any association.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main results of the studies included in the review</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Male</th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Female</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Control variables investigated</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="left">Gangwisch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">OR (CI 95%)</td>
              <td align="center">OR (CI 95%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">OR (CI 95%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">Age/ gender/ race/ ethnic group/ alcohol/ smoke/ physical activity/ inactivity/ stress/ body weight</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Each hour: 0.91</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">Each hour: 0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">Each hour: 0.87 (0.79-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.79-1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(0.75-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>= -0.160</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">Age/ sex/ BMI/ waist perimeter/ Tanner stages (2-3 and 4-5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">(p-value = 0.023)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="left">Azadbakht et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">OR (CI 95%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">OR (CI 95%)</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">Age/ socioeconomic status/ parents' level of education/ family history of chronic disease/ sedentary lifestyle/ BMI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&lt;5h = 1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 4.00 (0.54&#8211;29.94)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">5&#8211;8h = 1.07 (0.31&#8211;3.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 5.63 (0.76&#8211;41.56)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&gt;8h = 1.14 (0.33&#8211;3.85)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="6" align="left">Berentzen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="6" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; (CI 95%)</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; (CI 95%)</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">Age at completion of the questionnaire/ age at medical examination/ height/ maternal level of education/ puberty and screen time</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = -0.15</td>
              <td align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = -0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(-0.35; 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">(-0.22; 0.21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h =1</td>
              <td align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h = 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> 11&#8211;12.5 h = -0.06</td>
              <td align="center">11&#8211;12.5 h = -0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(-0.17; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">(-0.16; 0.05)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>LDL cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
              <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> = -0.122</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(p-value = 0.042)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="left">Azadbakht et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&lt; 5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&lt; 5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">5&#8211;8 h = 1.04 (0.30-3.61)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">5&#8211;8 h = 1.36 (0.26&#8211;5.05)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&gt;8 h = 0.97 (0.28&#8211;3.30)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&gt;8 h = 0.76 (0.20&#8211;2.89)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>HDL cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 201</td>
              <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> = -0.056</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(p-value = 0.061)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="6" align="left">Berentzen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; (95% CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#946;(95% CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = 0.03</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = 0.07</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(-0.07; 0.12) 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">(-0.03; 0.17)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11&#8211;12.5 h = 0.02</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">11&#8211;12.5 h = &lt;0.01</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(-0.04; 0.07)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">(-0.05; 0.05)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="left">Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 5 h = 0.79 (0.40 - 1.53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">6-7 h = 0.86 (0.50 - 1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">8-9 h = 1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 10 h = 1.03 (0.44 - 2.40)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>TG</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
              <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> = 0.060</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">(p = 0.115)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="left">Azadbakht et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&lt; 5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&lt; 5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">5&#8211;8 h = 1.09 (0.41&#8211;2.92)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">5&#8211;8 h = 0.53 (0.22&#8211;1.30)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&gt; 8 h = 1.16 (0.44&#8211;3.09)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&gt; 8 h = 0.53 (0.22&#8211;1.30)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="5" align="left">Rey-L&#243;pez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#946; (95%CI)</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">Age/ gender/ socioeconomic status/ physical activity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">School days: 0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">(-2.57; 3.09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">Weekends: 0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">(-1.50; 2.88)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="5" align="left">Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">Age/ gender/ household income/ caloric intake/ physical activity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#8804; 5 h= 1.05 (0.55 - 2.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">6-7 h= 1.20 (0.79 - 1.83)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">8-9 h= 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#8805; 10 h = 2.17 (1.14 - 4.13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Non-HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="7" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="5" align="left">Narang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">OR (95%CI)</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">Waist perimeter/nutrition/physical activity/sex/ family history of premature cardiovascular disease in first degree relatives/sleep disturbance score</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">Each hour</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1.03 (0.93-1.13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center"> First quartile (reference) x last quartile</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.92 (0.70-1.22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>TC/HDL-c</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="left">Rey-L&#243;pez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; (95%CI)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">School days: -0.001 (-0.05; 0.05)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Weekends: 0.009 (-0.03; 0.05)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="left">Berentzen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2014</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">&#946;(95% CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#946;(95% CI)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = -0.22 (-0.51; 0.08)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">7.5&#8211;9.5 h = -0.18 (-0.44; 0.08)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10&#8211;10.5 h = 1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11&#8211;12.5 h = -0.14 (-0.31; 0.02)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">11&#8211;12.5 h = -0.04 (-0.17; 0.09)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <p>OR: OPdds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: Gigh-density lipoprotein; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; BMI: Body mass index; PR: Prevalence ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>&#946; regression coefficient of the multiple regression model to compare groups with the largest and smallest (reference) quintile of the lipid variables in relation to hours of sleep (group with 20% of individual with 20% of individual with longer sleep duration.);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>non-HDL cholesterol corresponds to total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In four studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> the odds ratio was reported, whereas the other studies reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> &#946; coefficients from regression analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present systematic review showed lack of consistent evidence regarding the association between sleep duration and lipid profile in adolescents. Few studies were found and some had methodological limitations. There was great heterogeneity regarding the classification and type of analysis of sleep duration and lipid metabolism markers, which probably contributed to the inconsistency of the observed results.</p>
      <p>Concerning heterogeneity between studies, this systematic review included studies that evaluated the outcome using different methods (self-reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, capillary blood sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, venous blood sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>) or with different interval duration between the measure of exposition and the outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>Gangwisch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> did not exclude adolescents with dyslipidemia at baseline, thus, the incidence of dyslipidemia in adolescents could not be ascertained. Moreover, as the outcome established was self-reported, and the diagnosis of dyslipidemia depends on access to medical care, a bias may have occurred if adolescents from different socioeconomic status have different sleep habits.</p>
      <p>All studies included in this systematic review obtained information about sleep duration based on questionnaires, a method frequently used in sleep research because of its easy application and low cost. However, the validity of the information obtained through questionnaires is of concern, particularly when the tools have not been submitted to a validation process. Adolescents may report only socially desirable sleeping and waking up hours<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Although all studies used questionnaires, sleep duration evaluation was also heterogeneous: one study asked the parents about the adolescent&#180;s sleep duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, one used pre-defined categories of bedtime and waking-up time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, while the others asked about sleep duration in an open question<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>Actigraphy &#8211; based on monitoring of activities &#8211; has been established as a valid and reliable method to evaluate sleep-wake patterns in children, adolescents and adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Objective methods for hours of sleep quantification in a population-based study are difficult to use, particularly in studies with relatively large samples. Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> used actigraphy in only about 7% of their study sample (138 out of 2,053) and demonstrated a reasonable agreement between actigraphy and adolescents&#8217; self-reports (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.72, CI 95%: 0.61-0.80).</p>
      <p>In the studies included in this review, duration of sleep was measured in two different ways, as a continuous<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> or categorical variable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The lack of consensus about the best cut-off point to define short sleep duration makes it difficult to compare different studies, which would become easier if sleep duration were used as a continuous variable.</p>
      <p>The present systematic review included a longitudinal study with important limitations and the cross-sectional studies showed associations in different directions. It was not possible to evaluate publication bias, due to the small number of studies identified. In summary, it is still uncertain whether there is an association between hours of sleep and lipid profile in adolescents. Heterogeneity regarding the way sleep hours were classified and analyzed, as well as the use of different lipids analytes may have contributed for the inconsistency of findings. More studies should be conducted on this issue to clarify the nature of this association and the involved biological mechanisms. These future studies must be longitudinal, use sleep duration as a continuous variable and consider the role of potential confounders or effect modifiers. Care must be taken to avoid over-adjustment, including variables that can be intermediary in the association between sleep duration and dyslipidemia such as BMI and food consumption.</p>
      <p>Because of its strong association with cardiovascular disease in adults, it is important to identify and modify factors that are associated with lipid profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in adolescents. If short sleep duration is responsible for an unfavorable lipid profile, interventions that improve the quality and duration of sleep may contribute to decrease long-term cardiovascular risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We would like to thank Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for providing a doctoral fellowship to GAA (process n&#186; E26/100.332/2013). KVB (process n&#186; 303594/2009-8) and MS process n&#186; 302877/2009-6) were partially supported by CNPq.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica sobre Dura&#231;&#227;o do Sono e Dislipidemia em Adolescentes: Avaliando Inconsist&#234;ncias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barufaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Augusta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bloch</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Vergetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szklo</surname>
            <given-names>Moyses</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Hor&#225;cio Macedo, S/N &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>gabrinut@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abreu GA, Barufaldi LA, Bloch KV, Szklo M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abreu GA, Barufaldi LA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Abreu GA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora muitas quest&#245;es sobre o papel do sono continuem sem resposta, sabe-se que o sono n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, mas tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante na promo&#231;&#227;o do crescimento, matura&#231;&#227;o e estado geral de sa&#250;de das crian&#231;as e adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, contribuindo significativamente para as fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas, emocionais e desempenho escolar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Atualmente, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia entre a popula&#231;&#227;o jovem para ter horas de sono irregulares, com diferen&#231;as nos hor&#225;rios de dormir e despertar entre dias &#250;teis e os fins de semana, especialmente &#224; medida que ficam mais velhos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>H&#225; um interesse crescente sobre o impacto do sono e seus dist&#250;rbios na regula&#231;&#227;o de processos inflamat&#243;rios e de morbidades, particularmente no contexto de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares (DCV) e suas complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, estudos transversais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e prospectivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> t&#234;m mostrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre sobrepeso ou obesidade e poucas horas de sono. Em adultos, h&#225; provas que apoiam essa associa&#231;&#227;o, bem como correla&#231;&#245;es com a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, diabetes e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Poucas horas de sono tamb&#233;m podem desempenhar um papel na etiologia de um fator de risco importante para DCV, a dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Fisiologicamente, a redu&#231;&#227;o do sono est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais que podem promover o desenvolvimento de um perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico, incluindo aumento dos n&#237;veis de cortisol e de grelina e redu&#231;&#227;o de leptina, al&#233;m de respostas simpatovagais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A fim de obter mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo lip&#237;dico e dura&#231;&#227;o do sono, especificamente em adolescentes, realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi baseada nas diretrizes <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas Medline via PubMed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, Lilacs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, Web of Science<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, Scopus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e Adolec<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos descritores utilizados no processo de revis&#227;o foi feita atrav&#233;s de consulta ao MeSH (<italic>PubMed&#8217;s Medical Subject Headings</italic>). A pesquisa foi realizada em ingl&#234;s, usando tr&#234;s blocos conceituais: o primeiro com termos relacionados ao sono (<italic>sleep</italic>); o segundo com termos relacionados &#224; adolesc&#234;ncia (<italic>adoles</italic>*, <italic>teen</italic>*,   <italic>student</italic>*, <italic>youth</italic>, <italic>young</italic>); e o terceiro com termos relacionados a lip&#237;dios (<italic>lipid*, lipemia*, cholesterol</italic>, HDL, LDL, <italic>triglyceride*, lipoprotein*, hypercholesterolemia*, hypercholesteremia*, dyslipidemia*, dyslipoproteinemia*, hyperlipidemia*, hyperlipemia*, &#8220;high density lipoprotein cholesterol&#8221;, &#8220;low density lipoprotein cholesterol</italic>&#8221;). O operador booleano "OR" foi utilizado para a combina&#231;&#227;o dos descritores dentro de cada bloco e o operador booleano "AND" foi usado para combinar os blocos entre si. A truncagem dos termos foi aplicada quando necess&#225;rio. N&#227;o foram utilizados limites de pesquisa para data, l&#237;ngua, desenho do estudo ou tamanho da amostra. A pesquisa foi feita em agosto de 2014, contemplando os artigos publicados at&#233; aquela data. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a estrat&#233;gia de busca utilizada em cada base de dados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estrat&#233;gia de Pesquisa utilizada para cada base de dados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Pubmed</td>
                <td>(sleep*[Title/Abstract] AND (adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young[Title/Abstract]) AND (lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"[Title/Abstract]))</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lilacs</td>
                <td>sleep$ and (adoles$ OR teen$ OR student$ OR youth OR young) and (lipid$ OR lipemia$ OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride$ OR lipoprotein$ OR hypercholesterolemia$ OR hypercholesteremia$ OR dyslipidemia$ OR dyslipoproteinemia$ OR hyperlipidemia$ OR hyperlipemia$ OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol")</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adolec</td>
                <td>sleep$ [Words] and adoles$ OR teen$ OR student$ OR youth OR young [Words] and lipid$ OR lipemia$ OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride$ OR lipoprotein$ OR hypercholesterolemia$ OR hypercholesteremia$ OR dyslipidemia$ OR dyslipoproteinemia$ OR hyperlipidemia$ OR hyperlipemia$ OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol" [Words]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Web of Science</td>
                <td>(Topic(sleep*) AND Topic(adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young) AND Topic(lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR hdl OR ldl OR vldl OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"))</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Scopus</td>
                <td>(TITLE-ABS-KEY(sleep*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(adoles* OR teen* OR student* OR youth OR young) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(lipid* OR lipemia* OR cholesterol OR HDL OR LDL OR VLDL OR triglyceride* OR lipoprotein* OR hypercholesterolemia* OR hypercholesteremia* OR dyslipidemia* OR dyslipoproteinemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hyperlipemia* OR "high density lipoprotein cholesterol" OR "low density lipoprotein cholesterol"))</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para a inclus&#227;o de artigos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foram os seguintes: (a) estudos em adolescentes com mais de 10 anos de idade; (b) estudos que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono em horas e quaisquer marcadores de lip&#237;dios; (c) artigo de pesquisa original. Foram exclu&#237;dos artigos com avalia&#231;&#245;es de qualquer tipo de dist&#250;rbio de sono, estudos de revis&#227;o e estudos experimentais com animais. Foi decidido n&#227;o incluir teses, disserta&#231;&#245;es e monografias. Avaliamos as refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas de revis&#245;es, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises encontradas nas bases de dados.</p>
        <p>Os artigos foram selecionados por duas epidemiologistas (GAA e LAB), inicialmente com base na leitura do t&#237;tulo, e em seguida foi feita a leitura dos resumos. A partir dos resumos selecionados, os artigos completos foram revisados. Em caso de desacordo quanto aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, o t&#237;tulo e o resumo, ou o artigo completo, foram mantidos para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o posterior. Em caso de desacordo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, uma terceira pessoa foi consultada.</p>
        <p>Os dados de artigos inclu&#237;dos foram extra&#237;dos de forma independente, duplicados (GAA e LAB), utilizando um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o, os dados foram comparados e discutidos. Extra&#237;mos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre autoria, data de publica&#231;&#227;o, local de estudo, estudo populacional, tipo de estudo, m&#233;todos de obten&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e avalia&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico, dura&#231;&#227;o do sono em horas, marcadores de lip&#237;dios, medida de associa&#231;&#227;o usada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono e de perfil lip&#237;dico, e vari&#225;veis usadas para o ajuste de modelos de regress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Utilizamos uma adapta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) Quality Assessment Scale for Case-Control and Cohort Studies</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, do Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, para avaliar a qualidade do estudo longitudinal inclu&#237;do nessa revis&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m utilizamos a mesma escala adaptada por Flynn e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos transversais.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; grande heterogeneidade metodol&#243;gica entre os estudos observados, uma abordagem narrativa, para sintetizar os resultados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foi considerada a melhor estrat&#233;gia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O fluxograma mostrando o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. No fim do processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o, dos 859 artigos escolhidos ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos duplicados, 25 s foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais completa. Sete artigos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o ao final do processo.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de Blocos da sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0418-50121-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas relevantes dos estudos selecionados. Dos sete estudos inclu&#237;dos, apenas um<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> &#233; longitudinal. Os outros seis estudos s&#227;o transversais. Cinco dos sete estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> inclu&#237;ram estudantes. Os tamanhos das amostras variaram consideravelmente, de 699 no estudo de Rey-L&#243;pez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> a 14.267 adolescentes no estudo de Gangwisch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Refer&#234;ncia/ Pa&#237;s</th>
                <th align="center">Desenho do estudo/ Data de coleta</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</th>
                <th align="center">Idade</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;todo para obten&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono</th>
                <th align="center">Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Exposi&#231;&#227;o (Dura&#231;&#227;o do sono)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico</th>
                <th align="center">Resultado (altera&#231;&#245;es dos lip&#237;dios)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Gangwisch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010/Estados Unidos</td>
                <td align="center">Longitudinal</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Estudantes, com representatividade nacional n = 14.257</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">11-21 anos meninos &#8773; 15,8 anos de idade</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio/ &#8220;Algum m&#233;dico (<italic>entre a 1<sup>a</sup> e 3<sup>a</sup>onda</italic>) j&#225; falou que voc&#234; tem colesterol alto?&#8221;</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Onda I: Vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica 1994-95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Onda II: 1996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Onda III 2001-02</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">48,7% Homens</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">meninas &#8773; 15,9 anos de idade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Kong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011/ Hong Kong</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Transversal/ Fevereiro 2007 - Abril 2008</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Estudantes   <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref> n = 1.274</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">12-20 anos de idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Question&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt;6,5h: 20%</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Coleta de sangue (CT, TG, HDL, colesterol LDL)  </td>
                <td align="center">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CT &#8805; 5,2 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LDL &#8805; 2,6 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Actigrafia em subgrupo (n = 138)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5-8h: 40%</td>
                <td align="center">HDL &lt;1,0 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&gt;8h: 20%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Compara&#231;&#227;o dos quintis extremos</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">TG &#8805; 1,7 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Narang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012/ Canad&#225;</td>
                <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Transversal/ 2009-2010</td>
                <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Estudante n = 3.372 48,9% Homens</td>
                <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14,6 anos de idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td rowspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coleta de sangue capilar sem jejum (CT e colesterol HDL)</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lim&#237;trofe: 4,4-5,1 mmol/L:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alto: &#8805; 5,2 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Quartis</td>
                <td align="center">Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lim&#237;trofe: &gt; 3,10 to 3,75 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Alto: &gt; 3,75 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Azadbakht e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013/ Ir&#227;</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Transversal Dados de CASPIAN III<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">//</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Estudantes n = 5.528</td>
                <td align="center">&#8773;14,69 (2,45) anos de idade meninos</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coleta de sangue (CT, TG e LDL)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#237;veis anormais de lip&#237;dios no soro foram definidos como CT, LDL-C e ou TG maior que o n&#237;vel correspondente ao percentil 95 espec&#237;fico para idade e sexo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14,7 (2,38) anos de idade meninas</td>
                <td align="center">5 a 8h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&gt; 8h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Berentzen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014/ Holanda</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Transversal</td>
                <td align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral n n = 1.481 49%  </td>
                <td align="center">Idade m&#233;dia na conclus&#227;o do question&#225;rio 11,4 (&#177; 0,3) anos</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">7,5-9,5 h</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coleta de sangue (CT e HDL colesterol)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (mM)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">49% Homens</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Idade m&#233;dia no momento do exame m&#233;dico 12,7 (&#177; 0,4) anos</td>
                <td align="center">10-10,5 h (ref. cat.)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">11-12,5 h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Rey-Lopez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014/ Gr&#233;cia, Alemanha, B&#233;lgica, Fran&#231;a, Hungria, It&#225;lia, Su&#233;cia, &#193;ustria, Espanha</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Transversal/ 2006-2007</td>
                <td align="center">Estudantes n = 699</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8773; 14.8 anos de idade</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Question&#225;rio</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coleta de sangue (TG, CT e HDL colesterol)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (mg/dL)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">52% Homens</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" align="left">Lee e cols. 2014/ Rep&#250;blica da Cor&#233;ia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Transversal/ 2007-2008</td>
                <td align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral n = 1.187 53%  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#8773; 15 anos de idade</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Question&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 5h</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Coleta de sangue (TG e HDL colesterol)</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (mg/dL)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">6-7h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8-9h (ref. cat.)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 10h</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CT: Colesterol total; TG: Triglic&#233;rides; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n&#250;mero de adolescentes avaliados; o n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos avaliados no estudo &#233; 2.053, incluindo crian&#231;as e adolescentes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>n&#227;o fornece dados da m&#233;dia de idade ou distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo apenas para o grupo de adolescentes;;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>n&#227;o fornece faixa et&#225;ria;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>colesterol n&#227;o-HDL corresponde ao colesterol total menos o colesterol HDL;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>CASPIAN III &#8211; Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os estudos usaram question&#225;rios para obter a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono. A vari&#225;vel "dura&#231;&#227;o do sono" foi usada como cont&#237;nua em tr&#234;s estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>; os outros estudos usaram diferentes categorias para classificar a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono.</p>
        <p>Para obter os perfis lip&#237;dicos, cinco estudos coletaram sangue venoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, um coletou sangue capilar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, e outro utilizou informa&#231;&#227;o auto-relatada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Cinco estudos mediram o colesterol total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e colesterol HDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, quatro mediram triglic&#233;rides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, e dois avaliaram o colesterol LDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Quase todos os estudos realizaram o controle por g&#234;nero<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>; a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi ajustada em dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, a atividade f&#237;sica em quatro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, o est&#225;gio de Tanner em dois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, escolaridade materna em dois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica em dois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de um<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, e ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica em um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos sete estudos inclu&#237;dos &#233; apresentada na   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>. Apenas dois estudos transversais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> obtiveram quatro pontos em seis na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s. O estudo longitudinal apresentou um risco de vi&#233;s moderado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold> Estudo</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011/ Hong Kong</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Narang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012/ Canad&#225;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Azadbakht e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013/ Ir&#227;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Berentzen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014/ Holanda</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Rey-L&#243;pez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014/ Gr&#233;cia, Alemanha, B&#233;lgica, Fran&#231;a, Hungria, It&#225;lia, Su&#233;cia, &#193;ustria, Espanha</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Lee e cols.33, 2014/ Rep&#250;blica da Cor&#233;ia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Gangwisch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010/ Estados Unidos</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Representatividade da amostra</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Defini&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o apresentada</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxa de n&#227;o resposta</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Representatividade da coorte exposta</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que desfecho de interesse n&#227;o estava presente no in&#237;cio do estudo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comparabilidade das coortes</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O seguimento aconteceu por tempo suficiente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequa&#231;&#227;o de seguimento de coortes</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">4/6</td>
                <td align="center">2/6</td>
                <td align="center">4/6</td>
                <td align="center">3/6</td>
                <td align="center">3/6</td>
                <td align="center">3/6</td>
                <td align="center">4/9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>Estudos transversais (m&#225;ximo de 6 pontos) Representatividade da amostra: sim (1); nenhuma (0); n&#227;o informado (0) Defini&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o apresentada: classifica&#231;&#227;o com base em dois ou mais marcadores lip&#237;dicos (1); em apenas um marcador lip&#237;dico (0) Avalia&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o (dura&#231;&#227;o do sono): combina&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio com outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o (1); somente question&#225;rio (0) Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Desfechos (perfil lip&#237;dico): sangue venoso (2); sangue capilar (1); auto-relatado (0) Taxa de n&#227;o-resposta: n&#227;o respondentes descritos (1); n&#227;o-descritos (0)  </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>Estudos de coorte (m&#225;ximo de 9 pontos) Avalia&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o (dura&#231;&#227;o do sono): combina&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio com outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o (1); somente question&#225;rio (0) Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resultados (perfil lip&#237;dico): sangue venoso (2); sangue capilar (1); auto-relatado (0) Representatividade da coorte exposta (representativa da m&#233;dia): tratado adequadamente (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0) Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que o desfecho de interesse n&#227;o estava presente no in&#237;cio do estudo: tratado de forma adequada (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0) Comparabilidade das coortes na base do desenho ou an&#225;lise: tratado adequadamente (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0) Avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos (avalia&#231;&#227;o cega independente ou relacionamento probabil&#237;stico): tratado adequadamente (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0) O seguimento ocorreu por tempo suficiente para a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho: tratado de forma adequada (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0) Adequa&#231;&#227;o do seguimento de coortes (seguimento completo ou indiv&#237;duos perdidos durante o seguimento constitu&#237;ram raz&#227;o improv&#225;vel para introdu&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s): tratado adequadamente (1); n&#227;o tratado de forma adequada / n&#227;o relatado (0)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os principais resultados das associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas e as vari&#225;veis de controle utilizadas em cada estudo. Considerando os sete estudos inclu&#237;dos, somente tr&#234;s encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Dois estudos mostraram que a dura&#231;&#227;o mais curta do sono estava associada com um perfil lip&#237;dico pior (colesterol total e colesterol LDL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, e os resultados de um terceiro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> mostraram que a dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada do sono estava associada a n&#237;veis elevados de triglic&#233;rides. Os outros quatro estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> n&#227;o encontraram qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais resultados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold> Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Homem</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mulher</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis de Controle investigadas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Gangwisch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, 2010</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Idade/ Sexo/ Ra&#231;a/ Grupo &#201;tnico / &#193;lcool/ fumo/ Atividade f&#237;sica/ Sedentarismo/ Estresse/ peso corporal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Por hora: 0,87 (0,79-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">Por hora: 0,91 (0,79-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">Por hora: 0,85 (0,75-0,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref> = -0,160 (p-valor = 0,023)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">Idade/ sexo/ IMC/ circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura/ est&#225;gios de Tanner (2-3 e 4-5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Azadbakht e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Idade/ n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico / escolaridade dos pais/ hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas/ Sedentarismo/ IMC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;5h = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 4,00 (0,54&#8211;29,94)  </td>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 1,07 (0,31&#8211;3,73)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 5,63 (0,76&#8211;41,56)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;8h = 1,14 (0,33&#8211;3,85)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Berentzen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">&#946; (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">Idade no preenchimento do question&#225;rio / idade no exame m&#233;dico / altura/ escolaridade da m&#227;e/puberdade e tempo de tela</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = -0,15 (-0,35; 0,04)  </td>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = -0,01 (-0,22; 0,21)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1  </td>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = -0,06 (-0,17; 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = -0,06 (-0,16; 0,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol LDL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref> = -0,122  </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(p-valor = 0,042)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Azadbakht e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1  </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 1,04 (0,30-3,61)  </td>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 1,36 (0,26&#8211;5,05)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 0,97 (0,28&#8211;3,30)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 0,76 (0,20&#8211;2,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol HDL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref> = -0,056 (p-valor = 0,061)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Berentzen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">&#946;(IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = 0,03 (-0,07; 0,12)  </td>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = 0.07 (-0,03; 0,17)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1  </td>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = 0,02 (-0,04; 0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = &lt; 0,01 (-0,05; 0,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Lee e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 5 h = 0,79 (0,40 - 1,53)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6-7 h = 0,86 (0,50 - 1,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8-9 h = 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 10 h = 1,03 (0,44 - 2,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, 2011</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref> = 0,060</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> (p = 0,115)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Azadbakht e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2013</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1  </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5h = 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 1,09 (0,41&#8211;2,92)  </td>
                <td align="center">5&#8211;8h = 0,53 (0,22&#8211;1,30)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 1,16 (0,44&#8211;3,09)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 8h = 0,53 (0,22&#8211;1,30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Rey-L&#243;pez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Idade/ sexo/ n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico/ Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dias de semana: 0,26 (-2,57; 3,09)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Finais de semana: 0,69 (-1,50; 2,88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Lee e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">Idade/ sexo/ renda familiar/ ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica/ atividade f&#237;sica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 5 h= 1,05 (0,55-2,00)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6-7 h= 1,20 (0,79-1,83)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8-9 h= 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 10 h = 2,17 (1,14-4,13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o-HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Narang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, 2012</td>
                <td align="center">OR (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura/nutri&#231;&#227;o/ atividade f&#237;sica/sexo/Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares prematuras em parentes de primeiro grau /escore de dist&#250;rbio do sono</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Por hora 1,03 (0,93-1,13)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Primeiro quartil (refer&#234;ncia) x &#250;ltimo quartil 0,92 (0,70-1,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CT/HDL-c</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Rey-L&#243;pez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; (IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">---</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dias de semana: -0,001 (-0,05; 0,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Finais de semana: 0,009 (-0,03; 0,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Berentzen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, 2014</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;(IC 95%)  </td>
                <td align="center">&#946;(IC 95%)  </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = -0,22 (-0,51; 0,08)  </td>
                <td align="center">7,5&#8211;9,5 h = -0,18 (-0,44; 0,08)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1  </td>
                <td align="center">10&#8211;10,5 h = 1  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = -0,14 (-0,31; 0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">11&#8211;12,5 h = -0,04 (-0,17; 0,09)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CT: Colesterol total; TG: Triglic&#233;rides; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; RP; Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia.  </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>&#946; coeficiente de regress&#227;o do modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para comparar os grupos com maior e menor (refer&#234;ncia) quintil das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do sono (grupo com 20% dos indiv&#237;duos com menor dura&#231;&#227;o do sono vs. grupo com 20% de indiv&#237;duos com dura&#231;&#227;o do sono mais longa);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL corresponde ao colesterol total menos o colesterol HDL.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em quatro estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> a odds ratio foi relatada, enquanto que os outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram os coeficientes &#946; a partir da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mostrou falta de evid&#234;ncias consistentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e o perfil lip&#237;dico em adolescentes. Foram encontrados poucos estudos e alguns apresentaram limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas. Houve grande heterogeneidade na classifica&#231;&#227;o e na forma de an&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e dos marcadores do metabolismo lip&#237;dico, o que provavelmente contribuiu para a inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados observados.</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito &#224; heterogeneidade entre os estudos, essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluiu estudos que avaliaram o resultado utilizando diferentes m&#233;todos (auto-relato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, amostra de sangue capilar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, amostra de sangue venoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>) ou com diferentes intervalos de tempo entre a medida de exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>Gangwisch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> n&#227;o exclu&#237;ram adolescentes com dislipidemia basal, assim, a incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia nos adolescentes n&#227;o p&#244;de ser determinada. Al&#233;m disso, como o resultado estabelecido foi auto-relatado, e o diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia depende do acesso a cuidados m&#233;dicos, um vi&#233;s pode ter ocorrido se os adolescentes de diferentes n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos tiverem diferentes h&#225;bitos de sono.</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica obtiveram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre dura&#231;&#227;o do sono com base em question&#225;rios, um m&#233;todo frequentemente utilizado em pesquisas do sono devido &#224; sua f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e baixo custo. No entanto, a validade das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas por meio de question&#225;rios &#233; motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, especialmente quando as ferramentas n&#227;o s&#227;o submetidas a um processo de valida&#231;&#227;o. Os adolescentes podem relatar somente as horas de sono e de despertar socialmente desej&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Embora todos os estudos utilizem question&#225;rios, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono tamb&#233;m foi heterog&#234;nea: um estudo perguntou aos pais sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono dos adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, um segundo usou categorias pr&#233;-definidas de tempo para dormir e acordar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e outros perguntaram sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono atrav&#233;s de uma quest&#227;o aberta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>A actigrafia &#8211; baseada no monitoramento de atividades &#8211; foi estabelecida como um m&#233;todo v&#225;lido e confi&#225;vel para avaliar os padr&#245;es de sono-vig&#237;lia em crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. M&#233;todos objetivos para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono em um estudo de base populacional s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de executar, particularmente em estudos com amostras relativamente grandes. Kong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> utilizaram actigrafia em apenas 7%, aproximadamente, de sua amostra de estudo (138 de 2.053), e demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel entre a actigrafia e os auto-relatos dos adolescentes (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intra-classe = 0,72, 95% IC: 0,61 -0,80).</p>
        <p>Nos estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o, a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono foi medida de duas maneiras diferentes, como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> ou vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. A falta de consenso sobre o melhor ponto de corte para definir a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono curta faz com que seja dif&#237;cil comparar os diferentes estudos, o que seria mais f&#225;cil caso a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono fosse utilizada como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua.</p>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluiu um estudo longitudinal com limita&#231;&#245;es importantes e os estudos transversais apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es em dire&#231;&#245;es distintas. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos identificados. Em resumo, ainda &#233; incerto se existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e o perfil lip&#237;dico em adolescentes. A heterogeneidade na forma como as dura&#231;&#245;es do sono foram classificadas e analisadas, bem como o uso de diferentes analitos dos perfis lip&#237;dios, podem ter contribu&#237;do para a inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados. Mais estudos devem ser realizados sobre essa quest&#227;o para clarificar a natureza dessa associa&#231;&#227;o e os mecanismos biol&#243;gicos envolvidos. Esses estudos futuros devem ser longitudinais, usar a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e considerar o papel de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o ou modificadores de efeito. Cuidados devem ser tomados para evitar o excesso de ajustes, incluindo vari&#225;veis que possam ser intermedi&#225;rias na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e dislipidemia, como o IMC e o consumo de alimentos.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; sua forte associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a cardiovascular em adultos, &#233; importante identificar e modificar fatores associados com o perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em adolescentes. Se a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono curta &#233; respons&#225;vel por um perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, as interven&#231;&#245;es que melhoram a qualidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono podem contribuir para diminuir o risco cardiovascular em longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) por fornecer uma bolsa de doutorado para GAA (processo n&#186; E26 / 100,332 / 2013). KVB (processo n&#186; 303594 / 2009-8) e MS (processo n&#186; 302.877 / 2009-6) foram parcialmente financiadas pelo CNPq.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
