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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VwfBj8QrzQMg4pP6RgdGrkk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002300339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150129</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment Costs from the Perspective of the Supplementary Health System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teich</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piha</surname>
            <given-names>Tony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fahham</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Squiassi</surname>
            <given-names>Haline Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paloni</surname>
            <given-names>Everton de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">MedInsight</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">MedInsight, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">AstraZeneca Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">AstraZeneca Brasil, Cotia, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Orizon</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Orizon, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vanessa Teich</bold>, Rua Ministro Jesu&#237;no Cardoso, 454. Postal Code 04544-051, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail:   <email>vanessateich@medinsight.com</email>,   <email>vanessa.teich@wearesense.company</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Squiassi HB, Paloni EM, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P. Acquisition of data:Piha T, Paloni EM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Squiassi HB, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P. Statistical analysis: Fahham L. Obtaining financing: Teich V, Piha T, Miranda P. Writing of the manuscript:Squiassi HB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Paloni EM, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Drs. Tony Piha and Paulo Miranda are employees of AstraZeneca Brazil. Vanessa Teich, Lucas Fahham, Haline Bianca Squiassi are employees of Medinsight, company that received funding from AstraZeneca to perform the analysis and preparation of the article.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>344</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is defined as a &#8220;group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia&#8221;, representing the leading cause of death worldwide, with a high clinical and financial impact. In this sense, the development of economic studies assessing the costs related to the treatment of ACS should be considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate costs and length of hospital stay between groups of patients treated for ACS undergoing angioplasty with or without stent implantation (stent+ / stent-), coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and treated only clinically (Clinical) from the perspective of the Brazilian Supplementary Health System (SHS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective analysis of medical claims of beneficiaries of health plans was performed considering hospitalization costs and length of hospital stay for management of patients undergoing different types of treatment for ACS, between Jan/2010 and Jun/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The average costs per patient were R$ 18,261.77, R$ 30,611.07, R$ 37,454.94 and R$ 40,883.37 in the following groups: Clinical, stent-, stent+ and CABG, respectively. The average costs per day of hospitalization were R$ 1,987.03, R$ 4,024.72, R$ 6,033.40 and R$ 2,663.82, respectively. The average results for length of stay were 9.19 days, 7.61 days, 6.19 days and 15.20 days in these same groups. The differences were significant between all groups except Clinical and stent- and between stent + and CABG groups for cost analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hospitalization costs of SCA are high in the Brazilian SHS, being significantly higher when interventional procedures are required.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / economy</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care Costs</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Expenditures</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Interpretation, Statistical</kwd>
        <kwd>Prepaid Health Plans</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is defined by the American Heart Association as a &#8220;group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia&#8221;. Its clinical spectrum includes unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with or without ST-segment elevation.</p>
      <p>According to Polanczyk and Ribeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, prevalence data in Brazil estimate that 5% to 8% of adults older than 40 years old have ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The disease is the leading cause of mortality in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and developed countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. It is estimated that for every 5 to 7 cases of myocardial infarction there is one death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Thus, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, making it one of the diseases with the highest clinical and financial impact<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several types of interventions have been shown to be beneficial for the management of ACS, including the use of medications such as antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, heparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and the use of procedures such as catheterization and thrombolytic therapy such as coronary angioplasty and revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Currently in Brazil there are no studies comparing the costs of different types of treatment for ACS in SHS. Studies such as this are needed to make it possible to evaluate the economic impact a disease such as ACS has on society.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this article is to evaluate the costs and the length of hospital stay between groups of patients that were treated for ACS, submitted to angioplasty with or without stenting (stent + / stent-), revascularization (CABG) and treated only clinically (Clinical), from the perspective of the Brazilian Supplementary Health System (SHS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective analysis was carried out of medical claims from beneficiaries of health care provided by private institutions in all Brazilian regions (excluding the states of Tocantins, Roraima and Mato Grosso do Sul), through a database obtained from Orizon, a health care company responsible for the management of information processes from 110 health insurance companies, representing more than 18 million beneficiaries in Brazil. This database included data from patients undergoing hospital treatment for ACS and costs related to hospitalization by type of procedure (food, exams, medical gases, hygiene/cosmetics, fees, materials, drugs, procedures and taxes) and length of hospital stay. The period considered for the analysis was between January 2010 and June 2012.</p>
      <p>Orizon carried out the preliminary analysis of the data and MedInsight performed the statistical analysis. The treatments included in the analysis for the ACS episode management were: medical treatment, angioplasty with stenting, angioplasty without stenting (balloon angioplasty) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).</p>
      <p>Quantitative variables such as cost and length of stay were described by the mean, median and mode. An exploratory analysis through Q-Q Plots method was performed to define the normality of the extracted data, and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied to determine the adherence of the sample to a normal distribution. In cases of non-normal distributions, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied, used to determine equality between groups, and the Nemenyi-Damico-Wolfe-Dunn post-hoc Test, to test the difference between groups after the Kruskal-Wallis test. Analyses were performed using the R Statistical Software, version 3.1.1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A significance level of 5% was used.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 2,876 patients were identified in the period between 1/2010 and 6/2012, being divided into four groups: patients treated by angioplasty with stenting (<italic>stent</italic>+) patients treated by angioplasty without stenting (<italic>stent</italic>-) patients undergoing revascularization (CABG) and patients treated clinically (Clinical), all of them using antiplatelet agents. The mean age of patients in each group ranged between 55 and 65 years (55 years in the Clinical group, 59 years in the CABG group, 62 years in the stent+ group and 65 years in the stent- group), whereas the percentage of female patients ranged from 18% to 24% (22% in the Clinical group, 20% in the CABG group, 24% in the stent+ group and 18% in the stent- group; p = 0.51).</p>
      <p>Patient characteristics were similar between groups, with significant difference in the mean age between the Clinical group and patients from groups submitted to angioplasty with or without stent (Clinical <italic>vs</italic> stent-, p = 0.003; Clinical   <italic>vs</italic> stent<italic>+</italic>, p = 0.016).</p>
      <p>After the sample selection, total hospital costs for the same period (between 1/2010 and 6/2012) were extracted and divided by procedure, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total cost of hospital treatment by type of cost</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Type of cost</th>
              <th align="center">Clinical</th>
              <th align="center">stent-</th>
              <th align="center">stent+</th>
              <th align="center">CABG</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Food</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 8,735.28</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 62,470.20</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 205,822.95</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 39,885.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Examination</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 122,649.76</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 559,699.66</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,374,932.76</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 574,814.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medical Gases</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 72,369.09</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 198,039.56</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 848,664.42</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 217,487.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hygiene/Cosmetics</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 897,14</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,125.15</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 10,062.67</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,823.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fees</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 62,786.31</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 131,953.21</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,425,054.16</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 276,275.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Materials</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 196,965.06</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,139,035.25</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 55,820,543.70</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,629,796.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medications</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 357,560.41</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 961,490.33</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,855,775.35</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 971,924.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Procedures</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 16,969.35</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,101,482.66</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 13,435,554.79</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,219,036.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taxes</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 311,558.95</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,210,965.32</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 8,724,484.12</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,654,359.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 0,00</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 841,11</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 3.696,23</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 104,40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,150,491.35</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 6,367,102.45</td>
              <td align="center">R$89,704,591.15</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 8,585,507.36</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of total costs showed that the highest costs in the Clinical group were related to medications, followed by fees, materials and exams. In the stent- group, higher costs were associated with the use of materials, followed by fees, procedures and use of medications. In the stent+ group, the higher costs were related to the use of materials, followed by procedures, fees and medications. Finally, in the CABG group, the higher costs were associated with the use of materials, followed by procedures, fees and medications. The results of the analysis of the mean costs per procedure, segmented by group, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean cost per procedure by type of cost</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Type of cost</th>
              <th align="center">Clinical</th>
              <th align="center">stent-</th>
              <th align="center">stent+</th>
              <th align="center">CABG</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Food</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 138.66</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 300.34</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 85.69</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 188.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Examination</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,946.82</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,690.86</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,821.37</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,711.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medical Gases</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,148.72</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 952.11</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 353.32</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,025.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hygiene/Cosmetics</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 14.24</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 5.41</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4.19</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 8.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fees</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 996.61</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 634.39</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 593.28</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,303.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Materials</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 3,126.43</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 10,283.82</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 23,239.19</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 12,404.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medications</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 5,675.56</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,622.55</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,021.56</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,584.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Procedures</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 269.35</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 5,295.59</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 5,593.49</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 10,467.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taxes</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,945.38</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 5,821.95</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 3,632.17</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 7,803.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 0.00</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4.05</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1.53</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 18,261.77</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 30,611.07</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 37,345.79</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 40,497.68</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The median costs among the four groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis method, which showed a p-value &lt; 0.001, rejecting the hypothesis of equality between the costs. A post&#8209;hoc test was used to perform the pairwise comparison, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cost comparison between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Clinical</th>
              <th align="center">stent+</th>
              <th align="center">stent-</th>
              <th align="center">CABG</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">stent+</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">stent-</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>S: Significant; NS: Non-significant; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison analysis of the median costs of treatment, in the period between 1/2010 and 6/2012, indicated that the difference was not significant when comparing the Clinical group with stent- group and in the comparison between the   <italic>stent</italic>+ group and CABG group. All other comparisons showed statistically significant differences.</p>
      <p>The representativeness of the types of cost in the four analyzed groups is shown in   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage of average costs by type of cost and analyzed group; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0339-50129-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The chart analysis shows that the stent-, stent+ and CABG groups had higher cost with materials and procedures (representing &gt; 50% of the total cost of each group), while in the Clinical group this cost is only 18%. The Clinical group showed that most of the costs are related to medications and fees (58%), which was expected, as the cost is basically restricted to the use of medications and consultations.</p>
      <p>The results of the analysis of hospital stay of the four groups and the mean cost per day of hospitalization are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean length of stay and mean cost of hospitalization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Admission</th>
              <th align="center">Clinical</th>
              <th align="center">stent-</th>
              <th align="center">stent+</th>
              <th align="center">CABG</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (DP)</td>
              <td align="center">9.19 days (6,7)</td>
              <td align="center">7.61 days (8.1)</td>
              <td align="center">619 days<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>(12)</td>
              <td align="center">15.20 days<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>(7.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median</td>
              <td align="center">8 days</td>
              <td align="center">6 days</td>
              <td align="center">5 days</td>
              <td align="center">14 days</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mode</td>
              <td align="center">5 days</td>
              <td align="center">2 days</td>
              <td align="center">2 days</td>
              <td align="center">14 days</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean cost - Admission day</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 1,987.03</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 4,024.72</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 6,033.40</td>
              <td align="center">R$ 2,663.82</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Significant difference compared to the Clinical group; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients in the Clinical group showed a minimum hospital stay of two days and a maximum of 35 days. In the stent+ patients group, the hospital stay varied from one day to a maximum of 515 days. Patients in the stent- group had a maximum length of stay of 80 days, while in the CABG group patients showed a variation in hospital stay from four to 50 days.</p>
      <p>To test the normality of the data related to the length of stay, exploratory analysis was performed through a QQ Plot graphic, and non-adherence to a normal distribution was confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test (p &lt; 0.001). Therefore, it was decided to analyze the data by non-parametric methods. Thus, when comparing the mean length of hospital stay, the mean costs among the four groups were compared using the Kruskal&#8209;Wallis method, which showed a p-value &lt; 0.001, rejecting the hypothesis of equality between lengths of hospitalization. A post-hoc test was used to perform the pairwise comparison, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Length of stay comparison between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Clinical</th>
              <th align="center">stent+</th>
              <th align="center">stent-</th>
              <th align="center">CABG</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">stent+</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">stent-</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>S: significant; NS: non-significant; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the median hospitalization time, only the comparison of the Clinical group   <italic>versus</italic> the stent- group was not significant. All other comparisons showed significant results. These results can be confirmed graphically in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, where the confidence interval of the difference between mean lengths of hospitalization crosses the vertical axis of the graph only for the comparison between Clinical and stent- groups.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean length of stay difference and 95%CI; CABG: coronary artery bypass surgery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0339-50129-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>An analysis was performed of the data related to medical claims of Supplementary Health System patients with ACS, clinically treated without intervention, patients undergoing angioplasty with or without stenting and patients undergoing CABG. The patients that were only clinically treated were considered the control group in this analysis.</p>
      <p>An important finding of this analysis is related to the fact that the mean cost results did not show a statistically significant difference between the clinically treated group and the group submitted to angioplasty without stenting, as well as between the group treated by CABG and the group submitted to angioplasty with stenting. This finding suggests that patients treated with angioplasty without stenting and those submitted only to clinical treatment have similar treatment costs, which can be explained by the lower complexity of angioplasty, often performed on an outpatient basis and with shorter hospital length of stay.</p>
      <p>Patients undergoing CABG and those submitted to angioplasty with stent implantation showed similar costs between them and higher costs when compared to less complex procedures (angioplasty without stent and clinical treatment), representing significant expenditures for the treatment of patients with ACS.</p>
      <p>A retrospective study carried out in France, involving 154 patients with ACS and submitted to angioplasty with stent implantation in 2005, concluded that the costs involved in performing this procedure have a financial impact for hospitals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another study carried out in Brazil measured direct and indirect costs related to the treatment of ACS, from the perspectives of the Unified Health System (SUS) and Supplementary Health System. The study considered the historical series of hospitalizations in SUS between 1999 and 2010 and the expected number of hospitalizations for 2011 projected by a linear extrapolation of the historical series and concluded that the estimated direct cost associated with ACS in 2011, from the SUS perspective, is approximately 0.77% of the total SUS budget, and from the SHS perspective, this estimate would come to R$ 515.138.617<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies like this demonstrate the importance of following these patients, the pharmacological treatment and lifestyle changes that can contribute to preserving the health of patients and prevention of complications, in order to prevent patients from undergoing complex treatments that may excessively burden the health care system.</p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study is the lack of a reliable national registry of cases of cardiovascular diseases and hence, the scarcity of supplementary medical data and other health care providers, as this study used data from health insurance companies linked to the Orizon<sup>&#169;</sup> company.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the present study it was observed that the clinical treatment and angioplasty without stenting procedure, associated with the use of antiplatelet agents, are less onerous for the SHS compared to major procedures such as angioplasty with stenting and CABG, as, due to the high degree of complexity, these procedures had higher associated costs and therefore should be considered as relevant costs to the health system.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Astrazeneca do Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custos de Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda sob a Perspectiva do Sistema de Sa&#250;de Suplementar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teich</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piha</surname>
            <given-names>Tony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fahham</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Squiassi</surname>
            <given-names>Haline Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paloni</surname>
            <given-names>Everton de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">MedInsight</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">MedInsight, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">AstraZeneca Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">AstraZeneca Brasil, Cotia, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Orizon</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Orizon, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vanessa Teich</bold>, Rua Ministro Jesu&#237;no Cardoso, 454. CEP 04544-051, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail:   <email>vanessateich@medinsight.com</email>,   <email>vanessa.teich@wearesense.company</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Squiassi HB, Paloni EM, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Piha T, Paloni EM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Squiassi HB, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fahham L. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Teich V, Piha T, Miranda P. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Squiassi HB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Teich V, Piha T, Fahham L, Paloni EM, Ara&#250;jo DV, Miranda P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os Drs. Tony Piha e Paulo Miranda s&#227;o funcion&#225;rios da empresa AstraZeneca do Brasil. Vanessa Teich, Lucas Fahham, Haline Bianca Squiassi s&#227;o funcion&#225;rios da Medinsight, empresa que recebeu financiamento da Astrazeneca para realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises e elabora&#231;&#227;o do artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; definida como um &#8220;grupo de sintomas cl&#237;nicos compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda&#8221;, representando a principal causa de &#243;bito no mundo, com elevado impacto cl&#237;nico e financeiro. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de estudos econ&#244;micos que avaliem os custos despendidos no tratamento da SCA deve ser considerado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar custos e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar entre grupos de pacientes que trataram SCA, submetidos a procedimentos de angioplastia com ou sem implante de stent (stent+ / stent-), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (Revasc) e tratados apenas clinicamente (Cl&#237;nico), sob a perspectiva do sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar (SSS) brasileiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de contas m&#233;dicas de benefici&#225;rios de planos de sa&#250;de considerando dados de custos de interna&#231;&#227;o e tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar para o manejo de pacientes submetidos a diferentes tipos de tratamento para SCA, no per&#237;odo entre 1/2010 e 6/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os custos m&#233;dios por paciente foram de R$ 18.261,77, R$ 30.611,07, R$ 37.454,94 e R$ 40.883,37 nos grupos Cl&#237;nico, <italic>stent</italic>-, <italic>stent</italic>+ e Revasc, respectivamente. Os custos m&#233;dios por dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foram de R$ 1.987,03, R$ 4.024,72, R$ 6.033,40 e R$ 2.663,82, respectivamente. Os tempos m&#233;dios de interna&#231;&#227;o foram de 9,19 dias, 7,61 dias, 6,19 dias e 15,20 dias nesses mesmos grupos. As diferen&#231;as foram estatisticamente significativas entre todos os grupos, exceto Cl&#237;nico e <italic>stent</italic>- e entre os grupos   <italic>stent</italic> + e Revasc, para a an&#225;lise de custos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O custo hospitalar da SCA &#233; elevado no SSS brasileiro e significativamente mais alto quando h&#225; a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos intervencionistas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos de Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastos em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica de Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Planos de Pr&#233;-Pagamento em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; definida pela American Heart Association como &#8220;grupo de sintomas cl&#237;nicos compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda&#8221;. Seu espectro cl&#237;nico abrange: angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.</p>
        <p>Segundo Polanczyk e Ribeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, dados de preval&#234;ncia no Brasil estimam que 5% a 8% dos adultos acima de 40 anos apresentam SCA. A doen&#231;a &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Estima&#8209;se que de cada 5 a 7 casos de IAM ocorra um &#243;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Assim, a doen&#231;a coronariana representa a principal causa de &#243;bito no mundo, tornando-se uma das doen&#231;as de maior impacto cl&#237;nico e financeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para o manejo da SCA, v&#225;rios tipos de interven&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m se mostrado ben&#233;ficos, incluindo o uso de medicamentos como os antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, betabloqueadores, heparinas, inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos como cateterismo e trombol&#237;ticos como angioplastia coronariana e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente no Brasil n&#227;o existem estudos comparando gastos com diferentes tipos de tratamento para SCA no SSS. Estudos como este se fazem necess&#225;rios para que seja poss&#237;vel a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto econ&#244;mico que uma doen&#231;a como a SCA imp&#245;e na sociedade.  </p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo deste artigo &#233; avaliar os custos o e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar entre grupos de pacientes que trataram SCA, submetidos a procedimentos de angioplastia com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic> (<italic>stent</italic>+ /   <italic>stent</italic>-), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (Revasc) e tratados apenas clinicamente (Cl&#237;nico), sob a perspectiva do sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar (SSS) brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de contas m&#233;dicas de benefici&#225;rios de planos de sa&#250;de de institui&#231;&#245;es privadas de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil (excluindo-se os estados de Tocantins, Roraima e Mato Grosso do Sul), por meio de uma base de dados obtidas da Orizon, empresa do segmento de sa&#250;de respons&#225;vel pela gest&#227;o de processos de informa&#231;&#245;es de 110 operadoras de sa&#250;de, representando mais de 18 milh&#245;es de benefici&#225;rios em todo o Brasil. Essa base inclu&#237;a dados de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento hospitalar para SCA e os custos relacionados a interna&#231;&#227;o por tipo de procedimento (alimenta&#231;&#227;o, exames, gases medicinais, higiene/cosm&#233;ticos, honor&#225;rios, materiais, medicamentos, procedimentos e taxas) e tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. O per&#237;odo considerado para a an&#225;lise foi entre janeiro de 2010 e junho de 2012.</p>
        <p> A Orizon fez a an&#225;lise preliminar dos dados e a MedInsight, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os tratamentos inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise para o manejo de epis&#243;dios de SCA foram: tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia com o implante de <italic>stent</italic>, angioplastia sem o implante de <italic>stent</italic> (angioplastia por bal&#227;o) e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.  </p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis quantitativas, como custos e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, foram descritas pelas m&#233;dia, mediana e moda. Uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria por meio do m&#233;todo de <italic>Q-Q Plots</italic> foi realizada para definir a normalidade dos dados extra&#237;dos, bem como foi aplicado o <italic>Teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk</italic>, para definir a ader&#234;ncia da amostra a uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. No caso de distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o normais, foram aplicados os testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos de<italic>Kruskal-Wallis</italic>, utilizado para determinar a igualdade entre os grupos, e o <italic>Teste de post-hoc de Nemenyi</italic>&#8209;<italic>Damico-Wolfe-Dunn</italic>, para testar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos ap&#243;s o <italic>Kruskal-Wallis</italic>. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio do Software Estat&#237;stico R, vers&#227;o 3.1.1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia igual a 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram identificados 2.876 pacientes no per&#237;odo entre 1/2010 e 6/2012, sendo distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: pacientes tratados por meio da angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> (<italic>stent</italic>+), pacientes tratados por meio da angioplastia sem implante de <italic>stent</italic>(<italic>stent</italic>-), pacientes submetidos a procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (Revasc) e pacientes tratados clinicamente (Cl&#237;nico), todos em uso de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes em cada grupo variou entre 55 e 65 anos de idade (55 anos grupo Cl&#237;nico, 59 anos grupo Revasc, 62 anos grupo <italic>stent</italic>+ e 65 anos grupo   <italic>stent</italic>-), e a porcentagem de pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino variou entre 18% e 24% (22% grupo Cl&#237;nico, 20% grupo Revasc, 24% grupo   <italic>stent</italic>+ e 18% grupo <italic>stent</italic>-; p = 0,51).</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes foram similares entre os grupos com diferen&#231;a significativa da idade m&#233;dia entre o grupo Cl&#237;nico e os pacientes dos grupos submetidos a angioplastia com ou sem <italic>stent</italic> (Cl&#237;nico   <italic>vsstent</italic>-, p = 0,003; Cl&#237;nico <italic>vsstent</italic>+, p = 0,016).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, os custos totais hospitalares referentes ao mesmo per&#237;odo (entre 1/2010 e 6/2012) foram extra&#237;dos e segmentados por procedimento, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custo total de tratamento hospitalar por tipo de custo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo do custo</th>
                <th align="center">Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">stent-</th>
                <th align="center">stent+</th>
                <th align="center">Revasc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alimentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 8.735,28</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 62.470,20</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 205.822,95</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 39.885,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exames</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 122.649,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 559.699,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.374.932,76</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 574.814,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gases Medicinais</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 72.369,09</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 198.039,56</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 848.664,42</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 217.487,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Higiene/Cosm&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 897,14</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.125,15</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 10.062,67</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.823,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Honor&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 62.786,31</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 131.953,21</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.425.054,16</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 276.275,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Materiais</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 196.965,06</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.139.035,25</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 55.820.543,70</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.629.796,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 357.560,41</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 961.490,33</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.855.775,35</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 971.924,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Procedimentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 16.969,35</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.101.482,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 13.435.554,79</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.219.036,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxas</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 311.558,95</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.210.965,32</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 8.724.484,12</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.654.359,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 841,11</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.696,23</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 104,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.150.491,35</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 6.367.102,45</td>
                <td align="center">R$89.704.591,15</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 8.585.507,36</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise do custo total foi poss&#237;vel observar que os maiores custos no grupo Cl&#237;nico foram relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, seguidos por gastos com taxas, materiais e exames. No grupo <italic>stent</italic>-, os maiores custos est&#227;o relacionados com o uso de materiais, seguidos por gastos com taxas, realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos. No grupo <italic>stent</italic>+, os maiores custos est&#227;o relacionados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de materiais seguidos por realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos, gastos com taxas e uso de medicamentos. Por fim, no grupo Revasc, os maiores custos est&#227;o associados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de materiais, seguido por realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos, gastos com taxas e uso de medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise dos custos m&#233;dios por procedimento segmentados por grupo podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custo m&#233;dio por procedimento por tipo de custo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo do custo</th>
                <th align="center">Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">stent-</th>
                <th align="center">stent+</th>
                <th align="center">Revasc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alimentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 138,66</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 300,34</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 85,69</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 188,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exames</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.946,82</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.690,86</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.821,37</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.711,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gases medicinais</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.148,72</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 952,11</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 353,32</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.025,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Higiene/Cosm&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 14,24</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5,41</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4,19</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 8,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Honor&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 996,61</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 634,39</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 593,28</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.303,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Materiais</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.126,43</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 10.283,82</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 23.239,19</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 12.404,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.675,56</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.622,55</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.021,56</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.584,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Procedimentos</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 269,35</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.295,59</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.593,49</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 10.467,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxas</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.945,38</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 5.821,95</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 3.632,17</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 7.803,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">R$4,05</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1,53</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 18.261,77</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 30.611,07</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 37.345,79</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 40.497,68</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os custos medianos entre os quatro grupos foram comparados por meio do m&#233;todo de   <italic>Kruskal-Wallis</italic>, que apresentou p-valor inferior a 0,001, rejeitando a hip&#243;tese de igualdade entre os custos. Um teste   <italic>post-hoc</italic> foi utilizado para realizar a compara&#231;&#227;o par a par, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es dos custos entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">stent+</th>
                <th align="center">stent-</th>
                <th align="center">Revasc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">stent+</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">stent-</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasc</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>S: significativo; NS: n&#227;o significativo; Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de compara&#231;&#227;o dos custos medianos de tratamento, no per&#237;odo entre 1/2010 e 6/2012, indicou que a diferen&#231;a foi n&#227;o significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo Cl&#237;nico com o grupo <italic>stent</italic>- e na compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo   <italic>stent</italic>+ e o grupo Revasc. Todas as outras compara&#231;&#245;es apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        <p>A representatividade dos tipos de custo nos quatro grupos analisados encontra-se demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentual de custos m&#233;dios por tipo de custo e por grupo analisado; Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0339-50129-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico foi poss&#237;vel observar que os grupos <italic>stent</italic>-,   <italic>stent</italic>+ e Revasc apresentaram maior custo com materiais e procedimentos (representando &gt; 50% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao custo total de cada grupo), enquanto no grupo cl&#237;nico esse gasto representa apenas 18%. O grupo Cl&#237;nico mostrou que a maior parte dos seus gastos est&#225; relacionada com o uso de medicamentos e gastos com taxas (58%), o que era esperado, pois o custo &#233; basicamente restrito ao uso de medicamentos e consultas.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise do tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o dos quatro grupos e o custo m&#233;dio por dia de interna&#231;&#227;o podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia e custo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">stent-</th>
                <th align="center">stent+</th>
                <th align="center">Revasc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,19 dias (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7,61 dias (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6,19 dias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>(12)</td>
                <td align="center">15,20 dias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>(7,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana</td>
                <td align="center">8 dias</td>
                <td align="center">6 dias</td>
                <td align="center">5 dias</td>
                <td align="center">14 dias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moda</td>
                <td align="center">5 dias</td>
                <td align="center">2 dias</td>
                <td align="center">2 dias</td>
                <td align="center">14 dias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custo m&#233;dio &#8211; Dia de interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.987,03</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 4.024,72</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 6.033,40</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 2.663,82</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Cl&#237;nico; Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes do grupo Cl&#237;nico apresentaram uma quantidade m&#237;nima de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de dois dias e uma quantidade m&#225;xima de 35 dias. No grupo de pacientes   <italic>stent</italic>+, a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar variou de um dia at&#233; o m&#225;ximo de 515 dias. Os pacientes do grupo <italic>stent</italic>- apresentaram um tempo m&#225;ximo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de 80 dias, enquanto no grupo Revasc os pacientes apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de quatro a 50 dias.</p>
        <p>Para testar a normalidade dos dados referentes ao tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria por meio de um gr&#225;fico <italic>Q-Q Plot</italic>, a n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia a uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi confirmada por meio do teste de   <italic>Shapiro-Wilk</italic> (p &lt; 0,001). Dessa forma, optou-se pela an&#225;lise dos dados por m&#233;todos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Assim, na compara&#231;&#227;o do tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o, os custos m&#233;dios entre os quatro grupos foram comparados por meio do m&#233;todo de <italic>Kruskal&#8209;Wallis</italic>, que apresentou p-valor inferior a 0,001, rejeitando a hip&#243;tese de igualdade entre tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o. Um teste   <italic>post-hoc</italic> foi utilizado para realizar a compara&#231;&#227;o par a par, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">stent+</th>
                <th align="center">stent-</th>
                <th align="center">Revasc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">stent+</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">stent-</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasc</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td style="background-color:#c8c9cb" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>S: significativo; NS: n&#227;o significativo; Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o, apenas a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo Cl&#237;nico   <italic>versus</italic> o grupo <italic>stent</italic>- foi n&#227;o significativa. Todas as outras compara&#231;&#245;es apresentaram resultados significativos. Esses resultados podem ser confirmados graficamente na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>onde o intervalo de confian&#231;a da diferen&#231;a entre tempos m&#233;dios de interna&#231;&#227;o cruza o eixo vertical do gr&#225;fico apenas para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos Cl&#237;nico e   <italic>stent</italic>-.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e IC 95%; Revasc: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-04-0339-50129-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de dados de contas m&#233;dicas de pacientes do Sistema de Sa&#250;de Suplementar com SCA tratados clinicamente sem interven&#231;&#227;o, pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de angioplastia com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic> e pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes tratados apenas clinicamente foram considerados o grupo controle dessa an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Um importante achado dessa an&#225;lise se refere aos resultados de custo mediano n&#227;o terem mostrado diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo tratado clinicamente e o grupo submetido a angioplastia sem implante de   <italic>stent</italic>, assim como entre o grupo tratado mediante o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e o grupo submetido a angioplastia com implante de   <italic>stent</italic>. Esse achado sugere que pacientes tratados por meio de angioplastia sem implante de <italic>stent</italic> e aqueles submetidos apenas ao tratamento cl&#237;nico apresentam custos de tratamento similares, o que pode ser explicado pela menor complexidade da angioplastia, muitas vezes realizada ambulatorialmente e com tempos menores de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; os pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e aqueles que realizaram angioplastia com implante de   <italic>stent</italic> apresentaram custos equivalentes entre si e superiores quando comparados aos procedimentos de menor complexidade (angioplastia sem   <italic>stent</italic> e tratamento cl&#237;nico), representando custos de import&#226;ncia relevante para o tratamento de pacientes com SCA.</p>
        <p>Um estudo retrospectivo realizado na Fran&#231;a, englobando 154 pacientes que sofreram SCA e foram submetidos a angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> no ano de 2005, concluiu que os custos envolvidos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento traz um impacto financeiro para as institui&#231;&#245;es hospitalares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo, realizado no Brasil, mediu custos diretos e indiretos relacionados ao tratamento de SCA, sob as perspectivas do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e do Sistema de Sa&#250;de Suplementar. O estudo considerou a s&#233;rie hist&#243;rica do n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es no SUS entre os anos 1999 e 2010 e o n&#250;mero esperado de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es para 2011 projetado por uma extrapola&#231;&#227;o linear da s&#233;rie hist&#243;rica, e concluiu que a estimativa do custo direto associado &#224; SCA em 2011 sob a perspectiva do SUS &#233; de aproximadamente 0,77% do or&#231;amento total do SUS, e que sob a perspectiva do SSS essa estimativa chegaria a um gasto de R$ 515.138.617<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos como este demonstram a import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento desses pacientes, do tratamento medicamentoso e das altera&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida que podem contribuir com a preserva&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de do paciente e preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es, de forma a evitar que os pacientes sejam submetidos a tratamentos mais complexos que podem onerar excessivamente o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; o fato da inexist&#234;ncia de um registro nacional confi&#225;vel dos casos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e, consequentemente, a escassez de dados de medicina suplementar e demais financiadores, sendo utilizados neste estudo os dados de empresas de planos de sa&#250;de vinculadas a empresa Orizon<sup>&#169;</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>No presente estudo foi poss&#237;vel verificar que o tratamento cl&#237;nico e o procedimento de angioplastia sem <italic>stent</italic>, associados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, s&#227;o menos onerosos para o SSS em compara&#231;&#227;o a procedimentos maiores como a angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, pois, em raz&#227;o do alto grau de complexidade, esses procedimentos apresentaram maiores custos associados e, portanto, devem ser considerados como gastos relevantes para o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Astrazeneca do Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
