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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MZNQgVHNJsQ3kNGSTKn6pQh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300353</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Palliative Senning in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penha</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Gomes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zorzanelli</surname>
            <given-names>Leina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Juliano Gomes Penha,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44, bloco 2, sala 5, Jardim Paulista. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>juliano.penha@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Aiello VD; Acquisition of data: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Barbosa-Lopes AA, Atik E, Tanamati C, Miana LA, Caneo LF, Aiello VD, Jatene MB; Statistical analysis: Penha JG; Writing of the manuscript: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Atik E, Tanamati C, Miura N, Jatene MB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zorzanelli L, Barbosa- Lopes AA, Miana LA, Caneo LF, Aiello VD, Miura N, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>353</fpage>
      <lpage>361</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiopathy, with an incidence ranging between 0.2 and 0.4 per 1000 live births. Many patients not treated in the first few months of life may progress with severe pulmonary vascular disease. Treatment of these patients may include palliative surgery to redirect the flow at the atrial level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Report our institutional experience with the palliative Senning procedure in children diagnosed with TGA and double outlet right ventricle with severe pulmonary vascular disease, and to evaluate the early and late clinical progression of the palliative Senning procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective study based on the evaluation of medical records in the period of 1991 to 2014. Only patients without an indication for definitive surgical treatment of the cardiopathy due to elevated pulmonary pressure were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After one year of follow-up there was a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation from 62.1% to 92.5% and a mean decrease in hematocrit from 49.4% to 36.3%. Lung histological analysis was feasible in 16 patients. In 8 patients, pulmonary biopsy grades 3 and 4 were evidenced.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The palliative Senning procedure improved arterial oxygen saturation, reduced polycythemia, and provided a better quality of life for patients with TGA with ventricular septal defect, severe pulmonary hypertension, and poor prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Transposition of the Great Vessels/surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Congenital cardiopathies are the most frequent inborn defects in newborns, representing about 1% of the cases. The transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiopathy, with an incidence ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 per 1000 live births<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The first proposal for physiologic correction of TGA at the atrial level was described by Albert in 1954. In 1958, Ake Senning performed with success the proposal suggested by Albert, performing the correction at the atrial level using autogenous atrial tissue to construct intracardiac baffles. The use of flaps made of a prosthetic material for intra-atrial correction was first proposed and performed by Mustard in 1964. However, the occurrence of systemic ventricular dysfunction and a high prevalence of arrhythmias as late morbidity factors placed this technique out of use and replaced it with a more physiologic technique, the Jatene procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 1972, Lindesmith et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> reported for the first time a series of patients with TGA and ventricular septal defect (VSD) with severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease who underwent a palliative surgery to redirect the flow at the atrial level. The Mustard surgery was the proposed procedure to redirect the pulmonary and systemic venous drainage, maintaining the VSD open. The VSD is maintained open in these patients because its closure is associated with early and late prohibitive mortality, as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. From then on, the indications for palliative surgery were widened to include other complex congenital lesions with VSD and pulmonary hypertension (PH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study aims to report the results of palliative surgical treatment in patients with complex congenital heart disease with PH due to an important intracardiac shunt which was not surgically treated within the period considered safe. It also aims at evaluating the early and late clinical progression with the palliative Senning procedure in this group of patients with contraindication to total surgical correction of the cardiopathy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study included patients with a diagnosis of TGA with VSD and Taussig-Bing double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), aged up to 11 years, seen by the Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery teams at <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>,   <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the School of Medicine at USP (InCor-HCFMUSP). This was a retrospective study based on the evaluation of medical records between 1991 to 2014. Only patients without indication of definitive surgical treatment of the cardiopathy due to suprasystemic pulmonary pressure were part of the analysis. Patients with a diagnosis of TGA and Taussig-Bing DORV with favorable pulmonary pressure were not included in this study.</p>
      <p>The data collected included age and weight at the time of the surgery, preoperative diagnosis, preoperative functional status, palliative procedures prior to the main surgical procedure, type of surgical procedure performed, preoperative hemodynamic status, early and late morbidity including any cardiovascular or pulmonary event and reoperations, late functional status, analysis of lung biopsies, and survival. The statistical analysis was descriptive. (A software was not required since the calculations were performed manually.)</p>
      <p>As for the surgical procedure, all patients underwent median sternotomy and opening of the pericardium. The anatomy was verified with careful initial inspection. Following that, an extensive dissection and release of the superior and inferior venae cavae was performed, with the dissection also including the groove between the left and right atria. Pockets were created in the aorta and venae cavae with prolene suture, heparin was infused, and direct cannulation of the aorta and venae cavae was performed. Care was taken to cannulate the venae cavae as distal as possible to facilitate the surgical maneuvers inside the atria. Before full heparinization, a fragment of the lung was removed for histological analysis. This was generally performed with wedge resection of the right upper lobe with the lung inflated. The biopsy was feasible in 16 patients. We used the studies of Heath and Edwards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and Rabinovitch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> as the criteria for the histological classification of the lung fragments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lung biopsy histological classification</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Classification of Rabinovitch et al.</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Classification of Heath and Edwards</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Grade A: early muscularization of the distal arteries;<break/> Grade B: hypertrophy of the arterial wall;<break/> Grade C: grade B changes associated with increased proportion of the number of alveoli and arteries.</td>
              <td><bold>Grade 1:</bold> isolated hypertrophy of the media;<break/>  <bold>Grade 2:</bold> fibrointimal proliferation;<break/>  <bold>Grade 3:</bold> total occlusion of the lumen by fibrosis;<break/>  <bold>Grade 4:</bold> plexiform lesions;<break/>  <bold>Grade 5:</bold> hypertrophy of muscular arteries, cavernous lesions,angiomatoid lesions;<break/>  <bold>Grade 6:  </bold>necrotizing arteritis.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After full heparinization and cannulation, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was initiated. The ascending aorta was clamped, and the St. Thomas' solution was used for cardioplegia. The cardioplegic solution was initially infused at a rate of 20 mL/kg, and then maintained at 10 mL/kg every 20 to 30 minutes. The target temperature was 28&#186;C in patients not undergoing total circulatory arrest (TCA) and 20&#176;C in those undergoing TCA. The right atrium was opened with an incision parallel to the interatrial groove, positioned at a distance of about 0.5 to 1 cm from the caval drainage into the right atrium. The atrial septal defect (ASD), the anatomical relations of the tricuspid and mitral valves, and the caval drainage were analyzed. A wide enlargement of the ASD towards the superior and inferior venae cavae was performed and a bovine pericardium patch was sutured covering and isolating the pulmonary veins, leaving the two atrioventricular valves and venae cavae in the same cavity. After that, a cava baffle was constructed by suturing the edge of the lateral wall of the right atriotomy, directing the flow from the venae cavae to the mitral valve. This procedure allows the caval drainage to be directed to the left ventricle which is connected to the pulmonary trunk. An incision was then performed in the left atrium anteriorly to the right pulmonary veins, exposing the left atrium along with the pulmonary veins. After that, the right edge of the left atriotomy was sutured to the left edge of the right atriotomy. With this procedure, the left atrium and pulmonary veins were connected to the tricuspid valve and right ventricle, which is related to the aorta. The VSD was maintained open (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Place of the incision in the right atrium, maintaining a safety margin between the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Atrial septal sutures or bovine pericardium and isolation of the pulmonary veins which will be directed to the tricuspid valve and to the aorta.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cava baffle and direction of the venous blood flow to the mitral valve. Opening of the left atrium above the right pulmonary veins.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Suture of the edge of the right atrium in place of the opening of the left atrium with redirection of the arterial blood flow to the tricuspid valve.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After redirecting the flow from the atria, the patient was warmed up. Maneuvers were carried out to remove the air from the cavities and for weaning from CPB. The use of modified ultrafiltration became routine after 2011, and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was only feasible in children weighing more than 3 kg due to an incompatibility of the probe used in our institution for children weighing less than that. Death in the initial postoperative period was defined as any death occurring within the first 30 days after the surgical procedure or during the same hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From November 1991 to April 2011, a total of 21 patients with a diagnosis of TGA with VSD or Taussig-Bing DORV and severe pulmonary vascular disease were referred to palliative surgical treatment after other types of treatment were precluded. (The last surgery was performed in 2011, but patients were followed up until 2014. This fact results in two different dates in the Results and in the Methods sections). The age of the patients at the time of the surgery ranged from 1 to 130 months (mean 24.6 months and median 16 months), and 30% were aged 12 months or less. Among the 21 patients, 11 were male. The weight of the patients ranged from 2.8 to 30 kg (mean 8.3 kg and median 7.1 kg).</p>
      <p>Preoperative functional evaluation according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) was feasible in 18 patients, and most (83%) were classified as functional class III or IV. The main anatomic diagnoses were TGA with VSD in 17 patients (81%), and Taussig-Bing DORV in 4 patients (19%). Smaller associated defects are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. The Rashkind procedure was performed in 13 of the 21 patients before the surgery, 11 of which had TGA with VSD. One patient in the DORV group who had aortic coarctation had previously undergone isthmoplasty and pulmonary artery banding at the age of 20 days.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associated defects</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>TGA with VSD</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>17</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Taussig-Bing DORV</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>4</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary anomaly</td>
              <td>6</td>
              <td>Coronary anomaly</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Single left coronary ostium</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>Single left coronary ostium</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Right coronary artery arising from the circumflex artery</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>Right coronary artery arising from the circumflex artery</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Situs inversus totalis</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>VSD &gt; 5mm</td>
              <td>4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VSD &gt; 5 mm</td>
              <td>10</td>
              <td>Patent ductus arteriosus</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary valve infundibular stenosis</td>
              <td>3</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Aortic coarctation</td>
              <td rowspan="2">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Patent ductus arteriosus</td>
              <td>5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>TGA: Transposition of the great arteries; VSD: Ventricular septal defect; DORV: Double-outlet right ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization was performed prior to the surgery in all cases. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with inhaled 100% oxygen ranged from 3.2 to 14 U.m<sup>2</sup>(mean 8.1 U.m<sup>2</sup> and median 7.7 U.m<sup>2</sup>). The PVR of 3.2 U.m<sup>2</sup> was found in a patient with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) of 94 mmHg and no response to the oxygen test. Preoperative SPAPs ranged from 41 to 130 mmHg (mean 77.8 mmHg and median 75 mmHg). Oxygen saturation and hematocrit ranged from 40% to 80% (mean 62.1% and median 67%) and 40% to 65% (mean 49.2% and median 50%), respectively.</p>
      <p>Length of circulatory assistance ranged between 65 and 170 minutes (mean 113.6 minutes and median 108 minutes). Length of aortic clamping ranged between 50 and 95 minutes (mean 72.5 minutes and median 78.5 minutes). In three patients, TCA with selective cerebral perfusion through the brachiocephalic trunk and deep hypothermia (20&#176;C) were performed, with a mean duration of 52 minutes.</p>
      <p>The initial mortality rate was 47% (10 patients). The causes of death were low output in 6 patients, sepsis in 2 patients, and pulmonary hypertensive crisis in the 2 remaining patients. The mean total duration of hospitalization was 15 days (range 1 to 43 days), with a mean duration of hospitalization of 19.1 days in patients discharged from the hospital. Postoperative comorbidities not resulting in death were pulmonary hypertensive crisis (which improved with nitric oxide), pneumonia, acute renal failure (ARF), chylothorax with ligation of the thoracic duct, pulmonary congestion, total atrioventricular block (TAVB), and junctional rhythm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). Assessments performed 1 year after hospital discharge showed a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation from 62.1% to 92.5%, and a mean reduction in hematocrit from 49.4% to 36.3%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Non-fatal postoperative comorbidities</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>PH crisis</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>6</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary congestion</td>
              <td>4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARF</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chylothorax</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pneumonia</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TAVB</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Junctional rhythm</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>PH: Pulmonary hypertension; ARF: Acute renal failure; TAVB: Totalatrioventricular block</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Lung histological analysis was feasible in 16 patients and was performed with the classifications of Heath and Edwards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, and Rabinovitch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In 8 patients, grades 3 and 4 pulmonary biopsies were evidenced. Of 10 biopsies in which the classification of Rabinovitch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> was used, 4 were grade B and 6 were grade C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). All patients with grades 3 and 4 biopsies were older than 16 months and had a mean pulmonary artery pressure above 45 mmHg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between histology, hemodynamics, and age</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Patient  </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Age (months)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SPAP (mmHg)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classification of Heath and Edwards  </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classification of Rabinovitch et al.  </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PVR (U.m<sup>2</sup>)  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">107</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>13</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>14</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>15</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">8.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>16</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>SPAP: Systolic puzlmonary artery pressure; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean follow-up of the 11 survivors was 6.4 years with a maximum of 19 years. Five patients continue to follow up at our institution while 5 other patients are currently following up in other centers closer to their homes (Manaus, Fortaleza, Bras&#237;lia, and Salvador). There was 1 case of sudden death at home due to an unknown cause 18 months after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>Functional assessment according to the NYHA was feasible in 10 of the 11 survivors. Functional class improved in all patients (5 class I and 5 class II). Ten had a sinus rhythm, and 1 had a junctional rhythm. None of the patients required definitive pacemaker implantation during follow-up.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic evaluations were performed during follow-up. The ventricular function remained preserved in all patients. One patient presented cava baffle stenosis and 5 presented tricuspid valve insufficiency (3 of moderate degree and 2 of severe degree).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Most patients currently diagnosed with TGA with VSD and Taussig-Bing DORV do not progress to pulmonary vascular disease because total surgical correction is performed early, soon after establishment of the diagnosis, which often occurs before birth due to the increasingly frequent use of fetal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>However, we unfortunately still see complex congenital cardiopathies diagnosed late, often when signs and symptoms of severe PH are already manifesting, hindering the total correction of the anomaly. With a lack of reference centers in congenital cardiopathies in Brazil for establishment of early diagnosis and treatment, there are still patients with PH without access to an ideal and definitive surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>Progression of PH occurs particularly in patients with large left-right shunts. It is worth noting that the structural changes in the pulmonary circulation are histologically similar to those seen in other forms of primary PH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The presence of large intracardiac communication and ductus arteriosus accelerate the progression of the pulmonary vascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>These patients present clinically with cyanosis, and most are NYHA functional class IV and unable to undergo definitive correction due to elevated levels of pulmonary pressure and vascular resistance. Some centers are trying and testing pharmacological treatment with sildenafil in these patients. However, the high cost of this treatment, lack of standardization by the Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de,  </italic>SUS) and use by only a few institutions provide no scientific evidence to justify its widespread use in this type of patient. (Regarding pharmacological treatment, sildenafil was only approved by the FDA for the treatment of PH patients in 2005, and even then, only for adult patients. Only 1 patient underwent surgery after this date, in 2011. This patient was on sildenafil on his last follow-up in 2014. There was no preoperative pharmacological preparation or postoperative pharmacological treatment intended for PH patients operated on with this technique in the 1990s, the period in which 17 of the 21 surgeries were performed. Only tests with nitric oxide and 100% oxygen during diagnostic catheterization and inhaled nitric oxide after surgery were available. The technique was proposed due to lack of other forms of preoperative care and postoperative treatment.)</p>
      <p>Considering that there is no current evidence of treatment for patients in the pediatric age group with severe PH and the fact that the guidelines are empirically based on experts recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, the palliative Senning procedure should be considered in patients with late diagnosis, when severe pulmonary vascular disease is already established.</p>
      <p>Historically, operations at the atrial level were the first truly effective surgical procedures in the treatment of TGA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The technique proposed by Mustard was the procedure of choice for correction of simple TGA from 1965 to 1982<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. However, a 1982 survey conducted in several institutions showed a high incidence of complications caused by the synthetic flaps used in the procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Since the Senning procedure is only performed with autogenous tissues, it has allowed most patients to reach adulthood, with a survival rate of 88% after 20 years and with a late mortality of 9.4% according to Roubertie et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that arterial correction is still the treatment of choice in the neonatal period in patients with a diagnosis of TGA with or without VSD. These patients are operated on with the technique successfully performed for the first time by Jatene in 1975<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. After the decade of 1980, this became the surgery of choice by most centers specialized in congenital cardiopathies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Patients with an intracardiac shunt with increased PVR are unable to be promptly referred to surgical correction of the anomaly, and in many centers are treated with pulmonary vasodilators prior to the surgery. It was previously believed that the early correction of the heart defect would result in regression of the pulmonary vascular abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, regardless of the degree of arterial remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. However, wait for the regression of pulmonary lesions only with surgical repair is not recommended, wherein the combination of pharmacological treatment (sildenafil and/or bosentan) has been used in the management of these patients, even in the absence of widespread evidence-based recommendation for this type of approach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization is essential to define treatment in patients with PH. Tests with inhaled 100% oxygen and/or nitric oxide are important in defining management. The definition of severe PH is often arbitrary. A PVR of 10 to 12 U.m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> or greater is generally considered severe. The presence of advanced grades in the Heath and Edwards histological classification is often considered irreversible<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In patients aged 1 to 2 years presenting reduced PVR with inhaled 100% oxygen, the Senning procedure with VSD closure may be considered. However, in patients with an inadequate response to inhaled 100% oxygen, the procedure of choice would be the palliative Senning procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hemodynamic studies have shown that almost all patients above the age of 1 year with a diagnosis of TGA and large VSD have a significant increase in PVR. Fourteen of the 21 patients operated on at InCor-HCFMUSP were older than 1 year. In contrast, the increase in PVR was a rare finding in older children with TGA and intact ventricular septum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Newfeld et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have shown that patients with pulmonary pressure of 50 mmHg or greater and pulmonary biopsies grade 4 or greater were older than 1 year. In contrast, all patients with pulmonary pressure of 50 mmHg or greater with a pulmonary biopsy grade below 4 were younger than 1 year of age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In this study, all patients with a grade 4 biopsy were older than 1 year, and of the 6 patients younger than 1 year at the time of the surgery, 4 presented a grade 2, 1 a grade 1, and 1 a grade 3 biopsy. For the decision of treatment type, age is an important factor in view of the complications associated with longer exposure of the pulmonary parenchyma in cardiopathies with hyperflow.</p>
      <p>The development of severe pulmonary vascular disease remains one of the major concerns in patients with TGA, and its occurrence is often considered a contraindication for surgical correction. Histological studies have shown that a rapid progression of the pulmonary vascular disease may occur in TGA patients, particularly in those with non-restrictive VSD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Ferencz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reported early and severe hypertensive changes in biopsies of pulmonary arteries in 106 TGA patients. He noted that the lung lesions increased in severity with the increase in VSD size<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Many patients older than 1 year with a diagnosis of TGA with VSD and mean pulmonary pressure of 50 mmHg or greater have established pulmonary vascular disease grade 4 on Heath and Edwards' classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Of the patients operated on at InCor, 66% had a non-restrictive VSD, and 6 had patent ductus arteriosus causing hemodynamic repercussion.</p>
      <p>According to the classic work of Heath et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, when specific histological changes emerge on the pulmonary vasculature of patients with TGA with large communications, PH will not regress until the defect is corrected. These authors also reported that a pulmonary biopsy grade 4 or greater is usually indicative of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease and that the pulmonary pressure levels were unlikely to decrease unless surgical treatment was performed. Pulmonary vascular disease of advanced grade (above 3) also increased significantly the risk associated with surgery and death due to low output, which occurred in the immediate postoperative period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Even after surgical correction, PH may still progress along with the disease. Microscopic studies of these patients' lungs showed biopsies grade 4 or greater in the majority of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to contain the advance of the PH or improve the arterial oxygen saturation, palliative procedures are a therapeutic option. In 1950, Blalock and Hanlon published a procedure that allowed mixing of the pulmonary and systemic circulations with the establishment of an interatrial communication. This was the first palliative procedure to allow survival of patients with TGA and restrictive intracardiac communications. The Rashkind technique has now replaced the previous procedure with enlargement of the foramen ovale with a balloon catheter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Pulmonary artery banding has also been advocated to protect the lungs against the development of pulmonary vascular disease in patients with TGA and VSD, particularly in those younger than 6 months. A persistent large ductus arteriosus should also be treated. In patients with large septal defects, treatment of the ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery banding, or corrective surgery with closure of the VSD should be performed up to the age of 6 months to prevent progressive pulmonary vascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>There are currently four indications for the Senning procedure. The first is in children with isolated TGA presenting after the neonatal period, in which the left ventricle would already be misadjusted and unable to support the systemic circulation with the Jatene procedure. The second is as a palliative method in patients with a pulmonary vascular disease associated with VSD. The third indication is for patients with corrected TGA. In this case, both the venous and arterial switch are required to create a concordant ventricle (double switch). The fourth is in the presence of rare isolated ventricular inversion. In this situation, there is an atrioventricular discordance with a ventriculoarterial concordance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Burkhart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have shown in a study with 28 patients, operated on at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester and at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, that there was a 23% increase in oxygen saturation, a significant decrease in hematocrit, and improvement in NYHA functional class III and IV to I and II after atrial palliative surgery in patients with severe PH. The Mustard procedure was performed in 25 patients and the Senning procedure in 3<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. These improvements were also found in all patients operated on with the Senning procedure in our study, with a mean 12.9 points decrease in hematocrit, 30.4 points increase in pulse oximetry, and improvement in functional class. Humes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> also found a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels and increase in mean oxygen saturation from 64% to 85% after 9 years of follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a series of 132 Senning cases with 20 years of follow-up, Roubertie et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> showed a 5.3% mortality within the first 30 thirty days and a 9.6% late mortality. Senning reported that 6% of the patients died due to systemic ventricular failure after 10 years of progression, and Cochrane et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> reported this occurrence in 10% of the patients after 7 years. Right ventricular dysfunction is a well-known late complication of the Senning procedure and is described in almost all studies. The rate of right ventricular dysfunction may be as high as 48% in simple TGAs and 61% in complex TGAs at 15 years of follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. It is worth noting that in previous studies the patients had normal pulmonary pressures. Mortality due to ventricular failure occurred within 30 days of follow-up in our series, accounting for 6 of the 10 deaths. Of the 21 patients who were operated on, 11 were discharged from the hospital, and 1 died at home due to an unknown cause after 18 months. Greater rates of sudden death have been reported in patients undergoing the Mustard procedure when compared with those undergoing the Senning procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Rhythm disturbances are the most common causes of morbidity in the first few days after surgery. Junctional rhythm is present in 56% and TAVB in 6% of the operated patients. The late follow-up showed that 65% progressed with brief episodes of junctional rhythm and 38% with sinus bradycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Rhythm abnormalities occurred in only 2 patients in our series. One patient presented transient TAVB that soon improved and returned to sinus rhythm, and another patient presented junctional rhythm. Arrhythmias may be explained by reentrant mechanisms caused by suture lines in the atrium, whereas sinus node dysfunction may occur due to direct injury of the node or its artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some late complications may be observed, many related to technical aspects of the surgical correction such as obstruction of the superior vena cava in 10% of the cases, obstruction of the inferior vena cava in 2%, interatrial leaks, obstruction of the pulmonary veins, atrial arrhythmias (sinus node dysfunction), right ventricular dysfunction, and tricuspid insufficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, this last probably due to annular dilatation as a consequence of right ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Baffle stenosis or leak was the main complication in 5% of the patients operated on in Toronto, and also the most frequent reason for reoperation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. During follow-up in our study, we found 1 case of cava baffle stenosis and 5 cases of tricuspid valve dysfunction. Reoperations are related to systemic venous or pulmonary venous obstruction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Sarkar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found a lower incidence of reoperation for intra-atrial baffle abnormalities in patients operated with the Senning procedure. They occurred in 12% of the 226 survivors undergoing the Mustard procedure and in 2% of the 132 survivors undergoing the Senning procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>The palliative Senning procedure aims at improving the quality of life in critical patients unable to undergo another surgical treatment or improve with pharmacological therapy, since high levels of pulmonary pressure increase the risk of premature mortality and worsen the quality of life of the few survivors. The group of patients included in this study had elevated early mortality with low output as the main cause. The hypoxemia in these patients, who survive in a regimen of overload both in the systemic right ventricle as well as in the pulmonary left ventricle, aggravate the function of the ventricles. This has also been reported by Burkhart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> who found low output as the main cause of early mortality in 5 of the 6 deaths within the first 30 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Low output was also the leading cause in our series, accounting for 6 of the 10 initial deaths. However, the survival rate found in our study after 19 years of follow-up was superior: 52.3% versus 46.4%. The fact that 7 of the 10 deaths occurred more than 20 years ago may be associated with the few therapeutic resources existing at that time. The use of nitric oxide as postoperative treatment was not feasible in all patients in the initial series due to the absence of this resource in our institution in the early 1990s. Lack of improved postoperative support, which contrasts to the support currently available, may have influenced the early mortality in the first operated patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The palliative Senning procedure improved arterial oxygen saturation, reduced polycythemia, and provided a better quality of life to patients with TGA and VSD or Taussig-Bing DORV who had severe PH, were considered inoperable, and had a poor prognosis. Our study also showed that pulmonary lesions of more advanced grades are predominant in patients who were operated on after the age of 12 months. This confirms the need for surgical treatment as early as possible.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliano Gomes Penha,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44, bloco 2, sala 5, Jardim Paulista. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>juliano.penha@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Aiello VD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Barbosa-Lopes AA, Atik E, Tanamati C, Miana LA, Caneo LF, Aiello VD, Jatene MB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Penha JG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Penha JG, Zorzanelli L, Atik E, Tanamati C, Miura N, Jatene MB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zorzanelli L, Barbosa-Lopes AA, Miana LA, Caneo LF, Aiello VD, Miura N, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) &#233; a cardiopatia cianog&#234;nica mais comum, com incid&#234;ncia variando de 0,2 a 0,4 por 1000 nascidos vivos. Muitos dos pacientes n&#227;o tratados nos primeiros meses de vida podem evoluir com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar grave, e um m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico para o tratamento desses pacientes pode ser realizado por meio de uma cirurgia paliativa para redirecionamento do fluxo em n&#237;vel atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Relatar a experi&#234;ncia institucional com a cirurgia de Senning paliativo em crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de TGA e dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar severa. Avaliar, tamb&#233;m, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica precoce e tardia da opera&#231;&#227;o de Senning paliativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, baseado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios no per&#237;odo de 1991 a 2014. Somente pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico definitivo da cardiopatia em raz&#227;o de elevadas press&#245;es pulmonares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Evidenciou-se ap&#243;s um ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o um aumento m&#233;dio da satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio de 62,1% para 92,5% e uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do hemat&#243;crito de 49,4% para 36,3%. A an&#225;lise da histologia pulmonar foi poss&#237;vel em 16 pacientes. Em oito pacientes foi evidenciada les&#227;o pulmonar grau 3 e 4.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A cirurgia de Senning paliativo melhorou a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, reduziu a policitemia e proporcionou uma melhora da qualidade de vida em pacientes com TGA com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, os quais possu&#237;am hipertens&#227;o pulmonar severa com progn&#243;stico fechado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Transposi&#231;&#227;o dos Grandes Vasos / cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o os defeitos inatos com maior incid&#234;ncia em rec&#233;m-nascidos, representando cerca de 1% dos casos, e dentre as cardiopatias, a d-TGA &#233; a cardiopatia cianog&#234;nica mais comum, com uma incid&#234;ncia variando de 0,2 a 0,4 por 1000 nascidos vivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A primeira proposta para corre&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) foi em n&#237;vel atrial, em 1954, descrita por Albert. Em 1958, Ake Senning realizou com sucesso a proposta sugerida por Albert, promovendo a corre&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel atrial com uso de tecido atrial aut&#243;geno para construir t&#250;neis intracard&#237;acos. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de retalhos feitos de material prot&#233;tico para a corre&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial foi proposta e realizada primeiramente por Mustard, em 1964. No entanto, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#234;mica e a alta preval&#234;ncia de arritmias foram fatores de morbidade tardia determinantes para que tal t&#233;cnica fosse colocada em desuso e substitu&#237;da por uma t&#233;cnica mais fisiol&#243;gica, a cirurgia de Jatene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 1972, Lindesmith e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> reportaram, pela primeira vez, uma s&#233;rie de pacientes com TGA com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) e severa doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar obstrutiva, os quais foram submetidos a uma cirurgia paliativa para redirecionamento do fluxo em n&#237;vel atrial. A cirurgia de Mustard foi a opera&#231;&#227;o proposta para redirecionar a drenagem venosa pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, mantendo aberta a CIV. A CIV n&#227;o foi fechada nesses pacientes por estar associada a uma mortalidade precoce e tardia proibitivas, j&#225; descrita previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A partir de ent&#227;o, as indica&#231;&#245;es para cirurgia paliativa foram estendidas para incluir outras les&#245;es cong&#234;nitas complexas com CIV e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo reportar os resultados de um tratamento cir&#250;rgico paliativo para pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa, com HP devido &#224; presen&#231;a de um importante <italic>shunt  </italic>intracard&#237;aco, o qual n&#227;o foi tratado cirurgicamente no per&#237;odo considerado seguro. Tem tamb&#233;m como objetivo avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica precoce e tardia da opera&#231;&#227;o de Senning paliativa para esse grupo de pacientes que apresentam contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica total da cardiopatia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA com CIV e dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVSVD) tipo Taussig-Bing, com idade at&#233; 11 anos, atendidos pela equipe de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica, do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (InCor-HCFMUSP). O estudo foi retrospectivo, baseado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios no per&#237;odo de 1991 a 2014. Somente pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico definitivo da cardiopatia, por press&#245;es pulmonares suprassist&#234;micas, fizeram parte da casu&#237;stica. Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA e DVSVD tipo Taussig-Bing compress&#245;es pulmonares favor&#225;veis n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados teve como objetivo avaliar idade e peso no momento da cirurgia, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, estado funcional pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, procedimentos paliativos pr&#233;vios ao ato cir&#250;rgico principal, tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado, estado hemodin&#226;mico pr&#233;-cirurgia, morbidade precoce e tardia, incluindo qualquer evento cardiovascular ou pulmonar e reopera&#231;&#245;es, estado funcional tardio, an&#225;lise das bi&#243;psias pulmonares e sobrevida. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de car&#225;ter descritivo. (N&#227;o houve necessidade do uso de software. O c&#225;lculo foi manual).</p>
        <p>Quanto ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a esternotomia mediana e abertura do peric&#225;rdio. A anatomia foi verificada com uma criteriosa inspe&#231;&#227;o inicial. Realizou-se a seguir uma extensa dissec&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o das veias cavas superior e inferior, dissecando-se tamb&#233;m o sulco entre os &#225;trios direito e esquerdo. Foram confeccionadas bolsas em aorta e cavas com fios de prolene, realizada infus&#227;o de heparina e canula&#231;&#227;o direta da aorta e das cavas. Houve cuidado para que a canula&#231;&#227;o das cavas fosse realizada o mais distal poss&#237;vel, afim de facilitar as manobras cir&#250;rgicas dentro dos &#225;trios. Antes da hepariniza&#231;&#227;o total, um fragmento do pulm&#227;o foi retirado para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica. Geralmente, uma ressec&#231;&#227;o em cunha do l&#243;bulo superior direito com o pulm&#227;o insuflado. Foi poss&#237;vel realizar a biopsia em 16 pacientes. Como crit&#233;rio para classifica&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos os estudos de Heath e Edwards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e de Rabinovitch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> para definir a histologia dos fragmentos pulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas para biopsia pulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rabinovitch e cols.</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Heath e Edwards</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau A: musculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce das art&#233;rias distais;<break/> Grau B: hipertrofia da parede arterial;<break/> Grau C: altera&#231;&#245;es do grau B associadas a eleva&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de alv&#233;olos e de art&#233;rias;</td>
                <td><bold>Grau 1:</bold> hipertrofia isolada da camada m&#233;dia;<break/>  <bold>Grau 2:</bold> prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibrointimal;<break/>  <bold>Grau 3:</bold> oclus&#227;o total da luz por fibrose;<break/>  <bold>Grau 4:</bold> les&#245;es plexiformes;<break/>  <bold>Grau 5:</bold> hipertrofia muscular arterial, les&#245;es cavernosas, les&#245;es angiomatosas;<break/>  <bold>Grau 6:  </bold>arterite necrotizante</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s hepariniza&#231;&#227;o total e canula&#231;&#227;o, a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) foi iniciada. A aorta ascendente foi clampeada e a solu&#231;&#227;o de St. Thomas sangu&#237;nea foi utilizada como cardioplegia. Inicialmente a infus&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica &#233; realizada numa propor&#231;&#227;o de 20 mL/kg e ap&#243;s com uma manuten&#231;&#227;o de 10 mL/kg a cada 20 a 30 minutos. A temperatura alvo foi de 28&#176;C em pacientes sem parada circulat&#243;ria total (PCT) e de 20&#176;C para os que foram submetidos a PCT. O &#225;trio direito foi aberto atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o paralela ao sulco interatrial, posicionada cerca de 0,5 a 1 cm de dist&#226;ncia da desembocadura das cavas no &#225;trio direito. A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA), as rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das valvas tric&#250;spides e mitral, e a desembocadura das cavas foram analisadas. Realizou-se ampla abertura da CIA em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cavas superior e inferior, fez-se a sutura de um remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino, recobrindo e isolando as veias pulmonares, deixando as duas valvas atrioventriculares e cavas em uma mesma cavidade. Em seguida, foi constru&#237;do o t&#250;nel das cavas com sutura da borda da parede lateral da atriotomia direita, direcionando o fluxo das cavas para a valva mitral. Permite-se, dessa maneira, que a drenagem das cavas seja direcionada para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o qual est&#225; conectado ao tronco pulmonar. Na sequ&#234;ncia, foi realizada uma incis&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo, anteriormente &#224;s veias pulmonares direitas, expondo o &#225;trio esquerdo juntamente com as veias pulmonares. Em seguida suturou-se a borda direita da atriotomia esquerda com a borda esquerda da atriotomia direita. Dessa forma, o &#225;trio esquerdo e as veias pulmonares foram conectados com a valva tric&#250;spide e o ventr&#237;culo direito, o qual est&#225; relacionado com a aorta. A CIV &#233; mantida aberta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Local da incis&#227;o no &#225;trio direito mantendo uma margem de seguran&#231;a entre as cavas e as veias pulmonares.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sutura do septo atrial ou peric&#225;rdio bovino e isolamento das veias pulmonares as quais ser&#227;o direcionadas para a valva tric&#250;spide e para a aorta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>T&#250;nel das cavas e direcionamento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo venoso para valva mitral. Abertura do &#225;trio esquerdo acima das veias pulmonares direitas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sutura da borda do &#225;trio direito em local de abertura do &#225;trio esquerdo com redirecionamento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo arterial para valva tric&#250;spide.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0353-50097-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Ap&#243;s os redirecionamentos dos fluxos atriais o paciente foi aquecido. Foram realizadas manobras para retirada do ar das cavidadese retirada da CEC. O uso da ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o modificada passou a ser rotina a partir de 2011 e o uso do Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio foi poss&#237;vel apenas em crian&#231;as acima de 3 kg em raz&#227;o da incompatibilidade da sonda utilizada na institui&#231;&#227;o para crian&#231;as com peso inferior. A morte no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio inicial foi definida como qualquer &#243;bito ocorrido nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico principal ou durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de novembro de 1991 a abril de 2011, 21 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA com CIV ou DVSVD tipo Taussig-Bing, com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar severa, foram orientados para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico paliativo, tendo em vista a n&#227;o possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de outro tipo de tratamento. (A &#250;ltima cirurgia foi realizada em 2011. No entanto, o seguimento foi realizado at&#233; 2014. Fato esse que resulta em datas diferentes nos Resultados e nos M&#233;todos). A idade dos pacientes, na ocasi&#227;o da cirurgia, variou de 1 a 130 meses (m&#233;dia de 24,6 e mediana de 16), e 30% apresentavam idade igual ou inferior a 12 meses. Dentre os 21 pacientes, 11 eram do sexo masculino. O peso variou de 2,8 a 30 kg (m&#233;dia de 8,3 e mediana de 7,1).</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria segundo a New York Heart Association (NYHA) foi poss&#237;vel em 18 pacientes, e a maioria (83%) encontrava-se em classe funcional III ou IV. O diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico principal foi de D-TGA com CIV em 17 pacientes (81%) e DVSVD tipo Taussig-Bing em 4 pacientes (19%). Os defeitos menores associados est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>. Dos 21 pacientes, 13 foram submetidos a procedimento de Rashkind no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e 11 pertenciam ao grupo da D-TGA com CIV. Um paciente do grupo da DVSVD, portador de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, havia sido submetido previamente a istmoplastia e bandagem do tronco pulmonar, com 20 dias de vida.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Defeitos associados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>D-TGA com CIV</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>17</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DVSVD tipoTaussig-Bing</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>4</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Anomalia coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">Anomalia coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;stio &#250;nico da coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;stio &#250;nico da coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coron&#225;ria direita com origem na Cx</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Coron&#225;ria direita com origem na Cx</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Situsinversustotalis</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">CIV &gt; 5 mm</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CIV &gt; 5 mm</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose infund&#237;bulo valvar pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>TGA: Transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias; CIV: Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular; Cx: Circunflexa; DVSVD: Dupla via de da&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado em todos os casos antes da cirurgia. A resist&#234;ncia pulmonar vascular (RVP) com oxig&#234;nio inalado a 100% variou de 3,2 a 14 U.m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia de 8,1 e mediana de 7,7). O paciente que apresentava RVP de 3,2 U.m<sup>2</sup> possu&#237;a uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) de 94 mmHg, sem resposta ao teste com oxig&#234;nio. As PSAP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias variaram de 41 a 130 mmHg (m&#233;dia de 77,8 e mediana de 75). A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e o hemat&#243;crito variaram de 40% a 80% (m&#233;dia de 62,1 e mediana de 67) e 40% a 65% (m&#233;dia de 49,2 e mediana de 50), respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O tempo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria variou de 65 a 170 minutos (m&#233;dia de 113,6 e mediana de 108). O tempo de clampeamento da aorta variou de 50 a 95 minutos (m&#233;dia de 72,5 e mediana 78,5). Em tr&#234;s pacientes foi realizada a PCT com perfus&#227;o cerebral seletiva via tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e hipotermia profunda (20&#176;C) com tempo m&#233;dio de 52 minutos.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade inicial foi de 47% (10 pacientes). As causas do &#243;bito foram: baixo d&#233;bito em 6 pacientes, sepse em 2, e crise de HP em outros dois. A m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar total foi de 15 dias (variando de 1 a 43 dias), sendo 19,1 dias a m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o dos que receberam alta hospitalar. As comorbidades que n&#227;o resultaram em &#243;bito encontradas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram: crises de HP (com melhora ap&#243;s uso de &#243;xido n&#237;trico), pneumonia, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA), quilot&#243;rax com ligadura do ducto tor&#225;cico, congest&#227;o pulmonar, bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) e ritmo juncional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>). A avali&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o de alta hospitalar mostrou um aumento m&#233;dio da satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio de 62,1% para 92,5% e uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do hemat&#243;crito de 49,4% para 36,3%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comorbidades n&#227;o fatais no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Crise de HP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Congest&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRA</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quilot&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pneumonia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BAVT</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo juncional</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>HP: Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; IRA: Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; BAVT: Bloqueioatrioventricular total.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da histologia pulmonar foi poss&#237;vel em 16 pacientes. Foram utilizadas as classifica&#231;&#245;es de Heath e Edwards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e de Rabinovitch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> para an&#225;lise das biopsias. Em oito pacientes foi evidenciada les&#227;o pulmonar grau 3 e 4. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rabinovitch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> foi utilizada em dez biopsias, sendo quatro do tipo B e seis do tipo C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>). Todos que apresentavam les&#245;es de grau 3 e 4 possu&#237;am idade maior do que 16 meses e press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar acima de 45 mmHg.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre histologia, hemodin&#226;mica e idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Paciente</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Idade (meses)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>PSAP(mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Heath-Edwards</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rabinovitch</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RVP (U.m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>PSAP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar; RVP: Resist&#234;ncia pulmonar vascular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de seguimento cl&#237;nico dos 11 sobreviventes foi de 6,4 anos com um m&#225;ximo de 19 anos. Atualmente, cinco pacientes est&#227;o em acompanhamento na institui&#231;&#227;o. Os cinco demais est&#227;o em acompanhamento ambulatorial em outros servi&#231;os em raz&#227;o da proximidade das moradias atualmente (Manaus, Fortaleza, Bras&#237;lia, Salvador). Houve um caso de morte s&#250;bita em casa ap&#243;s 18 meses da alta hospitalar por causa desconhecida.</p>
        <p>Dos 11 sobreviventes, em 10 foi poss&#237;vel realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional segundo a NYHA. Houve melhora da classe funcional em todos os pacientes (5 em classe I e 5 em classe II). Dez estavam em ritmo sinusal e um em ritmo juncional. N&#227;o houve necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo durante todo seguimento.</p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas durante o seguimento ambulatorial. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular manteve-se preservada em todos os pacientes. Um apresentou estenose do t&#250;nel das cavas e 5 apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide (3 de grau moderado e 2 de grau importante).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos dias atuais, a maioria dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA com CIV e DVSVD tipo Taussig-Bing n&#227;o evolui com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar pelo fato de a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica total acontecer precocemente, logo ap&#243;s a descoberta do diagn&#243;stico, o qual muitas vezes ocorre ainda na vida intrauterina gra&#231;as &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais frequente da ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
        <p>Infelizmente, no entanto, ainda presenciamos o diagn&#243;stico tardio de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas, as quais muitas vezes j&#225; manifestam sinais e sintomas de HP importante, impossibilitando a corre&#231;&#227;o total da anomalia. A car&#234;ncia de centros de refer&#234;ncia em cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no Brasil, com a possibilidade de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces, faz que ainda existam pacientes com HP sem a possibilidade do tratamento cir&#250;rgico ideal e definitivo.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento da HP progride especialmente nos pacientes que apresentam grandes   <italic>&#8220;shunts</italic>&#8221; esquerda-direita. Vale lembrar tamb&#233;m que as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar s&#227;o histologicamente similares &#224;quelas vistas em outras formas de HP prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A presen&#231;a de uma grande comunica&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca, bem como um amplo canal arterial fazem que ocorra um avan&#231;o mais acelerado na doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Esses pacientes clinicamente apresentam-se com cianose, e a grande maioria em classe funcional IV da NYHA sem possibilidade da corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva em raz&#227;o dos valores elevados de press&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Tem sido tentado e testado em alguns centros o uso da Sildenafila como tratamento medicamentoso para esses doentes. No entanto, os altos custos do tratamento, a sua n&#227;o padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e seu uso em poucas institui&#231;&#245;es fazem que n&#227;o exista evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica que justifique o uso generalizado nesse tipo de paciente. (Quanto ao uso das medica&#231;&#245;es, a Sildenafila foi aprovada pelo FDA como tratamento em pacientes com HP apenas em 2005, e mesmo assim em pacientes adultos. Apenas um paciente foi operado ap&#243;s esta data em 2011. Esse sim est&#225; em uso de Sildenafila at&#233; o &#250;ltimo retorno realizado em 2014. N&#227;o havia preparo medicamentoso pr&#233; ou tratamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio direcionado para o tratamento da HP nos pacientes operados com essa t&#233;cnica na d&#233;cada de 1990. Per&#237;odo em que foram realizadas 17 das 21 cirurgias. Havia apenas os testes com &#243;xido n&#237;trico e O<sub>2</sub> a 100% durante o cateterismo diagn&#243;stico e uso de &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em raz&#227;o da car&#234;ncia de outras formas de preparo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e tratamento p&#243;s &#233; que a t&#233;cnica foi proposta).</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista que atualmente n&#227;o existe nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de tratamento para pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica com HP severa, e pelo fato de os   <italic>guidelines</italic> serem baseados empiricamente em recomenda&#231;&#245;es de especialistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, a cirurgia de Senning paliativa deve ser considerada em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico tardio, em que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar severa j&#225; est&#225; estabelecida.</p>
        <p>Historicamente as opera&#231;&#245;es em n&#237;vel atrial foram os primeiros procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos verdadeiramente efetivos no tratamento da TGA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A t&#233;cnica preconizada por Mustard foi o procedimento de escolha para corre&#231;&#227;o das TGA simples de 1965 a 1982<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. No entanto, em 1982, ap&#243;s um levantamento realizado em v&#225;rias institui&#231;&#245;es, evidenciou-se uma alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es causadas pelos retalhos sint&#233;ticos utilizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A cirurgia de Senning, pelo fato de utilizar apenas tecidos aut&#243;logos, permitiu que a maioria dos pacientes atingisse a idade adulta, com 88% de sobrevida ap&#243;s 20 anos e com uma mortalidade tardia de 9,4% segundo Roubertie e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Deve-se lembrar que a corre&#231;&#227;o arterial ainda &#233; o tratamento de escolha no per&#237;odo neonatal em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA com ou sem CIV. Esses pacientes s&#227;o operados com a t&#233;cnica executada com sucesso primeiramente por Jatene em 1975<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A partir da d&#233;cada de 1980, essa passou a ser a cirurgia de escolha pela maioria dos centros especializados em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com a presen&#231;a de &#8220;shunt&#8221; intracard&#237;aco com RVP elevada n&#227;o podem ser prontamente encaminhados para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da anomalia em quest&#227;o, e em muitos servi&#231;os s&#227;o submetidos a tratamento com vasodilatadores pulmonares previamente &#224; cirurgia. Acreditava-se que a corre&#231;&#227;o precoce da anomalia card&#237;aca resultaria na involu&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, independentemente do grau de remodelamento arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No entanto, a espera da involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es pulmonares apenas com a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o &#233; o tratamento preconizado. A partir desse fato tem-se utilizado a combina&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso (Sildenafila e/ou Bonsentana) para o manejo desses pacientes, mesmo n&#227;o existindo base de evid&#234;ncia para recomenda&#231;&#227;o generalizada desse tipo de abordagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso do cateterismo card&#237;aco &#233; essencial para definir o tratamento dos pacientes com HP. Os testes com oxig&#234;nio inalado a 100% e/ou &#243;xido n&#237;trico s&#227;o importantes na defini&#231;&#227;o da conduta. A defini&#231;&#227;o de HP severa &#233; muitas vezes arbitr&#225;ria. Geralmente considera-se RVP severa 10 a 12U.m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> ou maior. A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica na presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis avan&#231;ados de Heath e Edwards &#233; considerada muitas vezes irrevers&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Em pacientes com idade entre 1 e 2 anos de vida que apresentem redu&#231;&#227;o da RVP com oxig&#234;nio inalado a 100% a cirurgia de Senning com fechamento da CIV pode ser considerada. No entanto, pacientes com uma resposta inadequada ao uso de oxig&#234;nio inalado a 100% o procedimento de escolha seria a cirurgia de Senning paliativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos hemodin&#226;micos t&#234;m demonstrado que quase todos os pacientes acima de 1 ano de idade com diagn&#243;stico de TGA e uma grande CIV t&#234;m um significativo aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Quatorze dos 21 pacientes operados no InCor-HCFMUSP tinham idade maior que 1 ano. Em contraste, o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar foi raramente encontrado em crian&#231;as mais velhas com TGA e com septo ventricular &#237;ntegro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo Newfeld e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, pacientes maiores que 1 ano, que apresentavam press&#227;o pulmonar igual ou maior a 50 mmHg, foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a de biopsia pulmonar grau igual ou maior a 4. Todos os pacientes com uma press&#227;o pulmonar igual ou maior a 50 mmHg que apresentavam uma biopsia pulmonar com grau menor a 4 apresentavam uma idade menor que 1 ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. No presente estudo todos os pacientes com bi&#243;psia grau 4 possu&#237;am mais de um ano de vida, e dos 6 pacientes que estavam com menos de 1 ano no ato operat&#243;rio, 4 apresentaram bi&#243;psia grau 2, 1 grau 1 e 1 grau 3. A idade acaba sendo um fator importante para decis&#227;o de qual tratamento deve ser oferecido ao paciente, tendo em vista as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao maior tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima pulmonar em cardiopatias com hiperfluxo.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar severa continua sendo uma das principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com TGA, e a sua presen&#231;a &#233; frequentemente considerada uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o para a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Estudos histol&#243;gicos t&#234;m indicado que a r&#225;pida progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar &#233; provavelmente desenvolvida em pacientes com TGA, particularmente naqueles com CIV n&#227;o restritiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Ferencz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reportou em seu estudo precoces e severas altera&#231;&#245;es hipertensivas em biopsias de art&#233;rias pulmonares de 106 pacientes com TGA. Observou que as les&#245;es pulmonares foram mais graves quanto maiores eram os defeitos do septo ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Uma grande parte dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de TGA com CIV com mais de um ano de idade, press&#227;o pulmonar m&#233;dia de 50 mmHg ou maior, j&#225; tem estabelecida uma doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar com grau 4 de Heath e Edwards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Dos pacientes operados no InCor, 66% apresentavam uma CIV n&#227;o restritiva e 6 possu&#237;am o diagn&#243;stico de canal arterial p&#233;rvio causando repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>O cl&#225;ssico trabalho de Heath e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>demonstrou que ap&#243;s o surgimento de altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas da vasculatura pulmonar em pacientes com TGA com grandes comunica&#231;&#245;es, a HP n&#227;o regride enquanto o defeito n&#227;o &#233; corrigido. Relatou-se tamb&#233;m que uma bi&#243;psia pulmonar grau 4 ou maior geralmente era indicativa de uma doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar de grau irrevers&#237;vel, e que uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o pulmonar era improv&#225;vel a menos que o tratamento cir&#250;rgico fosse realizado. A doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar de grau avan&#231;ado (acima de 3) tamb&#233;m elevava significativamente o risco cir&#250;rgico e o &#243;bito devido ao baixo d&#233;bito, o qual geralmente ocorria no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio imediato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica o desenvolvimento da HP pode persistir, ocorrendo a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Estudos de microscopia dos pulm&#245;es desses pacientes mostraram uma doen&#231;a com biopsias grau 4 ou maior na grande maioria dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na tentativa de conter o avan&#231;o da HP ou melhorar a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, os procedimentos paliativos acabam sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Em 1950, Blalock e Hanlon publicaram uma opera&#231;&#227;o que permitiu a mistura da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s da cria&#231;&#227;o de uma CIA. Esse foi o primeiro procedimento paliativo que permitiu a sobrevida de pacientes com TGA com comunica&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas restritivas. Atualmente a t&#233;cnica de Rashkind substituiu o procedimento anterior atrav&#233;s da amplia&#231;&#227;o do forame oval com um cateter bal&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A bandagem da art&#233;ria pulmonar tamb&#233;m tem sido defendida para proteger os pulm&#245;es contra o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar em pacientes com TGA e CIV, especialmente em pacientes com menos de seis meses de vida. A presen&#231;a do canal arterial persistente de grande di&#226;metro tamb&#233;m deve ser evitada. Em pacientes com grandes comunica&#231;&#245;es, tratamento do canal arterial, bandagem da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica definitiva com o fechamento da CIV deve ser realizada at&#233; no m&#225;ximo aos seis meses de vida, afim de que possa ser evitado avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, quatro s&#227;o as indica&#231;&#245;es para a t&#233;cnica de Senning. A primeira &#233; para crian&#231;as com TGA isolada presente ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal, em que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo j&#225; estaria desadaptado e n&#227;o suportaria a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica para a cirurgia de Jatene. A segunda &#233; como m&#233;todo paliativo em pacientes com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar associada ao defeito do septo ventricular. A terceira indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; para pacientes com transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias. Nesse caso s&#227;o necess&#225;rios tanto o <italic>switch</italic> venoso quanto o arterial para que se crie uma concord&#226;ncia ventr&#237;culo arterial (<italic>double switch</italic>). A quarta &#233; para uma anomalia rara de invers&#227;o ventricular isolada. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o existe uma discord&#226;ncia atrioventricular com uma concord&#226;ncia ventriculoarterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Burkhart e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> mostraram num estudo envolvendo 28 pacientes operados na <italic>Mayo Clinic,  </italic>em Rochester, e no   <italic>Hospital for Sick Children</italic>, em Toronto, que houve um aumento de 23% na satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, uma significante queda do hemat&#243;crito e uma melhora da classe funcional NYHAIII e IV para I e II ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia atrial paliativa em pacientes com HP severa. A cirurgia de Mustard foi realizada em 25 pacientes e a cirurgia de Senning, em 3<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Tal melhora tamb&#233;m foi encontrada no presente estudo mas em pacientes operados com a t&#233;cnica de Senning em 100% dos casos. No presente estudo podemos verificar que em m&#233;dia o hemat&#243;crito regrediu 12,9 pontos, a oximetria elevou-se em 30,4 pontos e houve melhora tamb&#233;m na classe funcional. Humes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tamb&#233;m encontraram uma queda significativa dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e um aumento de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em m&#233;dia de 64% para 85% ap&#243;s nove anos de seguimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na s&#233;rie de 132 casos de Senning em vinte anos de seguimento, Roubertie e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evidenciaram uma mortalidade nos primeiros trinta dias de 5,3%, e tardia de 9,6%. Senning relatou que 6% dos pacientes morreram por fal&#234;ncia ventricular sist&#234;mica ap&#243;s dez anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, e Cochrane e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> relataram tal fato em 10% dos pacientes ap&#243;s sete anos. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia da cirurgia de Senning bem conhecida e descrita em quase todos os estudos. A taxa de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser em torno de 48% em uma TGA simples, e de 61% numa TGA complexa ap&#243;s quinze anos de seguimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Vale lembrar que nos estudos anteriores os pacientes apresentavam press&#245;es pulmonares normais. A mortalidade por fal&#234;ncia ventricular esteve presente nos primeiros trinta dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o em nossa casu&#237;stica, sendo respons&#225;vel por seis dos dez &#243;bitos encontrados. Dos 21 pacientes operados, 11 receberam alta hospitalar e houve apenas um &#243;bito em casa por causa desconhecida ap&#243;s dezoito meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico. A morte s&#250;bita foi reportada como maior em pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Mustard, quando comparados aos que tinham sido submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Senning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>As causas mais comuns de morbidade nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o os dist&#250;rbios do ritmo. O ritmo juncional est&#225; presente em 56% e o bloqueio atrioventricular total, em 6% dos pacientes operados. A evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia mostrou que 65% evolu&#237;ram com epis&#243;dios breves de ritmo juncional e 38%, com bradicardia sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo estiveram presentes em apenas dois pacientes em nossa s&#233;rie. Em um caso foi encontrado BAVT transit&#243;rio, que logo evoluiu com melhora e retorno ao ritmo sinusal, e em outro foi diagnosticado ritmo juncional. As arritmias podem ser explicadas por mecanismos de reentrada causados por numerosas linhas de sutura no &#225;trio, enquanto as disfun&#231;&#245;es do n&#243; sinusal podem ser explicadas pela les&#227;o direta do n&#243; ou de sua art&#233;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Algumas complica&#231;&#245;es tardias podem ser observadas, muitas das quais relacionadas a aspectos t&#233;cnicos da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, como obstru&#231;&#227;o da veia cava superior em 10% dos casos, obstru&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior em 2%, vazamentos interatriais, obstru&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares, arritmias atriais (disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide pode ser resultado da dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar como consequ&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A estenose ou vazamento dos t&#250;neis foi a principal complica&#231;&#227;o, reportada em 5% dos pacientes operados em Toronto, sendo esses os maiores motivos de reopera&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Em nosso seguimento encontramos um caso de estenose no t&#250;nel das cavas e cinco disfun&#231;&#245;es da valva tric&#250;spide. As reopera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o especialmente devido a alguma obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica ou pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Sarkar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> encontraram menor incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es por altera&#231;&#245;es nos t&#250;neis intra-atriais em pacientes operados com a t&#233;cnica de Senning. Sendo em 12% dos 226 sobreviventes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Mustard, em 2% dos 132 sobreviventes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Senning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>A cirurgia de Senning paliativa visa a melhora da qualidade de vida em pacientes graves, sem a possibilidade de outro tratamento cir&#250;rgico e sem op&#231;&#245;es de melhora com tratamento medicamentoso, visto que os elevados n&#237;veis da press&#227;o pulmonar aumentam o risco de uma mortalidade precoce e pioram a qualidade de vida dos poucos sobreviventes. O grupo de pacientes abordados possui uma elevada mortalidade precoce, sendo o baixo d&#233;bito a principal causa encontrada. O fato de serem pacientes hipox&#234;micos, sobrevivendo num regime de sobrecarga tanto no ventr&#237;culo direito sist&#234;mico quanto no esquerdo pulmonar, proporciona a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Fato semelhante foi encontrado por Burkhart e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Em sua s&#233;rie, o baixo d&#233;bito foi a principal causa de &#243;bito precoce, encontrado em 5 dos 6 &#243;bitos nos primeiros trinta dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O baixo d&#233;bito tamb&#233;m foi uma causa preponderante em nossa s&#233;rie, sendo respons&#225;vel por seis dos dez &#243;bitos iniciais. No entanto, a sobrevida encontrada no presente estudo ap&#243;s dezenove anos de seguimento foi superior, 52,3% contra 46,4%. O fato de sete dos dez &#243;bitos terem ocorridos h&#225; mais de vinte anos pode estar associado aos poucos recursos terap&#234;uticos existentes naquele per&#237;odo. O uso do &#243;xido n&#237;trico como op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em todos os pacientes na s&#233;rie inicial pela falta desse recurso em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio dos anos 1990. A car&#234;ncia de melhor suporte de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o qual existe nos tempos atuais, pode ter influenciado na mortalidade precoce dos primeiros pacientes operados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso da cirurgia de Senning paliativa melhorou a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, reduziu a policitemia e proporcionou melhora da qualidade de vida em pacientes com TGA com CIV ou dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito tipo Taussig-Bing, os quais possu&#237;am HP severa com progn&#243;stico fechado e considerados inoper&#225;veis. Evidenciou-se tamb&#233;m que les&#245;es pulmonares de grau mais avan&#231;ado &#233; predominante em pacientes que foram operados com mais de doze meses de vida. Confirmando a necessidade de um tratamento cir&#250;rgico o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
