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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9N5vcgQwsWFGZqjVh6Tk4FD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150119</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3/2015 &#8211; 53-Year-Old Female with Cardiogenic Shock 12 Years after Surgical Correction of Endomyocardial Fibrosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ponczek</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Abi Kalansky</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Seligmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>309</fpage>
      <lpage>315</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 53-year-old female, submitted to surgical correction of endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) 12 years before, sought medical care with hypotension and bradycardia.</p>
    <p>She complained of palpitations since the age of 29 years. Her symptoms aggravated 5 years later, with the appearance of dyspnea on moderate exertion. After 5 more years, the dyspnea intensified, being triggered on mild exertion and in the dorsal decubitus position. The patient was then referred to a hospital.</p>
    <p>In 1994, the physical examination revealed irregular pulse, heart rate of 88 bpm, blood pressure of 104/80 mm Hg, and increased jugular venous pressure. The pulmonary exam was normal, and the heart auscultation showed arrhythmic heart sounds and mitral systolic murmur (+/4). The exam of the abdomen and limbs was within the normal range.</p>
    <p>In February 1994, the electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation, left bundle-branch block and left ventricular hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: Atrial fibrillation, left bundle-branch block and left ventricular hypertrophy.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>In 1996, on echocardiogram, the dimensions of the cardiac chambers were: left atrium, 57 mm; left ventricle, 51 mm (diastole) and 33 mm (systole). Obliteration of the apical region of both ventricles was observed, with suggestive signs of calcification. The morphological aspect was considered suggestive of EMF.</p>
    <p>In 1996, a ventriculography showed obliteration of the apical region of left and right ventricles, in addition to mild mitral regurgitation. On coronary cineangiography, the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery originated from the right coronary artery. No obstruction of the coronary arteries was identified. The ventriculography findings were suggestive of EMF.</p>
    <p>Surgical treatment was indicated.</p>
    <p>In September 1996 the surgery was performed with incision in the apical region of the left ventricle and resection of a fibrous and calcified mass. Then, through the interatrial septum, annuloplasty with bovine pericardium was performed in the posterior portion of the mitral ring and in the anterior portion of the tricuspid ring.</p>
    <p>The control ventriculography one month after surgery showed mild left ventricular hypokinesia and competent valves.</p>
    <p>According to the patient, the dyspnea improved, but the palpitations remained.</p>
    <p>She reported a transient episode of speech difficulty and right hemiparesis in 2002. The dyspnea reappeared, initially on moderate exertion and then on mild exertion.</p>
    <p>A new echocardiographic assessment detected marked tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
    <p>The medication was adjusted, with the prescription of the following drugs: warfarin, 5 mg; losartan, 50 mg; furosemide, 80 mg; digoxin, 0.25 mg; and diltiazem, 180 mg.</p>
    <p>The symptoms improved, although episodes of aggravation occurred.</p>
    <p>In 2005, a new hemodynamic study revealed hypertension of the right chambers. Left ventricular hypokinesia of moderate intensity in the inferior and apical walls, and of mild intensity in the anterior wall, was identified.</p>
    <p>The pharmacological treatment was maintained, with adjustments according to symptoms. The patient was brought to the hospital after 24 hours of vertigo, malaise and dyspnea.</p>
    <p>The physical examination on November 13, 2008, revealed pulse of 30 bpm, inaudible blood pressure, crepitant rales in pulmonary bases, bradycardia, liver palpable 7 cm from the costal margin, ascitis, and mild lower limb edema.</p>
    <p>The ECG revealed atrial fibrillation, high atrioventricular block and ventricular rate of 30 bpm.</p>
    <p>Chest X-ray showed enlarged cardiac area (+++/4+) and no signs of pulmonary congestion.</p>
    <p>The laboratory findings on that occasion were as follows: potassium, 4.4 mEq/L; sodium, 134 mEq/L; urea, 100 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.45 mg/L (glomerular filtration rate, 40 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>); INR, 2.6; BNP, 250 pg/mL; hemoglobin, 12.6 g/dL; hematocrit, 40%; leukocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>, 7900 (78% neutrophils, 10% lymphocytes, and 12% monocytes); platelets/mm<sup>3</sup>, 183000; arterial lactate, 11 mg/dL; and blood digoxin level, 1.13 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>Atropine and dopamine were administered and blood volume, replaced, but with no heart rate increase. Dobutamine was then administered, but unsuccessfully. A temporary transvenous external pacemaker was implanted, after which, blood pressure increased to 106/60 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Permanent pacemaker was implanted on November, 19, 2008. The underlying disease posed technical difficulty, and a reserve electrode was implanted in the coronary sinus for an occasional capture loss of the right ventricular electrode.</p>
    <p>The laboratory findings on that occasion were as follows: hemoglobin, 9 g/dL; leukocytes, 4700/mm<sup>3</sup>; platelets, 114000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 47 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.76 mg/dL; potassium, 4.6 mEq/L; sodium, 133 mEq/L; blood glucose, 122 mg/dL; hemoglobin, 11.8 g/dl; hematocrit, 36%; and lactate; 7 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Oliguria and renal failure followed.</p>
    <p>On December 4, 2008, the laboratory findings were as follows: creatinine, 2.4 mg/dL; urea, 105 mg/dL; potassium, 5.3 mEq/L; sodium, 130 mEq/L; hemoglobin, 8.8 g/dL; hematocrit, 30%; leukocytes, 6200/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 86%, lymphocytes 4%, and monocytes 10%); platelets, 99000/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>The patient had ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest, which did not respond to the resuscitation maneuvers, dying on December 5, 2008.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>At the age of 29 years, the patient developed palpitations, which, after 5 years, associated with dyspnea on exertion, which progressed slowly until the age of 39 years. In young patients, the major causes of heart failure (HF) are idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, Chagas disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, and, more rarely, ischemic heart disease. In addition, rarer causes of HF in patients of tropical and subtropical regions, such as EMF, are worthy of note.</p>
      <p>When the patient first sought the hospital, she was diagnosed with EMF, which is an uncommon restrictive cardiomyopathy, accounting for 1.6% of the deaths due to cardiac disease in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It is more common in the eastern and central regions of Africa. Several cases have been reported in South America and India, and sporadic ones have been reported worldwide. In some places, EMF has an endemic distribution.</p>
      <p>Its etiology has not been completely clarified. Its pathogenesis is believed to involve several factors, such as environmental exposure, nutritional and immune abnormalities, in addition to genetic factors. One of the most accepted hypotheses is that of a more advanced spectrum of Loeffler's disease, caused by eosinophilic infiltration of the heart layers, with chronic inflammation and posterior fibrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. That pathogenic process favors thrombosis, usually in the ventricular apex.</p>
      <p>The disease is characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the endocardium and, to a lesser extent, in the myocardium, usually affecting the apical region of the right or left ventricle, or both. A previous study has shown biventricular impairment in 50% of the cases, of the left ventricle in 30%, and of the right ventricle in 27%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In addition, EMF usually affects the ventricular inlet, the papillary muscles and the valvular apparatus, mainly the mitral valve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In most patients, similarly to ours, the symptoms begin during adolescence, in the second or third decades of life. The initial symptoms relate to diastolic dysfunction, the systolic dysfunction being uncommon, except for the advanced stages of EMF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Ascitis can occur in 50% of the patients, usually associated with important right ventricular fibrosis, worsening the prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Our patient had ascitis only in final stage of disease. Supraventricular arrhythmias can be observed in 60% of the patients, atrial fibrillation, as seen in our patient, being the most common<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of EMF is established based on echocardiographic findings, which do not correlate with the severity of symptoms. The most common echocardiographic findings are changes in relaxation and compliance of the affected chamber, but usually without enlargement of the ventricular volumes. The atria are often enlarged and dysfunctional. Regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves is common. Pericardial effusion is usually present, and can be important.</p>
      <p>Our patient's echocardiogram was compatible with the diagnosis of EMF, with marked enlargement of the left atrium (57 mm) and preservation of the ventricular diameters. Biventricular impairment with suggestive signs of calcification was observed.</p>
      <p>In addition, our patient underwent ventriculography, which confirmed the biventricular involvement with mild mitral regurgitation. The hemodynamic study of patients with EMF usually reveals elevation of the end-diastolic pressure of the ventricle affected, restrictive pattern in the ventricular pressure recordings and obliteration of the ventricular apex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prognosis of EMF depends mainly on its clinical presentation. The following factors are considered to worsen the prognosis: right ventricular impairment, ascitis, atrial fibrillation, mitral insufficiency, and increased atrial, end-diastolic ventricular and pulmonary pressures (&gt; 40 mm Hg). The major factor determining the prognosis, however, is functional class (FC). A study has assessed survival according to the FC. Of the patients with FC I and II, 85% survive two years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, while less than 30% of those with FC IV survive two years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the treatment of EMF is based on symptoms. The recommendation for patients with few symptoms (FC I and II) is clinical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, while that for more symptomatic ones [congestive HF (CHF) FC III and IV] is surgical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In the presence of worse prognostic factors, some experts recommend surgery already for FC II.</p>
      <p>Clinical treatment is extrapolated from the clinical treatment for diastolic HF, being based on the following: diuretics to control blood volume; beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers to control heart rate in patients with AF or atrial tachycardia; and vitamin K antagonists for patients with intracardiac thrombi.</p>
      <p>Our patient had indication for those drugs, including anticoagulation, because she already had had a thromboembolic event in 2002.</p>
      <p>The surgical treatment consists in resecting the area of endocardial fibrosis and in correcting mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, when present, with valvular replacement or repair.</p>
      <p>The initial surgical technique consists in replacing the impaired valves with prostheses. Later studies have shown that valvoplasty with native valve preservation related to lower morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>The mortality related to classical surgery is extremely high, ranging from 20% to 30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; thus, whenever possible, the native valve should be preserved.</p>
      <p>Surgery determines an important improvement in symptoms and survival in symptomatic patients, and should always be performed in such patients.</p>
      <p>In 1999, Moraes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> published a study, assessing 83 patients submitted to surgery for EMF, 45% of whom had CHF, FC I and II, and found a 55% survival in 17 years.</p>
      <p>Recurrence of valvular regurgitation after surgery is not rare, and many patients might require a new surgery to fix the problem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Moraes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, assessing 107 patients undergoing surgery, have found a 4.5% incidence of fibrosis recurrence. The surgical mortality related to reoperation in such cases was extremely high, reaching 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering the high mortality associated with reoperation, the best treatment for that group remains uncertain. The heart transplantation team of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of FMUSP has reported the good outcome and survival of one patient with EMF previously submitted to surgery, but with recurrence of disease and important symptoms of HF. The possibility that, for that group of patients, cardiac transplantation can be more beneficial than reoperation has been raised<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 1996, our patient underwent surgery for the resection of the endomyocardial fibrosis, as well as mitral and tricuspid valvoplasty, because of important HF symptoms (FC III). Initially, her symptoms improved, which was confirmed on the ventriculography performed one month after surgery, showing competent valves and mild ventricular hypokinesia.</p>
      <p>A few years after surgery, the HF symptoms recurred and a new echocardiogram showed important tricuspid regurgitation. A new hemodynamic study was performed in 2005, showing hypertension of the right chambers and moderate left ventricular hypokinesia, raising the suspicion of disease relapse. On the occasion, clinical treatment was chosen, but performing some tests, such as cardiac magnetic resonance, could have helped to establish the diagnosis of disease relapse.</p>
      <p>The presence of hypertension of the right chambers could be related to HF itself, pulmonary thromboembolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other causes, requiring further investigation.</p>
      <p>The patient's symptoms worsened and, on November 13, 2008, she sought the hospital with cardiogenic shock and important bradycardia, requiring transvenous pacemaker implantation. That bradycardia could have been caused by the use of medications to control heart rate, diltiazem and digoxin, because the fibrotic impairment of the cardiac conduction system is not common in EMF.</p>
      <p>Despite all hemodynamic support and initial improvement, the patient's renal function worsened, raising the suspicion that her most likely cause of death was cardiogenic shock secondary to EMF relapse with valvular impairment.</p>
      <p>The retrospective analysis of this case raised doubt whether a new surgery or heart transplantation in 2005, when the patient's CHF symptoms recurred, would have changed the disease course.</p>
      <p>Further studies are required to help deciding on the best treatment for EMF relapse.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Michel Abi Kalansky Ponczek, MD, and Fernanda Seligmann Feitosa, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> Endomyocardial fibrosis</p>
      <p>(Michel Abi Kalansky Ponczek, MD, and Fernanda Seligmann Feitosa, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 652 g (normal: 200-300 g) and had multiple adherences between the visceral and parietal pericardium. Its volume was enlarged, especially because of the atria, whose volume was proportionally greater than that of the ventricles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>). Opening of the heart revealed marked atrial dilatation and bilateral moderate endocardial thickening. The rings of the mitral and tricuspid valves showed surgical sutures of older valvoplasties, close to the insertion of the posterior cusps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>). The right atrial roof also showed an old surgical suture. Endocardial thickening with areas of calcification was more intense in the ventricular inlet and apices, but partial in the left ventricular outflow tract, sparing the right ventricular outflow tract (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). The myocardial trabeculae were bound together due to endocardial thickening, which also involved the papillary muscles of the mitral and tricuspid valves, with marked reduction of the ventricular cavities and amputation of the ventricular tips (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). The chordae tendineae and cusps of the atrioventricular valves were not affected by endocardial thickening; however, there was moderate retraction of the free margins of the cusps and bilateral dilatation of the valvular ring. The right ventricular endocardium showed implanted electrodes of permanent biventricular cardiac pacemaker: one in the middle third of the interventricular septum and another in the anterolateral wall. There was thrombus on neither the pacemaker leads nor their implantation sites. On gross examination, no thrombi were found in the cardiac cavities, and the ventriculoarterial valves showed no abnormalities. The epicardial coronary arteries had no important obstructive changes. The microscopic examination revealed intense endocardial fibrosis and calcification, neovascularization areas and sparse lymphomononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, with expansion of irregular fibrous bands to the subjacent myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). Eosinophils were present in neither the endocardial inflammatory infiltrate nor other organs. The kidneys showed multiple and extensive healed cortical infarctions. In addition, morphological changes due to CHF, such as diffuse edema of the subcutaneous tissue, ascitis (1500 mL of yellow hyaline fluid) and chronic passive congestion in the lungs, liver and spleen, were observed. The cause of death was low cardiac output secondary to CHF, histologically represented by acute tubular necrosis and centrilobular necrosis of the liver.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A - Heart, diaphragmatic surface: atrial volumes are proportionally greater than the ventricular ones. The right coronary artery is found in the atrioventricular sulcus (**), and the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery, in the posterior ventricular sulcus (*). B - Left and right atria: bilateral endocardial thickening and surgical sutures of the old valvoplasty (arrows) in the posterior cusps (arrows) of the mitral (M) and tricuspid (T) valves.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A and B - Right ventricular inlet and outflow tract: endocardial fibrosis affecting the ventricular inlet (arrows), with amputation of the ventricular apex (yellow dotted line), but sparing the outflow tract. C and D - Left ventricular inlet and outflow tract: endocardial fibrosis affecting the ventricular inlet and the papillary muscles of the mitral valve (arrows), amputation of the left ventricular apex (yellow dotted line) and extension to the ventricular outflow tract, but sparing the aortic valve (Ao).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Endomyocardial photomicrograph: A - Organizing thrombus (tr) on the endocardium with intense fibrosis (f) (Hematoxylin-Eosin, 25x). B - Neovascularization and lymphoplasmacytic and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate (between arrows) amid endomyocardial fibrosis, with calcified area (ca); m- myocardium (Hematoxylin Eosin, 25x). C - Irregular fibrosis bands (blue) surrounding cardiomyocytes (red) in the subendocardial region (Masson trichrome, 50x).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>(L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1) Biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis, operated on; 2) Congestive heart failure; 3) Low cardiac output.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi, MD)</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The cardiac lesions revealed on the postmortem examination describe the morphology of biventricular EMF. The major characteristic of EMF is the focal or diffuse thick endocardial fibrosis, which affects mainly the inlet and apical region of one or both ventricles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The myocardial trabeculae can be bound together due to endocardial thickening, which can involve the papillary muscle, chordae tendineae and the cusps of the atrioventricular valves, causing valvular insufficiency. Although our patient had already undergone mitral and tricuspid valvoplasty, such valves still had morphological changes of insufficiency, such as valvular ring dilatation and retraction of the free margin of the cusps. Microscopically, EMF is represented by dense and collagen endocardial fibrosis, with fragmented and irregularly arranged elastic fibers, which affect the subjacent myocardium, whose close regions have vascular neoformation and a variable amount of lymphoplasmacytic and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, with or without eosinophils<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Although not always present, eosinophils in endocardial lesions and peripheral eosinophilia, observed in different studies of individuals with EMF, have been reported as one of the probable causes of that disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, whose etiopathogenesis remains to be clarified<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Several authors have proposed that the eosinophilic form, also known as Loeffler's endocarditis, and EMF without eosinophils represent different stages of the same disease, because the morphological endocardial changes in the chronic stage cannot be differentiated in the patients with and without eosinophilia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. This can be seen in our patient, who had eosinophils in neither the endocardial inflammatory infiltrate nor other organs. As EMF progresses, the formation and organization of endocardial thrombosis contribute to the obliteration and reduction of the ventricular cavity, and advanced cases frequently show calcification amid the fibrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Usually, atrial dilatation results from the ventricular restriction caused by the endomyocardial fibrosis and the mitral and tricuspid valvular insufficiency, as well as from the pulmonary vascular changes secondary to passive pulmonary congestion, as reported in our patient. The healed renal infarctions were very likely caused by embolism from the previous thrombosis in the left ventricle. It is worth noting the post-surgery 12-year survival of our patient, considering the extension of the EMF lesions found on the postmortem examination. The survival likelihood of patients with EMF submitted to surgery is approximately 70% ten years after surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Such lesions very likely represent disease relapse, but the possibility that not all the tissue affected by EMF had been removed in the previous surgery should be kept in mind.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Guimar&#227;es A. Natural history and current status in Brazil. In: Vatalian MS, Sommers K, Kartha CC. (eds.). Endomyocardial fibrosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993. p. 37-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Natural history and current status in Brazil</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Vatalian</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sommers</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kartha</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Endomyocardial fibrosis</source>
          <publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2015 - Mulher de 53 Anos com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico 12 Anos ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Corre&#231;&#227;o de Endomiocardiofibrose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ponczek</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Abi Kalansky</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Seligmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente feminina de 53 anos de idade, submetida a tratamento cir&#250;rgico de endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) h&#225; 12 anos, foi trazida ao hospital com hipotens&#227;o e bradicardia.</p>
      <p>Queixava-se de palpita&#231;&#245;es desde os 29 anos de idade. Os sintomas se intensificaram depois de 5 anos, quando se somou dispneia desencadeada por esfor&#231;os moderados. Mais 5 anos se passaram e a dispneia passou a ser desencadeada por m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e com o dec&#250;bito. Foi ent&#227;o encaminhada ao hospital.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico em 1994 revelou paciente com pulso irregular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 88 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 104/80 mmHg e aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular. A semiologia pulmonar foi normal. A semiologia card&#237;aca revelou bulhas arr&#237;tmicas e sopro sist&#243;lico mitral (+/4). O exame do abdome e dos membros foi normal.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) (fevereiro 94) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: Ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma (1996) eram: &#225;trio esquerdo, 57 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 51 mm (di&#225;stole) e 33 mm (s&#237;stole). Foi identificada oblitera&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o apical de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, com sinais sugestivos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o. O aspecto morfol&#243;gico identificado foi considerado sugestivo de EMF.</p>
      <p>As ventriculografias (1996) mostraram oblitera&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo direito, al&#233;m de insufici&#234;ncia mitral de pequena magnitude. Na cineangiocoronariografia, o ramo circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda originava-se da coron&#225;ria direita. N&#227;o foram identificadas obstru&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O aspecto da ventriculografia foi considerado sugestivo de EMF.</p>
      <p>Foi indicado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada (setembro 1996) com incis&#227;o na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e ressec&#231;&#227;o de massa fibrosa e calcificada. Em seguida, atrav&#233;s do septo interatrial, foi feita anuloplastia com peric&#225;rdio bovino na por&#231;&#227;o posterior do anel mitral e na por&#231;&#227;o anterior do anel tricusp&#237;deo.</p>
      <p>A ventriculografia de controle um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o revelou discreta hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e valvas competentes.</p>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu com melhora da dispneia, mas permaneceram as palpita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Em 2002, queixou-se de um epis&#243;dio transit&#243;rio de dificuldade de fala e hemiparesia direita.</p>
      <p>Voltou a apresentar dispneia desencadeada por esfor&#231;os, inicialmente moderados, e depois aos menores esfor&#231;os.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica detectou insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada.</p>
      <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o foi ajustada, com prescri&#231;&#227;o de varfarina 5 mg, losartana 50 mg, furosemida 80 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg e diltiazem 180 mg.</p>
      <p>Houve melhora dos sintomas. Apesar disso, ocorriam epis&#243;dios de piora.</p>
      <p>Foi indicado novo estudo hemodin&#226;mico, que revelou (2005) hipertens&#227;o de c&#226;maras direitas. Havia hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de intensidade moderada nas paredes inferior e apical e leve na parede anterior.</p>
      <p>A paciente permaneceu em tratamento medicamentoso, com ajustes feitos de acordo com os sintomas. Foi trazida ao hospital ap&#243;s 24 horas de tonturas, mal-estar e dispneia.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (13 novembro 2008) revelou pulso de 30 bpm, press&#227;o arterial inaud&#237;vel, estertores crepitantes em bases pulmonares, ritmo card&#237;aco bradic&#225;rdico. O f&#237;gado foi palpado a 7 cm do rebordo costal, havia ascite e edema discreto de membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O ECG mostrava fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com alto bloqueio atrioventricular e frequ&#234;ncia ventricular de 30 bpm.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca (+++/4+) sem sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (13 novembro 2008) revelaram: pot&#225;ssio, 4,4 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 134 mEq/L; ureia, 100 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,45 mg/L (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 40 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); INR, 2,6; BNP, 250 pg/mL; hemoglobina, 12,6 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 40%; leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, 7900 (78% neutr&#243;filos, 10% linf&#243;citos e 12% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>, 183000; lactato arterial, 11 mg/dL; e digoxinemia, 1,13 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>Foram administradas atropina e dopamina e feita reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica sem que houvesse eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e depois, dobutamina, sem sucesso. Foi implantado marca-passo card&#237;aco externo transvenoso provis&#243;rio. Depois dessa interven&#231;&#227;o, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial para 106/60 mmHg.</p>
      <p>O marca-passo definitivo foi implantado em 19 de novembro de 2008. Houve dificuldade t&#233;cnica devido &#224; doen&#231;a de base, sendo tamb&#233;m colocado eletrodo em seio coron&#225;rio como reserva, para ocasional perda de comando do eletrodo ventricular direito.</p>
      <p>Os exame laboratoriais (19 novembro 2008) mostraram: hemoglobina, 9 g/dL; leuc&#243;citos, 4700/mm<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 114000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 47 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,76 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 4,6 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 133 mEqLl; glicemia, 122 mg/dL; hemoglobina, 11,8 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 36%; e lactato; 7 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Seguiram-se olig&#250;ria e insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
      <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (4 dezembro 2008) revelou: creatinina, 2,4 mg/dL; ureia, 105 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 5,3 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 130 mEq/L; hemoglobina, 8,8 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 30%; leuc&#243;citos, 6200/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 86%, linf&#243;citos 4% e mon&#243;citos 10%); plaquetas, 99000/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>A paciente apresentou parada card&#237;aca em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o responsiva &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu (5 dezembro 2008).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>A paciente em discuss&#227;o desenvolveu, aos 29 anos de idade, queixa de palpita&#231;&#245;es, que, ap&#243;s 5 anos, associou-se a dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, com progress&#227;o lenta at&#233; os 39 anos. Em pacientes jovens, as principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) s&#227;o a miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, as miocardites, a doen&#231;a de Chagas, miocardiopatia associada ao etilismo e mais raramente a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Devemos tamb&#233;m lembrar das causas mais raras de IC, principalmente em pacientes de regi&#245;es tropicais e subtropicais, como a EMF.</p>
        <p>Logo na primeira vez que a paciente procurou o hospital j&#225; foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de EMF, que &#233; uma endomiocardiopatia restritiva incomum, sendo respons&#225;vel no Brasil por 1,6% dos &#243;bitos por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. &#201; mais comum nas regi&#245;es leste e central da &#193;frica. H&#225; v&#225;rios relatos de casos tamb&#233;m na Am&#233;rica do Sul e &#205;ndia, e de casos espor&#225;dicos ao redor do mundo. Em algumas localidades, tem distribui&#231;&#227;o end&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Sua etiologia n&#227;o &#233; completamente compreendida. Acredita-se que uma s&#233;rie de fatores esteja envolvida em sua patog&#234;nese, incluindo exposi&#231;&#227;o ambiental, nutri&#231;&#227;o e anormalidades imunol&#243;gicas al&#233;m de fatores gen&#233;ticos. Uma das hip&#243;teses mais aceitas &#233; que seja um espectro mais avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a de Loeffler, causada por infiltra&#231;&#227;o eosinof&#237;lica das diversas camadas do cora&#231;&#227;o, com inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e posterior fibrose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Esse processo patog&#234;nico favorece tamb&#233;m a trombose, geralmente no &#225;pice ventricular.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso no endoc&#225;rdico e, em menor propor&#231;&#227;o, no mioc&#225;rdio, acometendo geralmente a regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo direito ou esquerdo, ou ambos. Estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou acometimento biventricular em cerca de 50% dos casos, predominantemente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 30% e do ventr&#237;culo direito em 27%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Em geral, acomete tamb&#233;m a via de entrada ventricular, os m&#250;sculos papilares e o aparato valvar, principalmente a valva mitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes, assim como no caso relatado, inicia sintomatologia durante a adolesc&#234;ncia, na segunda ou terceira d&#233;cadas de vida. Os sintomas iniciais s&#227;o relacionados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo incomum a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, a n&#227;o ser em fases avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Pode haver ascite, observada em cerca de 50% dos pacientes, geralmente associada a fibrose importante de ventr&#237;culo direito, o que confere um pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A paciente em quest&#227;o s&#243; apresentou ascite na fase final da doen&#231;a. &#201; frequente tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de arritmias supraventriculares, presentes em cerca de 60% dos pacientes, sendo mais comum a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, como na doente relatada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de EMF &#233; feito com base nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, que n&#227;o se correlacionam com a gravidade dos sintomas. As altera&#231;&#245;es mais comuns ao ecocardiograma s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es do relaxamento e da complac&#234;ncia da c&#226;mara acometida, por&#233;m geralmente sem aumento dos volumes ventriculares. Os &#225;trios em geral s&#227;o aumentados e disfuncionais. &#201; comum a insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares. O derrame peric&#225;rdico geralmente est&#225; presente, sendo algumas vezes de grau importante.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma da paciente foi compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de EMF, com aumento acentuado do &#225;trio esquerdo (57 mm) e preserva&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares. Havia comprometimento biventricular, com sinais sugestivos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No caso relatado, realizou-se tamb&#233;m ventriculografia, que confirmou o acometimento biventricular com insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta. Em geral, o estudo hemodin&#226;mico de pacientes com EMF revela eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo acometido, padr&#227;o restritivo nos tra&#231;ados de press&#227;o ventricular e oblitera&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a depende principalmente de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. S&#227;o considerados fatores de pior progn&#243;stico: comprometimento de ventr&#237;culo direito, presen&#231;a de ascite, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia mitral, al&#233;m de aumento das press&#245;es atriais, da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final ventricular e da press&#227;o pulmonar (&gt; 40 mmHg). O principal fator determinante do progn&#243;stico, entretanto, &#233; a classe funcional (CF). Um estudo avaliou a sobrevida dos pacientes de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional. Aqueles em CF I e II apresentaram sobrevida de 85% em dois anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, enquanto aqueles em CF IV apresentaram sobrevida de menos de 30% em dois anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, o tratamento da EMF baseia-se nos sintomas, sendo preconizado que os pacientes pouco sintom&#225;ticos (CF I e II) recebam tratamento cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e os mais sintom&#225;ticos [IC congestiva (ICC) CF III e IV] recebam tratamento cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Alguns especialistas advogam que, na presen&#231;a de fatores de pior progn&#243;stico, a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica deva ser antecipada para a CF II.</p>
        <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; extrapolado a partir do tratamento cl&#237;nico da IC diast&#243;lica e baseia-se no uso de: diur&#233;ticos para controle da volemia; betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio para controle de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com FA ou taquicardia atrial; e antagonistas da vitamina K para pacientes com trombos intracard&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o apresentava indica&#231;&#227;o para uso de tais medica&#231;&#245;es, inclusive de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que apresentou um evento tromboemb&#243;lico em 2002.</p>
        <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico consiste na ressec&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de fibrose endoc&#225;rdica e na corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral ou tric&#250;spide, quando presentes, seja por troca ou reparo da valva.</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica inicial consistia em troca das valvas por pr&#243;teses quando houvesse comprometimento valvar. Posteriormente, estudos mostraram que a plastia com preserva&#231;&#227;o da valva nativa relacionava-se a menor morbimortalidade.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade relacionada com a cirurgia cl&#225;ssica &#233; bastante alta, entre 20% e 30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, devendo-se sempre que poss&#237;vel tentar preservar a valva nativa.</p>
        <p>A cirurgia est&#225; relacionada &#224; melhora importante dos sintomas e de sobrevida em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, devendo sempre ser realizada nesses casos.</p>
        <p>Trabalho publicado em 1999 por Moraes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> avaliou 83 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de EMF e demonstrou sobrevida de 55% em 17 anos, sendo que 45% desses pacientes encontravam-se em ICC, CF I e II.</p>
        <p>Recidiva de insufici&#234;ncia valvar ap&#243;s o tratamento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o &#233; rara, sendo que muitos pacientes podem necessitar de nova cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o do problema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recidiva de fibrose, Moraes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> avaliaram 107 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia e encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de 4,5%. A mortalidade cir&#250;rgica relacionada &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o desses casos foi extremamente elevada, chegando a 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em vista da alta mortalidade associada &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o, fica a d&#250;vida quanto ao melhor tratamento para esse grupo. Um relato de caso publicado pela equipe de transplante card&#237;aco do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP demonstrou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o e sobrevida em um paciente com EMF submetido previamente a cirurgia, mas com recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e sintomas importantes de IC. Foi aventada ent&#227;o a possibilidade de que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco nesse grupo seja mais ben&#233;fica que a reopera&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>A paciente relatada foi submetida a cirurgia de ressec&#231;&#227;o da fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica e plastia mitral e tric&#250;spide devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas importantes de IC em 1996, quando a mesma apresentava-se em CF III. A paciente evoluiu com melhora inicial dos sintomas, corroborada pela ventriculografia realizada um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a cirurgia, que mostrou valvas competentes e discreta hipocinesia ventricular.</p>
        <p>Alguns anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia, houve recidiva dos sintomas de ICC e novo ecocardiograma mostrou insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante. Foi realizado novo estudo hemodin&#226;mico em 2005, que mostrou hipertens&#227;o de c&#226;maras direitas e hipocinesia moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levantando a suspeita de recidiva da doen&#231;a. Na ocasi&#227;o, optou-se por tratamento cl&#237;nico. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais exames, como resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca, poderia ter ajudado a estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de recidiva da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o de c&#226;maras direitas poderia estar relacionada &#224; pr&#243;pria IC, a tromboembolismo pulmonar, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ou outras causas, necessitando de mais investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A paciente apresentou piora sintom&#225;tica e procurou o hospital (13 novembro de 2008) com quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico e bradicardia importante, necessitando de passagem de marca-passo transvenoso. &#201; prov&#225;vel que essa bradicardia tenha sido causada pelo uso de medica&#231;&#245;es para controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ou seja, diltiazem e digoxina, j&#225; que o acometimento fibr&#243;tico do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; incomum na EMF.</p>
        <p>Apesar de todo o suporte hemodin&#226;mico e da melhora inicial, a paciente evoluiu com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, fazendo-nos supor que a causa mais prov&#225;vel de &#243;bito tenha sido choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224; recidiva de EMF com acometimento valvar.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise retrospectiva do caso levanta a d&#250;vida se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de nova cirurgia ou transplante card&#237;aco em 2005, quando a paciente voltou a ter sintomas de ICC, teria mudado a evolu&#231;&#227;o da paciente.</p>
        <p>Ainda ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos para que se possa decidir sobre o melhor tratamento para a recidiva de EMF.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Michel Abi Kalansky Ponczek e Dra. Fernanda Seligmann Feitosa)</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Endomiocardiofibrose</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Michel Abi Kalansky Ponczek e Dra. Fernanda Seligmann Feitosa)</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 652 g (normal: 200-300 g) e exibia m&#250;ltiplas ader&#234;ncias entre o peric&#225;rdio visceral e parietal. Apresentava aumento de volume, em especial dos &#225;trios, cujo volume era proporcionalmente maior que o dos ventr&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2A</xref>). &#192; abertura do cora&#231;&#227;o, havia dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial acentuada e espessamento endoc&#225;rdico moderado bilateral, e os an&#233;is das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide apresentavam suturas cir&#250;rgicas de valvoplastias antigas, junto &#224; inser&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides posteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2B</xref>). No teto do &#225;trio direito tamb&#233;m havia uma sutura cir&#250;rgica antiga. Observou-se espessamento endoc&#225;rdico bem mais intenso e com &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o na via de entrada e na ponta dos ventr&#237;culos e, parcialmente, na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, poupando a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Havia acolamento das trab&#233;culas mioc&#225;rdicas pelo espessamento endoc&#225;rdico, que tamb&#233;m envolvia os m&#250;sculos papilares das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide, com redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada das cavidades ventriculares e amputa&#231;&#227;o da ponta dos ventr&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). As cordas tend&#237;neas e as c&#250;spides das valvas atrioventriculares n&#227;o estavam comprometidas pelo espessamento endoc&#225;rdico; havia, por&#233;m, retra&#231;&#227;o moderada na borda livre das c&#250;spides e dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, bilateralmente. Eletrodos de marca-passo card&#237;aco biventricular permanente estavam implantados no endoc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito: um no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do septo ventricular e o outro na parede anterolateral. N&#227;o havia trombos nos cabos ou nos locais de implanta&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos. Macroscopicamente n&#227;o foram encontrados trombos em cavidades card&#237;acas, nem anormalidades nas valvas ventriculoarteriais. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas n&#227;o apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es obstrutivas importantes. O exame histol&#243;gico mostrou fibrose intensa e calcifica&#231;&#227;o em endoc&#225;rdio, com &#225;reas de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e de esparso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfomononuclear, notando-se expans&#227;o de traves fibrosas irregulares para o mioc&#225;rdio subjacente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>). N&#227;o foram observados eosin&#243;filos no infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio endoc&#225;rdico ou em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. Nos rins, havia infartos cicatrizados corticais, m&#250;ltiplos e extensos. Foram observadas tamb&#233;m altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas decorrentes de ICC, tais como: edema difuso de tecido subcut&#226;neo, ascite (1500 ml de l&#237;quido amarelo hialino) e congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica em pulm&#245;es, f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o. A causa do &#243;bito foi baixo d&#233;bito secund&#225;rio &#224; ICC, histologicamente representado por necrose tubular aguda e necrose hep&#225;tica centrilobular.</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A - Cora&#231;&#227;o, face diafragm&#225;tica: O volume dos &#225;trios &#233; proporcionalmente maior que o dos ventr&#237;culos. No sulco atrioventricular encontra-se a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (**) e no sulco ventricular posterior, o ramo interventricular posterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (*). B - &#193;trios esquerdo e direito: Espessamento endoc&#225;rdico bilateral e suturas cir&#250;rgicas de valvoplastia antiga (setas) em c&#250;spides posteriores (setas) das valvas mitral (M) e tric&#250;spide (T). AE e AD: &#225;trios esquerdo e direito, respectivamente. VE e VD: ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A e B - Vias de entrada e de sa&#237;da do VD: Fibrose endoc&#225;rdica na via de entrada (setas), com amputa&#231;&#227;o da ponta ventricular (linha amarela tracejada) e poupando a via de sa&#237;da. C e D - Vias de entrada e de sa&#237;da do VE: Fibrose endoc&#225;rdica na via de entrada, com envolvimento dos m&#250;sculos papilares da valva mitral (setas), amputa&#231;&#227;o da ponta do VE (linha amarela tracejada) e extens&#227;o para a via de sa&#237;da ventricular, sem comprometer a valva a&#243;rtica (Ao).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias de endomioc&#225;rdio: A - Trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o (tr) sobre endoc&#225;rdio com fibrose intensa (f) (Hematoxilina-Eosina, 25x). B - Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfomonoplasmocit&#225;rio (entre setas) em fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica, com &#225;rea de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (ca); m- mioc&#225;rdio (Hematoxilina-Eosina, 25x). C - Traves irregulares de fibrose (azul) circundando cardiomi&#243;citos (vermelho) em regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica (Tricr&#244;mico de Masson, 50x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0309-50119-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</p>
        <p>1) Endomiocardiofibrose biventricular, operada; 2) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; 3) Baixo d&#233;bito.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi)</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>As les&#245;es card&#237;acas observadas na necropsia dessa paciente descrevem morfologicamente a EMF biventricular. A caracter&#237;stica principal da EMF &#233; a fibrose endoc&#225;rdica espessa, focal ou difusa, que acomete preferencialmente a via de entrada e a regi&#227;o apical de um ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. H&#225; acolamento fibroso das trab&#233;culas mioc&#225;rdicas, que pode envolver a musculatura papilar, cordas tend&#237;neas e c&#250;spides das valvas atrioventriculares, causando insufici&#234;ncia valvar. No caso em discuss&#227;o, apesar de a paciente j&#225; ter sido submetida a valvoplastia mitral e tric&#250;spide, tais valvas ainda apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas de insufici&#234;ncia, como dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar e retra&#231;&#227;o na borda livre das c&#250;spides. Histologicamente, a EMF &#233; representada por fibrose endoc&#225;rdica densa e colag&#234;nica, contendo fibras el&#225;sticas fragmentadas e dispostas irregularmente, o que compromete tamb&#233;m o mioc&#225;rdio subjacente, que exibe, em regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas, neoforma&#231;&#227;o vascular e quantidade vari&#225;vel de infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfomonoplasmocit&#225;rio, com ou sem eosin&#243;filos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Embora nem sempre constantes, a presen&#231;a de eosin&#243;filos nas les&#245;es endoc&#225;rdicas e o relato de eosinofilia perif&#233;rica, observados em diferentes estudos de indiv&#237;duos com EMF, apontam eosin&#243;filos/eosinofilia como uma das prov&#225;veis causas da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, cuja etiopatogenia ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Muitos autores prop&#245;em que a forma eosinof&#237;lica, tamb&#233;m conhecida como endocardite de Loeffler, e a EMF sem eosin&#243;filos representam diferentes fases de uma mesma doen&#231;a, pois as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas endoc&#225;rdicas na fase cr&#244;nica s&#227;o indistingu&#237;veis entre os doentes com e sem eosinofilia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Isso pode ser comprovado nesta doente, que n&#227;o apresentava eosin&#243;filos no infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio endomioc&#225;rdico nem em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. &#192; medida que a EMF progride, a forma&#231;&#227;o e a organiza&#231;&#227;o de trombose endoc&#225;rdica colaboram para a oblitera&#231;&#227;o e a redu&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular, sendo frequente, em casos mais avan&#231;ados, o achado de calcifica&#231;&#227;o em meio &#224; fibrose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Em geral, a dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial resulta da restri&#231;&#227;o ventricular causada pela fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica e da insufici&#234;ncia das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide e tamb&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares secund&#225;rias &#224; congest&#227;o passiva pulmonar, como observado nesta paciente. Os infartos cicatrizados renais, muito provavelmente, foram causados por embolia de trombose pr&#233;via no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#201; importante ressaltar o tempo de sobrevida de 12 anos dessa paciente, ap&#243;s a cirurgia, considerando-se a extens&#227;o das les&#245;es de EMF encontradas &#224; necropsia. A probabilidade de sobrevida dos pacientes com EMF submetidos a cirurgia &#233; de aproximadamente 70% ap&#243;s 10 anos de cirurgia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Muito provavelmente essas les&#245;es representam recidiva da doen&#231;a, mas fica o questionamento se todo o tecido comprometido pela doen&#231;a foi removido pelo procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferrreira Demarchi)</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
