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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KxcfNHsBXGTKsMwjbNmy4ZP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300390</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050098</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150098</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Novel Algorithm to Quantify Coronary Remodeling Using Inferred Normal Dimensions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariani</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Edelman</surname>
            <given-names>Elazer R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Medical Engineering and Science</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cambridge</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Harvard University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Womens Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Departamento de Medicina, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Breno de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o,</bold> Rua Oscar Freire, 1753 Apt. 41b, Pinheiros. Postal Code 05409-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>brenoaafalcao@gmail.com</email>;   <email>brenofalcao@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Edelman ER, Lemos PA; Acquisition of data: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Lopes AC, Soares PR, Mariani Jr J, Lemos PA; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Lopes AC, Soares PR, Mariani Jr J, Kalil-Filho R, Edelman ER, Lemos PA; Statistical analysis: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Lemos PA; Obtaining financing: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Lemos PA; Writing of the manuscript: Falc&#227;o BAA, Lopes AC, Edelman ER, Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>398</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Vascular remodeling, the dynamic dimensional change in face of stress, can assume different directions as well as magnitudes in atherosclerotic disease. Classical measurements rely on reference to segments at a distance, risking inappropriate comparison between dislike vessel portions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to explore a new method for quantifying vessel remodeling, based on the comparison between a given target segment and its inferred normal dimensions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Geometric parameters and plaque composition were determined in 67 patients using three-vessel intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology (IVUS-VH). Coronary vessel remodeling at cross-section (n = 27.639) and lesion (n = 618) levels was assessed using classical metrics and a novel analytic algorithm based on the fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI), which quantifies the total change in arterial wall dimensions related to the estimated normal dimension of the vessel. A prediction model was built to estimate the normal dimension of the vessel for calculation of FVRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>According to the new algorithm, &#8220;Ectatic&#8221; remodeling pattern was least common, &#8220;Complete compensatory&#8221; remodeling was present in approximately half of the instances, and &#8220;Negative&#8221; and &#8220;Incomplete compensatory&#8221; remodeling types were detected in the remaining. Compared to a traditional diagnostic scheme, FVRI-based classification seemed to better discriminate plaque composition by IVUS-VH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Quantitative assessment of coronary remodeling using target segment dimensions offers a promising approach to evaluate the vessel response to plaque growth/regression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Neovascularization, Pathologic</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery remodeling, the geometric change in artery dimensions, evolves with the ebb and flow of the atherosclerotic process. Arterial remodeling encompasses a wide spectrum of presentations, ranging from expansive to constrictive remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the former, coronary vessel dimensions increase as plaque accumulates, while in the latter there is relative contraction of the vessel wall and impingement on the lumen. There might be a limit to expansive effects, which eventually stabilize or decompensate to luminal encroachment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It is therefore evident that the pattern and extent of arterial remodeling play an important role in ultimately determining the effect of the atherosclerotic disease on luminal dimensions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several methods have been described to characterize and quantify vessel remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease, mostly using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. In cross-sectional studies, the evaluation of coronary remodeling is frequently described as a simple comparison between the most diseased portion and nearby reference segments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, reference vessel segments are not perfect surrogates for normality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In sequential studies a region of interest is examined at baseline and compared with the same matched portion during follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This approach, however, only captures the changes in plaque and vessel dimensions over time, regardless of the degree of atherosclerosis and remodeling at baseline, which may have a marked influence on the outcomes thereafter.</p>
      <p>The classification of remodeling varies substantially as a function of definition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and no consensus exists for a universal definition of remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In theory, the ideal method to measure vessel remodeling would evaluate the diseased coronary segment compared to the same region before the existence of the atherosclerotic plaque. Obviously, such a normality comparator cannot be directly assessed in practice. We hypothesized, however, that the native normal vessel size could be inferred for any given coronary segment to create a more appropriate baseline for determination of remodeling. The present study explored a new method to quantify vessel remodeling, based on the comparison between any target segment with its assumed normal dimensions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design and Patient Population</title>
        <p>This prospective, single-arm survey enrolled 67 patients scheduled to undergo coronary angioplasty. During the procedure, before any coronary intervention, all patients were examined with three-vessel coronary IVUS to evaluate coronary geometric parameters. The study was approved by the institutional review board and signed written informed consent was obtained from every patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IVUS Procedure and Image Segmentation</title>
        <p>Intracoronary nitroglycerin (100-200 &#181;g) was injected before imaging acquisition. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of the left main trunk and of the proximal portions (40-80 mm) of the three coronary arteries was obtained using a 20 MHz electronic solid-state catheter (Eagle Eye Gold catheter and Vision Gold System console, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, USA) during automatic pullback at 0.5 mm/s (R100 pullback device, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, USA).</p>
        <p>Two experienced analysts, blinded to clinical data, performed all offline analyses using dedicated software (pcVH 2.2, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, USA). The external elastic lamina and lumen contours were traced semi-automatically in every acquired IVUS frame to obtain the following grey-scale IVUS parameters: lumen area, elastic external membrane area (EEM area), plaque + media area (EEM area minus lumen area) and plaque burden (plaque + media area divided by the EEM area, multiplied by 100). In addition to the geometric vessel information, radiofrequency analysis of the IVUS signal backscatter, the so-called virtual histology (IVUS-VH), was used to characterize plaque composition into four components: fibrous, fibrolipidic, necrotic core, and dense calcium. The absolute area and percent contribution of each component were computed for all frames.</p>
        <p>To verify data accuracy, interobserver reproducibility analyses were performed in 1,000 randomly selected coronary frames of ten patients. The Pearson correlation coefficient for EEM area, lumen area, and plaque + media area were 0.98, 0.95, and 0.93, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calculation of the Novel Fractional Vessel Remodeling Index</title>
        <p>The fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI) was conceived to quantify the total change in arterial wall dimensions related to the atherosclerotic plaque load, and was calculated as:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e01">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
        <p>Where,</p>
        <p><bold>EEM area<sub>ACTUAL</sub></bold> is the real EEM area measured in the cross-section,</p>
        <p><bold>EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub></bold> is the hypothetical dimension of the vessel before the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque (estimated according to the methodology described below), and</p>
        <p><bold>Plaque area</bold> is the current plaque plus media area measured.</p>
        <p>For the calculation of the EEM area<sub><bold>PREDICTED</bold></sub>, we hypothesized that the original coronary lumen is maintained in the initial phases of the atherosclerotic process. Therefore, all cross-sections with an IVUS plaque burden &lt; 20% were assumed to have normal lumen dimensions. As EEM and lumen areas are coincident on IVUS in the absence of plaque, the estimation of the EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub> was based on the lumen size of cross-sections with absent or trivial plaque (i.e. plaque burden &lt; 20%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Those cross-sections were analyzed to derive a predictive model for the normal luminal area (i.e. the EEM area<sub>ORIGINAL</sub>) using the following arbitrarily chosen constitutional and anatomical parameters: body surface area, coronary dominance, coronary territory, and the distance in millimeters from the coronary ostium. A final multivariable linear model was built using a bootstrap technique with 5000 replicated samples, with a final prediction equation obtained from the bootstrapped B-coefficients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. For the sake of keeping the prediction within the limits of clinically relevant coronary vessels, and because of the sample size, the analysis was restricted to frames with luminal areas between 3.1 mm<sup>2</sup> and 19.6 mm<sup>2</sup> (i.e. average vessel diameter between 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interpretation of FVRI</title>
        <p>An FVRI close to a unit, in face of significant plaque, indicates compensatory vessel enlargement resulting in complete accommodation for plaque growth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The cutoff of one standard deviation of FVRI at plaque level was arbitrarily chosen for the FVRI range (between 0.83 and 1.17) to signal &#8220;complete compensatory&#8221; remodeling. Conversely, an FVRI &gt; 1.17 indicates a disproportionally larger vessel increase compared to the plaque load, denoting "ectatic&#8221; remodeling. Finally, an FVRI &lt; 0.83 implies that plaque accumulation was not totally compensated, and there is absolute shrinkage of the vessel (i.e. current EEM is smaller than the hypothetical vessel size) or insufficient vessel enlargement to counterbalance plaque growth.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Possible remodeling outcomes of a normal coronary vessel after the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaque. The figure shows the remodeling patterns classified according to the algorithm based on the fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI). The numeric values are only illustrative. EEM: External elastic membrane.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Per Cross-Section &amp; Lesion Remodeling Analysis</title>
        <p>The FVRI was calculated at the cross-sectional frame level, together with the classification of the remodeling pattern according to the FVRI-based algorithm.</p>
        <p>For the lesion level, a coronary lesion was defined as any sequence of three consecutive frames with a plaque burden &gt; 40%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Within each lesion, the frame with the minimal lumen area was chosen as the representative cross-section for the assessment of the lesion remodeling pattern, which was classified according to two methods: the FVRI-based algorithm and the classical remodeling index, calculated as the ratio of EEM area of plaque and reference vessel. In this classic case, EEM plaque area was measured at the in-plaque cross-section with the smallest lumen area, and the reference EEM area was the average EEM area of the proximal and distal references.</p>
        <p>The proximal and distal references were specified as the frames with a plaque burden &#8804;40% adjacent to the respective plaque edges. Only lesions for which both distal and proximal references were available were considered for analysis.</p>
        <p>As recently proposed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, the plaques were categorized based on the classical remodeling index into "negative remodeling&#8221; (classical index &lt; 0.88), "intermediate remodeling" (classical index 0.88 &#8211; 1.00) or "positive remodeling" (classical index &gt; 1.00).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Considerations</title>
        <p>This is an exploratory study for which no formal sample size calculation was performed. A total study population of approximately 65 patients was arbitrarily set to permit, for illustrative purposes, demonstrating a significant linear correlation with an r-coefficient of 0.4 between two continuous variables, considering a two-tailed alpha value of 0.05 and a one-tailed beta value of 0.1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and median (interquartile range) and compared by ANOVA one-way testing. Univariable association between continuous variables was assessed by the Pearson correlation method. Categorical variables were expressed by their count and proportions. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05 and all tests were bicaudal. The regression modelling to estimate the normal vessel size and the calculation of the derived parameters were detailed above. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corporation).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Baseline clinical characteristics of the 67 patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>) display classic demographics of patients presenting for cardiac catheterization and coronary angioplasty. On average, 3.8 &#177; 1.0 arteries were imaged per patient (total number of coronary arteries = 255): 25% left main, 26% left anterior descending artery, 24% circumflex artery, 22% right coronary artery, 3% others.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline Characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td>58.9 &#177; 9.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td>44 (66%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight, kg</td>
              <td>72.0 &#177; 11.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Height, cm</td>
              <td>161.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index, cm/kg<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td>27.6 &#177; 4.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference, cm</td>
              <td>97.4 + 11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acute coronary syndrome</td>
              <td>30 (45%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Multivessel coronary disease</td>
              <td>46 (69%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td>28 (42%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td>56 (84%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Current smoking</td>
              <td>14 (21%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Metabolic syndrome</td>
              <td>30 (45%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol</td>
              <td>165.0 &#177; 39.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL cholesterol</td>
              <td>99.9 &#177; 35.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL cholesterol</td>
              <td>36.5 &#177; 10.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides</td>
              <td>143.2 &#177; 72.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Numbers are counts (percentages) or mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Overall, 31,159 IVUS cross-sections along a total length of 9,579.8 mm (142.9 &#177; 22.3 mm per patient) were analyzed. For all frames, lumen area was 8.2 &#177; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>, EEM area was 14.2 &#177; 5.7 mm<sup>2</sup>, plaque area was 6.0 &#177; 3.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, and percent plaque burden was 41.6 &#177; 16.5% of the arterial section. A total of 3,520 cross-sections (11.3%) had no or only mild atherosclerotic plaques (i.e. percent plaque burden &lt; 20%), which were computed for the calculation of the EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub>.</p>
      <p>The overall characteristics of the bootstrapped prediction model to estimate the EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>) demonstrated that all preselected variables remained significant in the final multivariable model. The estimated and the actual vessel areas in cross-sections with absent or trivial plaques (plaque burden &lt; 20%) correlated well (p &lt; 0.001; adjusted R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> = 0.46) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Final prediction model<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> to estimate the original external elastic membrane area (EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub>)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#914;-coefficient (95% confidence interval)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Constant</td>
              <td align="center">12.20 (11.07 &#8211; 13.33)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dominance pattern</td>
              <td align="center">-1.14 (-1.46 &#8211; -0.82)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary vessel</td>
              <td align="center">-1.73 (-1.80 &#8211; -1.66)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Distance from the coronary ostium (in mm) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">-1.28 (-1.39 &#8211; -1.18)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body surface area (in m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">2.60 (1.99 &#8211; 3.20)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.46;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Logarithmic transformation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scatter correlation graph between estimated normal external elastic membrane area (EEM area<sub>PREDICTED</sub>) and the actual lumen area in cross-sections with absent or trivial plaque (plaque burden &lt; 20%).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Vessel Remodeling at Cross-Section Level</title>
        <p>For cross-sections with established plaques (i.e. plaque burden &#8805; 20%), the average FVRI was 0.86 &#177; 0.21 (median 0.84; interquartile range 0.71 &#8211; 0.98). Overall, 43% of frames had FVRI between 0.83 and 1.17 ("complete compensatory" remodeling). For the remaining cross-sections, 8.6% had FVRI &gt; 1.17 ("ectatic" remodeling) and, in 48.4%, the FVRI was &lt; 0.83. From these, 38.7% (18.7% of the total) exhibited reduction in EEM area ("negative" remodeling), while 61.3% (29.6% of the total) had insufficient increment in EEM area ("incomplete compensatory" remodeling) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Per cross-section (frames with plaque burden &#8805; 20%) and per lesion types of vascular remodeling classified according to the algorithm based on fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The level of FVRI was influenced by the degree of the atherosclerotic load. FVRI was negatively related to increasing plaque burden (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>); cross-sections with a percent plaque burden &lt; 20% had an average FVRI of 0.99, which progressively decreased to a mean FVRI of 0.71 in frames with plaque burden &gt; 60%.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Average fractional vessel remodeling index in relation to percent plaque burden (error bars are one standard error of the mean).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vessel Remodeling at Lesion Level</title>
        <p>The analysis included 618 lesions (mean length 7.7 &#177; 11.2 mm). In-lesion, lumen area was 6.0 &#177; 3.1 mm<sup>2</sup>, EEM area was 13.4 &#177; 5.4 mm<sup>2</sup>, and percent plaque burden was 55.0 &#177; 11.3%. For the mean reference segments, lumen area was 8.9 &#177; 3.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, EEM area was 14.0 &#177; 5.4 mm<sup>2</sup>, and percent plaque burden was 36.2 &#177; 3.2%.</p>
        <p>Overall, the in-lesion FVRI was 0.77 &#177; 0.17 (median 0.77; interquartile range 0.64 &#8211; 0.88). When classified according to the FVRI-based algorithm, lesions had complete compensatory remodeling in 35.1%, ectatic remodeling in 1.3%, negative remodeling in 22.3%, and incomplete compensatory remodeling in 41.3% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>The classical remodeling index for the lesions was 0.96 &#177; 0.16 (median 0.99; interquartile range 0.90 &#8211; 1.04). The remodeling categories according to the classical index were: negative remodeling 22%, intermediate remodeling 34.6%, and positive remodeling 43.4%.</p>
        <p>The FVRI-based algorithm and the classical remodeling index had a low agreement for the remodeling classification of the lesions, with an overall concordance of only 38.1%: negative/negative in 8.3%, complete compensatory/positive in 17%, and incomplete compensatory/intermediate in 12.8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). Nevertheless, there was a significant trend towards increasing FVRI values from negative to positive remodeling categories according to the classical index groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparative classification of the lesion remodeling patterns according to FVRI-based algorithm or classical remodeling index (n = 618 lesions)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Classical remodeling</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Mean classical remodeling index<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Negative</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Intermediate</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Negative</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mean FVRI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FVRI-based remodeling class</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negative</td>
                <td align="center">51 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (7.9)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (6.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Incomplete compensatory</td>
                <td align="center">57 (9.2)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (12.8)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (19.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complete compensatory</td>
                <td align="center">28 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (17.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ectatic</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 0.15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Numbers are mean &#177; standard deviation or counts (percentages relative to total number of lesions); FVRI: Fractional vessel remodeling index;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt; 0.001 for all.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impact of Vessel Remodeling on Plaque Composition</title>
        <p>The two diagnostic schemes of remodeling classification at plaque level (FVRI or classical remodeling index) were further analyzed for their diagnostic ability in identifying plaque tissue composition. The FVRI-based classification seemed to better discriminate plaque composition: FVRI remodeling classes significantly differed in their plaque composition profile, for all tissue types (fibrous, fibrolipidic, necrolipidic, and calcific) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>). Conversely, remodeling types by classical remodeling index were not significantly different in relation to their fibrous and necrolipidic components (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Plaque composition in vascular remodeling types according to fractional vessel remodeling index or classical remodeling index (FVRI) (n = 618 plaques).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Classic quantitative techniques to evaluate coronary remodeling compare vessel size to "normal" adjacent segments, but do so with no standard for distance from the predicate site or precision in "normality". We now describe a new method of assessing coronary vessel remodeling that replaces arbitrary reference vessels with a quantitative approach derived from the estimation of the original normal vessel size. The proposed analytic algorithm, based on the novel FVRI, compares the current vessel to its inferred native state, allowing to measure and classify the remodeling pattern in any point of the coronary tree, providing a numeric assessment of arterial expansion or shrinkage related to coronary atherosclerosis. The proposed method permitted a frame-by-frame, as well as a per-lesion, analysis of the remodeling pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of an approach to assess remodeling at individual cross-section level.</p>
      <p>The FVRI adds precision and physiologic insight to the remodeling classification, distinguishing vascular responses where plaque is associated with absolute vessel shrinkage from those where plaque growth leads to different degrees of vessel accommodation. In our test population, complete vessel adaptation to plaque accumulation occurred in approximately half of the instances, at both the cross-section and plaque levels. Moreover, partial vessel adaptation to atherosclerosis or negative vessel remodeling (i.e. vessel shrinkage) was often detected, although vessel ectasia was infrequent.</p>
      <p>In line with previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, the present findings indicate that the adaptive vessel enlargement to plaque growth is progressively lost as plaque load increases, beginning as early as plaque burden ~20%, but with a more marked failure in the accommodation in larger plaque burdens. Similar results were seen in a recent cross-sectional substudy from the PROSPECT trial, where compensatory remodeling was also shown to decrease with increasing plaque loads<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. These results challenge the common concept that lumen dimensions are maintained intact until 40-50% plaque burden occurs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>A number of different approaches have been proposed to measure coronary remodeling in the lesion level<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Commonly, vessel remodeling is assessed by comparing the vessel size at target segment with the dimensions of adjacent &#8220;normal&#8221; references<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In sequential studies, current guidelines propose the simple change in target vessel size to assess remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Other sequential studies have suggested a classification of remodeling based on the ratio between vessel size and plaque variation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. This method, however, is unable to provide quantitative information regarding the magnitude of the remodeling response and is not applicable to segments with minimal or no plaque change (due to division by a null or very low denominator). Use of FVRI reduces some of the caveats of previous methods and may be a viable alternative to quantify remodeling in cross-sectional as well as sequential studies.</p>
      <p>A recent study, using alternative cutoff values for the classical remodeling index, showed that "positive" and "negative" remodeling were associated with similar outcomes, and both were worse than "intermediate remodeling"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. One could hypothesize that the similarly poorer outcomes for the two opposite types of remodeling, to some extent, might have been related to limitations in measurement and categorization of the remodeling pattern. Indeed, the classical definitions of remodeling as positive, negative, or intermediate are adequate descriptors in only ~40% of cases, as compared to the FVRI-based algorithm. The authors of the previous work reasoned that the impact of remodeling on outcomes could be explained by differences in plaque composition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In line with that, in our series, plaques with classical positive remodeling had more fibrolipidic tissue, while classical negative remodeling was associated with an increase in the calcific component. However, there were no significant differences among the classical remodeling categories in terms of their fibrous and necrotic components. Conversely, the FVRI-based assessment seemed to be more discriminative for the composition of the underlying plaque than the classical approach, with FVRI remodeling types significantly associated with varying profiles for all IVUS-VH plaque components. Altogether, FRVI appears to stratify coronary remodeling into four, instead of three, physiologically meaningful patterns with markedly different plaque composition. Whether these findings will be translated to the addition of clinical value by FVRI assessment remains open for future investigations.</p>
      <p>Our analyses suggest that the estimation of the original normal lumen and vessel size in any point of the coronary tree - a crucial step to calculate FVRI - is feasible and easily obtained. Nevertheless, due to the relatively small sample size of the present study and the intrinsic statistical limitations of any prediction modeling of multiple interdependent parameters, future studies are warranted to further refine and validate the estimation of normal vessel dimensions. It must be highlighted, however, that our study does not aim at validating the proposed method, but has the main objective of describing the theoretical concept of the FVRI-based algorithm for remodeling assessment and providing initial exploratory results of the new score.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The FVRI provides a quantitative assessment of coronary vessel remodeling, independent of nearby references, and offers a promising approach to evaluate the vessel response to plaque growth/regression.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Breno de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novo Algoritmo para Quantificar o Remodelamento Coron&#225;rio Utilizando Dimens&#245;es Normais Preditas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariani</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Edelman</surname>
            <given-names>Elazer R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Medical Engineering and Science</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cambridge</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Womens Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Departamento de Medicina, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Breno de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o,</bold> Rua Oscar Freire, 1753 Ap. 41b, Pinheiros. CEP 05409-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>brenoaafalcao@gmail.com</email>;   <email>brenofalcao@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Edelman ER, Lemos PA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Soares PR, Mariani Jr J, Lemos PA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Lopes AC, Soares PR, Mariani Jr J, Kalil-Filho R, Edelman ER, Lemos PA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Morais GR, Silva RC, Lopes AC, Edelman ER, Lemos PA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Falc&#227;o BAA, Falc&#227;o JLAA, Lemos PA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Falc&#227;o BAA, Lopes AC, Edelman ER, Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O remodelamento vascular, altera&#231;&#227;o dimensional din&#226;mica frente ao estresse, pode assumir diferentes dire&#231;&#245;es e magnitudes na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. As medidas cl&#225;ssicas baseiam-se em refer&#234;ncias a dist&#226;ncia do segmento-alvo, com risco de compara&#231;&#227;o inadequada pela sele&#231;&#227;o de por&#231;&#245;es vasculares indesej&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Explorar um novo m&#233;todo para quantificar remodelamento vascular, baseado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre um determinado segmento-alvo e suas dimens&#245;es normais inferidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos e a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa foram determinados em 67 pacientes usando-se ultrassom intravascular de tr&#234;s vasos com histologia virtual (IVUS-VH). Avaliou-se o remodelamento coron&#225;rio ao n&#237;vel da se&#231;&#227;o transversal (n = 27.639) e da les&#227;o (n = 618) usando-se m&#233;trica cl&#225;ssica e um novo algoritmo anal&#237;tico baseado no &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) que quantifica a altera&#231;&#227;o total nas dimens&#245;es da parede arterial em rela&#231;&#227;o a dimens&#227;o normal estimada do vaso. Construiu-se um modelo preditivo para estimar a dimens&#227;o normal do vaso para calcular o FVRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De acordo com o novo algoritmo, o padr&#227;o de remodelamento &#8220;ect&#225;sico&#8221; foi o menos comum, o remodelamento &#8220;completo compensat&#243;rio&#8221; foi observado em metade dos casos, e os tipos &#8220;negativo&#8221; e &#8220;incompleto compensat&#243;rio&#8221; foram detectados nos restantes. Comparada ao esquema tradicional diagn&#243;stico, a classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada no FVRI pareceu melhor discriminar a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa atrav&#233;s de IVUS-VH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise quantitativa do remodelamento coron&#225;rio utilizando dimens&#245;es do segmento-alvo oferece uma abordagem promissora para avaliar a resposta vascular ao crescimento e &#224; regress&#227;o da placa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, altera&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica nas dimens&#245;es do vaso, evolui com a progress&#227;o e a regress&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico. O remodelamento arterial compreende um amplo espectro de apresenta&#231;&#245;es, variando de remodelamento expansivo a constritivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. No primeiro, as dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria aumentam &#224; medida que a placa se acumula, enquanto no segundo, h&#225; relativa contra&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso, o que afeta o l&#250;men. &#201; prov&#225;vel que haja um limite para os efeitos expansivos, que ao final se estabilizam ou descompensam em colapso luminal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Portanto, &#233; evidente que o padr&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do remodelamento arterial desempenham importante papel na determina&#231;&#227;o do efeito da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nas dimens&#245;es luminais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos foram descritos para caracterizar e quantificar o remodelamento vascular em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a maioria usando ultrassom intravascular (IVUS). Nos estudos transversais, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; com frequ&#234;ncia descrito como uma simples compara&#231;&#227;o entre a por&#231;&#227;o mais comprometida e os segmentos vizinhos de refer&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No entanto, tais segmentos de refer&#234;ncia n&#227;o s&#227;o perfeitos representantes da normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Em estudos sequenciais, uma regi&#227;o de interesse &#233; examinada em condi&#231;&#245;es basais e comparada com a mesma por&#231;&#227;o correspondente durante o acompanhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Tal abordagem, entretanto, apenas captura as mudan&#231;as na placa e nas dimens&#245;es do vaso ao longo do tempo, a despeito do grau de aterosclerose e remodelamento na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, o que pode ter uma significativa influ&#234;ncia nos desfechos.</p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento varia substancialmente em fun&#231;&#227;o da defini&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, n&#227;o havendo consenso quanto a uma defini&#231;&#227;o universal de remodelamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em teoria, o m&#233;todo ideal para medir o remodelamento vascular avaliaria o segmento comprometido da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, comparando-o com a mesma regi&#227;o antes da exist&#234;ncia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. &#201; &#243;bvio que tal comparador de normalidade n&#227;o pode ser diretamente avaliado na pr&#225;tica. Levantamos a hip&#243;tese, no entanto, de que o tamanho do vaso nativo normal possa ser inferido para qualquer segmento coronariano, criando uma refer&#234;ncia basal mais apropriada para a determina&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento. O presente estudo explorou um novo m&#233;todo para quantificar o remodelamento vascular, baseado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre determinado segmento-alvo e suas dimens&#245;es normais presumidas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo prospectivo de um &#250;nico bra&#231;o arrolou 67 pacientes agendados para submeter-se a angioplastia coronariana. Durante o procedimento, antes de qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, todos os pacientes foram examinados com IVUS de tr&#234;s vasos coronarianos para avaliar os par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos coronarianos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; institucional de revis&#227;o, tendo cada paciente assinado o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento de IVUS e Segmenta&#231;&#227;o da Imagem</title>
          <p>Nitroglicerina (100-200 &#181;g) foi injetada dentro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem. Realizou-se IVUS do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda e das por&#231;&#245;es proximais (40 - 80 mm) das tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias usando-se um cateter eletr&#244;nico n&#227;o rotacional de 20MHz (cateter Eagle Eye Gold e Vision Gold System console, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, EUA) durante recuo autom&#225;tico a 0,5 mm/s (dispositivo de recuo R100, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, EUA).</p>
          <p>Dois experientes analistas, com cegamento para os dados cl&#237;nicos, realizaram todas as an&#225;lises p&#243;s-procedimento usando programa dedicado (pcVH 2.2, Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova-CA, EUA). Os contornos luminais e da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa foram delineados de maneira semiautom&#225;tica em cada   <italic>frame</italic>de IVUS adquirido para obter os seguintes par&#226;metros de IVUS em escala de cinza: &#225;rea luminal; &#225;rea da membrana el&#225;stica externa (MEE &#225;rea); &#225;rea da placa + m&#233;dia (MEE &#225;rea menos a &#225;rea luminal); e carga da placa (&#225;rea da placa + m&#233;dia dividida pela MEE &#225;rea, multiplicada por 100). Al&#233;m da informa&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do vaso, a an&#225;lise de radiofrequ&#234;ncia do sinal de ultrassom intravascular refletido, chamado IVUS com histologia virtual (VH-IVUS), foi usada para caracterizar a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa em quatro componentes: fibr&#243;tico, fibrolip&#237;dico, n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico e c&#225;lcio denso. A &#225;rea absoluta e a contribui&#231;&#227;o percentual de cada componente foram computadas para todos os   <italic>frames</italic>.</p>
          <p>Para verificar a precis&#227;o dos dados, realizaram-se an&#225;lises de reprodutibilidade interobservador em 1.000 <italic>frames</italic> de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria selecionados aleatoriamente de dez pacientes. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para MEE &#225;rea, &#225;rea luminal e &#225;rea da placa + m&#233;dia foram 0,98, 0,95 e 0,93, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do Novo &#205;ndice de Remodelamento Vascular Fracionado</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) foi concebido para quantificar a mudan&#231;a total nas dimens&#245;es da parede arterial relacionadas com a carga da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, sendo calculado como se segue:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e02">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-e01-pt.jpg"/></disp-formula>
          <p>Onde,</p>
          <p><bold>MEE &#225;rea<sub>REAL</sub></bold> &#233; a &#225;rea real da MEE medida no corte transversal;</p>
          <p><bold>MEE &#225;rea<sub>PREDITA</sub></bold> &#233; a dimens&#227;o hipot&#233;tica do vaso antes da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica (estimada de acordo com a metodologia descrita abaixo); e</p>
          <p><bold>&#225;rea da placa</bold> &#233; a medida real da &#225;rea da placa + m&#233;dia.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da MEE &#225;rea<sub><bold>PREDITA</bold></sub>, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o l&#250;men original da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria est&#225; mantido nas fases iniciais do processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Logo, todas as se&#231;&#245;es transversais com uma carga de placa no IVUS &lt; 20% foram consideradas como apresentando dimens&#245;es normais de l&#250;men. Como as &#225;reas da MEE e luminal s&#227;o coincidentes no IVUS na aus&#234;ncia de placa, a estimativa da MEE &#225;rea<sub><bold>PREDITA</bold></sub> foi baseada no tamanho do l&#250;men nas se&#231;&#245;es transversais sem placa ou com placa insignificante (i.e., carga de placa &lt; 20%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Tais se&#231;&#245;es transversais foram analisadas para derivar o modelo preditivo para a &#225;rea luminal normal (i.e., MEE &#225;rea<sub>ORIGINAL</sub>) usando os seguintes par&#226;metros constitucionais e anat&#244;micos arbitrariamente escolhidos: &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal, domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e dist&#226;ncia em mil&#237;metros do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio. Construiu-se um modelo multivariado linear final usando a t&#233;cnica <italic>bootstrap</italic> com 5.000 amostras replicadas, com equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o final obtida dos coeficientes B de   <italic>bootstrap</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A fim de manter a predi&#231;&#227;o dentro dos limites clinicamente relevantes para art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e devido ao tamanho da amostra, restringiu-se a an&#225;lise aos   <italic>frames</italic> com &#225;reas luminais entre 3,1 mm<sup>2</sup> e 19,6 mm<sup>2</sup> (i.e., di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do vaso entre 2,0 mm e 5,0 mm).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o do FVRI</title>
          <p>Um FVRI pr&#243;ximo &#224; unidade, na presen&#231;a de placa significativa, indica aumento vascular compensat&#243;rio, resultando em completa acomoda&#231;&#227;o ao crescimento da placa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>). O ponto de corte de um desvio padr&#227;o do FVRI ao n&#237;vel da placa foi arbitrariamente escolhido para que a varia&#231;&#227;o do FVRI (entre 0,83 e 1,17) sinalize o remodelamento &#8220;completo compensat&#243;rio&#8221;. Ao contr&#225;rio, um FVRI &gt; 1,17 indica um aumento desproporcionalmente maior do vaso em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga da placa, denotando remodelamento &#8220;ect&#225;sico&#8221;. Por fim, um FVRI &lt; 0,83 significa que o ac&#250;mulo de placa n&#227;o foi totalmente compensado, havendo contra&#231;&#227;o absoluta do vaso (i.e., a MEE corrente &#233; menor do que o tamanho hipot&#233;tico do vaso) ou aumento insuficiente do vaso para contrabalan&#231;ar o crescimento da placa.</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Poss&#237;veis desfechos de remodelamento de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica. A figura mostra os padr&#245;es de remodelamento classificados de acordo com o algoritmo baseado no &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI). Os valores num&#233;ricos s&#227;o puramente ilustrativos. MEE: Membrana el&#225;stica externa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise do Remodelamento Por Se&#231;&#227;o Transversal &amp; Por Les&#227;o</title>
          <p>Calculou-se o FVRI ao n&#237;vel do <italic>frame</italic> da se&#231;&#227;o transversal, junto com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de remodelamento conforme um algoritmo baseado no FVRI.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise por les&#227;o, a les&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foi definida como uma sequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s <italic>frames</italic> consecutivos com uma carga de placa &gt; 40%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Dentro de cada les&#227;o, escolheu-se o   <italic>frame</italic> com a menor &#225;rea luminal como representativo do corte transversal para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de remodelamento da les&#227;o, que foi classificado de acordo com dois m&#233;todos: algoritmo baseado no FVRI e o &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico, calculado como a raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas de MEE na placa e na sua refer&#234;ncia. No caso cl&#225;ssico, a &#225;rea de MEE na placa foi medida na se&#231;&#227;o transversal com menor &#225;rea luminal, e a &#225;rea de MEE da sua refer&#234;ncia foi obtida a partir da m&#233;dia das &#225;reas de MEE das refer&#234;ncias proximal e distal.</p>
          <p>As refer&#234;ncias proximal e distal foram especificadas como os   <italic>frames</italic> com carga de placa &#8804; 40% adjacentes &#224;s bordas da respectiva placa. Apenas as les&#245;es cujas refer&#234;ncias distal e proximal estivessem dispon&#237;veis foram consideradas para an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Como recentemente proposto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, as placas foram classificadas com base no &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico em "remodelamento negativo&#8221; (&#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico &lt; 0,88), "remodelamento intermedi&#225;rio" (&#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico 0,88 &#8211; 1,00) ou "remodelamento positivo" (&#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico &gt; 1,00).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo explorat&#243;rio para o qual n&#227;o se realizou c&#225;lculo formal de tamanho amostral. Um total de 65 pacientes foi arbitrariamente estipulado para permitir, a t&#237;tulo de ilustra&#231;&#227;o, demonstrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear significativa com um coeficiente r de 0,4 entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, considerando um valor de alfa bicaudal de 0,05 e um valor de beta unicaudal de 0,1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana (intervalo interquartil), sendo comparadas com o teste ANOVA de uma via. Avaliou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com o m&#233;todo de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas por quantidade e propor&#231;&#245;es. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p &lt; 0,05, sendo todos os testes bicaudais. O modelo de regress&#227;o para estimar o tamanho normal do vaso e o c&#225;lculo dos par&#226;metros derivados s&#227;o detalhados a seguir. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando-se o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 21.0 (IBM Corporation).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais e os dados demogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos dos 67 pacientes que se apresentaram para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e angioplastia coronariana. Estudos de imagem foram realizados em uma m&#233;dia de 3,8 &#177; 1,0 art&#233;rias por paciente (n&#250;mero total de 255 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias), a saber: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, 25%; art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda, 26%; art&#233;ria circunflexa, 24%; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 22%; outras, 3%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 9,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">44 (66%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">72,0 &#177; 11,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">161,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, cm/kg2  </td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, cm</td>
                <td align="center">97,4 + 11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                <td align="center">30 (45%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana multivascular</td>
                <td align="center">46 (69%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">28 (42%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">56 (84%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">14 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">30 (45%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">165,0 &#177; 39,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL colesterol</td>
                <td align="center">99,9 &#177; 35,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol</td>
                <td align="center">36,5 &#177; 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">143,2 &#177; 72,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Valores expressos como porcentagens ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Analisaram-se 31.159 cortes transversais de IVUS ao longo de um comprimento total de 9.579,8 mm (142,9 &#177; 22,3 mm por paciente). As medidas para todos os   <italic>frames</italic> foram: &#225;rea luminal, 8,2 &#177; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>; MEE &#225;rea, 14,2 &#177; 5,7 mm<sup>2</sup>; &#225;rea da placa, 6,0 &#177; 3,5 mm<sup>2</sup>; e porcentagem da carga da placa, 41,6 &#177; 16,5% da sec&#231;&#227;o arterial. No total, 3.520 cortes transversais (11,3%) tinham nenhuma ou apenas discretas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas (i.e. porcentagem da carga da placa &lt; 20%), que foram computados para o c&#225;lculo da MEE &#225;rea<sub>PREDITA</sub>.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais do modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o <italic>bootstrapped</italic> para estimar a MEE &#225;rea<sub>PREDITA</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>) demonstraram que todas as vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-selecionadas permaneceram significativas no modelo multivariado final. As &#225;reas do vaso estimada e real nos cortes transversais com placas ausentes ou insignificantes (carga da placa &lt; 20%) correlacionaram-se significativamente (p &lt; 0,001; R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> ajustado = 0,46) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o final<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> para estimar a &#225;rea original da membrana el&#225;stica externa (MEE &#225;rea<sub>PREDITA</sub>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>coeficiente &#914; (intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Constante</td>
                <td align="center">12,20 (11,07 &#8211; 13,33)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Padr&#227;o de domin&#226;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">-1,14 (-1,46 &#8211; -0,82)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">-1,73 (-1,80 &#8211; -1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio (mm) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-1,28 (-1,39 &#8211; -1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,60 (1,99 &#8211; 3,20)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>R2 ajustado = 0,46;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de dispers&#227;o entre a &#225;rea da membrana el&#225;stica externa estimada normal (MEE &#225;rea<sub>PREDITA</sub>) e a real &#225;rea luminal em cortes transversais com placa ausente ou insignificante (carga da placa &lt; 20%).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodelamento Vascular ao N&#237;vel da Se&#231;&#227;o Transversal</title>
          <p>Para as se&#231;&#245;es transversais com placas estabelecidas (i.e. carga de placa &#8805; 20%), o FVRI m&#233;dio foi 0,86 &#177; 0,21 (mediana 0,84; intervalo interquartil 0,71 &#8211; 0,98). No geral, 43% dos <italic>frames</italic> apresentaram FVRI entre 0,83 e 1,17 (remodelamento "completo compensat&#243;rio"). Para os demais cortes transversais, 8,6% apresentaram FVRI &gt; 1,17 (remodelamento "ect&#225;sico") e, em 48,4%, o FVRI foi &lt; 0,83. Desses, 38,7% (18,7% do total) exibiram redu&#231;&#227;o na MEE &#225;rea (remodelamento "negativo"), enquanto 61,3% (29,6% do total) apresentaram incremento insuficiente na MEE &#225;rea (remodelamento "incompleto compensat&#243;rio") (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tipos de remodelamento vascular classificado usando o algoritmo baseado no &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado por corte transversal (frames com carga de placa &#8805; 20%) e por les&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de FVRI foi influenciado pelo grau da carga ateroscler&#243;tica. O FVRI relacionou-se negativamente com o aumento da carga de placa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>). Os cortes transversais com carga da placa &lt; 20% apresentaram m&#233;dia de FVRI de 0,99, que progressivamente declinou para 0,71 nos   <italic>frames</italic> com carga de placa &gt; 60%.</p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado m&#233;dio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga da placa percentual (as barras de erro s&#227;o um erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodelamento Vascular ao N&#237;vel da Les&#227;o</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 618 les&#245;es para an&#225;lise (comprimento m&#233;dio 7,7 &#177; 11,2 mm). Na les&#227;o, as m&#233;dias foram: &#225;rea luminal, 6,0 &#177; 3,1 mm<sup>2</sup>; MEE &#225;rea, 13,4 &#177; 5,4 mm<sup>2</sup>; e percentual de carga da placa, 55,0 &#177; 11,3%. Para os segmentos de refer&#234;ncia, as m&#233;dias foram: &#225;rea luminal, 8,9 &#177; 3,5 mm<sup>2</sup>; MEE &#225;rea, 14,0 &#177; 5,4 mm<sup>2</sup>; e percentual de carga da placa, 36,2 &#177; 3,2%.</p>
          <p>No geral, o FVRI na les&#227;o foi 0,77 &#177; 0,17 (mediana 0,77; intervalo interquartil 0,64 &#8211; 0,88). Quando classificadas de acordo com o algoritmo baseado no FVRI, as les&#245;es apresentaram: remodelamento &#8220;completo compensat&#243;rio&#8221;, 35,1%; remodelamento &#8220;ect&#225;sico&#8221;, 1.3%; remodelamento negativo, 22,3%; e remodelamento &#8220;incompleto compensat&#243;rio&#8221;, 41,3% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico para as les&#245;es foi 0,96 &#177; 0,16 (mediana 0,99; intervalo interquartil 0,90 &#8211; 1,04). As categorias de remodelamento de acordo com o &#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico foram: remodelamento negativo, 22%; remodelamento intermedi&#225;rio, 34,6%; e remodelamento positivo, 43,4%.</p>
          <p>O algoritmo baseado no FVRI e o &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico apresentaram baixa concord&#226;ncia para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento das les&#245;es, com concord&#226;ncia geral de apenas 38,1%: negativo/negativo em 8,3%; &#8220;completo compensat&#243;rio&#8221;/positivo em 17%; e &#8220;incompleto compensat&#243;rio&#8221;/intermedi&#225;rio em 12,8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). No entanto, houve uma significativa tend&#234;ncia de FVRI crescentes nas categorias de remodelamento desde negativo at&#233; positivo conforme os grupos do &#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o comparativa dos padr&#245;es de remodelamento de les&#227;o de acordo com algoritmo baseado no &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) ou &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico (n = 618 les&#245;es)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Remodelamento cl&#225;ssico</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Negativo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Intermedi&#225;rio</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Positivo</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVRI m&#233;dio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento baseada no FVRI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negativo</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incompleto compensat&#243;rio  </td>
                  <td align="center">57 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Completo compensat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ect&#225;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 0,15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagens relativas ao total de les&#245;es;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001 para todos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impacto do Remodelamento Vascular na Composi&#231;&#227;o da Placa</title>
          <p>As duas classifica&#231;&#245;es de remodelamento ao n&#237;vel da placa (FVRI ou &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico) foram ainda analisadas quanto &#224;s suas habilidades diagn&#243;sticas para identificar a composi&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos da placa. A classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada no FVRI pareceu melhor discriminar a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa: as classes de remodelamento com base no FVRI diferiram significativamente quanto aos perfis de composi&#231;&#227;o da placa, para todos os tipos de tecidos (fibr&#243;tico, fibrolip&#237;dico, necrolip&#237;dico e calcificado) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Ao contr&#225;rio, os tipos de remodelamento segundo o &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico diferiram significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus componentes fibr&#243;tico e necrolip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o da placa nos tipos de remodelamento vascular classificado de acordo com o &#237;ndice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) ou o &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico (n = 618 placas).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0390-50098-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas quantitativas cl&#225;ssicas para avaliar o remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria comparam o tamanho do vaso com segmentos adjacentes "normais", mas fazem isso sem um padr&#227;o para o local predito ou precis&#227;o em "normalidade". Descrevemos um novo m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que substitui os vasos de refer&#234;ncia arbitr&#225;rios com uma abordagem quantitativa derivada da estimativa do tamanho do vaso original normal. O algoritmo anal&#237;tico proposto, baseado no novo FVRI, compara o vaso real com o seu estado inferido nativo, permitindo a medida e a classifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de remodelamento em qualquer ponto da &#225;rvore coronariana, fornecendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica da expans&#227;o ou encurtamento arterial relacionado &#224; aterosclerose coronariana. O m&#233;todo proposto permite uma an&#225;lise do padr&#227;o de remodelamento a cada <italic>frame</italic>, assim como por les&#227;o. At&#233; onde se sabe, esta &#233; a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de abordagem para avaliar o remodelamento a n&#237;vel transversal individual.</p>
        <p>O FVRI acrescenta precis&#227;o e um componente fisiol&#243;gico &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento, distinguindo respostas vasculares onde a placa se associa com encurtamento absoluto do vaso daquelas onde o crescimento da placa leva a diferentes graus de acomoda&#231;&#227;o vascular. Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a completa adapta&#231;&#227;o do vaso ao ac&#250;mulo de placa ocorreu em cerca de metade dos casos, tanto em n&#237;vel de corte transversal quanto de placa. Al&#233;m disso, a adapta&#231;&#227;o parcial do vaso &#224; aterosclerose ou o remodelamento vascular negativo (i.e. encurtamento do vaso) foi detectado com frequ&#234;ncia, embora ectasia vascular tenha sido pouco comum.</p>
        <p>Como em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, os nossos achados indicam que o aumento do vaso em adapta&#231;&#227;o ao crescimento da placa &#233; progressivamente perdido &#224; medida que a carga da placa aumenta, come&#231;ando logo que a carga da placa se aproxima de ~20%, mas com uma falha mais marcada na acomoda&#231;&#227;o para maiores cargas de placas. Resultados similares foram vistos em um recente subestudo transversal do ensaio PROSPECT, onde o remodelamento compensat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m decresceu com o aumento das cargas de placa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Tais resultados desafiam o conceito comum de que as dimens&#245;es luminais s&#227;o mantidas intactas at&#233; que se atinja uma carga de placa de 40%-50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias diferentes abordagens foram propostas para medir o remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ao n&#237;vel da les&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Comumente, o remodelamento vascular &#233; avaliado comparando-se o tamanho do vaso no segmento alvo com as dimens&#245;es das refer&#234;ncias adjacentes &#8220;normais&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Em estudos sequenciais, as atuais diretrizes prop&#245;em a simples mudan&#231;a no tamanho do vaso como forma de se avaliar o remodelamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Outros estudos sequenciais sugeriram a classifica&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento com base na raz&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o no tamanho do vaso e a varia&#231;&#227;o da placa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Esse m&#233;todo, entretanto, n&#227;o pode fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o quantitativa quanto &#224; magnitude da resposta de remodelamento e n&#227;o se aplica aos segmentos com mudan&#231;a m&#237;nima ou nenhuma na placa (devido &#224; divis&#227;o por um denominador nulo ou muito baixo). O uso do FVRI reduz algumas das limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos pr&#233;vios e pode ser uma alternativa vi&#225;vel para quantificar o remodelamento em estudos transversais e sequenciais.</p>
        <p>Um estudo recente, usando pontos de corte alternativos para o &#237;ndice de remodelamento cl&#225;ssico, mostrou que remodelamentos "positivo" e "negativo" estavam associados a desfechos similares, e ambos foram piores do que o "remodelamento intermedi&#225;rio"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Pode-se levantar a hip&#243;tese de que os desfechos igualmente piores para os dois tipos opostos de remodelamento, at&#233; certo ponto, podem ter estado relacionados a limita&#231;&#245;es na medida e na categoriza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de remodelamento. Na verdade, a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de remodelamento em positivo, negativo ou intermedi&#225;rio &#233; um descritor adequado em apenas ~40% dos casos, quando comparada ao algoritmo baseado em FVRI. Os autores do estudo anterior consideraram que o impacto do remodelamento nos desfechos poderia ser explicado por diferen&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o da placa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Na mesma linha, na nossa s&#233;rie, placas com remodelamento cl&#225;ssico positivo apresentaram mais tecido fibrolip&#237;dico, enquanto aquelas com remodelamento cl&#225;ssico negativo associaram-se com aumento no componente calcificado. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre as categorias cl&#225;ssicas de remodelamento em termos de seus componentes fibr&#243;tico e necr&#243;tico. Ao contr&#225;rio, a avalia&#231;&#227;o baseada no FVRI pareceu mais discriminativa para a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa subjacente do que a abordagem cl&#225;ssica, com tipos de remodelamento significativamente associados a variados perfis para todos os componentes da placa em IVUS-VH. De um modo geral, o FRVI parece estratificar o remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em quatro, em lugar de tr&#234;s, padr&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicos significativos com composi&#231;&#245;es de placa bem diferentes. Se tais achados ser&#227;o traduzidos na adi&#231;&#227;o de valor cl&#237;nico pela avalia&#231;&#227;o com FVRI permanece em aberto para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Nossas an&#225;lises sugerem que a estimativa dos tamanhos originais normais do l&#250;men e do vaso em qualquer ponto da &#225;rvore coronariana &#8211; uma etapa crucial no c&#225;lculo do FVRI &#8211; &#233; poss&#237;vel e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, devido ao tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra deste estudo e &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas intr&#237;nsecas a qualquer modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o com m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros interdependentes, futuros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para refinar e validar a estimativa de dimens&#245;es normais de vaso. &#201; importante notar, entretanto, que nosso estudo n&#227;o teve por objetivo a valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo proposto, mas principalmente descrever o conceito te&#243;rico do algoritmo baseado em FVRI para avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento e fornecer resultados iniciais explorat&#243;rios do novo escore.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O FVRI permite avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do remodelamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, independentemente das refer&#234;ncias vizinhas, e oferece uma abordagem promissora para avaliar a resposta do vaso ao crescimento ou &#224; regress&#227;o da placa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Breno de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
