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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YqK5yJ3vFv8CNdV6Jnrd98g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300381</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sex-Specific Equations to Estimate Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Cycle Ergometry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina G. de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. Postal Code 22071-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>, <email>cgil@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: de Souza e Silva CG, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Acquisition of data: Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>381</fpage>
      <lpage>389</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Aerobic fitness, assessed by measuring VO<sub>2</sub>max in maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) or by estimating VO<sub>2</sub>max through the use of equations in exercise testing, is a predictor of mortality. However, the error resulting from this estimate in a given individual can be high, affecting clinical decisions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the error of estimate of VO<sub>2</sub>max in cycle ergometry in a population attending clinical exercise testing laboratories, and to propose sex-specific equations to minimize that error.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 1715 adults (18 to 91 years, 68% men) undertaking maximum CPX in a lower limbs cycle ergometer (LLCE) with ramp protocol. The percentage error (E%) between measured VO<sub>2</sub>max and that estimated from the modified ACSM equation (Lang et al. MSSE, 1992) was calculated. Then, estimation equations were developed: 1) for all the population tested (C-GENERAL); and 2) separately by sex (C-MEN and C-WOMEN).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Measured VO<sub>2</sub>max was higher in men than in WOMEN: -29.4 &#177; 10.5 and 24.2 &#177; 9.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> (p &lt; 0.01). The equations for estimating VO<sub>2</sub>max [in mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] were: C-GENERAL = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 10.483 + 7; C-MEN = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 10.791 + 7; and C-WOMEN = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 9.820 + 7. The E% for MEN was: -3.4 &#177; 13.4% (modified ACSM); 1.2 &#177; 13.2% (C-GENERAL); and -0.9 &#177; 13.4% (C-MEN) (p &lt; 0.01). For WOMEN: -14.7 &#177; 17.4% (modified ACSM); -6.3 &#177; 16.5% (C-GENERAL); and -1.7 &#177; 16.2% (C-WOMEN) (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The error of estimate of VO<sub>2</sub>max by use of sex-specific equations was reduced, but not eliminated, in exercise tests on LLCE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercise / utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Demographic Data; Ergometry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aerobic fitness is an independent predictor of mortality <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and provides relevant diagnostic and prognostic information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. It is non-invasively assessed by measuring maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) during exercise testing, in which expired gases are collected and analyzed. This procedure is called maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although available at several clinical exercise testing laboratories, VO<sub>2</sub>max measurement requires professional training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and specific equipment, and increases the time for test performance, hindering the wider use of CPX.</p>
      <p>When CPX cannot be performed, VO<sub>2</sub>max can be estimated by use of equations based on duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> or intensity at peak exertion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. By applying these equations to groups of individuals, the association between estimated and measured VO<sub>2</sub>max values tends to be good. However, the margin of error of estimate (EE) for a given subject can be large, greater than 15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Errors of such magnitude are rarely accepted in other biological variables, and exceed those observed in laboratory tests or in clinical and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). Considering that small variations in VO<sub>2</sub>max can lead to important differences in clinical management or sports training guidance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, such errors can be challenging, requiring some effort to minimize them.</p>
      <p>Theoretically, the mechanical efficiency in performing a certain motor gesture is expressed by the ratio between the work generated and the oxygen consumed in its performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. That efficiency varies between individuals and depends on age, sex, clinical condition and physical fitness. Most equations available for estimating VO<sub>2</sub>max, however, do not consider those possible relationships, which might contribute to errors in VO<sub>2</sub>max estimate. For example, considering anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical differences, as well as sports performance, the influence of sex on the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max is worth assessing.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study were: a) to determine the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max in cycle ergometry for a population undergoing CPX at a clinical exercise testing laboratory; and b) to propose sex-specific equations aimed at reducing the EE of aerobic capacity in cycle ergometry.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>This study reviewed data of patients voluntarily submitted to CPX between January 2008 and June 2014 at a private clinical exercise testing laboratory. Patients simultaneously meeting the following inclusion criteria were selected: a) no previous assessment at the private clinical exercise testing laboratory; b) age &#8805; 18 years; and c) maximum CPX performed on a lower limbs cycle ergometer (LLCE) (Inbrasport CG-04, Inbrasport, Brazil).</p>
        <p>During that period, 3874 assessments were performed and, after applying the inclusion criteria, 1715 individuals (1172 men) were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, 200 individuals subsequently undergoing CPX and meeting the inclusion criteria were used to validate the equations developed.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of study sample selection.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>All patients provided written informed consent before undergoing CPX. The retrospective analysis of data was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the institution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment and body weight and height measurements</title>
        <p>Before performing CPX, clinical history was taken, with emphasis on regularly used medications and cardiovascular risk factors, and physical examination was undertaken. Body weight and height of all individuals were measured. The prescribed medications were not suspended before CPX.</p>
        <p>Body weight was measured with a Cardiomed scale, Welmy model, with 0.1-kg resolution. Height was measured with a Sanny stadiometer with 0.1-cm resolution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
        <p>The CPX was conducted in a specific room, with temperature ranging from 21&#176;C to 24&#176;C, and relative air humidity between 40% and 60%. The test was performed according to an individualized ramp protocol, aimed at 8-12-minute duration, on an LLCE, according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, in the presence of a qualified physician, at a laboratory properly equipped to manage occasional clinical events. Only four physicians performed all the tests, following a routine of well-defined procedures, especially regarding the stimulus to reach truly maximum exertion. The height of the saddle was individually adjusted to provide both an almost complete knee extension at the lowest pedal position, and a lower-hip 90-degree flexion at the highest pedal position. The pedaling frequency was kept between 65 and 75 rotations per minute.</p>
        <p>During CPX, the individuals were monitored with a digital electrocardiograph (ErgoPC Elite, versions 3.2.1.5 or 3.3.4.3 or 3.3.6.2, Micromed, Brazil), and heart rate (HR) was measured on the ECG recording (leads CC5 or CM5) at the end of each minute. Expired gases were collected by use of a Prevent pneumotacograph (MedGraphics, USA) coupled to a mouthpiece, with concomitant nasal occlusion. The expired gases were measured and analyzed by using a VO<sub>2000</sub> metabolic analyzer (MedGraphics, USA), daily calibrated before the first assessment and whenever necessary. The mean results of the expired gases were read every 10 seconds, and consolidated at every minute. The highest VO<sub>2</sub> value obtained at a certain point of the CPX was considered the VO<sub>2</sub>max. Blood pressure was measured every minute on the right arm by using a manual sphygmomanometer.</p>
        <p>The maximum intensity of the exercise, which is more easily assessed by using CPX - presence of anaerobic threshold and U-pattern curves of ventilatory equivalents -, was confirmed by maximum voluntary exhaustion (score 10 in the Borg scale ranging from 0 to 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) represented by the incapacity to continue pedaling at the previously established frequency despite strong verbal encouragement. As already reported in a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, the characterization of CPX as maximum was also confirmed by the impression of the physician in charge, and recorded on the CPX description. It is worth noting that CPX was neither interrupted nor considered maximum based exclusively on HR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equations to predict VO<sub>2</sub>max and maximum HR</title>
        <p>The predicted values of VO<sub>2</sub>max for each patient, as a mere reference for comparison with the actually measured VO<sub>2</sub>max values, were obtained based on specific equations for men [60 - 0.55 x age (years)] and women [48 - 0.37 x age (years)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>The predicted values of maximum HR were obtained from the equation 208 - 0.7 x age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, for patients of both sexes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equations to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max</title>
        <p>To assess the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max, VO<sub>2</sub>max was initially estimated based on the modified American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, in which VO<sub>2</sub>max is adjusted for body weight [mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] as follows: (W x 11.4 + 260 + body weight x 3.5)/weight. In that equation, W is the maximum workload in watts, body weight is expressed in kg, and the constant 260 mL.min<sup>-1</sup> represents the oxygen volume in mL and corresponds to the necessary energetic expenditure to pedal without any additional resistance [approximately 3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> x mean body weight of the individuals studied by Lang et al.]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In addition, the last term in that equation corresponds to the energetic expenditure at rest. Following that line of thought, and in accordance with that adopted by the ACSM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, in our study, we subtracted 7 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> from the VO<sub>2</sub>max value measured [corresponding to 3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> of VO<sub>2</sub> at rest and 3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> of VO<sub>2</sub> expended to pedal without any load]. The result obtained was divided by the ratio between workloads (watts) and body weight (kg), originating the constant &#8220;k&#8221; for each participant. From the mean value of the constant &#8220;k&#8221;, we obtained the multiplying factor values of the workloads (watts)/body weight (kg) ratio for the equations for the general sample, men and women, respectively: a) general equation to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max (equation C-GENERAL); b) specific equation to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max in the male sex (equation C-MEN); and c) specific equation to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max in the female sex (equation C-WOMEN).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Error of estimate of VO<sub>2</sub>max</title>
        <p>The magnitude of the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max expressed as a function of body weight was assessed based on the calculation of: 1) the difference between the measured and estimated values: (measured VO<sub>2</sub>max - estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max) in mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>; and the percentage error (E%): [(measured VO<sub>2</sub>max - estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max)/measured VO<sub>2</sub>max] x 100. The measured VO<sub>2</sub>max was obtained by collecting and analyzing expired gases, as previously detailed. A negative EE or E% value thus means that the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max was higher than the measured VO<sub>2</sub>max, that is, the value calculated by using the equation overestimated the value measured.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results were expressed as mean and standard deviation or as percentage, depending on the nature of the variable. The demographic characteristics and CPX results were compared between men and women by using non-paired <italic>t</italic> test or chi-square test. The ER and E% of the equations, when appropriate, were compared by using paired <italic>t</italic> test or ANOVA, when the comparison was performed between three or more groups. The measured VO<sub>2</sub>max value and that estimated based on the three equations of the study - C-GENERAL, C-MEN and C-WOMEN - were compared and analyzed by using linear regression and intraclass correlation. The statistical analyses were performed with the programs Prism 6 (GraphPad, USA) and SPSS 16 (SPSS, USA), adopting 5% as the significance level.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>The sample was mostly formed by men (68.3%), with age ranging from 18 to 91 years, and 23.2% had a body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg.m<sup>-2</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref> show other demographic and clinical data, as well as the prevalence of some risk factors for coronary artery disease, major morbidities and medications regularly used.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major demographic and morphofunctional characteristics of the sample (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Demographic characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men 1172 (68.3%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women 543 (31.7%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">85.9 &#177; 14.8</td>
                <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 12.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">175.3 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">162.6 &#177; 6.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max [mL(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>)]</td>
                <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Predicted maximum HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">170.7 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">172.6 &#177; 10.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major clinical characteristics of the sample and regularly used medications (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men (n = 1172)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women (n = 543)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Morbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">428 (36.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (21.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">496 (42.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (25.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">193 (16.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (11.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">113 (9.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">249 (21.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (7.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">125 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (3.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardial revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">96 (8.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Use of medications</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">302 (25.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (16.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium channel blocker</td>
                <td align="center">109 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (6.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">125 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (3.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ARB</td>
                <td align="center">340 (29.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (20.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic</td>
                <td align="center">186 (15.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (12.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasodilator</td>
                <td align="center">82 (7.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (2.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipid-lowering</td>
                <td align="center">531 (45.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (27.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplatelet</td>
                <td align="center">387 (33.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (15.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiarrhythmic</td>
                <td align="center">71 (6.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (4.6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>values expressed as N(%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CPX data</title>
        <p>The mean duration of CPX was 10 &#177; 2 minutes. The mean maximum HR for the set of individuals was 159 &#177; 25 bpm, corresponding to 92% of that predicted, being higher in patients not on beta-blockers (166 &#177; 20 bpm) (p &lt; 0.01). Men achieved final workloads higher than women (172 &#177; 70 vs 111 &#177; 45 watts; p &lt; 0.01), as well as greater VO<sub>2</sub>max values [29.4 &#177; 10.5 vs 24.2 &#177; 9.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>; p &lt; 0.01]. In the sample studied, the measured VO<sub>2</sub>max tended to be slightly lower than that predicted based on age and sex, corresponding to 96% and 82% of the value predicted by using the equations of Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> for men and women, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the major CPX results.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major results of cardiopulmonary exercise test (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men (n = 1172)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women (n = 543)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration (min)</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">158 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- with beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- without beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">166 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">167 &#177; 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum workload (watts)</td>
                <td align="center">172 &#177; 70</td>
                <td align="center">111 &#177; 45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Measured VO<sub>2</sub>max [mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>)]</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 9.2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max values</title>
        <p>Regarding estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max, the values obtained by using the modified ACSM equation were 29.8 &#177; 9.8 and 26.9 &#177; 8.9 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively, showing that the equation tends to overestimate VO<sub>2</sub>max. Both ER and E% differed between sexes (p &lt; 0.01), with values of -0.4 &#177; 3.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and -3.4 &#177; 13.4% for men, and -2.7 &#177; 3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and -14.7 &#177; 17.4% for women, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C-GENERAL equation</title>
        <p>Determining the specific equation for the sample studied, with no distinction between sexes and with the same variables of the modified ACSM equation, the following C-GENERAL equation was obtained: (final workload/body weight x 10.483 + 7, where 7, as previously explained, corresponds to a simplification of the last two terms of that equation [the addition of oxygen uptake at rest (3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>and an identical oxygen uptake value to pedal with no resistance]. Applying the C-GENERAL equation, the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max values obtained were 28.3 &#177; 8.9 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 24.9 &#177; 7.9 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively. Although EE and E% values remained similar in men [1.1 &#177; 3.3 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 1.2 &#177; 13.2%, respectively], a significant reduction in the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max was observed in women [-0.7 &#177; 3.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>], and E% was -6.3 &#177; 16.5% (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C-MEN and C-WOMEN equations</title>
        <p>Then the following sex-specific equations, C-MEN and C-WOMEN were obtained: (final workload/body weight) x 10.791 + 7 and (final workload/body weight) x 9.820 + 7, respectively. Using these equations, the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max values were 28.9 &#177; 9.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 23.7 &#177; 7.4 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively. Errors of estimate were reduced in both sexes, but more expressively for women. For men, EE and E% were 0.5 &#177; 3.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and -0.9 &#177; 13.4% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, while for women, they were reduced to 0.5 &#177; 3.6 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and only -1.7 &#177; 16.2% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage errors obtained from the comparison between measured VO2max and estimated VO2max by using the modified ACSM equations, and the C-GENERAL, C-MEN e C-WOMEN equations.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the standard EE and the association between the estimated and measured VO<sub>2</sub>max values for the general sample and for men and women, analyzed separately. It is worth noting the high intraclass correlation coefficients, with their respective confidence intervals (CI) obtained: C-GENERAL, 0.9703 (95%CI: 0.9674 - 0.9730); C-MEN, 0.9725 (95%CI: 0.9691 - 0.9755), and C-WOMEN, 0.9680 (95%CI: 0.9621 - 0.9729). The visual inspection of the distributions allowed characterizing the linear regressions as homoscedastic.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between measured VO<sub>2</sub>max values and those estimated by using the equations: a) C-GENERAL, b) C-MEN and c) C-WOMEN. SEE: standard error of estimate; r<sub>ic</sub>: intraclass correlation coefficient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Based on the application of the equations developed in the present study, the following EE and E% were obtained in the validation sample: C-GENERAL (n = 200) 0.5 &#177; 2.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 0.7 &#177; 9.1%; C-MEN (n = 135) 0.5 &#177; 2.5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 1.0 &#177; 8.6%; and C-WOMEN (n = 65) 0.5 &#177; 2.0 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> and 0.5 &#177; 8.5%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The CPX is the most appropriate test to assess aerobic capacity. However, the use of the exercise test with neither collection nor analysis of expired gases is very common among us, even though accompanied by a significant margin of error <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Therefore, it is important to develop specific equations to reduce that EE in exercise tests performed at hospitals and clinics.</p>
      <p>Although previous studies with that same objective have been conducted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, the use of small samples hinders the extrapolation of the results found. For example, Lang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and Latin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have used the ACSM equation to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> for 60 men and 60 women, respectively, and have found lower estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max values than the measured ones, for both sexes. On the other hand, Greiwe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, applying that same equation to 15 men and 15 women with similar clinical profiles, have obtained overestimated VO<sub>2</sub>max values. In addition, the introduction by Lang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> of the factor 260 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>, which corresponds to the energetic expenditure of pedaling without additional resistance, has produced estimated results more similar to measured VO<sub>2</sub>max results in their sample. In our study, however, the use of that modified ACSM equation maintained significant errors in the comparison between estimated and measured values. The discrepancy in the results described suggests significant errors when the equations are developed based on small samples.</p>
      <p>In addition, the difference in EE between men and women using the same equation suggests that sex-specific equations should be developed. Storer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> have developed three equations of to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max using the variables workload, body weight and age: one general for both sexes; one specific for men; and one specific for women. Those authors have reported a significant increase in the coefficient of determination when the variable &#8216;sex' was added to the linear regression model used to create the equations. However, when applied to 77 men and 30 women of the Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, a trend to overestimate VO<sub>2</sub>max was observed in men, evidencing the need to develop specific equations for each population.</p>
      <p>Recently, Almeida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> have conducted an important study with a large sample of Brazilians (3119 individuals), aimed at developing an equation to predict VO<sub>2</sub>max for treadmill exercise tests, based on age, sex, BMI and physical activity level. However, it is worth noting that, despite the importance of having VO<sub>2</sub>max reference data from equations developed for the Brazilian population, this does not contemplate the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max when expired gases are not collected and analyzed during exercise testing. While the predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max is obtained based on pre-test clinical variables, such as age and sex, the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max is calculated based on variables obtained during exercise testing, such as workload and test duration. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the Brazilian population with a large sample (more than 1000 cases) developing specific equations to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max in exercise tests performed on a LLCE.</p>
      <p>In reality, sample size and representability are extremely relevant. Neder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have observed that individuals typically selected to participate in studies did not represent those most commonly referred for exercise testing, which could lead to selection biases. Thus, in our study, we chose not to exclude obese patients, individuals with cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases and/or individuals on regular use of medications that could influence the physiological responses to exercise, to guarantee a sample representing the individuals most commonly referred to clinical exercise testing laboratories. It is worth noting that despite that varied clinical profile, the VO<sub>2</sub>max predicted for age was relatively close to that actually measured, especially in men. Comparing the data obtained in our study with those reported by Herdy and Uhlendorf<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> in the Brazilian Southern region, the VO<sub>2</sub>max values measured in men were similar to the reference values for sedentary individuals aged 55 to 64 years [30.0 &#177; 6.3 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] or active individuals aged 65 to 74 years [30.0 &#177; 6.1 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>]. The VO<sub>2</sub>max values found for women were similar to the reference values of sedentary individuals aged 55 to 64 years [23.9 &#177; 4.2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The most probable reason for that slight discrepancy is due to the fact that the study by Herdy and Uhlendorf<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> used CPX on a treadmill, which might explain the tendency towards higher values for the same age group.</p>
      <p>The strong points of our study are as follows: 1) to our knowledge, no other Brazilian study assessing equations for VO<sub>2</sub>max estimation was based on such a large number of individuals (over 1000); 2) the cycle ergometers and gas analyzers were periodically calibrated according to the specifications of their manufacturers; and 3) all original information of test reports was available in the digital format (data bank) and carefully reviewed to exclude those incomplete.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations. All tests were performed following the ramp protocol. Thus, one cannot know if the equations for VO<sub>2</sub>max estimate here presented can be applied to exercise tests performed following other protocols.</p>
      <p>Other factors, such as age, adiposity level, recent pattern or history of regular physical training, and use of certain medications, might contribute to the EE by influencing mechanical efficiency. This was a preliminary study to assess the influence of sex on the EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max. Other variables are being assessed, as already reported. Subsequent statistical analyses, such as multivariate regression, using the variables that evidenced influence on EE of VO<sub>2</sub>max can lead to the development of one single equation for VO<sub>2</sub>max estimate capable of effectively reducing EE.</p>
      <p>Briefly, the present study contributed to current knowledge by proposing equations derived from a large sample of Brazilian adults, with clinical characteristics and profiles similar to those usually observed at clinical exercise testing laboratories. The equations are specific to the male and female sexes, thus contributing to reduce EE when VO<sub>2</sub>max measurement is not available.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study identified that the use of foreign equations (modified ACSM) induced an important EE when applied to a typical population of clinical exercise testing laboratories in Brazil. Thus, an equation was developed - C-GENERAL -, partially reducing EE. However, an analysis separated by sex identified the need to develop specific equations - C-MEN and C-WOMEN - that could further reduce, but not eliminate, EE. Thus, more accurate alternatives to VO<sub>2</sub>max estimate in exercise tests of lower limbs are presented to places with no condition to effectively perform CPX to measure VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the MSc thesis submitted by Christina G. de Souza e Silva, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Equa&#231;&#245;es Espec&#237;ficas por Sexo para Estimativa do Consumo M&#225;ximo de Oxig&#234;nio em Cicloergometria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina G. de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. CEP 22071-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>,   <email>cgil@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: de Souza e Silva CG, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica, avaliada pela medida do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo (TCPE) ou estimada por equa&#231;&#245;es no teste de exerc&#237;cio, &#233; preditora de mortalidade. Por&#233;m, o erro obtido pela estimativa em um dado indiv&#237;duo pode ser alto, afetando decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o erro de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em cicloergometria em popula&#231;&#227;o atendida nos servi&#231;os de ergometria e propor equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas por sexo para minimizar o erro na estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 1715 adultos (18 a 91 anos) (68% homens) submetidos a TCPE m&#225;ximo em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (CMI) com protocolo de rampa. Calculou-se o erro percentual (E%) entre o VO2m&#225;x medido e o estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o   <italic>ACSM</italic> modificada (Lang e col. MSSE, 1992). A seguir, foram desenvolvidas equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa: 1) para toda a amostra testada (C-GERAL) e 2) separadamente por sexo (C-HOMENS e C-MULHERES).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O VO2m&#225;x medido foi maior em homens do que em mulheres - 29,4 &#177; 10,5 e 24,2 &#177; 9,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> (p &lt; 0,01) -. As equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foram mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>: C-GERAL = [carga final (W)/peso (kg)] x 10,483 + 7; C&#8209;HOMENS = [carga final (W)/peso (kg)] x 10,791 + 7; e C-MULHERES = [carga final (W)/peso (kg)] x 9,820 + 7. Os E% em homens foram -3,4 &#177; 13,4% (ACSM modificada), 1,2 &#177; 13,2% (C-GERAL) e -0,9 &#177; 13,4% (C-HOMENS) (p &lt; 0,01). Em mulheres, obtivemos: -14,7 &#177; 17,4% (ACSM modificada), -6,3 &#177; 16,5% (C-GERAL) e -1,7 &#177; 16,2% (C-MULHERES) (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O erro de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x atrav&#233;s de equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas por sexo foi reduzido, por&#233;m n&#227;o eliminado, nos testes de exerc&#237;cio em CMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio Respirat&#243;rio / utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Dados Demogr&#225;ficos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ergometria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica &#233; preditora independente de mortalidade <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e fornece informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas relevantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita de forma n&#227;o-invasiva atrav&#233;s da medida do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio em que s&#227;o coletados e analisados os gases expirados. Esse procedimento &#233; denominado teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) m&#225;ximo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de dispon&#237;vel em diversos servi&#231;os de ergometria, a medida de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x demanda treinamento profissional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, equipamentos espec&#237;ficos e aumento do tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o, dificultando uma maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE.</p>
        <p>Na impossibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x pode ser estimado por equa&#231;&#245;es com base na dura&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ou intensidade no pico do esfor&#231;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Aplicando-se essas equa&#231;&#245;es a grupos de indiv&#237;duos, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores estimados e aqueles medidos de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x seja boa. No entanto, individualmente, a margem de erro de estimativa (EE) pode ser grande, acima de 15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Erros dessa magnitude s&#227;o raramente aceitos na &#225;rea biol&#243;gica e excedem os que s&#227;o observados em exames laboratoriais ou em medidas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas (ex. altura e peso). Na medida em que pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es no VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x podem levar a importantes diferen&#231;as de conduta cl&#237;nica ou de orienta&#231;&#227;o de treinamento desportivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, erros deste n&#237;vel podem ser comprometedores, exigindo-se um esfor&#231;o para minimiz&#225;-los.</p>
        <p>Teoricamente, a efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica na realiza&#231;&#227;o de um determinado gesto motor &#233; expressa pela raz&#227;o entre o trabalho gerado e o consumo de O<sub>2</sub> para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Essa varia entre os indiv&#237;duos e pode depender de idade, sexo, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e treinamento f&#237;sico. Interessantemente, a maioria das equa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na literatura para a estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o essas poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es, o que provavelmente contribui para o EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. Por exemplo, considerando as diferen&#231;as antropom&#233;tricas, fisiol&#243;gicas, biomec&#226;nicas e de desempenho desportivo, &#233; oportuno analisar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo sobre o EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) determinar o EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em cicloergometria para uma popula&#231;&#227;o tipicamente atendida em servi&#231;os de ergometria e b) propor equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas por sexo visando reduzir o EE da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica em cicloergometria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram revisados os dados de pacientes submetidos voluntariamente ao TCPE, entre o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2014, em uma cl&#237;nica privada. Para an&#225;lise foram selecionados os pacientes que atendiam simultaneamente aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: a) aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o anterior na cl&#237;nica; b) idade &#8805; 18 anos e c) TCPE m&#225;ximo realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (CMI).</p>
          <p>Neste per&#237;odo, foram realizadas 3874 avalia&#231;&#245;es e ap&#243;s aplicados os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o restaram 1715 indiv&#237;duos (1172 homens), conforme &#233; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>. Em adendo, os seguintes 200 indiv&#237;duos submetidos a TCPE que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios descritos acima foram utilizados para a valida&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#201;ticas</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes leram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido antes do TCPE e a an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados foi aprovada por Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa institucional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e medidas de peso e altura</title>
          <p>Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE, foi colhida uma hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, enfatizando as medica&#231;&#245;es de uso regular e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, e realizado um exame f&#237;sico. Foram ainda obtidas as medidas de peso corporal e altura para cada indiv&#237;duo. As medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas n&#227;o foram suspensas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE.</p>
          <p>O peso corporal foi medido em uma balan&#231;a Cardiomed modelo Welmy, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 kg e a estatura foi obtida em um estadi&#244;metro Sanny com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 cm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo</title>
          <p>O TCPE foi realizado em uma sala espec&#237;fica, climatizada entre 21 e 24 graus Celsius e com umidade relativa do ar entre 40 e 60%. O TCPE seguiu um protocolo em rampa individualizado que objetivava uma dura&#231;&#227;o entre 8 e 12 minutos, em um CMI (<italic>Inbrasport</italic> CG-04, <italic>Inbrasport</italic>, Brasil), de acordo com as Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, sob supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica presencial e qualificada em um laborat&#243;rio devidamente equipado para lidar com eventuais intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Todos os TCPEs foram realizados por apenas quatro m&#233;dicos, seguindo uma rotina de procedimentos bem definida, especialmente no que se refere ao est&#237;mulo para obten&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. A altura do selim foi individualmente ajustada de modo a proporcionar uma extens&#227;o quase completa do joelho na posi&#231;&#227;o mais baixa e uma flex&#227;o do quadril inferior a noventa graus na posi&#231;&#227;o mais alta do pedal. A frequ&#234;ncia de pedaladas foi mantida entre 65 e 75 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto.</p>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram monitorizados por eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital (ErgoPC Elite vers&#245;es 3.2.1.5 ou 3.3.4.3 ou 3.3.6.2, <italic>Micromed</italic>, Brasil) durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE, obtendo-se a medida da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) atrav&#233;s da leitura dos registros de eletrocardiograma na deriva&#231;&#227;o CC5 ou CM5 obtidos ao final de cada minuto. A coleta dos gases expirados foi feita atrav&#233;s de um pneumotac&#243;grafo <italic>Prevent</italic> (<italic>MedGraphics</italic>, Estados Unidos) acoplado a uma pe&#231;a bucal, com oclus&#227;o nasal concomitante. Para a medida e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados foi utilizado um analisador metab&#243;lico VO<sub>2000</sub> (<italic>MedGraphics</italic>, Estados Unidos) que era calibrado diariamente antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do dia e repetido quando necess&#225;rio. As m&#233;dias dos resultados dos gases expirados eram lidos a cada 10 segundos e posteriormente consolidados minuto-a-minuto do TCPE. Considerou-se como VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x o maior valor obtido em um dado minuto do TCPE. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida a cada minuto atrav&#233;s de um esfigmoman&#244;metro manual no membro superior direito.</p>
          <p>A natureza m&#225;xima do exerc&#237;cio, que &#233; mais facilmente avaliada pelo TCPE - presen&#231;a de limiar anaer&#243;bico e curvas de equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios em formato de U -, foi corroborada pela exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (nota 10 na escala de 0-10 de Borg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> do indiv&#237;duo sendo avaliado representada pela incapacidade de continuar a pedalar na rota&#231;&#227;o previamente estabelecida apesar do forte encorajamento verbal. Conforme descrito em estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE como m&#225;ximo foi tamb&#233;m confirmada pela impress&#227;o do m&#233;dico supervisor e registrada no laudo do TCPE. Vale destacar que nenhum TCPE foi interrompido ou considerado m&#225;ximo exclusivamente por crit&#233;rios de FC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e da FC m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>Os valores previstos do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x para cada paciente, como simples refer&#234;ncia para compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores efetivamente medidos de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, foram obtidos a partir de equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para homens [60 - 0,55 x idade (anos)] e para mulheres [48 - 0,37 x idade (anos)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os valores previstos da FC m&#225;xima foram obtidos a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o 208 - 0,7 x idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, para pacientes de ambos os sexos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise do EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x inicialmente analisou-se o c&#225;lculo da estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x a partir de uma equa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Nessa equa&#231;&#227;o, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x relativo ao peso corporal [mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] foi estimado por: (W x 11,4 + 260 + peso x 3,5)/peso (equa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> - ACSM modificada)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, onde W &#233; a carga m&#225;xima em watts, o peso corporal em kg e a constante de 260 mL.min<sup>-1</sup> de oxig&#234;nio correspondente ao gasto energ&#233;tico necess&#225;rio para mover os pedais sem qualquer resist&#234;ncia adicionada, o que corresponde a aproximadamente 3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> x peso corporal m&#233;dio dos indiv&#237;duos da amostra do estudo de Lang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Esta equa&#231;&#227;o incorpora ainda um &#250;ltimo termo que corresponde ao gasto energ&#233;tico em repouso. Seguindo essa linha de racioc&#237;nio no nosso estudo, similar &#224; adotada pelo ACSM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, subtraiu-se 7 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> do valor do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido [correspondendo a 3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> do valor do VO<sub>2</sub>de repouso e 3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> do VO<sub>2</sub> gasto para pedalar sem carga] e dividiu-se o resultado obtido pela raz&#227;o entre carga (watts) e peso corporal (kg), obtendo-se uma constante &#8220;k&#8221; para cada indiv&#237;duo. A partir da m&#233;dia da constante &#8220;k&#8221;, foram obtidos os valores do fator multiplicador da raz&#227;o carga (watts)/peso corporal (kg) para as equa&#231;&#245;es para a amostra geral, para homens e para mulheres: a) equa&#231;&#227;o geral para estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x (equa&#231;&#227;o C-GERAL), b) equa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x no sexo masculino (equa&#231;&#227;o C-HOMENS) e c) equa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x no sexo feminino (equa&#231;&#227;o C-MULHERES).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Erro da estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</title>
          <p>A magnitude do EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x expresso em fun&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal foi avaliada a partir do c&#225;lculo da diferen&#231;a entre os valores medido e estimado (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido - VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado) em mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>, e a partir dos erros percentuais (E%) - [(VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido - VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado)/VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido] x 100 - obtidos pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de cada uma das equa&#231;&#245;es citadas acima, sendo o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido aquele obtido pela mensura&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados, como detalhado anteriormente. Valores negativos de EE e E% significam, portanto, que o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado foi maior do que o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido, ou seja, que o valor calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o superestimou o valor medido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram descritos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou como percentuais, dependendo da natureza da vari&#225;vel. A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e dos resultados do TCPE entre homens e mulheres foi realizada por teste   <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado ou pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Os ER e E% das equa&#231;&#245;es, quando apropriado, foram comparados por teste-t pareado ou pelo teste de ANOVA quando a compara&#231;&#227;o foi realizada entre tr&#234;s ou mais grupos. Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido e de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado para as tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es do estudo - C-GERAL, C-HOMENS e C-MULHERES - foram comparados e analisados por regress&#227;o linear e tamb&#233;m por correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>software Prism 6</italic> (<italic>GraphPad</italic>, EUA) e SPSS 16 (SPSS, EUA), adotando-se o crit&#233;rio de 5% de probabilidade como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da em sua maioria por indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino (68,3%), com a idade variando entre 18 e 91 anos, sendo que 23,2% apresentavam &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg.m<sup>-2</sup>. Outros dados mais detalhados, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de alguns dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, as principais morbidades e as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso regular s&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e morfofuncionais da amostra (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens 1172 (68,3%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres 543 (31,7%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 12,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">175,3 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">162,6 &#177; 6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x previsto [mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>)]</td>
                  <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima prevista (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">170,7 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">172,6 &#177; 10,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e medica&#231;&#245;es de uso regular na amostra (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (n = 1172)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (n = 543)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Morbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">428 (36,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (21,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">496 (42,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (25,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (16,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (11,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes<italic> mellitus</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">113 (9,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (5,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">249 (21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (7,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (8,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Uso de medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#223;-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (25,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (16,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (9,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (6,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (3,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (29,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (20,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (15,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (12,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vasodilatador</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-lipemiante</td>
                  <td align="center">531 (45,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (27,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-agregante plaquet&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">387 (33,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (15,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-arr&#237;tmico</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (4,6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>valores expressos como n(%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados do TCPE</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o dos TCPEs foi de 10 &#177; 2 minutos. A m&#233;dia da FC m&#225;xima para o conjunto dos indiv&#237;duos foi de 159 &#177; 25 bpm, correspondendo a 92% do valor previsto, sendo maior naqueles pacientes que n&#227;o faziam uso de &#946;-bloqueador (166 &#177; 20 bpm) (p &lt; 0,01). Os homens alcan&#231;aram cargas finais mais altas do que as mulheres (172 &#177; 70 vs 111 &#177; 45 watts; p &lt; 0,01) e atingiram um VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x maior (29,4 &#177; 10,5 vs 24,2 &#177; 9,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>; p &lt; 0,01). Na amostra, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido tendeu a ser discretamente menor do que o previsto com base na idade e sexo, correspondendo a 96% e a 82% do valor previsto pelas equa&#231;&#245;es de Jones e col.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, respectivamente, para homens e mulheres. Uma s&#237;ntese dos principais resultados do TCPE &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais resultados do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (n = 1715)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (n = 1172)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (n = 543)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;x (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">161 &#177; 24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Com &#223;-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Sem &#223;-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">166 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">167 &#177; 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carga m&#225;xima (watts)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 &#177; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">111 &#177; 45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido [mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>)]</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 9,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valores estimados de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado, os valores encontrados a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>ACSM</italic> modificada foram, respectivamente, para homens e mulheres, 29,8 &#177; 9,8 e 26,9 &#177; 8,9 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>, mostrando que esta equa&#231;&#227;o tende a superestimar o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. Os ER e E% diferiram para os sexos (p &lt; 0,01), com valores de -0,4 &#177; 3,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e -3,4 &#177; 13,4% para os homens e de -2,7 &#177; 3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e -14,7 &#177; 17,4% para as mulheres, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equa&#231;&#227;o C-GERAL</title>
          <p>Determinando a equa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para a amostra estudada, sem fazer distin&#231;&#227;o por sexo e com as mesmas vari&#225;veis da equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>ACSM</italic> modificada, obteve-se a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o (C-GERAL): (carga final/peso) x 10,483 + 7, onde o valor 7, como explicado anteriormente, corresponde a uma simplifica&#231;&#227;o dos dois &#250;ltimos termos daquela outra equa&#231;&#227;o, ao considerar a soma do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em repouso [3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] e de um valor id&#234;ntico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio para pedalar sem resist&#234;ncia. Aplicando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o C-GERAL foram obtidos os seguintes resultados de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado (mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>): 28,3 &#177; 8,9 e 24,9 &#177; 7,9 em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Apesar de os valores obtidos de EE e E% terem permanecido semelhantes nos homens - 1,1 &#177; 3,3 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e 1,2 &#177; 13,2%, respectivamente -, nas mulheres houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, passando para -0,7 &#177; 3,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>, e um E% de -6,3 &#177; 16,5% (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equa&#231;&#245;es C-HOMENS e C-MULHERES</title>
          <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, foram obtidas as seguintes equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas por sexo: C-HOMENS: (carga final/peso) x 10,791 + 7, e C-MULHERES: (carga final/peso) x 9,820 + 7. Utilizando-se essas novas equa&#231;&#245;es, os valores do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado foram 28,9 &#177; 9,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> em homens e 23,7 &#177; 7,4 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> em mulheres. O EE foi reduzido em ambos os sexos, e novamente de forma mais expressiva nas mulheres. Em homens foi obtido um EE de 0,5 &#177; 3,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e um E% de -0,9 &#177; 13,4% (p &lt; 0,01), enquanto para as mulheres, o EE foi reduzido para 0,5 &#177; 3,6 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>, sendo o E% de apenas -1,7 &#177; 16,2% (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Erros percentuais obtidos a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o entre o VO2m&#225;x medido e o VO2m&#225;x estimado pelas equa&#231;&#245;es ACSM modificada, C-GERAL, C-HOMENS e C-MULHERES.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">figura 3</xref> mostra o erro padr&#227;o de estimativa e ilustra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado e medido para a amostra geral e para homens e mulheres, analisados separadamente. Destacam-se ainda os altos valores de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse obtidos, com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC): C-GERAL = 0,9703 (IC 95%: 0,9674 a 0,9730), C-HOMENS = 0,9725 (IC 95%: 0,9691 a 0,9755) e C-MULHERES = 0,9680 (IC 95%: 0,9621 a 0,9729). A inspe&#231;&#227;o visual das distribui&#231;&#245;es permitiu caracterizar que houve homocedasticidade nas regress&#245;es lineares.</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido e estimado pelas equa&#231;&#245;es: a) C-GERAL, b) C-HOMENS e c) C-MULHERES. EPE: erro padr&#227;o de estimativa; r<sub>ci</sub>: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0381-50089-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A partir da aplica&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas no presente estudo, foram obtidos na amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o os seguintes resultados de EE e E%: C-GERAL (n = 200) 0,5 &#177; 2,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e 0,7&#177;9,1%; C-HOMENS (n = 135) 0,5 &#177; 2,5 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e 1,0 &#177; 8,6%; e C-MULHERES (n = 65) 0,5 &#177; 2,0 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup> e 0,5 &#177; 8,5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O TCPE &#233; o exame mais apropriado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica. Contudo, em nosso meio, ainda &#233; bastante comum o uso do teste de exerc&#237;cio sem coleta e an&#225;lise de gases expirados para essa finalidade, ainda que isso seja acompanhado de expressiva margem de erro <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Dessa forma, &#233; importante disponibilizar equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas que permitam reduzir esse EE nos testes de exerc&#237;cio realizados em hospitais e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>Apesar de estudos anteriores terem sido realizados com este mesmo objetivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de amostras pequenas prejudica a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados encontrados. Por exemplo, Lang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Latin e Berg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> aplicaram a equa&#231;&#227;o de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x do <italic>ACSM</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em 60 homens e 60 mulheres, respectivamente, encontrando valores estimados menores do que os de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medidos, em ambos os sexos. Por outro lado, Greiwe e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, aplicando esta mesma equa&#231;&#227;o a 15 homens e 15 mulheres com perfis cl&#237;nicos semelhantes obteve valores superestimados de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de a introdu&#231;&#227;o por Lang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> do fator 260 mL.min<sup>-1</sup> na equa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>ACSM</italic> ter produzido resultados mais aproximados da estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em sua amostra, para corresponder ao gasto energ&#233;tico em mover os pedais sem qualquer resist&#234;ncia adicionada, o nosso estudo, ao aplicar essa equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>ACSM</italic> modificada mostrou a manuten&#231;&#227;o de erros expressivos na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores estimados e medidos. A discrep&#226;ncia dos resultados descritos acima sugere erros relevantes quando as equa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o desenvolvidas a partir de amostras pequenas.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a observa&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;a no EE entre homens e mulheres utilizando a mesma equa&#231;&#227;o sugere a conveni&#234;ncia de desenvolver equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para cada sexo. Nesse sentido, Storer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>desenvolveram tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa utilizando as vari&#225;veis carga, peso e idade: uma geral para ambos os sexos, uma espec&#237;fica para homens e outra espec&#237;fica para mulheres. Nesse estudo observaram um aumento significativo do coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o quando o sexo foi adicionado no modelo de regress&#227;o linear utilizado para a cria&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, quando aplicadas a 77 homens e 30 mulheres da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia a superestimar o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x nos homens, evidenciando uma poss&#237;vel necessidade do desenvolvimento de equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas tamb&#233;m para cada popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, em um importante estudo, Almeida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> utilizaram uma grande amostra de indiv&#237;duos brasileiros (3119 indiv&#237;duos), objetivando desenvolver uma equa&#231;&#227;o adequada para prever o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em testes de exerc&#237;cio realizados em esteira rolante, a partir de idade, sexo, IMC e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, vale enfatizar que ainda que seja importante ter dados de refer&#234;ncia para o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x a partir de equa&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas para a pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, isso n&#227;o atende &#224; quest&#227;o do erro do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado quando n&#227;o s&#227;o coletadas e analisadas medidas de gases expirados durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio. Enquanto o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x previsto &#233; obtido a partir de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-teste, tais como idade e sexo, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado &#233; calculado com base em vari&#225;veis obtidas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio, tais como carga e dura&#231;&#227;o do teste. Assim sendo, ao melhor do nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com grande amostra (maior do que mil casos) que tenham desenvolvido equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para estimar o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em testes de exerc&#237;cio realizados em CMI.</p>
        <p>Na realidade, as quest&#245;es de tamanho e de representatividade amostral s&#227;o bastante relevantes. Neder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> j&#225; haviam observado que os indiv&#237;duos tipicamente selecionados para participar dos estudos n&#227;o eram representativos dos indiv&#237;duos mais comumente referidos para teste de exerc&#237;cio, podendo levar a vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o. Desta forma, em nosso estudo, optamos por n&#227;o excluir pacientes obesos, portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou pulmonares e/ou que faziam uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es capazes de influenciar as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas ao exerc&#237;cio, para garantir uma amostra representativa daquela que &#233; mais comumente referenciada aos servi&#231;os de ergometria. Vale observar que apesar desse perfil cl&#237;nico variado, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x previsto para a idade manteve-se relativamente pr&#243;ximo ao medido, especialmente nos homens. Tra&#231;ando uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dados obtidos em nosso estudo e os reportados por Herdy e Uhlendorf<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> na regi&#227;o sul do Brasil, temos que o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medido dos homens assemelharam-se aos valores de refer&#234;ncia para sedent&#225;rios entre 55 a 64 anos [30,0 &#177; 6,3 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>] ou ativos entre 65 e 74 anos [30,0 &#177; 6,1 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>]; j&#225; o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x encontrado nas mulheres foram similares aos valores de refer&#234;ncia de sedent&#225;rias entre 55 e 64 anos [23,9 &#177; 4,2 mL.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. A mais prov&#225;vel raz&#227;o para essa discreta discrep&#226;ncia deve ser o fato de que o estudo de Herdy e Uhlendorf<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> utilizou TCPE em esteira rolante, o que pode justificar a tend&#234;ncia de valores mais altos encontrados para uma mesma faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O nosso estudo apresenta alguns pontos fortes: 1) ao nosso conhecimento, nenhum outro estudo brasileiro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foi baseado em uma amostra t&#227;o numerosa de indiv&#237;duos (superior a mil indiv&#237;duos); 2) os cicloerg&#244;metros e analisadores de gases eram periodicamente calibrados seguindo as especifica&#231;&#245;es dos respectivos fabricantes e 3) todas as informa&#231;&#245;es originais dos laudos estavam dispon&#237;veis em formato digital (banco de dados) e foram criteriosamente revisadas para excluir aqueles com informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo que merecem ser destacadas. Todos os TCPEs foram realizados seguindo protocolos de rampa. Dessa forma, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel saber se as equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x aqui apresentadas poder&#227;o ser aplicadas para testes de exerc&#237;cio em CMI realizados com outros protocolos.</p>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que outros fatores tais como idade, n&#237;vel de adiposidade e padr&#227;o recente ou hist&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular e uso de determinadas medica&#231;&#245;es, possam estar contribuindo para o EE atrav&#233;s da influ&#234;ncia na efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica. Este foi um estudo preliminar para analisar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo no EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. As avalia&#231;&#245;es de outras vari&#225;veis, como as anteriormente descritas, est&#227;o em andamento. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas subsequentes, como a regress&#227;o multivariada utilizando as vari&#225;veis que demostraram ter influ&#234;ncia no EE do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, poder&#227;o resultar, futuramente, no desenvolvimento de uma &#250;nica equa&#231;&#227;o de estimativa do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x capaz de reduzir efetivamente o EE.</p>
        <p>Em s&#237;ntese, o presente estudo contribui para o atual estado de conhecimento ao propor equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas de uma grande amostra de brasileiros adultos, com caracter&#237;sticas e perfis cl&#237;nicos similares &#224;queles normalmente observados nos servi&#231;os de ergometria, que s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para os sexos masculino e feminino e, assim, contribuem para reduzir o EE quando a medida do VO<sub>2</sub>max n&#227;o &#233; dispon&#237;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O nosso estudo identificou que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#245;es estrangeiras (<italic>ACSM</italic> modificada) induziu um importante EE quando aplicada a uma popula&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica de servi&#231;os de ergometria brasileiros. Foi ent&#227;o desenvolvida uma equa&#231;&#227;o - C-GERAL - que reduziu parcialmente o EE. Contudo, uma an&#225;lise separada por sexo identificou a necessidade de desenvolver equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas - C-HOMENS e C-MULHERES - que foram capazes de reduzir ainda mais, sem todavia eliminar, o EE. Dessa forma, para os servi&#231;os que n&#227;o possuem condi&#231;&#245;es de efetivamente realizar o TCPE para a medida do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, s&#227;o apresentadas alternativas mais precisas para a estimativa de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em testes de exerc&#237;cio em CMI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Christina G. de Souza e Silva pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
