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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f5SNNkRcpz8RV5cDgrP3vtc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300399</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050093</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150093</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Development and Validation of Predictive Models of Cardiac Mortality and Transplantation in Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Paula Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Almino Cavalcante</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Go&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Viana Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gard&#234;nia P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidute</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cear&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, CE</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold>, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;. Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535 / 1301, Coc&#243;. Postal Code 60192-120, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Rocha Neto AC, Farias AGP, Sobrinho CRMR, Scanavacca MI; Acquisition of data: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Monteiro MPM, Go&#233;s CVA, Farias AGP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Monteiro MPM, Rocha Neto AC; Statistical analysis: Rocha EA, Lima JWO, Quidute ARP; Obtaining financing: Rocha EA; Writing of the manuscript: Rocha EA, Abreu JS, Rocha Neto AC, Quidute ARP, Sobrinho CRMR, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>399</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>30-40% of cardiac resynchronization therapy cases do not achieve favorable outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to develop predictive models for the combined endpoint of cardiac death and transplantation (Tx) at different stages of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective observational study of 116 patients aged 64.8 &#177; 11.1 years, 68.1% of whom had functional class (FC) III and 31.9% had ambulatory class IV. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables were assessed by using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The cardiac mortality/Tx rate was 16.3% during the follow-up period of 34.0 &#177; 17.9 months. Prior to implantation, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD), ejection fraction &lt; 25% and use of high doses of diuretics (HDD) increased the risk of cardiac death and Tx by 3.9-, 4.8-, and 5.9-fold, respectively. In the first year after CRT, RVD, HDD and hospitalization due to congestive heart failure increased the risk of death at hazard ratios of 3.5, 5.3, and 12.5, respectively. In the second year after CRT, RVD and FC III/IV were significant risk factors of mortality in the multivariate Cox model. The accuracy rates of the models were 84.6% at preimplantation, 93% in the first year after CRT, and 90.5% in the second year after CRT. The models were validated by bootstrapping.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We developed predictive models of cardiac death and Tx at different stages of CRT based on the analysis of simple and easily obtainable clinical and echocardiographic variables. The models showed good accuracy and adjustment, were validated internally, and are useful in the selection, monitoring and counseling of patients indicated for CRT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Follow-Up Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The main international guidelines strongly recommend (class I) cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) II or III or ambulatory class IV when they have intraventricular conduction disturbances and ejection fraction (EF) &#8804; 35% while undergoing optimal medical therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, 30%-40% of CRT cases do not achieve favorable outcomes, which means that these patients undergo surgery with high risks and costs but with no clinical, hemodynamic, or survival benefits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Thus, multifactorial indexes or scores need to be developed to more accurately identify survival predictors and treatment responders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Such indexes should involve variables related to mortality reduction, with high rates of sensitivity and specificity.</p>
      <p>This work aimed to develop predictive models for the combined endpoint of cardiac death and transplantation (Tx) at different stages of CRT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This prospective observational study evaluated 116 patients with multisite pacemakers implanted consecutively in a tertiary university hospital between January 2008 and March 2013 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>), who had NYHA FC III or ambulatory FC IV (ambulatory outpatients who were taking oral medications), EF &#8804; 35%, QRS &#8805; 120 ms (left bundle branch block [LBBB] and right bundle branch block [RBBB] with divisional block or pacemaker rhythm), and optimized treatment. The exclusion criteria were severe comorbidities, previous indication for pacemaker implantation, hospitalization for NYHA FC IV heart failure, primary valvular disease, and incomplete data.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics and comparison of the results of some variables during the assessment periods</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Time 1</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Time 2</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>P Value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Time 3</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p Value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patients</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">64.8 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex (male)</td>
              <td align="center">69.8%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">88.7%</td>
              <td align="center">89.2%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">91.8%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE-inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">97.4%</td>
              <td align="center">96%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">95.9%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemide &#8805; 80mg/day</td>
              <td align="center">31.9%</td>
              <td align="center">17%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">59.4%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">29.3%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas disease</td>
              <td align="center">11.2%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-D</td>
              <td align="center">54.2%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">71.55%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RBBB with divisional block</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">16.3%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterolateral vein</td>
              <td align="center">45.4%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterolateral veins</td>
              <td align="center">52.5%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior QRS width (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">160</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of hospitalizations due to CHF</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">0.79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (median)</td>
              <td align="center">29%</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">35%</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">0.73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">119.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">121.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.84<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC IIl (NYHA)</td>
              <td align="center">68.1%</td>
              <td align="center">8.7%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
              <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC IV (NYHA)</td>
              <td align="center">31.9%</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">7.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">34.6%</td>
              <td align="center">59.2%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">63.2%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">23.7%</td>
              <td align="center">27.1%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">13.9%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD Grade III</td>
              <td align="center">29.7%</td>
              <td align="center">8.7%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">16.4%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD Grade IV</td>
              <td align="center">11.8%</td>
              <td align="center">4.8%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">5.0%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MR</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No MR</td>
              <td align="center">3.4%</td>
              <td align="center">5.3%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">15.3%</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild MR</td>
              <td align="center">50.4%</td>
              <td align="center">66.0%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">56.0%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate MR</td>
              <td align="center">30.4%</td>
              <td align="center">18.7%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">18.6%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe MR</td>
              <td align="center">15.6%</td>
              <td align="center">9.8%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">9.8%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">20.9%</td>
              <td align="center">17%</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
              <td align="center">0.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Time 1, preimplantation; time 2, 1 year; time 3, 2 years.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Analysis of time 3 in relation to time 2; QRS width, ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic diameter and blood pressure were variables without normal distribution (median values); BMI: body mass index; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; CRT-D: cardioverter-defibrillator with biventricular pacing; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; CHF: congestive heart failure; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; BP: blood pressure; FC: functional class (NYHA); DD: diastolic dysfunction; MR: mitral regurgitation; RV: right ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 147 patients who underwent implantation during the study period, only 116 were included in the study for the following reasons: 4 had an EF &gt;35%, 3 had total atrioventricular block, 2 had primary valvular heart disease, 2 had pacemaker infection, 7 had incomplete data, 4 had loss of capture in the left ventricle electrode, 2 did not undergo complete follow-up, 1 had severe comorbidity, 5 were hospitalized for class IV CHF at the time of inclusion, and 1 died of premature respiratory infection.</p>
      <p>The electrodes of the right ventricle were positioned preferentially in the apical region (84%). The models used in 92, 12, 10, and 2 patients were from St. Jude Medical, Biotronik, Medtronic, and Guidant, respectively. Patients with concomitant indication for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (CRT-D group) (54% of the 116 patients) were also included in this study. This indication was for primary prevention in 47 patients and for secondary prevention in 16 patients.</p>
      <p>Assessments were performed in the preimplantation period (first analysis), at 1 year after implantation (second analysis), and at 2 years after implantation (third analysis) according to a fixed protocol. We analyzed 12 clinical, 8 electrocardiographic, and 7 echocardiographic variables. The clinical variables were age, sex, body mass index, cardiac cachexia, FC, etiology of cardiomyopathy, cardiac vein where the electrode was positioned in the left ventricle, serum creatinine level, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, use of high-dose loop diuretics (&#8805; 80 mg/day of furosemide), and hospitalization due to heart failure. The electrocardiographic variables were: atrial fibrillation; LBBB or RBBB; previous cardiac pacemaker; 1<sup>st</sup>-degree atrioventricular block; QRS duration; QRS narrowing after implantation; R wave in the V1 lead in patients with LBBB; and QRS axis in the frontal plane after implantation. The echocardiographic variables were: left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic diameters; EF computed using Simpson&#8217;s method; degree of diastolic dysfunction (DD) from I to IV; degree of mitral regurgitation from I to III; right ventricular dysfunction (RVD); and dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>A 12-lead surface electrocardiogram was recorded at the speed of 25 mm/s and amplitude of 10 mm/mV. The longest duration of the QRS measured in one of the leads of the frontal or horizontal plane, which was the lead with the highest value and thus allowed for better evaluation, was taken into account. Cardiac mortality was defined for deaths of end-stage CHF or for sudden death.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic guidelines for the analysis of various echocardiographic parameters were followed, as well as the guidelines for dyssynchrony for the analysis of such parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Three experienced physicians performed the echocardiographic examinations, 72% of which were performed by the same specialist. The examinations were performed using the GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound System (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA).</p>
        <p>The systolic function analysis of the cardiac chambers was performed using Simpson&#8217;s method in the two-dimensional mode. Ventricular diameters were obtained on M-mode echocardiography, according to the standard guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Right ventricular function was analyzed qualitatively, differentiated between the presence and absence of any degree of dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diastolic dysfunction analysis was conducted by assessing mitral flow (at rest and after a Valsalva maneuver), tissue Doppler images, and flow propagation speed on color M-mode. Results were used to classify DD into four grades (0, absent; I, mild; II, moderate; III, accentuated or with restrictive dysfunction; and IV, severe or with irreversible restrictive dysfunction)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>The degree of mitral regurgitation was assessed as the percentage of the left atrium filling using color Doppler echocardiography. The percentage was less than 20% in mild reflux, and between 20% and 40% in moderate reflux; values above these percentages indicated severe reflux<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In this practical context, the Coanda effect was interpreted as a moderate reflux when restricted to the atrial sidewall and accentuated when it stretched through the upper pole of the left atrium.</p>
        <p>All patients provided informed consent, and the ethics committee of the hospital approved the study, whose protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, whereas the continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations, or medians. The categorical variables were compared using the McNemar, Stuart-Maxwell, or chi-square test. The Student <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the distribution of approximately normal, continuous variables, and the Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney   <italic>U</italic> test was used for the comparisons of continuous variables without normal distribution. Distributions were considered significantly different if p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        <p>The univariate relationship between the clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic variables and the combined endpoint of cardiac mortality and Tx was evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis. Some continuous variables were assessed to determine a cutoff value.</p>
        <p>Cox multiple regression models were developed in the following analysis times to assess the independent contribution of each of the significant variables in the Cox univariate model: preimplantation (time 1), first year after CRT (time 2), and second year after CRT (time 3). Variables with p &lt; 10% were considered potential confounders. Each of the variables was included in the multivariate model according to hazard descending order and was excluded when p &#8805; 5%. After obtaining the final model, the previously excluded variables were included again in the model and tested individually using the same criteria.</p>
        <p>We conducted logistic regression analyses by using hazard<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> as an independent variable to measure risk, and cardiac death/Tx as the dependent variable. The accuracy of the models was tested with the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, along with its sensitivity and specificity. Models were prepared by dividing the hazard scores into risk categories according to the number of variables present and classified as low (class A), medium (class B), and high risk (class C).</p>
        <p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves were elaborated individually for the independent variables and risk classes, and compared using the log-rank test.</p>
        <p>For the proposed models, all the variables were tested for compliance with the proportional hazards assumptions by performing the Schoenfeld test and a visual analysis of the Schoenfeld residuals against the time of deaths or censorship. For each model, the effect of each observation on the estimated parameters was analyzed. To achieve this, after the deletion of an observation, the model was estimated again and the new estimates were compared to the previous ones. Values should not change much or the model may be too sensitive to a particular observation.</p>
        <p>To obtain the bootstrap confidence intervals, the original data were sampled 10,000 times to obtain 10,000 pseudo-samples of size 60. Then, for each pseudo-sample, the hazard ratios of the three models were estimated. These estimated hazard rates were sorted, and the 95% confidence interval was reported.</p>
        <p>The data were analyzed by using Stata/SE version 12.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) and the "R" software (2014 -"R": A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the study, 29 deaths were recorded, representing a total mortality rate of 25% during the follow-up period of 34.09 &#177; 17.9 months. Cardiac mortality/Tx accounted for 16.3% (19 patients) of the cases. Six patients underwent Tx during the study period, 5 for refractory CHF and 1 for recurrent arrhythmic storm. Three Tx patients died prematurely due to disease severity at the time of Tx. No sudden death occurred in the CRT-D group, but sudden death occurred in 3 patients in the CRT-P (pacemaker without defibrillator) group. In the CRT-D group, 6 patients with fast ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation were treated with effective shock. The baseline characteristics of the patients and the comparison of the results of the variables during the assessment period are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>No significant statistical evidence showed that the assumption of proportional hazards was violated. The effect of each observation on the estimated parameters for each model was analyzed. The data obtained do not suggest influential observations. Bootstrapping confidence intervals for a 95% level of significance were obtained and confirmed the statistical significance of the estimated hazard ratios. These results did not reject the adjustment of the model with the proposed variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals and formal test for the proportional hazards assumption</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 1</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Covariate</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(1.7142; 14.2053)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(1.8754; 16.6939)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(2.2563; 18.7021)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHF</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(2.1747; 11.4814)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(3.0642; 10.6684)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(4.0963; 18.3712)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 3</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(3.5177; 37.5661)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">(6.0592; 46.8405)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 1</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Covariate</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#961;</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF</td>
              <td align="center">0,073</td>
              <td align="center">0,08099</td>
              <td align="center">0,776</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">0,124</td>
              <td align="center">0,28512</td>
              <td align="center">0,593</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDD</td>
              <td align="center">-0,012</td>
              <td align="center">0,00259</td>
              <td align="center">0,939</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Global</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">0,33714</td>
              <td align="center">0,953</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">0,3713</td>
              <td align="center">1,785</td>
              <td align="center">0,182</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">0,1089</td>
              <td align="center">0,223</td>
              <td align="center">0,637</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDD</td>
              <td align="center">-0,0934</td>
              <td align="center">0,167</td>
              <td align="center">0,683</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Global</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">1,905</td>
              <td align="center">0,592</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Model 3</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC</td>
              <td align="center">-0,110</td>
              <td align="center">0,118</td>
              <td align="center">0,732</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD</td>
              <td align="center">0,125</td>
              <td align="center">0,162</td>
              <td align="center">0,687</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Global</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">0,254</td>
              <td align="center">0,881</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; EF: ejection traction; RVD: right ventricular dysfunction; CHF: hospitalization due to congestive heart failure; HDD: high doses of diuretic (furosemide &#8805; 80 mg/day); FC: functional class (NYHA) III/IV compared with I/II.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the variables at time 1 (preimplantation)</title>
        <p>Of the 27 variables analyzed during the first study period (preimplantation), 13 were significant in the Cox univariate regression model. In the Cox multivariate model, RVD, EF &lt;25%, and use of high-dose diuretics (HDD) were independently associated with increased cardiac mortality/Tx, with hazard ratios of 3.9, 4.8, and 5.9, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis by the Cox model with respect to cardiac mortallty/Tx at time 1 (preimplantation)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Univariate</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Multivariate</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalization &#8805; 1</td>
                <td align="center">9.23</td>
                <td align="center">1.23-69.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">5.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.97-12.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.95</td>
                <td align="center">1.45-10.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC III / IV</td>
                <td align="center">4.87</td>
                <td align="center">1.85-12.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas Disease</td>
                <td align="center">4.73</td>
                <td align="center">1.77-12.63</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF &lt; 25 %</td>
                <td align="center">4.43</td>
                <td align="center">1.77-11.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">4.85</td>
                <td align="center">1.71-13.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">3.89</td>
                <td align="center">1.56-9.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">5.97</td>
                <td align="center">2.15-16.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">3.38</td>
                <td align="center">1.35-8.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine &gt; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.85</td>
                <td align="center">1.06-7.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD &gt; 80 mm</td>
                <td align="center">2.68</td>
                <td align="center">1.00-7.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.048</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP &lt; 60 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">2.63</td>
                <td align="center">1.02-6.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">4.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.98-19.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.052</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MR grade II</td>
                <td align="center">2.50</td>
                <td align="center">0.89-7.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MR grade III</td>
                <td align="center">2.80</td>
                <td align="center">0.87-9.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>HR: hazard ratio (hazard ratio in the Cox model); CI: confidence interval, P: level of statistical significance; Diuretic &#8593; &#8805; 80mg of furosemide; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FCIII / IV: percentage of functional class (FC) III over FCIV; Hospitalization &gt; 1: one or more hospitalizations due to congestive heart failure (CHF); RV: right ventricular; EF: ejection fraction; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significant variables in the multivariate model were also significant in the Kaplan-Meier model when compared using the log-rank test. The analysis of the model by using the ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81, with a sensitivity of 61.1%, a specificity of 89.5%, and an accuracy of 84.6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the variables with independent value in the multivariate Cox analysis, compared by using the log-rank test, with the construction of the ROC curve, an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81, sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 89%, and accuracy of 84%. At the bottom right, risk model, being a low risk of cardiac mortality/Tx the absence of the three variables, furosemide&gt; 80 mg/day, right ventricular dysfunction, and ejection fraction (EF) &lt; 25% or presence of one of them.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>From the combinations of these variables, we developed a model with three classes as follows: class A (low risk for cardiac death/Tx) was the absence of the variables or the presence of only one of the significant variables in the multivariate analysis, implying a 30-month cardiac event-free rate of 93%. The combination of two (class B) and three variables (class C) resulted in 30-month cardiac event-free rates of 61% and 0%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the variables at time 2 (first year after CRT)</title>
        <p>During time 2 (first year after CTR), 13 variables were significant in the Cox univariate regression model. In the Cox multivariate model, RVD, use of HDD, and hospitalization due to CHF were independently related to increased cardiac mortality/Tx rate, with hazard ratios of 3.5, 5.3, and 12.5, respectively.</p>
        <p>The significant variables in the multivariate model were also significant in the Kaplan-Meier model, when compared by using the log-rank test. The analysis of the model by using the ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.910, with a sensitivity of 76.4%, a specificity of 96.3%, and an accuracy of 93% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curve of the variable hospitalization due to congestive heart failure (CHF), which, associated with right ventricular dysfunction and use of high doses of diuretics, formed the predictive model of cardiac death/Tx at time 2 (1<sup>st</sup> year). The absence of the three variables or the presence of only one (low risk) indicates an event&#8209;free rate in 30 months of 98%. At the top right, the ROC curve with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91, sensitivity of 76.4%, specificity of 96.3%, and accuracy of 93%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>From the combinations of these variables, we were able to construct a model with three classes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Class A means low risk of cardiac death/Tx, composed by the absence or presence of only one of the significant variables in the multivariate analysis, resulting in a 30-month cardiac event-free rate of 98%. The combination of two (class B) and three variables (class C) resulted in 30-month cardiac event-free rates of 65% and 0%, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictive scores of cardiac mortality and transplantation In cardiac resynchronlzatlon therapy Score at time 1 (preimplantation)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hazard</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Scores</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">A,</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD + EF</td>
                <td align="center">19.1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD + Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">23.6</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF + Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">29.0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td align="left">RVD + EF + Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">114.0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Score at time 2 (1<sup>st</sup> year)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Hazard</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Scores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">12.5</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD + Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">18.7</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">6*</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD + Hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">44.0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic &#8593; + Hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">66.3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td align="left">RVD + Hospitalization + Diuretic &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">234.0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Score at time 3 (2<sup>nd</sup> year)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Hazard</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Scores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">7.7</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD</td>
                <td align="center">12.1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVD + FC III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">94.5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>RVD: right ventricular dysfunction; EF: ejection fraction lower than 25%; diuretic &#8593;: use of &#8805; 80 mg of furosemide; FC: functional class (NYHA); Hospitalization: &#8805; 1 hospitalization due to congestive heart failure. Class A: low risk category Class B: intermediate risk and Class C: high risk.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>The hazard was used as an independent variable in the logistic regression model for the preparation of the score. The score was obtained by the hazard ratio of the variable divided by the highest value.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>one unit was added to maintain the hazard proportion. N: number of patients.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the variables at time 3 (second year after CRT)</title>
        <p>Hospitalizations due to CHF, use of HDD, FC, DD, RVD, EF &lt; 30%, Chagas disease, and systolic blood pressure &lt; 110 mmHg were significant in the univariate Cox regression model in the second year after CRT.</p>
        <p>In the multivariate Cox model, RVD and FC III/IV were independently related to increased cardiac mortality/Tx rate, with hazard ratios of 7.7 and 12.0, respectively. The significant variables in the multivariate model were also separately significant in the Kaplan-Meier model when compared using the log-rank test (p &lt; 0.001). The analysis of the model using the ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.789, with a sensitivity of 40%, a specificity of 98.4%, and an accuracy of 90.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: ROC curve of the model at time 3 (2nd year), with the variables right ventricle (RV) dysfunction and functional class (FC) III and IV compared with I and II, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.789, sensitivity of 40%, specificity of 98.4% and accuracy of 90.5%. B: Kaplan-Meier curve showing that the absence of the variables RV dysfunction and FC III / IV (Class A - low risk) indicates an event-free rate of 97.5% at 30 months.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>From the combination of these variables, we were able to construct a model with three classes. Class A means low risk of cardiac death/Tx, composed by the absence of the two significant variables in the multivariate analysis, implying a 30-month cardiac event-free rate of 97.5%. The presence of the combination of two (class B) and three variables (class C) resulted in 30-month cardiac event-free rates of 83.1% and 38.5%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, we developed three predictive models for the risk of cardiac death and Tx at different stages of CRT. To our knowledge, this is the first study to sequentially and prospectively analyze predictive variables in the same population and at different stages of development (at preimplantation, in the first year after CRT, and in the second year after CRT) and to develop risk models for cardiac death/Tx. The models identified simple variables that, when present, were associated with a high risk for cardiac death/Tx.</p>
      <p>The total mortality rate was 25% (29/116) at 34 &#177; 17 months. In the CARE-HF study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, the mortality was 30% in the group without intervention, compared with 20% in the group with CRT, during a 29.4-month follow-up. In the COMPANION study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, the mortality rate was 21% (131/617) in the CRT group, compared with 25% (77/308) in the control group, during a 24-month follow-up. Therefore, our total mortality data are within the range described by large-scale studies. In our study, we analyzed the combined endpoints of cardiac mortality and Tx, aiming at identifying more-specific variables related to CRT results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have evaluated predictors of response or death in different populations and with different response criteria, and the results were inconsistent. However, several publications identified the following predictors of response: dilated cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, QRS width<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, QRS narrowing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, presence of dyssynchrony<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, female sex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, type of bundle branch block<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, LV diameter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, the aortic velocity time integral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, and DD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patients with RVD (20.9% of the group) had worse evolution in all the analysis times. However, we noticed that 6 patients with good outcomes had regression of the alterations in the right ventricle. The study by Praus et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> showed that the regression of the right ventricle occurred later (15 months), whereas Leong et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> identified the right ventricle as an independent predictor of mortality. Therefore, patients with RVD should not be excluded from the indication for CRT, although they represent a subgroup at higher risk of cardiac death or Tx after CRT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The importance of the right ventricle in CRT has been demonstrated in other recent studies, but not in the elaboration of risk models for different evolution stages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thirteen patients (11.2%) had Chagas disease, 5 of whom had RVD. Chagas cardiomyopathy was related to increased mortality in the survival curve, similar to another study that related it with worse outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. In the multivariate analysis, Chagas disease did not remain as an independent variable, probably because 41% of the patients had RVD, a variable that was significant at all the analysis times. Therefore, the relevance of RVD was not exclusively related to Chagas disease, as 19 patients had RVD due to other etiologies.</p>
      <p>A preimplantation EF &lt;25% identified a subgroup with the highest risk for cardiac death. Linde et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, in a subanalysis of the REVERSE study, have shown that a basal EF &lt;30%, compared with values between 30% and 40%, was positively related to survival. Meanwhile, Kronborg et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> showed that a basal EF &lt; 22.5% determined an increased mortality after CRT.</p>
      <p>The hospitalizations for heart failure proved to be an independent variable in relation to the prediction of cardiac mortality/Tx in the first year after CRT. The study represents, to our knowledge, the first time this variable was included as independent in the analysis of mortality risk in the first year after CRT and not as part of the outcome combined with death. Hospitalization due to CHF is a well-defined risk factor for cardiomyopathy, with a reduction in the incidence of these events after CRT demonstrated in several studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another easily obtainable clinical variable that showed significant value in the preimplantation period and first year after CRT was the use of high-dose loop diuretics (furosemide &#8805; 80 mg/day). Van Boven et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>reported an association between chronic non-use of diuretics and response to CRT. Meanwhile, Cleland et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observed that the use of HDD was related to a worse prognosis only in the univariate analysis. We believe that the description of this variable as an independent value of cardiac death in two periods of the CRT analysis in our study is an original observation.</p>
      <p>A clinical prediction rule to identify patients at heightened risk for early demise after CRT has been recently elaborated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, including the following four independent variables: LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) &gt; 65 mm, non-LBBB morphology, creatinine level &gt; 1.5, and non-use of beta-blockers. In our study, LVEDD and creatinine level were significant only in the univariate analyses. Hospitalization due to CHF, use of HDD, and RVD, some independent variables in our work, were not included in the previous study.</p>
      <p>We achieved a significant improvement in the specificity of the predictive models of mortality or response after CRT, reaching 96% in the first year after CTR and 98% in the second year after CRT, when compared with the specificity of 22%-70% of previously described models in relation to total and cardiac mortality. These results are in accordance with the target outcomes of CRT in the treatment of patients with severe illnesses, with high costs and risks in the procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.The models used in this study showed good accuracy, ranging from 84.6% to 93%, and can be used in three different stages of CRT, which is another original contribution of our work. At the usual significance levels, the model was validated internally and did not reveal lack of adjustment or exaggerated sensitivity to the data.</p>
      <p>We believe that the study contributes to and advances the search for better criteria for prognostic evaluation, with the composition of simple multifactorial indexes and with the inclusion of easily obtainable variables that are used in clinical practice. The models will be useful in the selection, monitoring, and counseling of patients indicated for CRT.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Analyses of intraobserver and interobserver variabilities of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters were not performed. The patients did not undergo optimization of the atrioventricular interval after surgery. The models created were not validated externally, although they were validated internally. This study is also limited by the small number of patients, the large number of excluded patients, and the fact that it was conducted at a single center. The RV function was analyzed qualitatively due to the absence of correlation between the RV measures and the prognosis at the beginning of the study. These results must be considered within the study population, who had 59.4% of dilated cardiomyopathy, 11.2% of Chagas cardiomyopathy, 12% of patients with RBBB and 16.3% of patients with prior cardiac pacemaker. Future larger prospective studies will help validate the important variables related to cardiac death or Tx after CRT.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We developed predictive models of cardiac death or Tx at different stages of CRT based on the analysis of simple and easily obtainable clinical and echocardiographic variables. The models showed good accuracy and adjustment, were validated internally, and are useful in the selection, monitoring, and counseling of patients indicated for CRT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are grateful to Professor Jos&#233; Wellington O. Lima, Luis Gustavo Bastos Pinho, and Juv&#234;ncio Santos Nobre for the statistical advice and Dr. Italo Martins by the local coordination of Ph.D.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES and FUNCAP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eduardo Arrais Rocha, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desenvolvimento e Valida&#231;&#227;o de Modelos Preditores de Mortalidade Card&#237;aca e Transplante na Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Paula Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Almino Cavalcante</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Go&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Viana Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gard&#234;nia P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidute</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cear&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, CE</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold>, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;. Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535 / 1301, Coc&#243;. CEP 60192-120, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Rocha Neto AC, Farias AGP, Sobrinho CRMR, Scanavacca MI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Monteiro MPM, Go&#233;s CVA, Farias AGP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Monteiro MPM, Rocha Neto AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rocha EA, Lima JWO, Quidute ARP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha EA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rocha EA, Abreu JS, Rocha Neto AC, Quidute ARP, Sobrinho CRMR, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode demonstrar resultados desfavor&#225;veis em 30-40% dos casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver modelos preditores para o desfecho combinado de morte card&#237;aca ou transplante (Tx) em diferentes est&#225;gios da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo observacional de 116 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 64,8 &#177; 11,1 anos, dos quais 68,1% estavam em classe funcional (CF) III e 31,9% em classe IV ambulatorial. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas com regress&#227;o de Cox e curvas de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O desfecho mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos foi de 16,3% durante seguimento de 34,0 &#177; 17,9 meses. No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (DVD), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 25% e uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos (ADD) aumentaram o risco de morte e Tx card&#237;acos em 3,9, 4,8 e 5,9 vezes, respectivamente. No primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC, DVD, AHDD e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva elevaram o risco de morte (raz&#245;es de risco de 3,5, 5,3 e 12,5, respectivamente). No segundo ano ap&#243;s TRC, DVD e CF III/IV foram fatores de risco significativos de mortalidade no modelo multivariado de Cox. As acur&#225;cias dos modelos foram 84,6% na pr&#233;-implante, 93% no primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC e 90,5% no segundo ano ap&#243;s TRC. Os modelos foram validados por <italic>bootstrapping</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Desenvolvemos modelos preditores de morte e Tx card&#237;acos em diferentes est&#225;gios de TRC com base na an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas simples e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. Os modelos mostraram boa acur&#225;cia e ajuste, foram validados internamente e s&#227;o &#250;teis para a sele&#231;&#227;o, o monitoramento e a orienta&#231;&#227;o de pacientes indicados para TRC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As principais diretrizes internacionais recomendam fortemente (classe I) a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) e classe funcional (CF) da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) II ou III ou classe IV ambulatorial (pacientes ambulatoriais em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o oral) quando apresentam dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &#8804; 35% durante tratamento m&#233;dico &#243;timo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, 30%-40% dos casos de TRC n&#227;o t&#234;m desfechos favor&#225;veis, indicando que os pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia com altos riscos e custos, mas sem benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos, hemodin&#226;micos ou de sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Portanto, &#237;ndices ou escores multifatoriais precisam ser desenvolvidos para identificar de maneira mais precisa fatores preditores de sobrevida e os respondedores ao tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Esses &#237;ndices devem envolver vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
        <p>Este artigo teve por objetivo desenvolver modelos preditores para o desfecho combinado de morte e transplante (Tx) card&#237;acos em diferentes est&#225;gios da TRC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo observacional avaliou 116 pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo "multi-s&#237;tio" consecutivamente em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio entre janeiro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2013 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>). Esses pacientes apresentavam CF da NYHA III ou IV ambulatorial, FE &#8804; 35%, QRS &#8805; 120 ms (bloqueio de ramo esquerdo [BRE] e bloqueio de ramo direito [BRD] com hemibloqueio ou ritmo de marca-passo) e tratamento otimizado. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram comorbidades graves, indica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de implante de marca-passo, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca CF IV (NYHA), valvopatia prim&#225;ria e dados incompletos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de algumas vari&#225;veis durante os per&#237;odos avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Tempo 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Tempo 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Tempo 3</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">69,8%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">88,7%</td>
                <td align="center">89,2%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">91,8%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">97,4%</td>
                <td align="center">96%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">95,9%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemida &#8805; 80mg/dia</td>
                <td align="center">31,9%</td>
                <td align="center">17%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">59,4%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">29,3%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">11,2%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-D</td>
                <td align="center">54,2%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">71,55%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRD com hemibloqueio</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">16,3%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veia posterolateral</td>
                <td align="center">45,4%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veias anterolaterais</td>
                <td align="center">52,5%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Largura pr&#233;via do QRS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICC</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">0,79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">35%</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">0,73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">119,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">121,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,84<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF IIl (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">68,1%</td>
                <td align="center">8,7%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
                <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF IV (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">31,9%</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">7,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">34,6%</td>
                <td align="center">59,2%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">63,2%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">23,7%</td>
                <td align="center">27,1%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">13,9%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD Grau III</td>
                <td align="center">29,7%</td>
                <td align="center">8,7%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">16,4%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD Grau IV</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
                <td align="center">4,8%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5,0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem RM</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%</td>
                <td align="center">5,3%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">15,3%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve RM</td>
                <td align="center">50,4%</td>
                <td align="center">66,0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">56,0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada RM</td>
                <td align="center">30,4%</td>
                <td align="center">18,7%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">18,6%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grave RM</td>
                <td align="center">15,6%</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                <td align="center">20,9%</td>
                <td align="center">17%</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
                <td align="center">0,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>Tempo 1, pr&#233;-implante; tempo 2, 1 ano; tempo 3, 2 anos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise do tempo 3 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo 2; largura do QRS, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e press&#227;o arterial foram vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (valores de mediana); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; TRC-D: cardioversor-desfibrilador com marca-passo biventricular; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; CF: classe funcional (NYHA); DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 147 pacientes submetidos &#224; implante durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, apenas 116 foram inclu&#237;dos pelas seguintes raz&#245;es: 4 tinham FE &gt; 35%; 3 tinham bloqueio atrioventricular total; 2 tinham valvopatia card&#237;aca prim&#225;ria; 2 apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo; 7 tinham dados incompletos; 4 apresentaram perda de captura no eletrodo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 2 n&#227;o completaram o seguimento; 1 apresentou comorbidade grave; 5 foram hospitalizados por ICC classe IV no momento da inclus&#227;o; e 1 morreu de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria prematura.</p>
        <p>Os eletrodos do ventr&#237;culo direito foram posicionados preferencialmente na regi&#227;o apical (84%). Os modelos St. Jude Medical, Biotronik, Medtronic e Guidant foram usados em 92, 12, 10 e 2 pacientes, respectivamente. Pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para implante concomitante de cardioversor-desfibrilador (grupo TRC-D) (54% dos 116 pacientes) tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Tal indica&#231;&#227;o foi para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em 47 pacientes e para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria em 16 pacientes.</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante (primeira an&#225;lise), um ano ap&#243;s a implante (segunda an&#225;lise) e dois anos ap&#243;s a implante (terceira an&#225;lise) conforme protocolo fixo. Foram analisadas 12 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, 8 eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e 7 ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram: idade; sexo; &#237;ndice de massa corporal; caquexia card&#237;aca; CF; etiologia da miocardiopatia; veia card&#237;aca em que o eletrodo foi posicionado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de creatinina; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica; uso de alta dose de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (&#8805; 80 mg/dia de furosemida); e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BRE ou BRD; marca-passo card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio; bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS; estreitamento do QRS ap&#243;s implante; onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 em pacientes com BRE; e eixo QRS no plano frontal ap&#243;s implante. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo (VE); FE calculada usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson; grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD) de I a IV; grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de I a III; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (DVD); e dissincronismo.</p>
        <p>Registrou-se eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na velocidade de 25 mm/s e amplitude de 10 mm/mV. Considerou-se a maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS medida em uma das deriva&#231;&#245;es no plano frontal ou horizontal, que foi a deriva&#231;&#227;o com o mais alto valor, que permitia melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o. Definiu-se mortalidade card&#237;aca como morte por ICC em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado ou morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>As diretrizes ecocardiogr&#225;ficas para an&#225;lise de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, assim como as diretrizes de dissincronismo para an&#225;lise de tais par&#226;metros, foram seguidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos experientes realizaram os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, dos quais, 72% foram feitos pelo mesmo especialista. O sistema <italic>GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound System</italic> (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, EUA) foi utilizado para os exames.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas foi analisada usando-se o m&#233;todo de Simpson no modo bidimensional. Os di&#226;metros ventriculares foram obtidos na ecocardiografia modo M, de acordo com a diretriz padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi analisada qualitativamente, diferenciada em presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia de qualquer grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi analisada avaliando-se o fluxo mitral (em repouso e ap&#243;s a manobra de Valsalva), imagens de Doppler tecidual e velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o de fluxo com modo M colorido. Usaram-se os resultados para classificar a DD em quatro graus (0, ausente; I, leve; II, moderada; III, acentuada ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o restritiva; e IV, grave ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o restritiva irrevers&#237;vel)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <p>Avaliou-se o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral como a percentagem de enchimento do &#225;trio esquerdo usando-se ecocardiografia com Doppler colorido. A percentagem foi inferior a 20% no refluxo leve, entre 20% e 40% no moderado e valores acima desses indicaram refluxo grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Nesse contexto pr&#225;tico, o efeito Coanda foi interpretado como refluxo moderado quando restrito &#224; parede lateral do &#225;trio, e acentuado quando se estendeu pelo polo superior do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado, tendo o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do hospital aprovado o estudo, cujo protocolo obedeceu &#224;s normas &#233;ticas da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens, enquanto as cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, ou mediana. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando-se os testes de McNemar, Stuart-Maxwell ou qui-quadrado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo o teste Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> usado para as cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As distribui&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas significativamente diferentes para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o univariada das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com mortalidade ou Tx card&#237;acos foi avaliada usando-se a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, o teste <italic>log-rank</italic> e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox. Algumas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas para determinar o ponto de corte.</p>
          <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Cox foram desenvolvidos nos seguintes tempos para avaliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o independente de cada uma das vari&#225;veis significativas no modelo univariado de Cox: pr&#233;-implante (tempo 1); primeiro ano ap&#243;s a TRC (tempo 2); e segundo ano ap&#243;s a TRC (tempo 3). As vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 10% foram consideradas potenciais confundidoras. Cada vari&#225;vel foi inclu&#237;da no modelo multivariado de acordo com a ordem descendente de risco, sendo exclu&#237;da quando p &#8805; 5%. Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do modelo final, as vari&#225;veis previamente exclu&#237;das foram de novo inclu&#237;das no modelo e testadas individualmente, usando-se o mesmo crit&#233;rio.</p>
          <p>Conduziram-se as an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica usando-se a raz&#227;o de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> como vari&#225;vel independente e morte/Tx card&#237;acos como vari&#225;vel dependente. Testou-se a acur&#225;cia dos modelos com a curva   <italic>receiver-operating characteristic</italic> (ROC), juntamente com sensibilidade e especificidade. Modelos foram preparados dividindo-se os escores de risco em categorias de acordo com o n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis presentes, sendo classificados como de risco baixo (classe A), m&#233;dio (classe B) e alto (classe C).</p>
          <p>As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foram elaboradas individualmente para vari&#225;veis independentes e classes de risco, sendo comparadas usando-se o teste   <italic>log-rank</italic>.</p>
          <p>Para os modelos propostos, todas as vari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto &#224; observ&#226;ncia &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais com o teste de Schoenfeld e a an&#225;lise visual dos res&#237;duos contra o tempo de mortes ou censura. Para cada modelo, analisou-se o efeito de cada observa&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros estimados. Para tal, ap&#243;s a dele&#231;&#227;o de uma observa&#231;&#227;o, o modelo foi estimado de novo, sendo as novas estimativas comparadas &#224;s anteriores. Os valores n&#227;o devem mudar muito ou o modelo &#233; demasiado sens&#237;vel para determinada observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a <italic>bootstrap</italic>, os dados originais foram experimentados 10 mil vezes para a obten&#231;&#227;o de 10 mil pseudo-amostras de tamanho 60. Assim, para cada pseudo-amostra, estimaram-se raz&#245;es de risco dos tr&#234;s modelos. Tais raz&#245;es de risco estimadas foram ordenadas, relatando-se o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados usando-se Stata/SE, vers&#227;o 12.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, EUA) e o programa "R" (2014 - <italic>"R": A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing</italic>, Viena, &#193;ustria).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o estudo, registraram-se 29 mortes, correspondendo a uma taxa de mortalidade total de 25% durante o seguimento de 34,09 &#177; 17,9 meses. Mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos corresponderam a 16,3% (19 pacientes). Seis pacientes foram submetidos a Tx durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, cinco por ICC refrat&#225;ria e um por tempestade arr&#237;tmica recorrente. Tr&#234;s pacientes de Tx morreram prematuramente devido &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a por ocasi&#227;o do Tx. N&#227;o houve morte s&#250;bita no grupo TRC-D, mas tr&#234;s mortes s&#250;bitas ocorreram no grupo TRC-P (marca-passo sem desfibrilador). No grupo TRC-D, seis pacientes com taquicardia ventricular r&#225;pida ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o foram tratados com choque eficaz. A   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes e a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados durante o per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve significativa evid&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica de que a suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais tenha sido violada. Analisou-se o efeito de cada observa&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros estimados para cada modelo. Os dados obtidos n&#227;o sugerem observa&#231;&#245;es influentes. Intervalos de confian&#231;a <italic>bootstrap</italic> para o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% foram obtidos e confirmaram o significado estat&#237;stico das raz&#245;es de risco. Tais resultados n&#227;o rejeitaram o ajuste do modelo com as vari&#225;veis propostas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intervalo de confian&#231;a bootstrap de 95% e teste formal para suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 1</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Covari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(1.7142; 14.2053)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(1.8754; 16.6939)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(2.2563; 18.7021)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICC</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(2.1747; 11.4814)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(3.0642; 10.6684)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(4.0963; 18.3712)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 3</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(3.5177; 37.5661)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">(6.0592; 46.8405)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 1</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Covari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#961;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,08099</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
                <td align="center">0,28512</td>
                <td align="center">0,593</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADD</td>
                <td align="center">-0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,00259</td>
                <td align="center">0,939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Global</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,33714</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICC</td>
                <td align="center">0,3713</td>
                <td align="center">1,785</td>
                <td align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td align="center">0,1089</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADD</td>
                <td align="center">-0,0934</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Global</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,905</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Modelo 3</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF</td>
                <td align="center">-0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVD</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
                <td align="center">0,687</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Global</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ADD: altas doses de diur&#233;tico (furosemida &#8805; 80 mg/dia); CF: classe funcional (NYHA) III/IV comparada com I/II.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis no tempo 1 (pr&#233;-implante)</title>
          <p>Das 27 vari&#225;veis analisadas durante o primeiro per&#237;odo do estudo (pr&#233;-implante), 13 foram significativas no modelo de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox. Nesse modelo, RVD, FE &lt; 25% e o uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos associaram-se independentemente com aumento do desfecho mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos, com raz&#245;es de risco de 3,9, 4,8 e 5,9, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise pelo modelo de Cox relacionada com mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos no tempo 1 (pr&#233;-implante)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Multivariada</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23-69,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                  <td align="center">5,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,97-12,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.95</td>
                  <td align="center">1.45-10.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CF III / IV</td>
                  <td align="center">4,87</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85-12,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">4,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77-12,63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE &lt; 25 %</td>
                  <td align="center">4,43</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77-11,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,85</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71-13,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">3,89</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56-9,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">5,97</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15-16,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">3,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35-8,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina &gt; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06-7,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE &gt; 80 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">2,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00-7,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD &lt; 60 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">2,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-6,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA</td>
                  <td align="center">4,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98-19,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM grau II</td>
                  <td align="center">2,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89-7,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM grau III</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87-9,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio no modelo de Cox; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; P: n&#237;vel de significado estat&#237;stico; Diur&#233;tico &#8593;: &#8805; 80 mg de furosemida; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CF III / IV: percentagem de classe funcional (CF) III sobre a CFC IV; Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 1: uma ou mais hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis significativas no modelo multivariado tamb&#233;m foram significativas no modelo de Kaplan-Meier ao serem comparadas usando-se o teste   <italic>log-rank</italic>. A an&#225;lise do modelo usando a curva ROC mostrou uma &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,81, com sensibilidade de 61,1%, especificidade de 89,5% e acur&#225;cia de 84,6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier das vari&#225;veis com valor independente na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox, comparada usando o teste log-rank, com a constru&#231;&#227;o da curva ROC, &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,81, sensibilidade de 61%, especificidade de 89% e acur&#225;cia de 84%. &#192; direita, parte inferior, modelo de risco, correspondendo a baixo risco de mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos a aus&#234;ncia das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, furosemida &gt; 80 mg/dia, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (VD) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &lt; 25%, ou a presen&#231;a de uma delas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A partir de combina&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis, desenvolvemos um modelo com tr&#234;s classes como se segue: classe A (baixo risco para morte/Tx card&#237;acos), aus&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis ou presen&#231;a de apenas uma das vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada, correspondendo a uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 93%. A combina&#231;&#227;o de duas (classe B) e tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis (classe C) resultou em uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 61% e 0%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis no tempo 2 (primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC)</title>
          <p>No tempo 2 (primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC), 13 vari&#225;veis mostraram-se significativas no modelo de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox, onde RVD, uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICC relacionaram-se de maneira independente com o aumento do desfecho mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos, com raz&#245;es de risco de 3,5, 5,3 e 12,5, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis significativas no modelo multivariado tamb&#233;m foram significativas no modelo de Kaplan-Meier ao serem comparadas usando-se o teste   <italic>log-rank</italic>. A an&#225;lise do modelo usando a curva ROC mostrou uma AUC de 0,910, com sensibilidade de 76,4%, especificidade de 96,3% e acur&#225;cia de 93% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier da vari&#225;vel hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), que, associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos, formaram o modelo preditivo de morte/Tx card&#237;acos no tempo 2 (primeiro ano). A aus&#234;ncia das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis ou a presen&#231;a de apenas uma (baixo risco) indica uma taxa livre de eventos em 30 meses de 98%. Na parte superior &#224; direita, curva ROC com &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,91, sensibilidade de 76,4%, especificidade de 96,3% e acur&#225;cia de 93%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A partir de combina&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis, desenvolvemos um modelo com tr&#234;s classes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>): classe A (baixo risco de morte/Tx card&#237;acos), aus&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis ou presen&#231;a de apenas uma das vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada, correspondendo a uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 98%. A combina&#231;&#227;o de duas (classe B) e tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis (classe C) resultou em uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 65% e 0%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tabela 4 - Escores preditores de mortalidade card&#237;aca e transplante na terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca Escore no tempo 1 (pr&#233;-implante)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Hazard</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Escores</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Classe</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">A,</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + FE</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE + Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + FE + Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">114,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left">
                    <bold>Escore no tempo 2 (1&#176; ano)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Hazard</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Escores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Classe</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico &#8593; + Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">66,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o + Diur&#233;tico &#8593;</td>
                  <td align="center">234,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left">
                    <bold>Escore no tempo 3 ( 2&#176; ano)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Hazard</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Escores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Classe</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CF III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVD + CF III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>DVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 25%; diur&#233;tico &#8593;: uso de furosemida &#8805; 80 mg; CF: classe funcional (NYHA); hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: &#8805; 1 hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; classe A: risco baixo; classe B: risco intermedi&#225;rio; classe C: risco alto.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>O risco foi usado como vari&#225;vel independente no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a prepara&#231;&#227;o do escore. O escore foi obtido pela hazard ratio da vari&#225;vel dividida pelo valor mais alto.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p> adicionou-se uma unidade para manter a propor&#231;&#227;o de risco. N: n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis no tempo 3 (segundo ano ap&#243;s TRC)</title>
          <p>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICC, uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos, CF, DD, DVD, FE &lt;30%, doen&#231;a de Chagas e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt;110 mmHg mostraram-se significativas no modelo de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox no segundo ano ap&#243;s TRC.</p>
          <p>No modelo multivariado de Cox, DVD e CF III/IV relacionaram-se de modo independente com o desfecho mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos, com raz&#245;es de risco de 7,7 e 12,0, respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis significativas no modelo multivariado tamb&#233;m mostraram-se significativas em separado no modelo de Kaplan-Meier quando comparadas usando-se o teste <italic>log-rank</italic> (p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise do modelo usando a curva ROC mostrou uma AUC de 0,789, com sensibilidade de 40%, especificidade de 98,4% e acur&#225;cia de 90,5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: curva ROC do modelo no tempo 3 (segundo ano), com as vari&#225;veis disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (VD) e classe funcional (CF) III e IV comparada com I e II, &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,789, sensibilidade de 40%, especificidade de 98,4% e acur&#225;cia de 90,5%. B: a curva de Kaplan-Meier mostra que a aus&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis disfun&#231;&#227;o VD e CF III / IV (classe A - baixo risco) indica uma taxa livre de eventos em 30 meses de 97.5%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0399-50093-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A partir de combina&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis, desenvolvemos um modelo com tr&#234;s classes: classe A (baixo risco de morte/Tx card&#237;acos), aus&#234;ncia das duas vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada, correspondendo a uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 97,5%. A combina&#231;&#227;o de duas (classe B) e tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis (classe C) resultou em uma taxa de aus&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco em 30 meses de 83,1% e 38,5%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, desenvolvemos tr&#234;s modelos preditores para risco de morte e Tx card&#237;acos em diferentes est&#225;gios da TRC. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar sequencial e prospectivamente vari&#225;veis preditores na mesma popula&#231;&#227;o e em diferentes est&#225;gios de desenvolvimento (pr&#233;-implante, e no primeiro e segundo anos ap&#243;s TRC) e a desenvolver modelos de risco para morte e Tx card&#237;acos. Os modelos identificaram vari&#225;veis simples que, quando presentes, associaram-se a alto risco de morte e Tx card&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade total foi de 25% (29/116) aos 34 &#177; 17 meses. No estudo CARE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, a mortalidade foi 30% no grupo sem interven&#231;&#227;o, comparada a 20% no grupo com TRC, durante o seguimento de 29,4 meses. No estudo COMPANION<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, a taxa de mortalidade foi 21% (131/617) no grupo TRC, comparada a 25% (77/308) no grupo controle, durante seguimento de 24 meses. Portanto, nossa mortalidade total acha-se dentro da varia&#231;&#227;o descrita nos grandes estudos. Analisamos os desfechos combinados de mortalidade e Tx card&#237;acos, visando a identificar vari&#225;veis mais espec&#237;ficas relacionadas aos resultados da TRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram fatores preditores de resposta ou morte em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e com diferentes crit&#233;rios de resposta, sendo os resultados inconsistentes. Entretanto, v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es identificaram os seguintes fatores preditores de resposta: miocardiopatia dilatada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>; largura do QRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; estreitamento do QRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>; presen&#231;a de dissincronismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; sexo feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>; tipo de bloqueio de ramo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; integral da velocidade a&#243;rtica no tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; e DD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com DVD (20,9% do grupo) apresentaram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o em todos os tempos da an&#225;lise. Entretanto, observamos que seis pacientes com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentaram regress&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es no ventr&#237;culo direito. O estudo de Praus e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mostrou que a regress&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito ocorreu mais tarde (15 meses), enquanto Leong e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> identificaram o ventr&#237;culo direito como um preditor independente de mortalidade. Logo, pacientes com DVD n&#227;o deveriam ser exclu&#237;dos da indica&#231;&#227;o para TRC, embora representem um subgrupo de maior risco para morte card&#237;aca ou Tx card&#237;aco ap&#243;s TRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A import&#226;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito na TRC foi demonstrada em outros estudos recentes, mas n&#227;o na elabora&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de risco para diferentes est&#225;gios de evolu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Treze pacientes (11,2%) tinham doen&#231;a de Chagas, dos quais cinco tinham DVD. A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi relacionada a aumento de mortalidade na curva de sobrevida, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outro estudo que a relacionou a pior desfecho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o se manteve como uma vari&#225;vel independente, provavelmente porque 41% dos pacientes tinham DVD, uma vari&#225;vel significativa em todas as ocasi&#245;es da an&#225;lise. Logo, a relev&#226;ncia da DVD n&#227;o esteve exclusivamente relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, pois 19 pacientes tinham DVD devida a outras etiologias.</p>
        <p>Uma FE &lt; 25% pr&#233;-implante identificou um subgrupo de mais alto risco para morte card&#237;aca. Linde e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, em uma suban&#225;lise do estudo REVERSE, mostraram que uma FE basal &lt; 30%, comparada a valores entre 30% e 40%, relacionou-se positivamente com sobrevida. Entretanto, Kronborg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> relataram que FE basal &lt; 22,5% determinou maior mortalidade ap&#243;s TRC.</p>
        <p>A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICC mostrou-se uma vari&#225;vel independente quanto &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade/Tx card&#237;acos no primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC. O estudo representa, at&#233; onde sabemos, a primeira vez em que aquela vari&#225;vel foi inclu&#237;da como independente na an&#225;lise do risco de mortalidade no primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC e n&#227;o como uma parte do desfecho combinado com morte. Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICC &#233; um bem conhecido fator de risco para miocardiopatia, tendo v&#225;rios estudos demonstrado redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia desse evento ap&#243;s TRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outra vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica facilmente obtida que mostrou significativo valor no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante e primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC foi o uso de altas doses de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a (furosemida &#8805; 80 mg/dia). Van Boven e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#227;o uso cr&#244;nico de diur&#233;ticos e a resposta &#224; TRC. Entretanto, Cleland e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>observaram que o uso de altas doses de diur&#233;tico relacionou-se a pior progn&#243;stico apenas na an&#225;lise univariada. Acreditamos que a descri&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel como tendo um valor independente para morte card&#237;aca em dois momentos da an&#225;lise de TRC no nosso estudo seja original.</p>
        <p>Recentemente elaborou-se uma regra cl&#237;nica de predi&#231;&#227;o para identificar pacientes com risco elevado de morte precoce ap&#243;s TRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, incluindo as seguintes quatro vari&#225;veis independentes: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) &gt; 65 mm, morfologia de n&#227;o-BRE, n&#237;vel de creatinina &gt; 1,5, e n&#227;o uso de betabloqueadores. No nosso estudo, DDVE e n&#237;vel de creatinina foram significativos apenas nas an&#225;lises univariadas. Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICC, uso de altas doses de diur&#233;tico e DVD, algumas vari&#225;veis independentes no nosso estudo, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no estudo anterior.</p>
        <p>Conseguimos uma significativa melhora na especificidade dos modelos preditores de mortalidade ou resposta ap&#243;s TRC, alcan&#231;ando 96% no primeiro ano ap&#243;s TRC e 98% no segundo ano ap&#243;s TRC, quando comparada com especificidade de 22%-70% dos modelos previamente descritos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mortalidades total e card&#237;aca. Tais resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os desfechos-alvo da TRC no tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;as graves, com altos custos e riscos no procedimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.Os modelos usados neste estudo mostraram boa acur&#225;cia, variando de 84,6% a 93%, podendo ser usados em tr&#234;s diferentes est&#225;gios de TRC, outra contribui&#231;&#227;o original do nosso estudo. Nos n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia usuais, o modelo foi validado internamente e n&#227;o revelou falta de ajuste ou sensibilidade exagerada dos dados.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que este estudo contribua, promovendo o avan&#231;o da busca por melhores crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, com a composi&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices multifatoriais simples e com a inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis usadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. Os modelos ser&#227;o &#250;teis para sele&#231;&#227;o, monitoramento e orienta&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para TRC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises da variabilidade intra- e interobservador de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do intervalo atrioventricular ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Os modelos criados n&#227;o foram validados externamente, apenas internamente. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, o grande n&#250;mero de exclu&#237;dos e o fato de ter sido conduzido em um &#250;nico centro. A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi analisada qualitativamente devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas desse ventr&#237;culo e o progn&#243;stico no in&#237;cio do estudo. Tais resultados devem ser considerados no contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo: 59,4% tinham miocardiopatia dilatada, 11,2% tinham miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, 12% tinham BRD e 16,3% tinham implante pr&#233;via de marca-passo card&#237;aco. Maiores estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar as importantes vari&#225;veis relacionadas a morte e Tx card&#237;acos ap&#243;s TRC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Desenvolvemos modelos preditores de morte ou Tx card&#237;acos em diferentes est&#225;gios da TRC com base na an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas simples e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. Os modelos mostram boa acur&#225;cia e ajuste, foram validados internamente e s&#227;o &#250;teis para a sele&#231;&#227;o, o monitoramento e a orienta&#231;&#227;o de pacientes indicados para TRC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos aos professores Jos&#233; Wellington O. Lima, Luis Gustavo Bastos Pinho e Juv&#234;ncio Santos Nobre pela orienta&#231;&#227;o em estat&#237;stica e ao Dr. Italo Martins pela coordena&#231;&#227;o local do doutorado.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FUNCAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Eduardo Arrais Rocha pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
