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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d8tT5345TzLL39CDtnHFCGk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200316</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150111</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anabolic Drugs and Myocardial Infarction &#8211; A Clinical Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penafiel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui Pontes Santos</bold>, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa. Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Lugar do Tapadinho, Guilhufe. Postal Code 4564-007, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal. E-mail:   <email>rui.pontes.santos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Santos RP, Pereira A, Guedes H. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RP, Pereira A, Guedes H. Writing of the manuscript: Santos RP, Louren&#231;o C. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos RP, Louren&#231;o C, Azevedo J, Pinto P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>316</fpage>
      <lpage>319</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anabolic Agents/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Human Growth Hormone</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Clembuterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Lifting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In most cases of myocardial infarction (MI) in young people, traditional cardiovascular risk factors continue to be of utmost importance; but at this age, other causes should also be considered, such as drug abuse.</p>
      <p>Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone and are often illegally used by athletes to increase their physical performance. There is a correlation between the use of these drugs and increased cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Human growth hormone (hGH) has also been used to increase physical performance, despite the risk of cardiovascular complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Clenbuterol is a potent &#946;2-agonist that also has anabolic effects. However, at present, little is known about its potential cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite reports of MI associated with the use of anabolic steroids, no previous studies have reported the simultaneous use of these three types of medications.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 25-year-old Caucasian male had no cardiovascular risk factors or history of other known relevant diseases. His practiced bodybuilding and regularly consumed anabolic steroids, hGH, and clenbuterol for the past 6 months. The last cycle, initiated 6 weeks before the episode described herein, comprised the following: oxandrolone, 40 mg/day (daily); clenbuterol, 0.08 mg/day (daily); mesterolone, 50 mg/day (daily); hGH, 10 IU/day (daily); nandrolone, 600 mg/day (twice a week); testosterone cypionate, 400 mg/day (twice a week); stanozolol, 100 mg/day (thrice a week); drostanolone, 200 mg/day (thrice a week); trenbolone at 200 mg/day (thrice a week); testosterone propionate, 100 mg/day (thrice a week); boldenone, 400 mg/day (twice a week); and methenolone, 200 mg/day (twice a week). The patient denied having smoked or used any other drugs.</p>
      <p>The patient complained of intense oppressive retrosternal pain , without irradiation or other accompanying symptoms; the pain lasted approximately 2 hours and was associated with muscle fatigue after training. Approximately 24 hours after the initial episode, the patient experienced recurrence of the pain, which worsened with inspiration (different from the initial pain); he was therefore referred to emergency care.</p>
      <p>Upon admission to the emergency department, he was asymptomatic and physical examination indicated hemodynamic stability and fever (38.4&#186;C) with no other significant findings. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 83 beats/minute, with signs of infarction on the inferior and posterior walls of the left ventricle (LV) in the subacute phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Laboratory tests showed increased levels of the following myocardial necrosis markers: CPK, 1987 IU/L (reference value [RF] &lt; 172 IU/L); troponin I, 48.97 ng/mL (RF &lt; 0.05 ng/mL) on admission, with subsequent tendency to decrease; BNP, 115 pg/mL (RF &lt; 100 pg/mL); and CRP, 33.3 mg/L (RF &lt; 7.5 mg/L), with a maximum peak of 204.4 mg/L on admission. The clotting factors were within normal limits. The patient was started on double platelet antiaggregant therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel and anticoagulation therapy with fondaparinux.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiogram on admission with signs of infarction on the inferior and posterior left ventricular walls in the subacute phase.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0316-50111-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>He was admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit with a diagnosis of MI with ST-segment elevation of posteroinferior location in the subacute phase, of Killip Kimball class I, associated with likely post-infarction pericarditis. Echocardiographic examination indicated hypokinesia of the middle and basal segments of the inferior, posterior, and lateral LV walls. Of note was the presence of mild concentric LV hypertrophy and the preservation of the overall biventricular systolic function.</p>
      <p>Approximately 48 hours after the onset of symptoms, the patient underwent coronary angiography, which indicated fusiform stenosis in the proximal third of the right coronary artery, suggestive of intraluminal thrombus, but it did not represent a significant stenosis condition (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). He showed no changes suggestive of atherosclerotic epicardial coronary disease. Owing to the small size of the thrombus, it was decided to continue the anticoagulation therapy until the end of hospitalization and prolong the double antiaggregant therapy with the use of maintenance doses.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiography examination indicated intraluminal thrombus in the proximal third of the right coronary artery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0316-50111-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During hospitalization, he presented a favorable outcome and remained electrically and hemodynamically stable, without pain recurrence and with analytical improvement. Being asymptomatic, he was discharged on the eighth day of hospitalization, with a prescription of aspirin (150 mg od), clopidogrel (75 mg od), bisoprolol (5 mg od), ramipril (2.5 mg od), and rosuvastatin (10 mg od).</p>
      <p>He initiated follow-up with a cardiology consultation. One year after hospital discharge, he remained abstinent from anabolic substances and was asymptomatic from the cardiovascular point of view. ECG and echocardiography examination performed at the last follow-up maintained the changes described previously. In addition, a stress test was conducted, which indicated no changes suggestive of MI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Although uncommon, some MI cases have been reported among young individuals without cardiovascular risk factors and who use anabolic steroids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Although this cause-effect relationship is not fully understood, some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the cardiovascular adverse effects of anabolic steroids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some studies attribute a thrombotic effect to anabolic steroids. These drugs appear to be associated with increased platelet aggregation, as a result of the increased production of thromboxane A2 and decreased production of prostacyclin. In addition, changes in the coagulation cascade may occur, including increased thrombin activity, which also contributes to a hypercoagulable state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. These adverse effects are exacerbated by dehydration and catecholaminergic stress, which often occur in association with physical activities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>hGH has also been associated with cardiovascular complications. hGH abuse contributes to increased heart rate and cardiac output, consequently leading to concentric ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction; in certain patients, it may even promote ischemia/necrosis and heart failure associated with impairment of the systolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Clenbuterol, when administered orally, appears to have anabolic effects, contributing to an increase in muscle mass<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Despite limited information about the potential cardiac complications, two cases of MI have been reported in which clenbuterol may have had a key role<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. It is speculated that its positive chronotropic and inotropic effects, in addition to the redistribution of coronary circulation, may promote myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we believe that this patient suffered from an MI due to anabolic steroid abuse and that it was a type 2 MI, in which intraluminal thrombus formation occurred due to a hypercoagulable state associated with the use of anabolic steroids. In this case, it is important to stress the possible synergistic effect of the concomitant use of hGH and clenbuterol. It has been shown that both drugs promote myocardial ischemia, which allows us to hypothesize that all three drugs may have contributed to the final clinical outcome of this patient.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the use of anabolic steroids seems to be a risk factor for the development of acute coronary syndrome. This reinforces the idea that it is necessary to exclude a previous history of consumption of illicit drugs in the presence of an MI, particularly in patients with low cardiovascular risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Kierzkowska</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasprzak</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial infarction in a 17-year-old body builder using clenbuterol</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1144</fpage>
          <lpage>1146</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drogas Anabolizantes e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio - A Prop&#243;sito de um Caso Cl&#237;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penafiel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui Pontes Santos</bold>, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa. Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Lugar do Tapadinho, Guilhufe. CEP 4564-007, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal. E-mail:   <email>rui.pontes.santos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos RP, Pereira A, Guedes H. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RP, Pereira A, Guedes H. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RP, Louren&#231;o C. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos RP, Louren&#231;o C, Azevedo J, Pinto P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nio do Crescimento Humano</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Moc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Clembuterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Levantamento de Peso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na maioria dos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) em indiv&#237;duos jovens, os fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais continuam a ter uma import&#226;ncia preponderante. No entanto, nessa idade se devem igualmente ter em considera&#231;&#227;o outras causas, como ocorre com o abuso de drogas.</p>
        <p>Os esteroides anabolizantes s&#227;o derivados sint&#233;ticos da testosterona, muitas vezes utilizados ilicitamente por atletas com o intuito de aumentar o seu desempenho esportivo. Existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses agentes e o aumento do risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O horm&#244;nio do crescimento humano (hGH - Human Growth Hormone) &#233; igualmente utilizado para aumentar o rendimento esportivo, apesar do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O clembuterol &#233; um potente &#946;2-agonista que tamb&#233;m possui efeitos anab&#243;licos. Atualmente ainda pouco se conhece sobre o seu potencial risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de terem sido descritos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) associado a uso de anabolizantes, n&#227;o encontramos na literatura relatos da utiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea desses tr&#234;s tipos de medicamentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Masculino, 25 anos, caucasiano, sem fatores de risco cardiovascular ou outros antecedentes patol&#243;gicos relevantes conhecidos. Dos seus h&#225;bitos se destacavam a pr&#225;tica de culturismo e o consumo regular, nos seis meses anteriores, de esteroides anabolizantes, hGH e clembuterol. O &#250;ltimo ciclo, iniciado seis semanas antes do epis&#243;dio aqui descrito era constitu&#237;do por: oxandrolona 40 mg/dia (todos os dias); clembuterol 0,08 mg/dia (todos os dias);, mesterolona 50 mg/dia (todos os dias); hGH 10 UI/dia (todos os dias); nandrolona 600 mg/dia (2x/semana); cipionato de testosterona 400 mg/dia (2x/semana); estanozolol 100 mg/dia (3x/semana); drostanolona 200 mg/dia (3x/semana); trembolona 200 mg/dia (3x/semana); propionato de testosterona 100 mg/dia (3x/semana); boldenona 400 mg/dia (2x/semana); e metenolona 200 mg/dia (2x/semana). Negou h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos ou consumo de outras drogas.</p>
        <p>Iniciou queixas de dor intensa de localiza&#231;&#227;o retrosternal e caracter&#237;sticas opressivas, sem irradia&#231;&#227;o ou outra sintomatologia acompanhante, que durou cerca de duas horas e que associou a fadiga muscular ap&#243;s um treinamento. Cerca de 24 horas ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio inicial, houve recorr&#234;ncia da dor que agravava com a inspira&#231;&#227;o (diferente da dor inicial), pelo que recorreu ao Servi&#231;o de Urg&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Quando da admiss&#227;o no Servi&#231;o de Urg&#234;ncia, encontrava-se assintom&#225;tico e o exame objetivo revelou estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e febre (38,4&#186;C), n&#227;o apresentando outras altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava ritmo sinusal, 83 b.p.m., com sinais de infarto das paredes inferior e posterior em fase subaguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Analiticamente apresentava eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose do mioc&#225;rdio: CPK de 1987 UI/L (valor de refer&#234;ncia (vr) &lt; 172 UI/L); troponina I de 48,97 ng/mL (vr &lt; 0,05 ng/mL) - valor &#224; admiss&#227;o e que posteriormente apresentou um padr&#227;o decrescente; BNP de 115 pg/mL (vr &lt; 100 pg/mL) e PCR de 33,3 mg/L (vr &lt; 7,5 mg/L), com pico m&#225;ximo no internamento de 204,4 mg/L. O estudo da coagula&#231;&#227;o era normal. Iniciou dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquetar com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com fondaparinux.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG na admiss&#227;o com sinais de infarto das paredes inferior e posterior em fase subaguda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0316-50111-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Foi admitido na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Card&#237;acos com o diagn&#243;stico de IM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de localiza&#231;&#227;o posteroinferior, em fase subaguda, em classe I de Killip Kimball, associado a prov&#225;vel pericardite p&#243;s-infarto. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica revelou hipocin&#233;sia dos segmentos m&#233;dios e basais das paredes inferior, posterior e lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Destacou-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de ligeira hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do VE, e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global biventricular era conservada.</p>
        <p>Cerca de 48 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas realizou angiografia coronariana que mostrou uma imagem filiforme no 1/3 proximal da art&#233;ria coronariana direita, sugestiva de trombo intraluminal, que n&#227;o condicionava estenose significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). N&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de doen&#231;a coronariana epic&#225;rdica ateroscler&#243;tica. Dado o trombo ser de pequenas dimens&#245;es, foi decidido manter a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o final da interna&#231;&#227;o, continuando com a dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o em doses de manuten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A coronariografia mostrou trombo intraluminal no 1/3 proximal da art&#233;ria coronariana direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0316-50111-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel, tendo-se mantido el&#233;trica e hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, sem recorr&#234;ncia da dor e com melhora anal&#237;tica. Teve alta ao oitavo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, assintom&#225;tico e medicado com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (150 mg <italic>od</italic>), clopidogrel (75 mg   <italic>od</italic>), bisoprolol (5 mg <italic>od</italic>), ramipril (2,5 mg   <italic>od</italic>) e rosuvastatina (10 mg <italic>od</italic>).</p>
        <p>Iniciou seguimento em consulta de Cardiologia, verificando-se que um ano ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar se mantinha abstinente relativamente a subst&#226;ncias anabolizantes e assintom&#225;tico do ponto de vista cardiovascular. O ECG e o ecocardiograma realizados na &#250;ltima consulta mantinham as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas previamente. Realizou tamb&#233;m uma prova de esfor&#231;o que n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da sua raridade, j&#225; foram descritos alguns casos de IM em indiv&#237;duos jovens, sem fatores de risco cardiovasculares e que utilizavam esteroides anabolizantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Ainda que n&#227;o seja totalmente compreendida a rela&#231;&#227;o causa efeito, foram propostas hip&#243;teses para explicar os seus efeitos adversos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos atribuem um potencial tromb&#243;tico aos esteroides anabolizantes. Esses parecem estar associados ao aumento da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquetar, consequ&#234;ncia da produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de tromboxano A2 e da diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaciclina. Juntamente com essas altera&#231;&#245;es parecem existir efeitos na cascata da coagula&#231;&#227;o, nomeadamente um aumento da atividade da trombina, que tamb&#233;m contribuem para um estado de hipercoagulabilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Esses efeitos adversos s&#227;o exacerbados pela desidrata&#231;&#227;o e pelo estresse catecolamin&#233;rgico, que frequentemente ocorrem em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica desportiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m a hGH foi associada a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. O abuso desse horm&#244;nio contribui para um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e consequentemente para hipertrofia ventricular conc&#234;ntrica e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, podendo mesmo em determinados doentes promover isquemia/necrose e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O clembuterol, quando administrado oralmente, parece ter um potencial anab&#243;lico, contribuindo para o aumento da massa muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Apesar de existir pouca informa&#231;&#227;o sobre as potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, j&#225; foram descritos dois casos de IM, em que o clembuterol poder&#225; ter tido um papel fundamental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Especula-se que os seus efeitos cronotr&#243;picos e inotr&#243;picos positivos, assim como a redistribui&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana poder&#227;o favorecer a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, os autores colocam a hip&#243;tese de esse paciente ter tido um IM no contexto do abuso de anabolizantes. Acreditamos, portanto, que se trate de um infarto do tipo 2, em que a forma&#231;&#227;o de um trombo intraluminal se deveu ao estado de hipercoagulabilidade associado a uso de esteroides anabolizantes. Nesse caso &#233; relevante tamb&#233;m real&#231;ar o poss&#237;vel efeito sin&#233;rgico de uso concomitante de hGH e clembuterol. Foi demonstrado que ambos os agentes promovem a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, pelo que admitimos que os tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos poder&#227;o ter sido determinantes para o desfecho final.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias anabolizantes parece ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Dessa forma, refor&#231;a-se a ideia de que &#233; fundamental excluir uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de consumo de medicamentos il&#237;citos na presen&#231;a de um IM, particularmente em doentes com baixo risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
