<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9DRYygqCMRpS7LRxTFczLxR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300362</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anxiety, Depression, and General Psychological Distress in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karata&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Baran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahan</surname>
            <given-names>Ebru</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
            <given-names>Kaz&#305;m Serhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>Bar&#305;&#351;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onuk</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;pek</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;kt&#252;rk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;ll&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arugaslan</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolca</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Haydarpa&#351;a Numune Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Haydarpa&#351;a Numune Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Psychiatry</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Haydarpa&#351;a Numune Training and Research Hospital Department of Psychiatry</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Derince Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Derince Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Yavuz Selim Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Kartal Yavuz Selim Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Yavuz Selim Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Bar&#305;&#351; G&#252;ng&#246;r</bold>, Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital, Tibbiye Caddesi, N&#186; 13, Postal Code 34668, Kadik&#246;y/Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: <email>drbarisgungor@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Karata&#351; MB, Bolca O; Acquisition of data: &#350;ahan E, &#199;ak&#305;ll&#305; Y, Arugaslan E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Karata&#351; MB, &#350;ahan E, G&#252;ng&#246;r B, &#304;pek G, &#199;ak&#305;ll&#305; Y, Bolca O; Statistical analysis: G&#252;ng&#246;r B, &#304;pek G; Writing of the manuscript: &#214;zcan KS, &#199;anga Y, Arugaslan E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Karata&#351; MB, &#214;zcan KS, &#199;anga Y, G&#252;ng&#246;r B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>362</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The relationship between psychiatric illness and heart disease has been frequently discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression and overall psychological distress, and coronary slow flow (CSF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In total, 44 patients with CSF and a control group of 50 patients with normal coronary arteries (NCA) were prospectively recruited. Clinical data, admission laboratory parameters, and echocardiographic and angiographic characteristics were recorded. Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scales were administered to each patient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and atherosclerotic risk factors. In the CSF group, BAI score, BDI score, and general symptom index were significantly higher than controls (13 [18.7] vs. 7.5 [7], p = 0.01; 11 [14.7] vs. 6.5 [7], p = 0.01; 1.76 [0.81] vs. 1.1[0.24], p = 0.01; respectively). Patients with CSF in more than one vessel had the highest test scores. In univariate correlation analysis, mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame counts were positively correlated with BAI (r = 0.56, p = 0.01), BDI (r = 0.47, p = 0.01), and general symptom index (r = 0.65, p = 0.01). The psychiatric tests were not correlated with risk factors for atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our study revealed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress in patients with CSF. This conclusion warrants further studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Anxiety Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / psychology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The effect of psychiatric disorders on the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases has been investigated in previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Concomitant depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary revascularization procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Coronary slow flow (CSF) is a relatively common angiographic phenomenon that is characterized by slow progression of a contrast agent through the coronary arteries in the absence of any stenosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Functional and morphological abnormalities in the microvasculature, endothelial dysfunction, raised inflammatory markers, occult atherosclerosis, and anatomical factors of epicardial arteries have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of CSF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, little is known about the relationship between CSF and psychiatric disorders. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of CSF with anxiety, depression, and general psychiatric status.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>We prospectively enrolled 44 consecutive patients with CSF who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography (CAG) between January 2014 and March 2014 in Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital. The control group consisted of 50 consecutive patients with normal coronary arteries who had undergone CAG between January 2014 and March 2014. Indications of coronary angiographies were determined with positive results of myocardial ischemia in noninvasive myocardial imaging and typical angina pectoris. All patients were assessed for demographic features, cardiovascular risk factors, laboratory parameters, and medications. The local ethics committee approved the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained from the study participants according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria included the following: refusal to participate in the study, known coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] &lt; 50%), severe valvular heart disease, rhythm other than sinus, end-stage renal or hepatic dysfunction, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic diseases, subjects receiving medical treatment for any type of psychiatric disorder, insufficient cooperation, presence of coronary artery stenosis &gt; 20%, or any type of congenital coronary abnormality (such as myocardial bridging and coronary fistulas).</p>
        <p>Hypertension (HT) was defined as the use of antihypertensive drugs or initial blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as the use of antidiabetic drugs or fasting plasma glucose levels of &gt; 126 mg/dL. Hyperlipidemia was defined as total serum cholesterol levels &gt; 240 mg/dL. Smoking status was defined as current tobacco use. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight into the square of height.</p>
        <p>Venous blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein and collected in calcium EDTA tubes, and were then studied by an auto-analyser (Cell-dyn 3700 Abbott, USA) on the day of CAG. Transthoracic echocardiography (Vivid 3 system, General Electric, made in Norway) was performed prior to CAG to detect LV functions and valvular heart disease. LVEF was measured using the modified Simpson method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography and documentation of coronary slow flow</title>
        <p>Selective CAG was performed by the femoral approach using the Judkins technique. Angiographic images were obtained by the Simens Axiom 792 Axa Angiographic System. Multiple views were obtained with visualization of the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex coronary arteries in at least four projections, and the right coronary artery in at least two projections. CAGs were recorded at 15 frames per second and recorded on compact discs in DICOM format. Angiograms were interpreted by two cardiologists and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame counts (TFC) were calculated for each coronary artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. TFC were defined as the number of cine frames required for the contrast agent to reach standardized distal coronary landmarks as described by Gibson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. TFC for the left anterior descending artery were divided by 1.7 to obtain the corrected TFC (cTFC). Since the most frequently standardized filming rate is 30 frames per second, the TFCs were multiplied by 2. The subjects with a TFC greater than two standard deviations (SD) above the normal range were considered to have CSF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Total TFC was defined as the sum of TFC in three major epicardial vessels. Mean TFC was calculated by dividing the total TFC by 3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Psychological tests</title>
        <p>Psychological interviews were performed by a psychiatrist blinded to the CAG results. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria for the study completed the following psychological symptoms scales: Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The SCL-90-R is a revised version of the original SCL-90 (Derogatis et al.) scale, which is a psychiatric self-report inventory screening for general psychiatric symptomatology. This inventory focuses on nine dimensions: somatization, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism, paranoid ideation, hostility, and phobic anxiety<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Each of 90 items is scored on a five-point Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) according to the rate of occurence of each symptom over the last week. Global Severity Index (GSI) is a quantitative indicator concerning the respondent's current level of psychological distress and is calculated by summing the scores of nine dimensions and additional items, then dividing by the total number of responses. The realibility and validity of the Turkish version of SCL-90 has been analyzed by Da&#287; et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>The severity of depression was assessed using BDI, which is a 21 item self-report scale developed by Beck et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Items in the scale are rated from 0 to 3 in increasing order of severity. Item scores are totaled and can range from 0 to 63. Higher scores correlate with more severe depression. The pathologic cut-off value for the BDI score was determined to be 17 in the Turkish population, which reflects moderate and severe depressive states<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The validity and accuracy of the BDI in the Turkish population have been studied by Hisli et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Anxiety is measured using the 21-item self-reported BAI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Each item is scored from 0 to 3 according to severity. Item scores are totaled and higher scores indicate higher anxiety levels. The pathologic cut-off value for the BAI score was determined to be 16 in the Turkish population; scores above this value reflect moderate to severe anxiety states<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The validity and realibility of the Turkish version of the BAI have been studied by Ulusoy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analyses</title>
        <p>All data is presented as a mean &#177; SD for variables with normal distribution or a median [interquantile range] for variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are reported as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were checked for the normal distribution assumption using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. Categorical variables were tested by Pearson's &#967;2 test and Fisher's Exact Test. Differences between patients and control subjects were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test or the Student t-test, when appropriate. The relation between numerical variables was identified using Pearson or Spearman's rho test. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the independent correlates of mean TFC. p-values were two sided and values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical studies were carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS 16.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics of the 44 patients with CSF and 50 control subjects were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, DM, HT, hyperlipidemia, alcohol consumption, smoking status, medications, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose levels. In addition, there was no significant difference in terms of monthly income and educational levels between the two groups (p = 0.93 and p = 0.55, respectively). TIMI frame counts were significantly higher in patients with CSF than those in controls (p = 0.01). In 24 (54%) of the cases, CSF was observed in one vessel, and in 20 (46%) of the cases, more than one vessel had CSF.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, laboratory, and demographic characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control Group (n = 50)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Slow flow group (n = 44)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">53.1 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27(54)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24(48)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipiemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta Blocker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium Channel Blocker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (34)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretic, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary school, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (57)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High school, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">University, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Montiy income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (57)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">108 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 31</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">100 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total number of vessels with CSF</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 vessel , n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">24 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;1 vessel , n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TIMI frame counts</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD</td>
              <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LCx</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">18.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HT: hypertension; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: body mass index; CSF: coronary slow flow; BP: blood pressure; LAD: left anterior descending; LCx: left circumflex; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LV: left ventricular; n: number; OAD: oral antidiabetic; RCA: right coronary artery; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A comparison of psychiatric test results between the two groups is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. In the CSF group, the BAI score was significantly higher than in controls (13 [18.7] vs 7.5 [7], p = 0.01). Twenty patients in the CSF group had a BAI score &#8805; 16, which was significantly higher than the control group (8 cases) (p = 0.01). When the BDI test scores were compared between the two groups, subjects in the CSF group had significantly higher scores than those in control group (11 [14.7] vs. 6.5 [7], p = 0.01). The frequency of subjects with a BDI score &#8805; 17 was higher in the CSF group (32% vs. 2%, p = 0.01). In addition, the median general symptoms index score was significantly higher in the CSF group (1.76 [0.81] vs 1.1[0.24], p = 0.01).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of psychiatric tests results between CNF and CSF patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CNF (n = 50)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CSF (n = 44)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BAI</td>
              <td align="center">7.5 [7]</td>
              <td align="center">13 [18.7]</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 16, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 16, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BDI</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 [7]</td>
              <td align="center">11 [14.7]</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 17, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (92)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 17, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General Symptoms Index</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 [0.24]</td>
              <td align="center">1.76 [0.81]</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CNF: coronary normal flow; CSF: coronary slow flow.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In univariate correlation analysis, mean TIMI scores were positively correlated with BAI (r = 0.56, p = 0.01), as were BDI scores (r = 0.47, p = 0.01) and the general symptom index (r = 0.65, p = 0.01); however, they were not correlated with age, educational level, monthly income, glucose, or LDL levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). In addition, BMI was significantly correlated with mean TFC (r = 0.28, p = 0.01) but was not correlated with BAI (r = 0.16, p = 0.11), BDI (r = 0.08, p = 0.78), or GSI (r = 0.15, p = 0.18).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate correlation analysis of mean TIMI frame counts with study parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean TIMI frame count</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BAI</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.56; p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BDI</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.47; p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General Symptoms Index</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.65; p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.09; p = 0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.28; p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education level</td>
              <td align="center">r = -0.15; p = 0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Montly income</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.08; p = 0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.02; p = 0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.05; p = 0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.09; p = 0.92</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; EF: ejection fraction; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>To investigate the independent determinants of mean TFC, we performed a multivariate linear regression analysis using a model adjusted for age, gender, and BMI. Results indicated that BMI (standardized &#946; coefficient = 0.221; p = 0.01), BAI (standardized &#946; coefficient = 0.546; p = 0.01), BDI (standardized &#946; coefficient = 0.444; p = 0.01), and GSI (standardized &#946; coefficient = 0.607; p = 0.01) were independently correlated with mean TFC. No correlation with age or gender was observed.</p>
      <p>Correlation and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the correlation of BAI, BDI, and GSI with atherosclerosis risk factors. In these analyses, BAI was not significantly correlated with age (r=0.09, p = 0.54), fasting glucose levels (r = -0.05, p = 0.64), LDL (r = -0.14, p = 0.19), or systolic blood pressure (r = 0.07, p = 0.72). BDI was not significantly correlated with age (r = 0.08, p = 0.41), fasting glucose levels (r = -0.11, p = 0.31), LDL (r = -0.14, p = 0.11), or systolic blood pressure (r = 0.17, p = 0.09). GSI was not significantly correlated with age (r = 0.03, p = 0.79), fasting glucose levels (r = -0.06, p = 0.65), LDL (r = -0.12, p = 0.26) or systolic blood pressure (r = 0.12, p = 0.24). In subgroup analysis, BAI, BDI, and GSI were not significantly different when compared between females and males (10 [14.9] vs. 8 [9.7], p = 0.26; 9 [13] vs. 8.5 [9.5], p = 0.18; 1.12 [0.92] vs. 1.38 [0.67], p = 0.46, respectively). In addition, BAI, BDI, and GSI were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers (8 [10] vs. 10 [12], p = 0.21; 9 [8] vs. 9 [12], p = 0.49; 1.35 [0.57] vs. 1.21 [0.89], p = 0.57, respectively).</p>
      <p>In total, 28 study participants (30%) had BAI scores &#8805; 16 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). In these patients, total TFC and mean TFC were significantly higher (75.2 &#177; 17.5 vs. 62.4 &#177; 9.6, p = 0.01 and 25.1 &#177; 5.8 vs. 20.8 &#177; 3.2, p = 0.01, respectively). Age, gender, HT, DM, hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, educational status, monthly income, BMI, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, and LVEF were similar among patients with BAI score &lt; 16 and BAI score &#8805; 16.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of study parameters in patients with BAI score &lt; 16 and &#8805; 16</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BAI &lt; 16 (n = 66)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BAI &#8805; 16 (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female Gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23(35)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32(48)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipiemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14(21)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary school, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (52)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High school, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (41)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">University, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Montly income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1500 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (57)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1500-3000 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt;3000 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">116 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">95 &#177; 33</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean TIMI FC</td>
              <td align="center">20.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 5.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total TIMI FC</td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">75.2 &#177; 17.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; HT: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; EF: ejection fraction; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TIMI FC: thrombolysis in miyocardial infarction frame count; TL: Turkish Liras.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A comparison of study parameters in subgroups of patients classified as BDI score &lt; 17 and &#8805; 17 is depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>. Overall, 76 patients (81%) had a BDI score &lt; 17, whereas 18 patients (19%) had BDI scores &#8805; 17. In both groups, age, gender, HT, DM, hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol, educational status, monthly income, BMI, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, and LVEF were similar. Total TFC and mean TFC were significantly higher in subjects with a BDI score &#8805; 17 than in those with a BDI score &lt; 17. (78 &#177; 19 vs 63 &#177; 10; 25.9 &#177; 6.5 vs 21.1 &#177; 3.4, p = 0.01, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of study parameters In patients with BDI score &lt; 17 and &#8805; 17</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BDI &lt; 17 (n = 76)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BDI &#8805; 17 (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">55.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (37)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (49)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipiemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education level</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary school, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (53)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High school, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">University, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Montly income</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1500 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1500-3000 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (41)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 3000 TL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">116 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">120 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">100 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 42</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean TIMI</td>
              <td align="center">21.1 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total TIMI</td>
              <td align="center">63 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; HT: hypertension; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TIMI: Trombolysis in myocardial infarction; TLTurkish Liras; BMI: body mass index; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In a subgroup analysis of the 44 patients with CSF patients, those with CSF in more than one vessel had significantly higher BAI, BDI, and GSI scores than those with CSF restricted to one vessel (26 [16] vs. 8 [7.2], p = 0.01; 17 [14] vs 6 [1.1], p = 0.01; 2.1 [0.7] vs 1.4 [0.6], p = 0.01, respectively). In univariate correlation analysis, the number of vessels with CSF was positively correlated with BAI (r = 0.66, p = 0.01), BDI (r = 0.61, p = 0.01), and GSI (r = 0.59, p = 0.01).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Results of the present study indicate that patients with CSF had significantly increased levels of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress compared with patients having CNF.</p>
      <p>The INTERHEART study is the largest trial conducted to date to investigate the correlation between stress and heart disease. This trial included 11,119 patients with MI from 52 countries. In this study, perceived stress and depression were shown to be important risk factors, which together accounted for 32.5% of the population with attributable risk for CAD. These findings suggest that these variables together were as important as smoking and more important than DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In a previous study, every 5-point increase in BDI score was associated with a 25%-30% increase in the risk of abnormal CAG findings or definitive CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Furthermore, Shiozaki et al. demonstrated that depression emerging during the year after experiencing a MI is significantly associated with subsequent cardiovascular events in a 2.9-year follow-up for male patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of depression in the Turkish population is estimated to beabout 10%-20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Prior studies have estimated the prevalence of depression ranging from 20% to 40% in patients with CAD and have found that the presence of depression is associated with increased risk for adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In our study, 32% of patients with CSF were found to have major depressive disorder documented with a BDI score &#8805;17. Consistent with our results, Durmaz et al. have reported higher depression rates among patients with CSF (50% vs. 8%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Their study examined 90 patients and used the Hamilton Rating Scale (HAMD) to measure depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A total of 94 patients were included in our study but a different scale for depression (BDI) was used.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiological mechanism between psychological distress and cardiovascular events has not been fully elucidated. Some of the proposed mechanisms are as follows: high sympathetic tone; increased cortisol and catecholamine; endothelial dysfunction; abnormal platelet activation, including enhanced platelet reactivity and release of platelet products (such as platelet factor 4 and b-thromboglobulin); augmented release of inflammatory markers; decreased heart rate variability; accelerated atherogenesis; and poor adherence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. We did not observe any correlation between level of anxiety or depression and atherosclerotic risk factors, which is similar to a prior report by Zafar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Furthermore, no relationship between educational or monthly income (socioeconomic) status and depression or anxiety have been established.</p>
      <p>Compared with the extensive literature on depression in patients with CAD, relatively few studies have examined the role of anxiety. Some studies have reported anxiety symptoms to be predictive of subsequent cardiac events, mortality, and in-hospital complications in patients with CAD, whereas others have found no association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Martens et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have found that participants with baseline generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) had a greater rate of subsequent cardiovascular events than did participants without GAD. Vural et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found significant correlation between CAD and BAI scores. Todaro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reported the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders to be 45.3% in patients with CAD. In addition, Durmaz et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>investigated the relationship between anxiety and CSF. Unlike the other studies in the literature, their study utilized State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for anxiety. They found that STAI scores were significantly higher in the CSF group. However, their study did not include a known cut-off value for anxiety; therefore, whether a difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the number of people with anxiety is unknown. As a result, no percentage was provided for anxiety<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our present study utilized the BAI scale to identify anxious people according to the cut-off value and found that 45.4% of patients with CSF had anxiety disorder; this was significantly higher than the control group. Previous studies have shown that obese and overweight people are more likely to experience anxiety and depression than those who are of normal weight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. However, comparison of the frequency of psychiatric disorders between overweight and obese people are controversial in the literature. In our study population, CNF patients were overweight, whereas patients with CSF were obese according to the mean BMI levels. As we did not intend to investigate correlation of obesity with psychiatric tests, our data may not be suitable to draw conclusions regarding obesity and psychiatric disorders; however, in our study, BMI was not correlated with BAI, BDI, and GSI scores.</p>
      <p>GSI, which can be used as a summary of the SCL-90-R test, is designed to measure overall psychological distress. In our study, the GSI of patients CSF was 1.76, whereas the GSI of those subjects in the control group was 1.1 (p = 0.01), indicating that patients with CSF exhibit more psychological distress than those with normal coronary blood flow. Therefore, our study is the first study in the literature to use the SCL-90-R scale in patients with CSF.</p>
      <p>Our study also found that patients with CSF in more than one coronary vessel had higher BAI, BDI, and GSI scores, which indicates the positive correlation between these scores and the extent and severity of CSF. Our study is the first study in the literature to report this correlation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations that deserve mention. This is a single center, cross-sectional prospective study with relatively small sample size. In addition, we could not report the correlation of the study parameters with long-term outcomes in the study population.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Although we could not draw a causal relationship, we observed higher levels of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress in patients with CSF. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and the importance of these findings in long-term outcomes and prognosis of patients with CSF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, Hickie IB, Hunt D, Jelinek VM, et al. "Stress" and coronary heart disease:psychosocial risk factors. Med J Aust. 2003;178(6):2726.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bunker</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colquhoun</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esler</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hickie</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jelinek</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>"Stress" and coronary heart disease:psychosocial risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Med J Aust</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>178</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2726</fpage>
          <lpage>2726</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann Linger C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):802-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barth</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schumacher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann Linger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>802</fpage>
          <lpage>813</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Lampert R, Joska T, Burg MM, Batsford WP, McPherson CA, Jain D. Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation. 2002;106(14):1800-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lampert</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joska</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burg</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batsford</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McPherson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1800</fpage>
          <lpage>1805</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Erden I, Cakcak Erden E, Durmus H, Tibilli H, Tabak&#231;i M, Kalkan ME, et al. Association between restless leg syndrom and slow coronary flow. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2014;14(7):612-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erden</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cakcak Erden</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durmus</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tibilli</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tabak&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalkan</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between restless leg syndrom and slow coronary flow</article-title>
          <source>Anadolu Kardiyol Derg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>612</fpage>
          <lpage>616</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Horowitz JD. The coronary slow flow phenomenon - a new coronary microvascular disorder. Cardiology. 2002;97(4):197-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limaye</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The coronary slow flow phenomenon - a new coronary microvascular disorder</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexander B Jr, Marble SJ, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996;93(5):879-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daley</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dodge</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marble</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>888</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R, administration, scoring &amp; procedures manual I. Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Medicine; 1977.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Derogatis</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>SCL-90-R, administration, scoring &amp; procedures manual I</source>
          <publisher-loc>Baltimore</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>John Hopkins University School of Medicine</publisher-name>
          <year>1977</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Dag I. Reliability and validity of the Symptom Checklist - 90 Revised among university students. T&#252;rk J Psychiatry. 1991;2:5-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dag</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reliability and validity of the Symptom Checklist - 90 Revised among university students</article-title>
          <source>T&#252;rk J Psychiatry</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ward</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendelson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mock</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erbaugh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An inventory for measuring depression</article-title>
          <source>Arch Gen Psychiatry</source>
          <year>1961</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Vural M, Satiroglu O, Akbas B, Goksel I, Karabay O. Coronary artery disease in association with depression or anxiety among patients undergoing angiography to investigate chest pain. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009;36(1):17-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vural</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satiroglu</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akbas</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goksel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karabay</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary artery disease in association with depression or anxiety among patients undergoing angiography to investigate chest pain</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. &#220;nal FE, Determining the frequency of depression and anxiety and investigating the sociodemographic factors in Bakirk&#246;y Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital intern doctors. Speciality Thesis, Bakirk&#246;y Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, &#304;stanbul; 2008</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#220;nal</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Determining the frequency of depression and anxiety and investigating the sociodemographic factors in Bakirk&#246;y Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital intern doctors</source>
          <publisher-name>Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>&#304;stanbul</publisher-loc>
          <year>2008</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Hisli N. Validity and accuracy of Beck depression inventory among university students (In Turkish). Psikoloji Dergis. 1989;7(23):3-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hisli</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validity and accuracy of Beck depression inventory among university students (In Turkish)</article-title>
          <source>Psikoloji Dergis</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties</article-title>
          <source>J Consult Clin Psychol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>897</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. J Cogn Psycother Int Q. 1998;12(2):163-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ulusoy</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erkmen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties</article-title>
          <source>J Cogn Psycother Int Q</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): casecontrol study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):93752.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawken</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ounpuu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dans</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>INTERHEART Study Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): casecontrol study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <issue>9438</issue>
          <fpage>93752</fpage>
          <lpage>93752</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Shiozaki M, Iso H, Ohira T, Nakatani D, Shimizu M, Sakata Y, et al. Longitudinal risk of cardiovascular events in relation to depression symptoms after discharge among survivors of myocardial infarction:Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study (OACIS). Circ J. 2011;75(12):2878-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shiozaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iso</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohira</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakatani</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Longitudinal risk of cardiovascular events in relation to depression symptoms after discharge among survivors of myocardial infarction: Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study (OACIS)  </article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2878</fpage>
          <lpage>2884</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Yildiz B, Turan MT, Besirli A. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar affective disorder. Erciyes Tip Dergisi (Erciyes Medical Journal). 2011;33(3):197-204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yildiz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turan</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Besirli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic syndrome in bipolar affective disorder</article-title>
          <source>Erciyes Tip Dergisi (Erciyes Medical Journal)</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(23):2763-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicholson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuper</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hemingway</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2763</fpage>
          <lpage>2774</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Durmaz T, Keles T, Erdogan KE, Ayhan H, Bilen E, Bayram NA, et al. Coronary slow flow is associated with depression and anxiety. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2014;30:197-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Durmaz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keles</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdogan</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayhan</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayram</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary slow flow is associated with depression and anxiety</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol Sin</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Zafar MU, Paz-Yepes M, Shimbo D, Vilahur G, Burg MM, Chaplin W, et al. Anxiety is a better predictor of platelet reactivity in coronary artery disease patients than depression. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(13):1573-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zafar</surname>
              <given-names>MU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paz-Yepes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimbo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilahur</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burg</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaplin</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anxiety is a better predictor of platelet reactivity in coronary artery disease patients than depression</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1573</fpage>
          <lpage>1582</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Grace SL, Abbey SE, Irvine J, Shnek ZM, Stewart DE. Prospective examination of anxiety persistence and its relationship to cardiac symptoms and recurrent cardiac events. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73(6):34452.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grace</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbey</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irvine</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shnek</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective examination of anxiety persistence and its relationship to cardiac symptoms and recurrent cardiac events</article-title>
          <source>Psychother Psychosom</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>34452</fpage>
          <lpage>34452</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Mayou RA, Gill D, Thompson DR, Day A, Hicks N, Volmink J, et al. Depression and anxiety as predictors of outcome after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(2):2129.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mayou</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Day</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hicks</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volmink</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression and anxiety as predictors of outcome after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>2129</fpage>
          <lpage>2129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Herrmann C, BrandDriehorst S, Buss U, R&#252;ger U. Effects of anxiety and depression on 5year mortality in 5057 patients referred for exercise testing. J Psychosom Res. 2000;48(45):45562.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>BrandDriehorst</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buss</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#252;ger</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of anxiety and depression on 5year mortality in 5057 patients referred for exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>J Psychosom Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>45</issue>
          <fpage>45562</fpage>
          <lpage>45562</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Martens EJ, De Jonge P, Na B, Cohen BE, Lett H, Whooley MA. Scared to death? Generalized anxiety disorder and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heartdisease: The Heart and Soul Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(7):7508.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martens</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Jonge</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Na</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lett</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whooley</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Scared to death? Generalized anxiety disorder and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heartdisease: The Heart and Soul Study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Gen Psychiatry</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>7508</fpage>
          <lpage>7508</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Todaro JF, Shen BJ, Raffa SD, Tilkemeier PL, Niaura R. Prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women with established coronary heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27(2):86-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Todaro</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raffa</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tilkemeier</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niaura</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women with established coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Mart&#237;nez Hern&#225;ndez F, Tovilla Z&#225;rate CA, L&#243;pez Narv&#225;ez L, Ju&#225;rez Rojop IE, Jim&#233;nez Santos MA, Gonz&#225;lez Guti&#233;rrez CP, et al. Prevalence and gravity of depression and anxiety in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a study in the population of Tabasco, Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 2014;150(1):101-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tovilla Z&#225;rate</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez Narv&#225;ez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ju&#225;rez Rojop</surname>
              <given-names>IE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jim&#233;nez Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez Guti&#233;rrez</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and gravity of depression and anxiety in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a study in the population of Tabasco, Mexico</article-title>
          <source>Gac Med Mex</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ansiedade, Depress&#227;o e Dist&#250;rbios Psicol&#243;gicos Gerais em Pacientes com Fluxo Coronariano Lento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karata&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Baran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahan</surname>
            <given-names>Ebru</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
            <given-names>Kaz&#305;m Serhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>Bar&#305;&#351;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onuk</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;pek</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;kt&#252;rk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;ll&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arugaslan</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolca</surname>
            <given-names>Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Haydarpa&#351;a Numune Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Psychiatry</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Haydarpa&#351;a Numune Training and Research Hospital Department of Psychiatry</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Derince Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Yavuz Selim Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Yavuz Selim Hospital Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bar&#305;&#351; G&#252;ng&#246;r</bold>, Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital, Tibbiye Caddesi, N&#186; 13, CEP 34668, Kadik&#246;y/Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: <email>drbarisgungor@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Karata&#351; MB, Bolca O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: &#350;ahan E, Onuk T, &#199;ak&#305;ll&#305; Y, Arugaslan E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Karata&#351; MB, &#350;ahan E, G&#252;ng&#246;r B, &#304;pek G, &#199;ak&#305;ll&#305; Y, Bolca O; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: G&#252;ng&#246;r B, &#304;pek G; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: &#214;zcan KS, &#199;anga Y, Arugaslan E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Karata&#351; MB, &#214;zcan KS, &#199;anga Y, G&#252;ng&#246;r B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca sempre foi um tema de interesse na literatura m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ansiedade, depress&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos gerais e fluxo coronariano lento (FCL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e quatro pacientes com FCL e 50 pacientes com fluxo coronariano normal (FCN) foram recrutados prospectivamente. Foram registrados: dados cl&#237;nicos, par&#226;metros laboratoriais &#224; admiss&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas. Escalas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da Lista de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de Sintomas-90 Revisada (SCL-90-R), do Invent&#225;rio Beck de Depress&#227;o (IBD) e do Invent&#225;rio Beck de Ansiedade (IBA) foram determinadas para cada paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo FCL incluiu 44 indiv&#237;duos e o grupo controle 50 indiv&#237;duos. Os grupos foram comparados quanto &#224; idade, sexo e fatores de risco para aterosclerose. No grupo FCL, os escores do IBA, do IBD e do &#237;ndice geral de sintomas foram significativamente mais altos que no grupo controle (13 [18,7] vs. 7,5 [7], p = 0,01; 11 [14,7] vs. 6,5 [7], p = 0,01; 1,76 [0,81] vs. 1,1[0,24], p = 0,01; respectivamente). Pacientes com FCL em mais de um vaso apresentaram os escores mais elevados. Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o univariada, a m&#233;dia das contagens de quadros TIMI foi correlacionada positivamente com o IBA (r = 0,56, p = 0,01), com o IBD (r = 0,47, p = 0,01) e com o &#205;ndice Geral de Sintomas (r = 0,65, p = 0,01). Os testes psiqui&#225;tricos n&#227;o tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco para aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo revelou taxas de depress&#227;o, ansiedade e dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos gerais mais elevadas em pacientes com FCL. Esta conclus&#227;o justifica novos estudos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos de Ansiedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / psicologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A influ&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos sobre a incid&#234;ncia e a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi investigada em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Depress&#227;o concomitante &#233; associada a risco aumentado de morbidade e mortalidade card&#237;aca ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e ap&#243;s procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Fluxo Coronariano Lento (FCL) &#233; um fen&#244;meno angiogr&#225;fico relativamente comum que se caracteriza pela progress&#227;o lenta do agente de contraste atrav&#233;s das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, em aus&#234;ncia de estenose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Anormalidades funcionais e morfol&#243;gicas na micromusculatura, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios aumentados, aterosclerose oculta e fatores anat&#244;micos das art&#233;rias epic&#225;rdicas t&#234;m sido envolvidos na patog&#234;nese do FCL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FCL e dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos. Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi, portanto, investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o de FCL com ansiedade, depress&#227;o e estado psiqui&#225;trico geral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Compilamos prospectivamente 44 pacientes consecutivos com FCL, que haviam se submetido &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria (AC) entre janeiro e mar&#231;o de 2014 no hospital Siyami Ersek (Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital, Turquia). O grupo controle foi composto por 50 pacientes consecutivos com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, que tamb&#233;m haviam se submetido &#224; AC entre janeiro e mar&#231;o de 2014. As indica&#231;&#245;es de angiografias coron&#225;rias foram determninadas com base em resultados positivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em imagens mioc&#225;rdicas n&#227;o invasivas e angina pectoris t&#237;pica. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e medicamentos. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; local de &#233;tica e um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, foi obtido dos participantes do estudo.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o compreenderam: recusa de participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, doen&#231;a de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria conhecida, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE &lt; 50%), doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular grave, ritmo n&#227;o sinusal, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ou hep&#225;tica em est&#225;gio terminal, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave, doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, indiv&#237;duos em tratamento para qualquer dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico, coopera&#231;&#227;o insuficiente e presen&#231;a de estenose de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria superior a 20% ou qualquer tipo de anormalidade coronariana cong&#234;nita, tais como pontes mioc&#225;rdicas e f&#237;stulas coronarianas.  </p>
          <p>Hipertens&#227;o (HT) foi definida pelo uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas ou press&#227;o arterial inicial superior a 140/90 mmHg, diabetes mellitus (DM) foi definido pelo uso de drogas antidiab&#233;ticas ou por n&#237;veis pl&#225;smicos de glicose em jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL e a hiperlipidemia foi definida por n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total &gt; 240 mg/dL. Tabagismo foi definido pelo consumo atual de tabaco. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso pelo quadrado da altura.</p>
          <p>No dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o da AC, amostras de sangue venoso da veia antecubital foram coletadas em tubos contendo EDTA c&#225;lcico e processadas em um autoanalisador (Cell-dyn 3700 Abbott, USA). Anteriormente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da AC, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (Sistema Vivid 3, General Electric, fabricado na Noruega) para detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) ventricular esquerda foi mensurada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia coronariana e documenta&#231;&#227;o de fluxo coronariano lento</title>
          <p>A angiografia coronariana seletiva foi realizada atrav&#233;s de abordagem femoral utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Judkins. As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do Sistema Angiogr&#225;fico Siemens Axiom 792 Axa. M&#250;ltiplas perspectivas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de visualiza&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA) e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda, com pelo menos 4 proje&#231;&#245;es, e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, com no m&#237;nimo 2 proje&#231;&#245;es. Os angiogramas coron&#225;rios, registrados a 15 quadros por segundo, foram gravados em formato DICOM em CDs. Os angiogramas foram interpretados por dois cardiologistas e as contagens de quadros de Tromb&#243;lise (CQT) no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) foram calculadas para cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. As contagens de quadros TIMI foram determinadas como o n&#250;mero de quadros necess&#225;rios para que o contraste atingisse os padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria distal, conforme descrito por Gibson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Os valores CQT para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda foram divididos por 1,7 para se obter o CQT corrigido (CQTc). Como o padr&#227;o mais comum de filmagem &#233; o de 30 quadros por segundo, os CQTc foram multiplicados por dois. Indiv&#237;duos com CQT maiores que dois desvios padr&#227;o da faixa normal foram considerados pacientes com FCL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A contagem total de quadros TIMI foi definida como a soma dos CQT em 3 vasos epic&#225;rdicos principais. A contagem m&#233;dia de quadros TIMI foi calculada dividindo-se a contagem total de quadros TIMI por 3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Testes psicol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>As entrevistas psicol&#243;gicas foram realizadas por um psiquiatra cego para os resultados da AC. Os indiv&#237;duos que atendiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o completaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos pelas escalas da Lista de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de Sintomas-90 Revisada (SCL-90-R), do Invent&#225;rio Beck de Depress&#227;o (IBD) e do Invent&#225;rio Beck de Ansiedade (IBA). A SCL-90-R &#233; uma vers&#227;o revisada da SCL-90 original (Derogatis et al.), que constitui um invent&#225;rio de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o psiqui&#225;trica de triagem para sintomatologia psiqui&#225;trica geral com nove abrang&#234;ncias: somatiza&#231;&#227;o, ansiedade, obsess&#227;o-compuls&#227;o, depress&#227;o, sensibilidade interpessoal, psicotismo, concep&#231;&#227;o paran&#243;ide, hostilidade e ansiedade f&#243;bica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Cada um dos 90 &#237;tens &#233; pontuado em uma escala de Likert de cinco pontos, de acordo com a taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de cada sintoma observado na semana anterior, variando de 0 (nehuma ocorr&#234;ncia) a 4 (ocorr&#234;ncia extrema). O &#205;ndice Geral de Severidade (IGS) &#233; um indicador quantitativo referente ao n&#237;vel atual de desconforto psicol&#243;gico do respondente, sendo calculado pela soma dos escores das nove abrang&#234;ncias e itens adicionais com subsequente divis&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero total de respostas. A confiabilidade e a validade da vers&#227;o turca da SCL-90 foram analizadas por Da&#287; e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>A severidade da depress&#227;o foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do IBD, que &#233; uma escala de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o de 21 itens desenvolvida por Beck e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Os itens da escala s&#227;o pontuados de 0 a 3, em ordem crescente de severidade. Os escores dos itens s&#227;o somados para se obter o escore total, que pode variar de 0 a 63, com escores mais altos indicando n&#237;veis mais altos de depress&#227;o. O ponto de corte patol&#243;gico da pontua&#231;&#227;o IBD foi determinado em 17 para a popula&#231;&#227;o da Turquia, refletindo estados depressivos moderado e grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A Validade e a acur&#225;cia do IBD para a popula&#231;&#227;o da Turquia foi estudada por Hisli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A ansiedade foi mensurada atrav&#233;s do IBA, que &#233; um invent&#225;rio de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o com 21 &#237;tens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Cada &#237;tem &#233; pontuado de 0 a 3, de acordo com a severidade. Os escores de cada &#237;tem s&#227;o somados para se obter o escore total; escores mais altos indicam n&#237;veis maiores de ansiedade. O ponto de corte patol&#243;gico para o IBA foi determinado em 16 para a popula&#231;&#227;o da Turquia e valores acima desse valor indicaram estados de ansiedade moderada e grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Um estudo sobre a validade e a confiabilidade da vers&#227;o turca do IBA foi conduzido por Ulusoy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou como mediana [varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil], para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros e percentagens. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas para a hip&#243;tese de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas pelo teste &#967;2 de Pearson e pelo teste exato de Fisher. As diferen&#231;as entre os pacientes e os indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle foram analisadas utilizando-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney ou o teste t de Student, quando apropriado. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi identificada utilizando-se o teste de Pearson ou o teste rho de Spearman. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada foi realizada para investigar correla&#231;&#227;o independente das m&#233;dias de CQT. Os valores de p foram bilaterais e valores &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas utilizando um software estat&#237;stico para ci&#234;ncias sociais, do ingl&#234;s,   <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS 16.0 para Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos quarenta e quatro pacientes com FCL e dos cinquenta ind&#237;viduos do grupo controle est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>. Os dois grupos apresentaram dados similares quanto &#224; idade, sexo, DM, HT, hiperlipidemia, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, medicamentos, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e n&#237;veis de glicose s&#233;rica em jejum. Similarmente, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; renda mensal e n&#237;vel educacional entre os dois grupos (p = 0,93 e p = 0,55, respectivamente). As contagens de quadros de TIMI foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com FCL que em pacientes do grupo controle (p = 0,01). Em 24 casos (54%), FCL foi observado apenas em um vaso e em 20 casos (46%) FCL estava presente em mais de um vaso.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo controle (n = 50)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo fluxo lento (n = 44)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">53,1 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">24(48)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador Beta, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRA, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador dos Canais de C&#225;lcio, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADO, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola prim&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola secund&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Universidade, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda mensal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Batimento card&#237;aco (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PS sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">117 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose s&#233;rica em jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero total de vasos com FCL</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 vaso, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">24 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1 vaso, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Contagem de quadros TIMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EAD</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECx</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACD</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>HT: hipertens&#227;o; AAS: &#225;cido acetil salic&#237;lico; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; ADO: antidiab&#233;tico oral; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PS: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FCL: fluxo coronariano lento; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; EAD: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ECx: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do teste psiqui&#225;trico entre os dois grupos est&#225; sumarizada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>. No grupo com FCL, o escore IBA foi significativamente maior que no grupo controle (13 [18,7] vs 7,5 [7], p = 0,01). Vinte pacientes do grupo com FCL apresentaram IBA &#8805; 16, significativamente maior que o do grupo controle (8 casos) (p = 0,01). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao IBD, indiv&#237;duos do grupo com FCL apresentaram escores significativamente maiores que os do grupo controle (11 [14,7] vs. 6,5 [7], p = 0,01). A frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com escore IBD &#8805; 17 foi maior no grupo com FCL (32% vs. 2%, p = 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, o escore mediano de sintomas gerais foi significativamente maior no grupo com FCL (1,76 [0,81] vs 1,1[0,24], p = 0,01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados dos testes psiqui&#225;tricos entre pacientes com FCN e pacientes com FCL</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FCN (n = 50)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FCL</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IBA</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 [7]</td>
                <td align="center">13 [18,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 16, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 16, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IBD</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 [7]</td>
                <td align="center">11 [14,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 17, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 17, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice Geral de Sintomas</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 [0,24]</td>
                <td align="center">1,76 [0,81]</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>IBA: invent&#225;rio Beck de ansiedade; IBD: invent&#225;rio Beck de depress&#227;o; FCN: fluxo coronariano normal; FCL: fluxo coronariano lento.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o univariada, os escores m&#233;dios de TIMI foram correlacionados positivamente com o IBA (r = 0,56, p = 0,01), com o IBD (r = 0,47, p = 0,01) e com o &#205;ndice Geral de Sintomas (r = 0,65, p = 0,01), mas n&#227;o foram correlacionados com idade, n&#237;vel educacional, renda mensal, glicose e n&#237;veis de LDL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o IMC foi correlacionado significativamente com a m&#233;dia da CQT (r = 0,28, p = 0,01), mas n&#227;o foi correlacionado com o IBA (r = 0,16, p = 0,11), com o IBD (r = 0,08, p = 0,78) ou com o IGS (r = 0,15, p = 0,18).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o univariada das m&#233;dias das contagens de quadros TIMI com os par&#226;metros do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia TIMI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IBA</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,56; p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IBD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,47; p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice Geral de Sintomas</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,65; p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,09; p = 0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,28; p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel educacional</td>
                <td align="center">r = -0,15; p = 0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda mensal</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,08; p = 0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,02; p = 0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,05; p = 0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,09; p = 0,92</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>IBA: invent&#225;rio Beck de ansiedade; IBD: invent&#225;rio Beck de depress&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: Liproprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Objetivando investigar os determinantes independentes da m&#233;dia da CQT, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada utilizando um modelo ajustado para idade, sexo e IMC. O IMC (coeficiente padronizado &#946; = 0,221; p = 0,01), o IBA (coeficiente padronizado &#946; = 0,546; p = 0,01), o IBD (coeficiente padronizado &#946; = 0,444; p = 0,01) e o IGS (coeficiente padronizado &#946; = 0,607; p = 0,01) correlacionaram-se independentemente com a m&#233;dia da CQT.</p>
        <p>Objetivando investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o de IBA, IBD e IGS com fatores de risco de aterosclerose, realizamos an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o e de subgrupo. O IBA n&#227;o foi correlacionado de forma significativa com idade (r = 0,09, p = 0,54), n&#237;veis de glicose de jejum (r = -0,05, p = 0,64), n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (r=-0,14, p=0,19), nem com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica (r=0,07, p = 0,72). O IBD n&#227;o foi correlacionado significativamente com idade (r = 0,08, p = 0,41), n&#237;veis de glicose de jejum (r = -0,11, p = 0,31), n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (r = -0,14, p = 0,11), nem com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica (r = 0,17, p = 0,09). O IGS n&#227;o foi correlacionado significativamente com idade (r = 0,03, p = 0,79), n&#237;veis de glicose de jejum (r = -0,06, p = 0,65), n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (r = -0,12, p = 0,26), nem com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica (r = 0,12, p = 0,24). Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo, o IBA, o IBD e o IGS n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre pacientes do sexo feminino e pacientes do sexo masculino (10 [14,9] vs. 8 [9,7], p = 0,26; 9 [13] vs. 8,5 [9,5], p = 0,18; 1,12 [0,92] vs. 1,38 [0,67], p = 0,46, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, o IBA, o IBD e o IGS n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes (8 [10] vs. 10 [12], p = 0,21; 9 [8] vs. 9 [12], p = 0,49; 1,35 [0,57] vs. 1,21 [0,89], p = 0,57, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>No total, em 28 participantes (30%) o escore do IBA foi &#8805; 16 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>). Em pacientes com IBA &#8805; 16, a CQT total e a m&#233;dia da CQT foram significativamente maiores (75,2 &#177; 17,5 vs. 62,4 &#177; 9,6, p=0,01 e 25,1 &#177; 5,8 vs. 20,8 &#177; 3,2, p = 0,01, respectivamente). Idade, sexo, HT, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#237;vel educacional, renda mensal, IMC, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica, glicose de jejum, colesterol LDL e FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram similares em pacientes com escores IBA &lt; 16 e IBA &#8805; 16.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do estudo em pacientes com escores IBA &lt; 16 e &#8805; 16</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IBA &lt; 16 (n = 66)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IBA &#8805; 16 (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola prim&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola secund&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Universidade, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda mensal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1500 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1500-3000 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 3000 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PS sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia TIMI CQ</td>
                <td align="center">20,8&#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIMI CQ total</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">75,2 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>IBA: invent&#225;rio Beck de ansiedade; HT: hipertens&#227;o; LT: Lira Turca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PS: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TIMI<italic>CQ:</italic>contagem de quadros de Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta o estudo comparativo dos par&#226;metros estudados nos subgrupos de pacientes classificados como escore IBD &lt; 17 e &#8805; 17. Um total de 76 pacientes (81%) apresentou escore de IBD &lt; 17 e 18 pacientes (19%) apresentaram escore de IBD &#8805; 17. Em ambos os grupos, idade, sexo, HT, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, tabagismo, &#225;lcool, n&#237;vel educacional, renda mensal, IMC, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica, glicose de jejum, colesterol LDL e FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram similares. A CQT total e a m&#233;dia de CQT foram significativamente maiores em indiv&#237;duos com escore IBD &#8805; 17 que em indiv&#237;duos com escore IBD &lt; 17 (78 &#177; 19 vs 63 &#177; 10; 25,9 &#177; 6,5 vs 21,1 &#177; 3,4, p=0,01, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do estudo em pacientes com escore IBD &lt; 17 e &gt; 17</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IBD &lt; 17 (n = 76)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IBD &#8805; 17 (n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(37)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(49)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola prim&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escola secund&#225;ria, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Universidade, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda mensal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1500 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1500-3000 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;3000 LT, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PS sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia TIMI</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIMI total</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">78&#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IBD: invent&#225;rio Beck de depress&#227;o; HT: hipertens&#227;o; LT: Lira Turca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PS: press&#227;o sanguinea; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TIMI: Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos do total de 44 pacientes com FCL, os pacientes com FCL em mais de um vaso apresentaram escores de IBA, de IBD e de IGS significativamente mais elevados que os pacientes com FCL restrito apenas a um vaso (26[16] vs. 8[7,2], p = 0,01; 17[14] vs 6[1,1], p = 0,01; 2,1[0,7] vs 1,4[0,6], p = 0,01, respectivamente). Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o univariada, o n&#250;mero de vasos com FCL correlaciou-se positivamente com o IBA (r = 0,66, p = 0,01), o BDI (r = 0,61, p = 0,01) e o IGS (r = 0,59, p = 0,01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado do presente estudo foi que os pacientes com FCL apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de depress&#227;o, ansiedade e desconforto psicol&#243;gico geral que os pacientes com FCN.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, o maior estudo conduzido sobre a correla&#231;&#227;o entre estresse e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas foi o INTERHEART, que incluiu 11.119 pacientes com infarto mioc&#225;rdico (IM) em 52 pa&#237;ses. Nesse estudo, a percep&#231;&#227;o de estresse e depress&#227;o mostraram ser fatores de risco importantes, presentes conjuntamente em 32,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o com risco atribu&#237;vel para doen&#231;a de art&#233;ria coronariana (DAC), sugerindo que juntos eles sejam t&#227;o importantes quanto o tabagismo e mais importantes que o DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, cada aumento de 5 pontos do escore do IBD foi associado com aumento de 25% a 30% do risco de achados anormais na angiografia coronariana ou de DAC definitiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Shiozaki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram, em um acompanhamento de 2,9 anos de pacientes do sexo masculino, que a emerg&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o no per&#237;odo de um ano ap&#243;s IM associou-se significativamente com eventos cardiovasculares subsequentes.</p>
        <p>Em termos gerais, estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o turca seja em torno de 10-20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Alguns estudos pr&#233;vios estimaram uma preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o em torno de 20-40% em pacientes com DAC, que foi associada com risco aumentado para eventos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Em nosso estudo, 32% dos pacientes com FCL apresentaram dist&#250;rbios depressivos importantes com registros de escores de IBD &#8805;17. Em conson&#226;ncia com nossos resultados, Durmaz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> relataram maior taxa de depress&#227;o em pacientes com FCL (50% vs. 8%). Nesse estudo, que incluiu 90 pacientes, os autores utilizaram a escala de Hamilton (HAMD) para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Em nosso estudo, um total de 94 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, por&#233;m utilizamos uma escala diferente (IBD) para avaliar a depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O mecanismo patofisiol&#243;gico entre desconforto psicol&#243;gico e eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecido. Alguns dos mecanismos propostos incluem: t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico elevado, cortisol e catecolamina aumentados, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal de plaquetas, incluindo reatividade plaquet&#225;ria aumentada e libera&#231;&#227;o de produtos plaquet&#225;rios tais como o fator plaquet&#225;rio 4 e a b-tromboglobulina, aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acelera&#231;&#227;o da aterog&#234;nese e defici&#234;ncia de ader&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Similarmente a um estudo pr&#233;vio de Zafar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de ansiedade ou de depress&#227;o e fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecida entre n&#237;vel educacional e renda mensal (condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica) e depress&#227;o ou ansiedade.</p>
        <p>Considerando a literatura extensa sobre depress&#227;o em pacientes com DAC, relativamente poucos estudos t&#234;m avaliado o papel da ansiedade. Alguns estudos relatam sintomas de ansiedade como preditivos de eventos card&#237;acos subsequentes, mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com DAC, enquanto que outros estudos n&#227;o observaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Martens e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> observaram que os participantes com dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade generalizada (DAG) j&#225; existente apresentaram maior taxa de eventos cardiovasculares que os participantes sem DAG. Vural e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>relataram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana e escores de IBA. Todaro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> observaram uma preval&#234;ncia de vida de dist&#250;rbios de ansiedade de 45,3% em pacientes com doen&#231;a de art&#233;ria coronariana. Durmaz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tamb&#233;m investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ansiedade e FCL. Nesse estudo, ao contr&#225;rio de outros da literatura, os autores utilizaram o Invent&#225;rio de Ansiedade Tra&#231;o-Estado (IDATE), do ingl&#234;s, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) e relataram escores do IDATE significativamente mais elevados no grupo com FCL. Por&#233;m, esse estudo n&#227;o incluiu um valor de corte conhecido para ansiedade, portanto, n&#227;o se sabe se a diferen&#231;a observada entre os grupos foi devido ao n&#250;mero de pessoas ansiosas. Assim, nenhum percentual para ansiedade foi atribu&#237;do<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. No nosso estudo, utilizamos a escala do IBA e as pessoas ansiosas foram determinadas de acordo com o valor do ponto de corte. Como resultado, 45,4% dos pacientes com FCL foram identificados como tendo dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade significativamente mais elevado que o grupo com FCN. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que pessoas obesas e com sobrepeso s&#227;o mais propensas a ter ansiedade e depress&#227;o que pessoas de peso normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Entretanto, as compara&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos entre pessoas com sobrepeso e obesas s&#227;o controversas na literatura. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo, de acordo com os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de IMC, os pacientes com FCN tinham sobrepeso, enquanto que os pacientes com FCL eram obesos. Como a nossa inten&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e testes psiqui&#225;tricos, nossos dados podem ser inadequados para tirarmos conclus&#245;es sobre obesidade e dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos. No nosso estudo, entretanto, o IMC n&#227;o foi correlacionado com escores do IBA, do IBD ou do IGS.</p>
        <p>O IGS, que pode ser usado como uma sumariza&#231;&#227;o do teste SCL-90-R, foi concebido para mensurar o desconforto psicol&#243;gico geral. Em nosso estudo, o IGS dos pacientes com FCL foi de 1,76, enquanto que o IGS dos pacientes com FCN foi de 1,1 (p = 0,01), indicando que pacientes com FCL exibem mais desconforto psicol&#243;gico que pacientes com fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal. Nosso estudo constitui, portanto, o primeiro estudo na literatura a utilizar a escala SCL-90-R em pacientes com FCL.</p>
        <p>Observamos tamb&#233;m que pacientes com FCL em mais de um vaso coron&#225;rio tiveram escores mais elevados de IBA, IBD e IGS, o que indica a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva desses escores com a extens&#227;o e severidade do FCL. Este constitui o primeiro estudo da literatura que indica essa correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Algumas poucas limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo devem ser mencionadas. Este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo transversal, com uma amostra relativamente pequena. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metrosanalisados, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, com resultados em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o podermos indicar uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal, observamos n&#237;veis mais elevados de depress&#227;o, ansiedade e desconforto psicol&#243;gico geral em pacientes com FCL. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos resultados em desfechos de longo prazo e no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com FCL.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
