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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">T8nQbCDs7KDMC4nXMdVjfhm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300345</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-id">S0066-782X2015005050122</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Benefits of Prone SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Reducing Both Artifact Defects and Patient Radiation Exposure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stathaki</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koukouraki</surname>
            <given-names>Sophia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Papadaki</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanouela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tsaroucha</surname>
            <given-names>Angeliki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karkavitsas</surname>
            <given-names>Nikolaos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital of Heraklion</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Nuclear Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Crete</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GR">Greece</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete &#8211; Greece</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Stathaki</bold>, University Hospital of Heraklion, Stavrakia, Voutes. Postal Code 71306, Heraklion Crete &#8211; Greece. E-mail:   <email>mariast_cha@yahoo.gr</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Stathaki M, Karkavitsas N. Acquisition of data: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Papadaki E, Tsaroucha A. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Papadaki E, Tsaroucha A. Statistical analysis: Stathaki M. Writing of the manuscript: Stathaki M, Papadaki E. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S. Supervision / as the major investigador: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Karkavitsas N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>345</fpage>
      <lpage>352</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prone imaging has been demonstrated to minimize diaphragmatic and breast tissue attenuation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the role of prone imaging on the reduction of unnecessary rest perfusion studies and coronary angiographies performed, thus decreasing investigation time and radiation exposure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We examined 139 patients, 120 with an inferior wall and 19 with an anterior wall perfusion defect that might represented attenuation artifact. Post-stress images were acquired in both the supine and prone position. Coronary angiography was used as the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for evaluating coronary artery patency. The study was terminated and rest imaging was obviated in the presence of complete improvement of the defect in the prone position. Quantitative interpretation was performed. Results were compared with clinical data and coronary angiographic findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Prone acquisition correctly revealed defect improvement in 89 patients (89/120) with inferior wall and 12 patients (12/19) with anterior wall attenuation artifact. Quantitative analysis demonstrated statistically significant difference in the mean summed stress scores (SSS) of supine and mean SSS of prone studies in patients with disappearing inferior wall defect in the prone position and patent right coronary artery (true negative results). The mean difference between SSS in supine and in prone position was higher with disappearing than with remaining defects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging with the patient in the prone position overcomes soft tissue attenuation; moreover it provides an inexpensive, accurate approach to limit the number of unnecessary rest perfusion studies and coronary angiographies performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Prone Position</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Radioactive Emission</kwd>
        <kwd>Technetium (Tc-99m) Tetrofosmin</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT instead of Tomography emission-computed single-photon</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion imaging has become an effective clinical tool for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD), risk stratifying of patients after infarction, assessing myocardial viability and planning therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and is usually performed with the patient in the supine position<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It is, however, recognized that the diaphragmatic attenuation of the inferior wall and the breast attenuation of the anterior wall in females, has an impact on the test specificity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Planar acquisition, prone imaging, ECG gating and image quantitation constitute commonly used approaches to overcome soft tissue attenuation. Although direct approaches for attenuation correction have been commercially available, they are quite expensive and possibly not provided to all nuclear medicine departments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Prone imaging has been reported to improve inferior wall attenuation artifact by producing an anterior shifting of the heart and lowering of the diaphragm and subdiaphragmatic organs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Normal prone scans in patients with inferior wall defects in the supine images are associated with low cardiac event rates, similar to that of patients with normal supine&#8209;only studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The main pitfall of this imaging approach is that sternal and rib attenuation may create an anterior or anteroseptal wall defect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In addition, the technique seems to be less suitable for reducing attenuation from the breast tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although stress studies have traditionally been followed by several hour-rest delayed images, the normal stress-only approach is recently preferred<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, as it is less time-consuming, reduces radiation exposure and has an excellent short-term prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In the presence of an inferior wall perfusion defect in the stress-supine study, positional change (prone imaging) is a low cost, effective and clinically validated technique to overcome diaphragmatic attenuation artifacts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was initially to confirm the impact of the supine and prone approaches on attenuation artifacts. Additionally, we investigated its role in reducing subsequent rest imaging and unnecessary referrals to coronary arteriography, aiming to decrease investigation and hospital waiting time, patient discomfort and also radiation exposure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>We examined 139 patients, 120 with an inferior wall and 19 with an anterior wall perfusion defect. The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Post&#8209;stress images were acquired in both the supine and prone position. Coronary angiography was used as the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for identifying coronary vessels patency. In many instances, scintigraphy was performed within 6 months of coronary angiography so as to evaluate the success of revascularization and/or to determine the hemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis, the adequacy of collateral circulation and the risk stratification of known CAD. In some cases myocardial perfusion imaging was followed by coronary angiography, in order to determine coronary artery narrowing of a scintigraphically-demonstrated ischemia and/or to evaluate patients with inexplicable chest pain. In all cases, the time interval between coronary angiography and scintigraphy was limited to no more than 6 months. The aforementioned criteria defined the size of our sample. The clinical indications for myocardial perfusion imaging are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. There was no case of dominant left circumflex artery (LCx), which could also be relevant to inferior wall defects.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patients' Characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center">Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Number of patients</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 11.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Sex (male : female)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (82%):25 (18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Perfusion defect location</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Inferior wall</td>
                <td align="center">120 (86.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Anterior wall</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">72 (51.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">33 (23.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">58 (41.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">68 (48.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
                <td align="center">51 (36.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">History of MI</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">History of revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">60 (43.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Adenosine stress</td>
                <td align="center">17 (12.2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD or number (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease, MI: myocardial infarction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical indications for myocardial perfusion imaging</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior wall defect</th>
                <th align="center">Anterior wall defect</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prognosis</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Therapeutic control</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preoperative evaluation</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Scintigraphic imaging</title>
        <p>Technetium-99m 1,2-bis [di-(2-ethoxyethyl) phosphino] ethane ([Tc-99m] tetrofosmin) one day stress-rest protocol was used. All patients had fasted for at least 4 hours and were previously advised to discontinue b-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, nitrates and avoid taking caffeine&#8209;containing products for 24 hours before the radionuclide study. Exercise stress testing was preferred, using a modified Bruce protocol. In the presence of exercise limitations or contraindications, pharmacological stress with adenosine was used. Tc-99m tetrofosmin (370&#8209;555 MBq) was administrated intravenously 1 min prior to peak exercise or 3 min into the adenosine infusion. Stress images were acquired first in the supine and second in the prone position, starting 15-30 min after exercise and 30-45 min after adenosine. A dual-headed, large-field-of view gamma camera (Philips, Forte Jetstream AZ) with a low-energy, high resolution collimator was used. The same acquisition settings and reconstruction parameters were used for both the supine and prone image acquisitions. In the presence of a disappearing defect in the prone position, rest imaging was omitted. Otherwise, 2 hours after the stress test, Tc-99m tetrofosmin (740-925 MBq) was infused intravenously and rest acquisition in the supine position was initiated 45&#8209;60 min after the injection. Attenuation or scatter correction was not available and cine testing was not applied.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Image analysis</title>
        <p>The supine defects were classified as remaining or disappearing in the prone position. The wall defect improvement with positional change had to be complete to be considered as disappearing. New apparent anterior-anteroseptal defects in the prone position were attributed to sternal or rib attenuation artifact and did not alter the classification.</p>
        <p>Processing and quantitative visual interpretation was performed using a 20-segment model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Scintigrams were evaluated by observers with more than 15 years&#8217; experience in nuclear cardiology. In case of difference in observers&#8217; scores, there was agreement following discussion. The 5-point scoring system was used: 0 = normal; 1 = equivocal; 2 = moderate reduction of uptake; 3 = severe reduction of uptake; and 4 = no detectable tracer uptake. Based on the number and severity of segments with scores &#8805; 2, the observers defined the study results as normal, probably normal, equivocal, probably abnormal or definitely abnormal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. To further define the results as normal or abnormal, the summed stress score (SSS) was calculated by adding the scores of the 20 segments of the stress Tc-99m tetrofosmin images<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. SSS &lt; 4 were considered normal, 4 to 8 mildly abnormal and &gt;8 moderate to severely abnormal. The SSS had to be &lt; 4 and the final scan interpretation had to be normal or probably normal, as any other case was considered abnormal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Moreover, the SSS difference (SSS in supine image minus SSS in prone image) was calculated for each patient. Then the mean value of SSS difference for each defect group (disappearing or remaining defect group) was calculated. When rest imaging was done, segments were scored as well. Results were compared with clinical data and coronary angiography findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The paired sample t-test was used to assess the statistical significance between the mean SSS derived from supine and prone studies. The mean SSS difference between the disappearing and remaining defect groups were compared using the independent samples t-test. The software program used for the statistical analysis was the SPSS statistics 19.0. A significance level of 0.01 was used.</p>
        <p>The normality of the data was tested by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which showed the data followed a normal distribution.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Inferior wall artifacts were seen in 114 male and in 6 female patients. In the present study, 94 of 120 patients with an inferior defect in the supine position (78.3%) showed normal prone interpretation (disappearing defect) and no further scintigraphy study was performed. The finding was attributed to diaphragmatic attenuation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Coronary angiography showed a patent right coronary artery (RCA) in 89 (74.2%) of 94 patients (true negative) and significant stenosis of the RCA in 5 (4.2%) of 94 patients (false negative). Among the study population, 26 of 120 patients (21.6%) showed abnormal prone interpretation (remaining defect) and the rest study was performed. In 19 (15.8%) of 26 patients, RCA stenosis was angiographically confirmed and the rest study disclosed evidence of transient ischemia or prior infarction (true positive). Of the remaining 7 patients (5.8%), the angiography showed normal RCA (false positive). The rest study demonstrated reversible defect in 4 of them, resulting in insufficient differentiation between ischemia and attenuation artifact. A fixed inferior wall defect was shown in the remaining 3 patients. Based on the patient&#8217;s clinical data and our experience, these findings were finally attributed to diaphragmatic attenuation. Among all 120 patients studied, an apparently new anterior-anteroseptal defect was observed in 8 patients (6.7%) in the prone position. This was attributed to sternal or rib attenuation, considering the angiographically confirmed normal patency of the corresponding coronary artery. Moreover, prone imaging tended to improve the specificity (92.7%) of detecting CAD in the inferior wall, without a significant reduction in sensitivity (79.2%).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A 65-year old man with normal findings on coronary arteriography: an inferior wall defect in the supine position (arrow) that disappears with positional change (arrowhead), attributed to diaphragmatic attenuation artifact.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0345-50122-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Considering our data, 6 of 120 patients with an inferior wall defect in the supine position had prior infarction. Scintigraphy showed a &#8220;remaining&#8221; defect in the prone position in 4 of them (true positive). This finding was expected due to history of inferior wall infarction. In one female patient with prior inferior infarction, an unexpected prone normal interpretation was observed (false negative). Finally, one patient with anterior wall infarction showed perfusion defect improvement with positional change (true negative).</p>
      <p>In patients with normal prone interpretation (disappearing defect) and angiographically confirmed patent RCA, the mean SSS of supine and prone studies were 9.35 &#177; 2.32 and 2.07 &#177; 1.28, respectively with the difference between them being statistically significant (p: 0.00). The mean SSS in patients with abnormal prone interpretation (remaining defect) and severely stenotic RCA were 11.74 &#177; 3.05 for the supine versus 10.95 &#177; 2.65 for the prone studies and the difference was marginally non-significant (p: 0.012). The statistical analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. The mean SSS difference of the abnormal supine - normal prone and abnormal supine - abnormal prone scans was 7.28 &#177; 2.65 and 0.85 &#177; 1.19 respectively, with a significant difference (p: 0.00). Patients with inferior wall perfusion defect that had supine and prone acquisitions were more frequently males. Quantitative analysis did not change the scintigraphic results of visual interpretation and provided more accuracy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Data of the statistical analysis in the comparison of supine versus prone study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Summed Stress Score</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Supine</th>
              <th align="center">Prone</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Disappearing defect by prone SPECT</td>
              <td align="center">9.35 &#177; 2.32</td>
              <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Remaining defect by prone SPECT</td>
              <td align="center">11.77 &#177; 3.05</td>
              <td align="center">10.95 &#177; 2.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Performing the statistical analysis in women with an anterior wall defect was not feasible, due to the limited number of patients. Prone acquisition showed normal anterior wall activity in 12 of 19 patients (63.1%) and rest imaging was not performed. The finding was correctly attributed to breast attenuation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The normal patency of coronary vessels was angiographically confirmed. Two patients (10.5%) showed a defect that persisted despite positional change and the rest study was performed. Both had a history of anterior wall infarction. In spite of normal coronary angiograms and no history of CAD, 4 patients (21%) showed remaining defects (false positive). Moreover, one patient (5.2%) with total occlusion of the first diagonal branch showed prone normal tracer uptake (false negative).</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A 75-year old woman with no obstructive coronary artery disease: an anterior wall perfusion defect (arrow) that improves completely when changing from supine to prone (arrowhead). The defect was considered breast tissue attenuation artifact.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0345-50122-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Exercise on a treadmill was performed in 122 out of the 139 patients and achieved at least 85% of the maximum predicted heart rate (52 maximal and 70 sub-maximal stress tests). Pharmacological stress was performed with adenosine infusion in 17 patients. Positive exercise stress test suggestive of ischemia was observed in 29 patients. Scintigraphy showed reversible and fixed perfusion defects in 19 and in 2 patients respectively. In the remaining 8, normal perfusion imaging was detected. Fifteen patients with reversible perfusion defects had angiographically confirmed coronary artery stenosis, while 4 patients had a history of revascularization. Both cases with fixed defects had prior infarction, while angiography revealed borderline stenosis. Four patients with normal perfusion imaging had coronary artery stenosis, 3 had history of revascularization and one patient was highly suspected of cardiac syndrome X. Negative exercise stress test was observed in 93 patients. Myocardial imaging showed normal perfusion in 86 and abnormal in 7 cases. Observers diagnosed reversible and fixed defects in 3 and 4 cases respectively. One patient with reversible defect had angiographically confirmed stenosis, while the angiography showed normal vessel patency in the remaining 2; therefore, the finding was most likely attributed to attenuation artifact. Two patients with fixed defects had prior myocardial infarction, 1 had a history of revascularization and 1 was scheduled for angioplasty because of severe stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study confirms that prone imaging enhances the specificity and reduces artifact inferior wall abnormalities associated with supine-only study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, leading to more appropriate clinical decisions and shortening the hospital waiting period and patient discomfort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Most importantly, rest myocardial perfusion study can be safely excluded in patients with an inferior wall &#8220;disappearing&#8221; defect by prone SPECT. This provides an excellent approach to limit radiation exposure by avoiding additional radiotracer infusion.</p>
      <p>Soft tissue attenuation artifacts constitute a major shortcoming of myocardial perfusion imaging. Various techniques to improve specificity have been evaluated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, but to date there has been no clear definition of which is the best one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. It is generally accepted that attenuation artifacts are less frequent with Tc&#8209;99m tracers than with thallium-201 (Tl-201)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Prone imaging yields more accurate scintigraphic interpretations without any additional cost, it is inexpensive and it does not deliver any extra radiation to the patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. It is associated with increased inferior and septal wall counts, less patient motion, patient discomfort and cardiac drift<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. However, it is less suitable for females with large breasts and obese patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. ECG-gating improves specificity of inferior wall disease detection and it additionally provides functional information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The presence of normal wall motion in a fixed perfusion defect is usually consistent with attenuation artifact; however, small scars or nontransmural injuries may display this same imaging pattern<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Nevertheless, some authors believe that ECG-gating is the most practical method in routine investigations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Direct attenuation correction systems are commercially available<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although these systems tend to decrease the rate of equivocal interpretations to a greater extent than prone imaging, they require high-cost hardware and software products<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>The routine change of supine to prone imaging is a controversial matter, given the occasionally seen artifactual anterior&#8209;anteroseptal wall prone defect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This finding is presumably attributed to sternal and/or rib attenuation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> In the present study, this pitfall was observed in 8 out of the 120 patients (6.7%) The majority feels that prone should be considered only when imaging in the supine position raises the question of true inferior wall perfusion defect or artifact abnormality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>The use of combined supine and prone quantitative imaging in overcoming diaphragmatic and/or breast attenuation artifacts has been evaluated before. Data from several researchers have shown significantly increased specificity without compromising sensitivity for the diagnosis of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. This is in agreement with the results of our study, where a sensitivity of 79.2% and a specificity of 92.7% were shown. Katayama et al. have similarly demonstrated that prone stress Tl-201 study tends to improve the specificity of detecting coronary disease in the inferior wall. On the other hand, they showed that sensitivity is reduced when compared to stress-rest supine images<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our study population, rest acquisition was omitted in patients with defects on supine SPECT that disappear on prone imaging. However, few research groups performed stress and rest scans in all cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. They all pointed out the excellent usefulness of combined supine and prone acquisitions on attenuation artifacts, which was also seen in our study. Segall and Davis have demonstrated that specificity for RCA was dramatically better (90% versus 66%) when patients were submitted to prone image acquisition compared to supine. Furthermore, the overall effect on the detection of CAD was an improved accuracy and higher specificity (82% <italic>versus</italic> 59%) without significant loss of sensitivity (75% <italic>versus</italic> 79%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In addition, Hayer et al concluded that patients with inferior wall defect in the supine position that was not present in the prone image had similar low risk of cardiac events, when compared with those that had normal supine only studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Recently Nishiyama et al, assessed the feasibility of combined imaging using a novel ultrafast cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) camera. They concluded that the combined supine and prone CZT SPECT yields significant gains in specificity and accuracy, whereas acquisition time is reduced by up to one fifth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>False negative and false positive results of prone imaging were seen in 4.2% and 5.8% of our study population, respectively. The development of coronary collateral circulation could be a possible explanation for the false negative results. Thus, positional change may not always be sufficient to differentiate attenuation artifacts from CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although some authors believe that prone imaging is associated with increased camera-to-chest wall distance and lower total myocardial counts when compared to supine position<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, in this work prone image quality was very satisfactory. This is in agreement with a recent study by Gutstein et al. which showed that prone and supine imaging is associated with comparable good image quality in the non-obese population, even though half-time acquisition has been used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Anterior wall defects are most common in women. Although some believe that positional change mainly contributes to the disappearance rate of diaphragmatic attenuation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, it is a confirmed knowledge that combined supine and prone approach improve specificity and normalcy rates in women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Although our study was limited to 19 patients only, 63.1% of the anterior wall defects disappeared in the prone image and subsequently, the rest perfusion study was properly obviated. Anterior wall defects in the supine acquisition that were absent with positional change tended to represent breast attenuation artifacts.</p>
      <p>A number of strategies have been used to minimize dose in cardiac nuclear imaging. According to the &#8220;ALARA&#8221; philosophy, one should strive to keep radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. One enticing strategy is the use of Tc-99m agents and stress-first or stress-only protocols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. It seems that prone imaging provides an alternative imaging approach to reduce patient&#8217;s radiation exposure. Based on our study, prone acquisition correctly disclosed disappearing defects in 89 out of 120 patients with reduced uptake in the inferior wall and in 12 out of 19 women with reduced uptake in the anterior wall. The findings were considered to be diaphragmatic and breast tissue attenuation artifacts, respectively. Hence, prone SPECT imaging offers the possibility of avoiding the additional radiotracer infusion in an unnecessary rest study. This tends to reduce radiation dose by a factor of 4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, whilst providing similar prognostic information to normal rest-stress perfusion study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Moreover, it saves time for both patients and busy departments, thus allowing additional nuclear medicine studies to be performed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recently, a research group compared the inter-observer agreement between two experienced readers using supine alone <italic>versus</italic> combined supine/prone imaging. They showed improved inter-observer correlation and diagnostic agreement, by eliminating common artifacts, such as inferior wall attenuation, patient&#8217;s motion and interfering external activity. This will likely result in more uniform and standard care, which in addition to improvement in accuracy, will lead to fewer unnecessary additional tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ceylan Gunay et al have recently reported that an unnecessary rest Tc-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile myocardial perfusion scintigraphy could be prevented in patients with complete disappearing inferior wall defect at stress prone imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Similar to our results, they indicated that in patients with true defects, perfusion quantification was irrelevant to imaging position, as SSS of supine and prone stress studies were not different. This is of utmost importance, regarding the improvement of specificity, true positive rate and reliability of scintigraphic study.</p>
      <p>Considering our data, there were 7 patients with an inferior wall and one patient with an anterior wall disappearing prone defect that underwent coronary angiography within a month after perfusion scintigraphy. They were highly suspected of having coronary artery stenosis because of their symptoms and risk factors. Angiograms showed no stenotic CAD. It seems that prone imaging might have an additional role in preventing unnecessary coronary angiograms and furthermore minimize radiation exposure, especially in low-risk patients. Recently, Worden et al. showed that patients with perfusion abnormalities during stress supine imaging that resolved during prone imaging are at low risk for cardiac death or myocardial infarction at medium-term follow up. Given that they seldom require invasive coronary angiography, broader application of prone imaging could lead to reduced exposure to the risks and expenses of unnecessary invasive procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>There are some limitations to the present study. The analysis is limited to the stress images of 120 patients only. Although rest imaging was performed in the presence of a remaining defect in the prone position and segments were scored as well, this was acquired only in the supine position. The study population was selected from a single center. Our results were related to supine and prone quantitative imaging without using gated assessment of wall motion or wall thickening. We investigated a mixed gender population regarding inferior wall perfusion defects, without performing any feasibility investigation. Although our data regarding female patients with an anterior wall defect are encouraging, the study sample is quite small and further trials are required on this issue. Here, we only present the preliminary results of an ongoing study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The addition of prone position to stress supine myocardial scintigraphy decreases the false positive rates and leads to more accurate results. Furthermore, it increases specificity without compromising sensitivity for the diagnosis of CAD. It has a key benefit of reducing the number of unnecessary rest studies performed, whilst minimizing radiation exposure, investigation time and costs. Moreover, it could possibly be a useful and practical method of obviating unnecessary referrals to coronary angiograms, especially in low-risk patients. There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank Dr. Panagiotis Stratakis for statistical assistance.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Benef&#237;cio da Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de Imagem na Posi&#231;&#227;o Prona em Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica com SPECT para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Artefatos e Exposi&#231;&#227;o do Paciente &#224; Radia&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stathaki</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koukouraki</surname>
            <given-names>Sophia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Papadaki</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanouela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tsaroucha</surname>
            <given-names>Angeliki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karkavitsas</surname>
            <given-names>Nikolaos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital of Heraklion</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Nuclear Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Crete</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GR">Greece</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete &#8211; Greece</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Stathaki</bold>, University Hospital of Heraklion, Stavrakia, Voutes. CEP 71306, Heraklion Crete &#8211; Greece. E-mail:   <email>mariast_cha@yahoo.gr</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Stathaki M, Karkavitsas N. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Papadaki E, Tsaroucha A. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Papadaki E, Tsaroucha A. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Stathaki M. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Stathaki M, Papadaki E. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Stathaki M, Koukouraki S, Karkavitsas N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>J&#225; foi demonstrado que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona minimiza a atenua&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos diafragm&#225;ticos e da mama.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar o papel da imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona na redu&#231;&#227;o de estudos de perfus&#227;o em repouso e angiografias coron&#225;rias realizadas de forma desnecess&#225;ria, assim diminuindo o tempo de investiga&#231;&#227;o e exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram examinados 139 pacientes, 120 com um defeito de perfus&#227;o da parede inferior e 19 com defeito de perfus&#227;o da parede anterior que pudessem representar um artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o. Imagens p&#243;s-estresse foram adquiridas nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona. A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi usada como o &#8220;padr&#227;o ouro&#8221; para avaliar a pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O estudo foi encerrado e a imagem em repouso n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria na presen&#231;a de melhoria completa do defeito na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. Uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o quantitativa foi realizada. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados cl&#237;nicos e achados angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona revelou corretamente a melhoria do defeito em 89 pacientes (89/120) com artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o na parede inferior e 12 pacientes (19/12) na parede anterior. A an&#225;lise quantitativa demonstrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nas somas dos escores de estresse (SSS) m&#233;dios nos estudos da posi&#231;&#227;o supina e SSS m&#233;dios dos estudos na posi&#231;&#227;o prona em pacientes com desaparecimento do defeito da parede inferior na posi&#231;&#227;o prona e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria patente (resultados negativos verdadeiros). A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia dos SSS nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona foi maior com os defeitos desaparecidos do que com os que permaneceram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com Tecn&#233;cio-99m (Tc-99m) tetrofosmin com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o prona supera a atenua&#231;&#227;o de tecidos moles; Al&#233;m disso, oferece uma abordagem precisa e de baixo custo para limitar o n&#250;mero de estudos de perfus&#227;o em repouso e realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografias coron&#225;rias desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dec&#250;bito Ventral</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Emiss&#245;es Radioativas</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecn&#233;cio (Tc-99m) Tetrofosmin</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emiss&#227;o de F&#243;ton &#218;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tornou-se uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica eficaz para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de pacientes ap&#243;s infarto, avaliando a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e planejamento terap&#234;utico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, e &#233; geralmente realizada com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, sabe&#8209;se que a atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica da parede inferior e a atenua&#231;&#227;o da mama da parede anterior em mulheres t&#234;m um impacto sobre a especificidade do teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem planar, de imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, ECG <italic>gating</italic> e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de imagem constituem abordagens comumente usadas para superar a atenua&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos moles. Embora as abordagens diretas para corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o sejam comercialmente dispon&#237;veis, elas s&#227;o muito caras e, possivelmente, n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em todos os departamentos de medicina nuclear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tem sido relatado que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona melhora o artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o na parede inferior ao produzir um deslocamento anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o e rebaixamento dos &#243;rg&#227;os diafragm&#225;ticos e subdiafragm&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Exames normais na posi&#231;&#227;o prona em pacientes com defeitos na parede inferior nas imagens em posi&#231;&#227;o supina est&#227;o associados com baixas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos, similares aos pacientes com resultados normais apenas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A principal armadilha dessa abordagem &#233; que a atenua&#231;&#227;o do esterno e costelas pode criar um defeito da parede anterior ou anteroseptal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a t&#233;cnica parece ser menos adequada para a redu&#231;&#227;o da atenua&#231;&#227;o do tecido da mama<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos estudos de estresse serem tradicionalmente seguidos por imagens em repouso ap&#243;s v&#225;rias horas, a abordagem normal de estresse apenas &#233; atualmente a preferida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, uma vez que &#233; menos demorada, reduz a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e tem um excelente progn&#243;stico em curto prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Na presen&#231;a de um defeito de perfus&#227;o da parede inferior no estudo de estresse na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o (imagem prona) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de baixo custo, eficaz e clinicamente validada para superar os artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi inicialmente confirmar o impacto da abordagem supina e prona em artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, investigamos o seu papel na subsequente redu&#231;&#227;o das imagens em repouso e encaminhamentos desnecess&#225;rios &#224; arteriografia coron&#225;ria, com o objetivo de diminuir o tempo de investiga&#231;&#227;o e espera no hospital, o desconforto do paciente e tamb&#233;m a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram examinados 139 pacientes, 120 com defeito de perfus&#227;o na parede inferior e 19 com defeito na parede anterior. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Imagens p&#243;s-estresse foram adquiridas nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona. A coronariografia foi utilizada com &#8220;padr&#227;o ouro&#8221; para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pat&#234;ncia dos vasos coron&#225;rios. Em muitos casos, a cintilografia foi realizada no prazo de seis meses ap&#243;s a coronariografia, de modo a avaliar o sucesso da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e/ou determinar a signific&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica da estenose coronariana, a adequa&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC conhecida. Em alguns casos, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi seguida pela angiografia coron&#225;ria, a fim de determinar estreitamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de uma isquemia demonstrada por cintilografia e/ou para avaliar pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica inexplic&#225;vel. Em todos os casos, o intervalo de tempo entre a angiografia coron&#225;ria e a cintilografia foi limitado a um m&#225;ximo de seis meses. Os crit&#233;rios acima mencionados definiram o tamanho da nossa amostra. As indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda dominante (LCx) que tamb&#233;m pudesse ser relevante para defeitos da parede inferior.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold> Par&#226;metro</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 11,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero (masculino: feminino)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (82%):25 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (86,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (13,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (51,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (23,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (41,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumo</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (48,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (36,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de IM</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (43,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estresse pela adenosina</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12,2%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN03">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia&#177; DP ou n&#250;mero (%).  </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, IM: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Defeito parede inferior</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Defeito parede anterior</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Progn&#243;stico</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controle terap&#234;utico</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imagem cintilogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Foi usado o protocolo de um dia com etapas de estresse e repouso, com 1,2-bis[bis(2-etoxietil)fosfino]etano marcado com 99mTc. Todos os pacientes foram mantidos em jejum por pelo menos 4 horas e foram previamente orientados a interromper o uso de betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, nitratos e a evitar produtos contendo cafe&#237;na por 24 horas antes do estudo com radionucl&#237;deos. O teste ergom&#233;trico foi o escolhido, utilizando um protocolo modificado de Bruce. Na presen&#231;a de limita&#231;&#245;es ou contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o exerc&#237;cio, foi utilizado o estresse farmacol&#243;gico com adenosina. Tetrofosmin Tc&#8209;99m (370&#8209;555 MBq) foi administrado por via intravenosa 1 min antes do pico do exerc&#237;cio ou 3 min para a infus&#227;o de adenosina. Imagens de estresse foram adquiridas em primeiro lugar na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em segundo lugar na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, a partir de 15-30 min ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e 30-45 min ap&#243;s a adenosina. Uma gama c&#226;mera de cabe&#231;a dupla de detec&#231;&#227;o com amplo campo de vis&#227;o (Philips, Forte Jetstream AZ) e colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o foi utilizada. As mesmas configura&#231;&#245;es de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e par&#226;metros de reconstru&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados para ambas as aquisi&#231;&#245;es de imagens supina e prona. Na presen&#231;a de um defeito desaparecido na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, a imagem em repouso foi omitida. Caso contr&#225;rio, 2 horas ap&#243;s o teste de estresse, foi administrado o tetrofosmin Tc-99m (740-925 MBq) por via intravenosa e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foi iniciada 45-60 min ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o. A atenua&#231;&#227;o ou corre&#231;&#227;o de dispers&#227;o n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel e a cineangiocoronariografia n&#227;o foi aplicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de imagem</title>
          <p>Os defeitos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foram classificados como remanescentes ou desaparecidos na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. A melhoria do defeito da parede com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o tinha que ser completa para ser considerada como desaparecida. Novos defeitos aparentes anteriores-anteroseptais na posi&#231;&#227;o prona foram atribu&#237;dos a artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o do esterno ou da costela, e n&#227;o alteraram a classifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O processamento e interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual quantitativa foram realizados utilizando um modelo de 20 segmentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. As cintilografias foram avaliadas por observadores com mais de 15 anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea de cardiologia nuclear. Em caso de diferen&#231;a nos escores dos observadores, houve concord&#226;ncia ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o. Foi utilizado o sistema de escore de 5 pontos: 0 = normal; 1 = amb&#237;gua; 2 = redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da capta&#231;&#227;o; 3 = grave redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o; e 4 = nenhuma capta&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;vel do tra&#231;ador. Com base no n&#250;mero e gravidade dos segmentos com valores &gt; 2, os observadores definiram os resultados do estudo como normal, provavelmente normal, amb&#237;guo, provavelmente anormal ou definitivamente anormal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Para definir ainda mais os resultados como normal ou anormal, os escores somados de estresse (SSS) foram calculados pela soma dos escores dos 20 segmentos das imagens de estresse com Tc-99m tetrofosmin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Os SSS &lt; 4 foram considerados normais, 4-8 levemente anormais e &gt; 8 moderada a gravemente anormais. Os SSS tinham que ser &lt; 4 e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o final do teste normal ou provavelmente normal, enquanto os outros casos eram considerados anormais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a diferen&#231;a dos SSS (SSS na imagem supina menos SSS na imagem prona) foi calculada para cada paciente. Em seguida, o valor m&#233;dio da diferen&#231;a dos SSS para cada grupo de defeito (grupo de defeito remanescente ou desaparecido) foi calculado. Sempre que uma imagem em repouso foi obtida, os segmentos tamb&#233;m foram pontuados. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados cl&#237;nicos e achados angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras pareadas foi utilizado para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a m&#233;dia dos SSS derivadas dos estudos nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia dos SSS entre os grupos de defeitos desaparecidos e remanescentes foi comparada usando o teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes. O programa utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi o SPSS 19.0. Utilizou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,01.</p>
          <p>A normalidade dos dados foi testada utilizando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, que mostrou que os dados tinham uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os artefatos da parede inferior foram observados em 114 pacientes do sexo masculino e em seis pacientes do sexo feminino. No presente estudo, 94 dos 120 pacientes com um defeito inferior da posi&#231;&#227;o supina (78,3%) mostraram imagem prona normal (defeito desaparecido), e a cintilografia n&#227;o foi realizada. O achado foi atribu&#237;do &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). A angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrou uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) patente em 89 (74,2%) dos 94 pacientes (verdadeiro negativo) e estenose importante da ACD em 5 (4,2%) de 94 pacientes (falso negativo). Na popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo, 26 dos 120 pacientes (21,6%) mostraram imagem prona anormal (defeito remanescente) e o estudo em repouso foi realizado. Em 19 (15,8%) de 26 pacientes, a estenose na ACD foi angiograficamente confirmada e o estudo em repouso mostrou evid&#234;ncias de isquemia transit&#243;ria ou infarto pr&#233;vio (verdadeiro positivo). Dos sete pacientes restantes (5,8%), a angiografia revelou ACD normal (falso positivo). O estudo em repouso demonstrou defeito revers&#237;vel em quatro deles, resultando em insuficiente diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia e artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o. Um defeito da parede inferior foi demonstrado nos 3 pacientes remanescentes. Com base nos dados cl&#237;nicos do paciente e em nossa experi&#234;ncia, esses achados foram finalmente atribu&#237;dos &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do diafragma. Entre todos os 120 pacientes estudados, um aparentemente novo defeito anterior-anterosseptal foi observado em 8 pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o prona (6,7%). Isso foi atribu&#237;do &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do esterno ou da costela, considerando-se a pat&#234;ncia normal confirmada angiograficamente da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria correspondente. Al&#233;m disso, a imagem prona tendeu a melhorar a especificidade (92,7%) de detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC na parede inferior, sem uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da sensibilidade (79,2%).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>um homem de 65 anos de idade com resultados normais na arteriografia coron&#225;ria: um defeito da parede inferior na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (seta), que desaparece com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o (ponta de seta), atribu&#237;do a artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0345-50122-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Com base em nossos dados, seis de 120 pacientes com um defeito na parede inferior na posi&#231;&#227;o supina tinha tido infarto anterior. A cintilografia revelou um defeito "remanescente" na posi&#231;&#227;o prona em quatro deles (verdadeiro positivo). Esse achado era esperado devido ao hist&#243;rico de infarto da parede inferior. Em uma paciente com infarto inferior pr&#233;vio, foi observada uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o normal na posi&#231;&#227;o prona inesperada (falso negativo). Finalmente, um paciente com infarto da parede anterior demonstrou melhora do defeito de perfus&#227;o com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o (verdadeiro negativo).</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com interpreta&#231;&#227;o normal na posi&#231;&#227;o prona (defeito desaparecido) e ACD patente angiograficamente confirmada, os SSS m&#233;dios dos estudos nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona foram 9,35 &#177; 2,32 e 2,07 &#177; 1,28, respectivamente, com a diferen&#231;a entre eles sendo estatisticamente significante (p: 0,00). Os SSS m&#233;dios em pacientes com interpreta&#231;&#227;o anormal na posi&#231;&#227;o prona (defeito remanescente) e ACD com estenose severa foram 11,74 + 3,05 para a supina contra 10,95 + 2,65 para os estudos na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, e a diferen&#231;a foi marginalmente n&#227;o significante (p: 0,012). Os dados da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> A diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia dos SSS das imagens supina anormal-prona normal e supina anormal-prona anormal foi de 7,28+2,65 e 0,85 &#177; 1,19, respectivamente, com a diferen&#231;a sendo significante (p: 0,00). Os pacientes com defeito de perfus&#227;o na parede inferior que tiveram imagens obtidas nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona eram mais frequentemente do sexo masculino. A an&#225;lise quantitativa n&#227;o alterou os resultados cintilogr&#225;ficos da interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual e forneceu maior precis&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos das posi&#231;&#245;es supina <italic>versus</italic>prona</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold> Escores somados de estresse</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Supina</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Prona</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Defeito desaparecido no SPECT na posi&#231;&#227;o prona</td>
                <td align="center">9,35 &#177; 2,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Defeito remanescente no SPECT na posi&#231;&#227;o prona</td>
                <td align="center">11,77 &#177; 3,05</td>
                <td align="center">10,95 &#177; 2,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica em mulheres com um defeito na parede anterior n&#227;o foi vi&#225;vel, devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona mostrou atividade normal da parede anterior em 12 dos 19 pacientes (63,1%) e a imagem em repouso n&#227;o foi feita. O achado foi corretamente atribu&#237;do &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o da mama (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). A pat&#234;ncia normal dos vasos coron&#225;rios foi angiograficamente confirmada. Dois pacientes (10,5%) mostraram um defeito que persistiu apesar da mudan&#231;a posicional e o estudo em repouso foi realizado. Ambos os pacientes tinham hist&#243;rico de infarto da parede anterior. Apesar de angiografias coron&#225;rias normais e sem hist&#243;rico de DAC, quatro pacientes (21%) mostraram defeitos remanescentes (falsos positivos). Al&#233;m disso, um paciente (5,2%), com oclus&#227;o total do primeiro ramo diagonal mostrou capta&#231;&#227;o normal do tra&#231;ador na posi&#231;&#227;o prona (falso negativo).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Uma mulher de 75 anos de idade sem doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: um defeito de perfus&#227;o da parede anterior (seta) que melhora por completo ao mudar da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a prona (ponta de seta). O defeito foi considerado artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o de tecido da mama.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0345-50122-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio em esteira foi realizado em 122 de 139 pacientes e alcan&#231;ou pelo menos 85% da taxa de batimentos card&#237;acos m&#225;ximos previstos (52 m&#225;ximo e 70 subm&#225;ximo no teste de esfor&#231;o). O estresse farmacol&#243;gico foi realizado com infus&#227;o de adenosina em 17 pacientes. Foi observado teste ergom&#233;trico positivo sugestivo de isquemia em 29 pacientes. A cintilografia revelou defeitos de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;veis e fixos em 19 e em dois pacientes, respectivamente. Nos oito pacientes restantes, foi detectada imagem de perfus&#227;o normal. Quinze pacientes com defeitos de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;veis tiveram estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria confirmada angiograficamente, enquanto quatro pacientes apresentaram hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Ambos os casos com defeitos fixos tinham infarto pr&#233;vio, enquanto a angiografia revelou estenose lim&#237;trofe. Quatro pacientes com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o normal tinham estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, tr&#234;s tinham hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e um paciente era fortemente suspeito de ter a s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X. O resultado negativo do teste ergom&#233;trico foi observado em 93 pacientes. A imagem mioc&#225;rdica mostrou perfus&#227;o normal em 86 casos e anormal em sete casos. Observadores diagnosticaram defeitos revers&#237;veis e fixos em tr&#234;s e quatro casos, respectivamente. Um paciente com defeito revers&#237;vel apresentou estenose angiograficamente confirmada enquanto nos dois pacientes restantes a angiografia mostrou pat&#234;ncia normal do vaso, por conseguinte, o achado foi muito provavelmente atribu&#237;do a artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o. Dois pacientes com defeitos fixos tinham infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, um apresentava hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e o outro estava com angioplastia marcada devido &#224; estenose grave da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo confirma que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona aumenta a especificidade e reduz altera&#231;&#245;es da parede inferior por artefatos associadas ao estudo exclusivo na posi&#231;&#227;o supina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, levando a decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais adequadas e diminuindo o per&#237;odo de espera no hospital e o desconforto do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Mais importante ainda, o estudo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em repouso pode ser eliminado com seguran&#231;a em pacientes com defeito &#8220;desaparecido&#8221; de parede inferior por SPECT na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. Isso fornece uma abordagem excelente para limitar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, evitando a infus&#227;o adicional de radionucl&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>Os artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o por tecidos moles constituem a maior falha da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. V&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas para melhorar a especificidade t&#234;m sido avaliadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, mas at&#233; hoje n&#227;o h&#225; uma defini&#231;&#227;o clara sobre qual &#233; a melhor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. &#201; geralmente aceito que os artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o menos frequentes com tra&#231;adores Tc&#8209;99m do que com t&#225;lio-201 (Tl-201)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A imagem prona proporciona interpreta&#231;&#245;es cintilogr&#225;ficas mais precisas sem qualquer custo adicional, &#233; de baixo custo e n&#227;o proporciona qualquer radia&#231;&#227;o extra ao paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Ela est&#225; associada com aumento da contagem nas paredes inferior e septal, menor movimenta&#231;&#227;o e desconforto do paciente e desvio card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. No entanto, &#233; menos adequado para mulheres com seios grandes e pacientes obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O ECG-<italic>gating</italic> melhora a especificidade de detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a da parede inferior e al&#233;m disso, fornece informa&#231;&#227;o funcional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A presen&#231;a de movimento normal da parede em um defeito de perfus&#227;o fixo &#233; geralmente consistente com artefato de atenua&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, pequenas cicatrizes ou ferimentos n&#227;o-transmurais podem exibir esse mesmo padr&#227;o de imagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No entanto, alguns autores acreditam que o ECG&#8209;<italic>gating</italic> &#233; o m&#233;todo mais pr&#225;tico em investiga&#231;&#245;es de rotina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Sistemas de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o direta est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis comercialmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Embora esses sistemas tendam a diminuir a taxa de interpreta&#231;&#245;es amb&#237;guas em um grau maior do que a imagem prona, eles requerem o uso de hardware e software de alto custo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o regular da imagem supina pela imagem prona &#233; uma quest&#227;o controversa, considerando o artefato ocasionalmente observado na parede anterior-anteroseptal na posi&#231;&#227;o prona <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Esse achado &#233; presumivelmente atribu&#237;do &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do esterno e/ou da costela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No presente estudo, esse problema foi observado em 8 de 120 pacientes (6,7%). A maioria sugere que a posi&#231;&#227;o prona deve ser considerada apenas quando a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o supina levanta a quest&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o verdadeiro da parede inferior ou de uma anormalidade causada por artefato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso combinado de imagens quantitativas nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona na supera&#231;&#227;o dos artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o do diafragma e/ou da mama j&#225; foi avaliado anteriormente. Os dados de diversos pesquisadores mostraram um aumento significativo da especificidade sem comprometer a sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Isso est&#225; de acordo com os resultados do nosso estudo, onde foram mostradas uma sensibilidade de 79,2% e especificidade de 92,7%. Katayama e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> demonstraram similarmente que o estudo de estresse com TI-201 na posi&#231;&#227;o prona tende a melhorar a especificidade da detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana na parede inferior. Por outro lado, eles mostraram que a sensibilidade &#233; reduzida quando comparada &#224;s imagens na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em repouso e em estresse.</p>
        <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo, aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem em repouso foi omitida em pacientes com defeitos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com SPECT que desapareciam nas imagens em posi&#231;&#227;o prona. Entretanto, poucos grupos de pesquisa realizaram testes em repouso e estresse em todos os casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Todos eles apontam para a excelente utilidade de aquisi&#231;&#245;es de imagens na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e prona combinadas sobre os artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado em nosso estudo. Segall e Davis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> demonstraram que a especificidade para a ACD foi muito melhor (90% versus 66%) quando os pacientes foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o prona em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Al&#233;m disso, o efeito global sobre a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC mostrou maior precis&#227;o e especificidade (82% versus 59%), sem perda significativa de sensibilidade (75% versus 79%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, Hayer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> conclu&#237;ram que os pacientes com defeito da parede inferior na posi&#231;&#227;o supina que n&#227;o estava presente na imagem prona apresentaram baixo risco de eventos card&#237;acos, similar &#224;queles que tinham estudos normais somente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Recentemente Nishiyama e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> avaliaram a viabilidade de imagens combinadas usando uma c&#226;mera ultrarr&#225;pida de telureto de c&#225;dmio e zinco (CZT). Eles conclu&#237;ram que a combina&#231;&#227;o das posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona usando CZT SPECT produzia ganhos significativos na especificidade e precis&#227;o, ao passo que o tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o &#233; reduzido em at&#233; um quinto.</p>
        <p>Resultados falsos negativos e falsos positivos das imagens na posi&#231;&#227;o prona foram observados em 4,2% e 5,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria colateral poderia ser uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados falsos negativos. Assim, a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para diferenciar artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de alguns autores acreditarem que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona est&#225; associada com o aumento da dist&#226;ncia da c&#226;mera &#224; parede tor&#225;cica e com a contagem mioc&#225;rdica total menor quando comparados com a posi&#231;&#227;o supina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, nesse trabalho a qualidade da imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona foi bastante satisfat&#243;ria. Isto est&#225; de acordo com um estudo recente da Gutstein e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, que mostrou que as imagens prona e supina est&#227;o associadas com boa qualidade compar&#225;vel de imagem na popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-obesa, embora a aquisi&#231;&#227;o em metade do tempo tenha sido utilizada.</p>
        <p>Defeitos da parede anterior s&#227;o mais comuns em mulheres. Embora alguns acreditem que a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o contribui principalmente para a taxa de desaparecimento da atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, &#233; um fato confirmado que a abordagem supina e prona combinadas melhora as taxas de especificidade e de normalidade em mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Embora nosso estudo tenha sido limitado a apenas 19 pacientes, 63,1% dos defeitos da parede anterior desapareceu na imagem prona e, posteriormente, o estudo de perfus&#227;o em repouso foi devidamente eliminado. Defeitos da parede anterior na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, que estavam ausentes com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, tenderam a representar artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o da mama.</p>
        <p>Diversas estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido utilizadas para minimizar a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o na cardiologia nuclear. Segundo a filosofia &#8220;ALARA&#8221;, deve ser feito um esfor&#231;o para manter a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o baixa quanto razoavelmente fact&#237;vel (As Low As Reasonably Achievable, em ingl&#234;s)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Uma estrat&#233;gia atraente &#233; o uso de agentes Tc-99m e protocolos de estresse e estresse&#8209;first<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Parece que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona fornece uma abordagem de imagem alternativa para reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Com base no nosso estudo, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona corretamente revelou defeitos desaparecidos em 89 de 120 pacientes com capta&#231;&#227;o reduzida na parede inferior e em 12 das 19 mulheres com capta&#231;&#227;o reduzida na parede anterior. Os resultados foram considerados como artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o do diafragma e do tecido da mama, respectivamente. Assim, a imagem prona em SPECT oferece a possibilidade de evitar a infus&#227;o adicional de radiof&#225;rmaco em um estudo em repouso desnecess&#225;rio. Isto tende a reduzir a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o por um fator de 4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, proporcionando ao mesmo tempo informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas similares ao estudo de perfus&#227;o normal de repouso e estresse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, ele economiza tempo para os pacientes e para os departamentos sobrecarregados, permitindo, assim, a execu&#231;&#227;o de estudos de medicina nuclear adicionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, um grupo de pesquisa comparou a concord&#226;ncia inter-observador entre dois leitores experientes usando apenas posi&#231;&#227;o supina contra a imagem combinada supina/prona. Eles mostraram uma melhora da correla&#231;&#227;o inter-observador e a concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica, atrav&#233;s da elimina&#231;&#227;o de artefatos comuns, como a atenua&#231;&#227;o da parede inferior, movimento do paciente e interfer&#234;ncia de atividade externa. Isso provavelmente resultar&#225; em um tratamento mais uniforme e padr&#227;o, que, al&#233;m de melhora na precis&#227;o, levar&#225; a um n&#250;mero menor de testes desnecess&#225;rios adicionais.</p>
        <p>Ceylan Gunay e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> relataram recentemente que uma cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em repouso com Tc-99m metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila desnecess&#225;ria poderia ser evitada em pacientes com desaparecimento completo de defeito na parede inferior por imagem de estresse na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. De forma similar aos nossos resultados, eles indicaram que, em pacientes com defeitos verdadeiros, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o era irrelevante para a posi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, pois os SSS de estudos de estresse nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona n&#227;o foram diferentes. Esse fato &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, no que diz respeito &#224; melhoria da especificidade, &#224; taxa de resultados positivos verdadeiros e &#224; confiabilidade do estudo de cintilografia.</p>
        <p>Com base em nossos dados, havia sete pacientes com defeito na posi&#231;&#227;o prona desaparecido na parede inferior e um paciente com defeito desaparecido na parede anterior, que foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o. Havia forte suspeita de estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria devido aos sintomas e fatores de risco nesses pacientes. As angiografias n&#227;o revelaram DAC esten&#243;tica. Parece que a imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona provavelmente poderia ter um papel adicional na preven&#231;&#227;o de angiografias coron&#225;rias desnecess&#225;rias e, al&#233;m disso, minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em pacientes de baixo risco. Recentemente, Worden e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, revelou que pacientes com anormalidades de perfus&#227;o durante a cintilografia de estresse na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, que desapareciam durante o exame na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, apresentam baixo risco de morte card&#237;aca ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante acompanhamento em m&#233;dio prazo. Tendo em vista que esses pacientes raramente necessitam de angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva, a aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla da imagem prona poderia levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos riscos e despesas de procedimentos invasivos desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. A an&#225;lise &#233; limitada &#224;s imagens de estresse em apenas 120 pacientes. Embora a imagem de repouso tenha sido realizada na presen&#231;a de um defeito remanescente na posi&#231;&#227;o prona e os segmentos tamb&#233;m tenham sido pontuados, ela foi obtida apenas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi selecionada em um &#250;nico centro. Nossos resultados foram relacionados com imagens quantitativas nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e prona sem o uso de avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de gated-SPECT do movimento ou espessamento da parede. Investigamos uma popula&#231;&#227;o de ambos os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos defeitos de perfus&#227;o da parede inferior sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer investiga&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade. Embora nossos dados nos pacientes do sexo feminino com defeito na parede anterior sejam encorajadores, a amostra do estudo &#233; muito pequena e outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer essa quest&#227;o. Aqui, apresentamos apenas os resultados preliminares de um estudo em curso.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o prona &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse na posi&#231;&#227;o supina diminui as taxas de falsos positivos e leva a resultados mais precisos. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta a especificidade sem comprometer a sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC. Ela apresenta o benef&#237;cio chave de reduzir o n&#250;mero de estudos em repouso desnecess&#225;rios, enquanto minimiza a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, tempo de investiga&#231;&#227;o e custo. Al&#233;m disso, esse procedimento poderia possivelmente ser um m&#233;todo &#250;til e pr&#225;tico de evitar encaminhamentos desnecess&#225;rios para angiografias coron&#225;rias, especialmente em pacientes de baixo risco. N&#227;o houve fontes de financiamento externas para este estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Panagiotis Stratakis para assist&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
