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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XsfJNLGKJcRzD3JV4BxNQvm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050048</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150048</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Physical Activity Interventions on Blood Pressure in Brazilian Populations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Freitas Rezende</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albino</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Barbizan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maftum</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro de Castro dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristina Pellegrino Baena</bold>, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155, Prado Velho. Bloco, CCBS. Postal Code 80215-901. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:<email>cbaena01@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Acquisition of data:Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Baena CP. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Statistical analysis: Bento VFR, Baena CP. Writing of the manuscript: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bento VFR, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Supervision / as the major investigador: Baena CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>301</fpage>
      <lpage>308</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>High blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of mortality in the Brazilian population. Lifestyle changes, including physical activity, are important for lowering blood pressure levels and decreasing the costs associated with outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Assess the impact of physical activity interventions on blood pressure in Brazilian individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Meta-analysis and systematic review of studies published until May 2014, retrieved from several health sciences databases. Seven studies with 493 participants were included. The analysis included parallel studies of physical activity interventions in adult populations in Brazil with a description of blood pressure (mmHg) before and after the intervention in the control and intervention groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 390 retrieved studies, eight matched the proposed inclusion criteria for the systematic review and seven randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Physical activity interventions included aerobic and resistance exercises. There was a reduction of -10.09 (95% CI: -18.76 to -1.43 mmHg) in the systolic and -7.47 (95% CI: -11.30 to -3.63 mmHg) in the diastolic blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Available evidence on the effects of physical activity on blood pressure in the Brazilian population shows a homogeneous and significant effect at both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. However, the strength of the included studies was low and the methodological quality was also low and/or regular. Larger studies with more rigorous methodology are necessary to build robust evidence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Assessment of Health Impact</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil, generating high medical and socioeconomic costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Hypertension is a highly prevalent risk factor among us, and responsible for approximately 45% of the cases of ischemic heart disease and 51% of those of cerebrovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Lifestyle changes, in particular physical activity and dietary modifications, are the cornerstones of treatment for hypertensive patients, both at primary and secondary levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Physical activity reduces the incidence of hypertension in pre-hypertensive individuals, reducing the mortality and the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Studies with foreign populations demonstrate that physical activity can lower blood pressure and decrease the prevalence and incidence of hypertension regardless of associated risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, in addition to promoting the reduction of blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies analyzing the effects of physical activity on blood pressure levels in the Brazilian population are still scarce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Considering that, the objective of this study was to assess systematically the role of physical activity on blood pressure in the Brazilian population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy</title>
        <p>We searched electronic databases in health sciences &#8211; Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), PubMed (Public Medline), Embase (Excerpta Medica dataBase), The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) and VHL (Virtual Health Library) &#8211; using a combination of descriptors, including NLM's (US National Library of Medicine) MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms text descriptors.</p>
        <p>To conduct the systematic review and analyze the methodological quality of the studies, we followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and an extension of the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement). We evaluated 27 items required to be reported on a systematic review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>The terms used in the search were related to the population analyzed (for example, Brazil* [mesh] OR South America [mesh] OR South America* [tiab] OR Latin America* [tw]), to physical activity interventions combined with the final findings related to blood pressure and hypertension (such as "life style" OR "lifestyle" OR "weight loss" OR "losing weight" OR "weight reduction" OR "disease management" OR "exercise" OR "exercise therapy" OR "exercise test" OR "exercise movement techniques" OR "kinesiotherapy" OR "physical endurance" OR "anaerobic" OR "aerobic" OR "exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "motor activity*" OR "physical activity*" OR "locomotor activity" OR "social support" OR "social network" OR "tobacco use cessation" OR "smoking cessation" OR "alcohol drink" OR "alcohol consum*" OR "drinking alcohol" OR "alcoholi*" OR "non-pharmacol*") AND ("blood pressure" OR "hypertension"), and type of selected studies ("randomized" OR "placebo" OR "randomly" OR "trial" OR "groups" OR "comparative" OR "evaluation" OR "effectiveness" OR "utility" OR "validation" OR "reliability"). References cited in articles identified by the search strategy were also searched manually and added up to the study and the literature review. The searches were carried out until May 14, 2014.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Regarding the design of the study, we included randomized clinical trials, clinical trials, community studies with comparison of an intervention group with a control group, studies conducted with adult individuals, studies reporting (systolic and diastolic) blood pressure levels in the same cohort before and after the intervention in the control and intervention groups, and studies analyzing the effect of physical activity interventions on blood pressure.</p>
        <p>We excluded studies and reports developed outside Brazil, those with interventions involving drug therapy, studies including pregnant women, animal studies, those with interventions shorter than eight weeks, letters, abstracts, conference proceedings, and observational, <italic>crossover</italic> and conglomerates studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study identification and selection</title>
        <p>Two pairs of authors read separately and independently the titles and abstracts of each pre-selected study to identify those that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Following that, the articles were read separately by four authors to ensure that the criteria of the systematic review were met. Disagreements between the authors were resolved by discussion and dialogue in the presence of a fifth author. The selection of the studies included in the systematic review was then finalized and those meeting the criteria for the meta-analysis were identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the selection process of the studies.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Two authors collected the data in a predefined form. A third author reviewed the extracted data independently. The characteristics of the extracted studies included, among others, date of publication, title, study definition, intervention duration, type of intervention and supervision. We registered the information about the participants in each study, the number of participants including the total number of participants in the analysis, gender, age, area of residence (whether urban or rural), use of medications and comorbidities. Finally, we collected the results related to blood pressure before and after the intervention with their respective variances.</p>
        <p>The quality of each study was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, which contains the following criteria: sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, blinding of results and outcome assessors, integrity of the results, incomplete data, selective outcome reporting and other sources of bias (for example, the number of participants).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded as continuous variables in mmHg. The effect size of each study was calculated as the difference of the pre-and post-intervention mean measurements in the intervention group minus those in the control group. When absent, the variances of the pre-and post-intervention differences in the intervention and control groups were imputed following a methodology described previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. All analyses were performed using the software Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, USA, considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
        <p>For the meta-analysis, we used fixed and random effects models with a 95% confidence interval (CI). To analyze the heterogeneity of the studies, we used the I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot. The effect of small studies was assessed with the Egger test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identification and selection of the studies</title>
        <p>Of the 390 references retrieved with the search strategy, 14 full-text articles were obtained for reading. Five were then excluded due to lack of a control group, one due to the absence of intervention and another for not presenting measures of variance. Finally, eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria proposed for the systematic review and seven for the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>General characteristics of the selected studies</title>
        <p>The main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Considering only the studies selected for the meta-analysis, the samples ranged from 19 to 177 participants with a total of 493 participants with an average age of 61.8 years and standard deviation of 9.7 years. Two studies evaluated only women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and the remaining studies included individuals of both genders. Among these, one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reported a greater proportion of men, whereas all others reported greater proportions of women. Regarding the occurrence of comorbidities, three articles did not report the occurrence of associated pathologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, one of the studies evaluated only patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and another reported patients with osteoporosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The remaining studies included individuals with metabolic syndrome or at least one of its components (diabetes, hypertension or obesity). The average duration of the interventions was 16.9 weeks with a standard deviation of 7.5 weeks. The quality of the studies evaluated according to the Cochrane tool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. None of the selected studies had analysis based on an intention to treat.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of randomized clinical trials included in the systematic reviewM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>First author  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Year  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sample size  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean age (years), gender  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Comorbidities  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Intervention  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Duration (weeks)  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Terra et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">66.8, F</td>
                <td align="center">Diabetes, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">Resistance exercise, 3 sessions per week</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>de Meirelles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2009</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">49, FM</td>
                <td align="center">Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">60-minute exercises, 3 sessions per week</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B&#252;ndchen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">58, FM</td>
                <td align="center">BMI &gt; 30 (49.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">Aerobic and resistance exercises, 3 sessions per week Walking, water aerobics,</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vianna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">69.8, FM</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">stretching and resistance exercise, 3 sessions per week</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kanegusuku et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">63 M/F</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Resistance exercise, 2 sessions per week</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Barroso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">66.5, M/F</td>
                <td align="center">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">60-minute exercises, 3 sessions per week</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Monteiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">100% T2DM</td>
                <td align="center">50-minute aerobic training, 3 sessions per week 150-minute exercises of</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cezaretto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">M/F</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">moderate physical activity per week</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Note: M: male; F: female; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the randomized clinical trials included in the systematic review</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>First author  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>n  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Control Group  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>n  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Intervention Group  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Systolic  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Diastolic  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Systolic  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Diastolic  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>de Meirelles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">141.7 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">91.6(-2)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (-2)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">79 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Barroso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">141.7</td>
                <td align="center">147.5</td>
                <td align="center">88.4</td>
                <td align="center">94.1</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">145.3</td>
                <td align="center">139.9</td>
                <td align="center">89.8</td>
                <td align="center">85.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vianna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">141.14 (17.95)</td>
                <td align="center">142.57 (18.04)</td>
                <td align="center">82.29 (7.70)</td>
                <td align="center">87.43 (9.50)</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">142.27 (18.32)</td>
                <td align="center">132.86 (14.47)</td>
                <td align="center">81.43(6.01)</td>
                <td align="center">79.43 (6.39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cezaretto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">135.8</td>
                <td align="center">136.2</td>
                <td align="center">80.5 (9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (8.2)</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">136.4 (17.7)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">76.8 (12.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B&#252;ndchen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">139.3 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">138.8 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">86.1 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (-9)</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">145.2 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">127.7 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">89.3 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">81.2(8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terra et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">124.6 (10.1)</td>
                <td align="center">123.3 (13.5)</td>
                <td align="center">74.2 (7.3)</td>
                <td align="center">73.3 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">125.2 (9.3)</td>
                <td align="center">114.7 (9.2)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (6.8)</td>
                <td align="center">71.04 (7.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Monteiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">139.8 (19.53)</td>
                <td align="center">128.1 (25.92)</td>
                <td align="center">77.5 (10.64)</td>
                <td align="center">69.1 (9.83)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">140 (14.35)</td>
                <td align="center">124.5 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">75.4 (13.37)</td>
                <td align="center">54.4 (3.61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kanegusuku et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">124.4 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">118(3)</td>
                <td align="center">78.3 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">120.8 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (-4)</td>
                <td align="center">77.9 (1.5)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (-3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Note: The results in parentheses are expressed as mean values (&#177; SD).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of physical activity on blood pressure</title>
        <p>All studies were randomized clinical trials and the assessment of the intervention effect on blood pressure (in mmHg) was performed evaluating the variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the control and physical activity intervention groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) The studies showed heterogeneity in the evaluation of systolic (I<sup>2</sup> = 93.9%, p &lt; 0.001) and diastolic (I<sup>2</sup> = 91.8%, p &lt; 0.001) blood pressures. A publication bias was identified by the (adapted) Cochrane tool (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) and funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). The Egger test showed a small-study effect (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-analysis of the effects of physical activity intervention on systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the Brazilian population.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evaluation of the risk of publication bias &#8211; Cochrane tool (adapted).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Funnel plot of the studies included in the meta-analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The physical activity interventions in the analyzed studies included resistance and aerobic exercises. The combined effect of these studies was protective, reducing both the systolic (intervention effect = -10.09, 95% CI: -18.76 to -1.43, I<sup>2</sup>= 93.9%, p &lt; 0.001) and diastolic (intervention effect = -7.47, 95% CI: -11.30 to- 3.63, I<sup>2</sup> = 91.8, p &lt; 0.001) blood pressures.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This meta-analysis following a systematic review included seven studies with 493 participants (eight studies were included in the systematic review). We found a heterogeneous effect of physical activity interventions on blood pressure in this population. Factors relevant to this result are the presence of different comorbidities in the studies, as well as different types of intervention, ranging from resistance to aerobic exercises.</p>
      <p>The population in this study showed a reduction in blood pressure, demonstrating a statistically significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressures. However, since the selected studies had small sample sizes, it is not clear whether they would show the same result had the interventions lasted longer. Similar results were found by Kelley et al. and Cornelissen et al. who evaluated the effectiveness of isometric handgrip exercises and resistance exercises in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. They found reductions in both systolic and diastolic pressures, but generalization of the results was limited due to the small number of studies included<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The studies analyzed include individuals with and without comorbidities. Therefore, it is not clear if the effect on specific populations, such as those with hypertensive individuals, would be similar or more protective than the results presented in this meta-analysis.</p>
      <p>Regarding the effects of physical activity on blood pressure, the magnitude of blood pressure reduction showed variation when we analyzed the results of other meta-analyses, but physical activity interventions showed a consistent protective effect. As an example, Hagberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>showed a reduction of 11 mmHg and 8 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. The study of Halbert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>reported that aerobic physical training reduced in 4.7 mmHg the systolic blood pressure and in 3.1 mmHg the diastolic blood pressure. Finally, a meta-analysis by Whelton et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> that included 54 controlled studies showed a reduction of 3.7 mmHg and 2.6 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressures.</p>
      <p>The distribution of the studies in the funnel plot indicated a risk of publication bias in those included in the meta-analysis. When assessed separately with the Cochrane tool, most f the studies showed unclear and/or high risk of bias. In addition, the Egger test showed a small-study effect in the results.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this meta-analysis should be considered. The first limitation is the quality of the studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). In addition to the data described in the adapted Cochrane table, some studies failed to report basic information such as mean age, socioeconomic variables and presence or absence of comorbidities. The second limitation was the size of the samples, which ranged from 19 to 177 participants.</p>
      <p>Strengths of this meta-analysis are the inclusion of only randomized clinical trials, the absence of restrictive search for publications only in English, and the assessment of the effects of each physical activity intervention regardless of their results.</p>
      <p>This study has some implications. The combination of the evidences from available studies allows identification of new research opportunities and points out a need for new scientific studies involving these populations, including high quality studies with larger numbers of participants and lasting more than 16 weeks.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This meta-analysis gathered information about the Brazilian population and showed that physical activity reduced blood pressure levels in the studied population.</p>
      <p>The combination of these studies showed a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures with the performed interventions, but the strength of the studies analyzed is low and the quality of the methodology is also low and/or regular.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure changes promoted by physical activity have been extensively studied. However, they are still little explored in populations of developing countries like Brazil. This gap seen in our country, which has a high prevalence of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, has as a consequence the development of few programs focused on prevention and reduction of risk factors.</p>
      <p>The results of this meta-analysis show a need for studies with longer lasting interventions assessing the influence of physical activity on blood pressure, and for caution regarding the methodology used for randomization of the groups and blinding of assessors to ensure stronger studies with better quality. Such studies will support health care policies directed to hypertensive patients (secondary care), as well as primary prevention of hypertension in individuals with normal blood pressure.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto de Interven&#231;&#245;es em Atividade F&#237;sica sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial de Popula&#231;&#245;es Brasileiras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Freitas Rezende</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albino</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Barbizan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maftum</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro de Castro dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristina Pellegrino Baena</bold>, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155, Prado Velho. Bloco, CCBS. CEP 80215-901. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>cbaena01@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Baena CP. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bento VFR, Baena CP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bento VFR, Albino FB, Moura KF, Maftum GJ, Santos MC, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Bento VFR, Faria Neto JR, Baena CP, Souza LCG. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Baena CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial elevada est&#225; associada com a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, que &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, incluindo a atividade f&#237;sica, s&#227;o importantes para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos gastos decorrentes de desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto de interven&#231;&#245;es em atividade f&#237;sica sobre a press&#227;o arterial de brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Metan&#225;lise feita por meio de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, utilizando v&#225;rias bases de dados em ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de publicados at&#233; maio/2014. Foram utilizados sete estudos e uma amostra de 493 participantes. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos paralelos de interven&#231;&#245;es em atividade f&#237;sica em popula&#231;&#245;es adultas brasileiras que possu&#237;am descri&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial (mmHg) antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em grupos controle e interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 390 estudos encontrados, oito atingiram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o propostos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e sete ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram inclu&#237;dos para a meta-an&#225;lise. Dentre esses, interven&#231;&#245;es com atividade f&#237;sica variaram entre exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia e aer&#243;bico. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica -10.09 (IC 95%: - 18.76 a -1.43 mmHg) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica -7,47 (IC 95%: -11.30 a -3.63 mmHg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel sobre os efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica na press&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira indica um efeito homog&#234;neo e significativo para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e para press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, por&#233;m a for&#231;a dos estudos sintetizados &#233; baixa e a qualidade metodol&#243;gica, baixa e/ou regular. Estudos maiores e com maior rigor metodol&#243;gico s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para constru&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncia robusta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Impacto na Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte, gerando custos m&#233;dicos e socioecon&#244;micos bastante elevados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um fator de risco altamente prevalente em nosso meio, respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 45% dos casos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas, e 51% das doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. As modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida, em especial atividade f&#237;sica e modifica&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas, s&#227;o a base do tratamento do paciente hipertenso, em n&#237;vel prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica reduz a incid&#234;ncia de HAS em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, reduzindo tamb&#233;m a mortalidade e o risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es estrangeiras demonstram que a atividade f&#237;sica pode reduzir a press&#227;o arterial e tamb&#233;m reduzir a preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o independente dos fatores de risco associados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, al&#233;m de promover redu&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial em hipertensos resistentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos de an&#225;lise dos efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira ainda s&#227;o escassos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar sistematicamente a evid&#234;ncia do papel da atividade f&#237;sica na press&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>As buscas nas bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas em ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de &#8211; Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), PubMed (Public Medline), Embase (Excerpta Medica dataBase), The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), LILACS (Literatura Latino &#8211; Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de) and Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS) &#8211; foram realizadas por meio de combina&#231;&#227;o de descritores, incluindo termos MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) da US National Library of Medicine (NLM), descritores do texto e contra&#231;&#245;es de descritores.</p>
          <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e an&#225;lise da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos foram utilizados como guia o PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) e uma extens&#227;o do Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement. Foram avaliados 27 itens descritos necess&#225;rios para serem reportados na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os termos usados para a busca estavam relacionados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, por exemplo (Brazil* [mesh] OR South America [mesh] OR South America*[tiab] OR Latin American*[tw]), &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es com atividade f&#237;sica, combinadas com os achados finais referentes a press&#227;o arterial e hipertens&#227;o, como (&#8220;life style&#8221; OR &#8220;lifestyle&#8221; OR &#8220;weight loss&#8221; OR &#8220;losing weight&#8221; OR &#8220;weight reduction&#8221; OR &#8220;disease management&#8221; OR &#8220;exercise&#8221; OR &#8220;exercise therapy&#8221; OR &#8220;exercise test&#8221; OR &#8220;exercise movement techniques&#8221; OR &#8220;kinesiotherapy&#8221; OR &#8220;physical endurance&#8221; OR &#8220;anaerobic&#8221; OR &#8220;aerobic&#8221; OR &#8220;exercise&#8221; OR &#8220;resistance training&#8221; OR &#8220;motor activity*&#8221; OR &#8220;physical activity*&#8221; OR &#8220;locomotor activity&#8221; OR &#8220;social support&#8221; OR &#8220;social network&#8221; OR &#8220;tobacco use cessation&#8221; OR &#8220;smoking cessation&#8221; OR &#8220;alcohol drink&#8221; OR &#8220;alcohol consum*&#8221; OR &#8220;drinking alcohol&#8221; OR &#8220;alcoholi*&#8221; OR &#8220;non-pharmacol*&#8221;) AND (&#8220;blood pressure&#8221; OR &#8220;hypertension&#8221;), e tipo de estudos selecionados (&#8220;randomized&#8221; OR &#8220;placebo&#8221; OR &#8220;randomly&#8221; OR &#8220;trial&#8221; OR &#8220;groups&#8221; OR &#8220;comparative&#8221; OR &#8220;evaluation&#8221; OR &#8220;effectiveness&#8221; OR &#8220;utility&#8221; OR &#8220;validation&#8221; OR &#8220;reliability&#8221;). Refer&#234;ncias presentes nos artigos identificados pela estrat&#233;gia de busca tamb&#233;m foram procuradas manualmente, a fim de somarem-se ao trabalho e &#224; revis&#227;o da literatura. As buscas foram realizadas at&#233; o dia 14 de maio de 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para inclus&#227;o, seguiram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios: quanto ao desenho do estudo, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, ensaios cl&#237;nicos, ensaios comunit&#225;rios nos quais um grupo interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; comparado a um grupo controle; estudos conduzidos entre adultos; estudos que reportam, na mesma amostra, os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, tanto no grupo controle quanto na interven&#231;&#227;o; estudos que analisam o efeito de interven&#231;&#245;es da atividade f&#237;sica na press&#227;o arterial.</p>
          <p>Para exclus&#227;o: estudos/relat&#243;rios desenvolvidos fora do Brasil; estudos cujas interven&#231;&#245;es envolveram terapia medicamentosa; estudos envolvendo mulheres em per&#237;odo gestacional; estudos em animais; interven&#231;&#245;es com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a oito semanas; <italic>letters</italic>, resumos, anais de confer&#234;ncias, estudos observacionais, estudos <italic>crossover</italic> e de conglomerados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Duas duplas de autores, independentes, separadamente fizeram a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos de cada trabalho pr&#233;-selecionado, a fim de identificar somente os estudos que preenchiam corretamente os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Seguiu-se a leitura dos artigos, separadamente, por quatro autores, a fim de assegurar os crit&#233;rios da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Quaisquer diverg&#234;ncias entre os autores foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o e di&#225;logo, na presen&#231;a de um quinto autor. Foi finalizada a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e identificados, entre eles, aqueles que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para a metan&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref> - fluxograma).</p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>Dois autores coletaram os dados, atrav&#233;s de um formul&#225;rio de coleta predefinido. Um terceiro autor, independente, revisou os dados extra&#237;dos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos extra&#237;dos inclu&#237;ram: data de publica&#231;&#227;o, t&#237;tulo, defini&#231;&#227;o do estudo, dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o, supervis&#227;o, entre outras. Registraram-se dados sobre os participantes de cada trabalho, n&#250;mero de participantes, inclusive o n&#250;mero total inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise, sexo, idade, regi&#227;o de resid&#234;ncia (urbano, rural), uso de medicamentos, comorbidades. E por fim, com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados, foram coletados aqueles referentes a press&#227;o arterial antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o, com as respectivas vari&#226;ncias.</p>
          <p>A qualidade de cada estudo foi avaliada pela Ferramenta Cochrane para Avaliar Risco de Vi&#233;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, que cont&#233;m os seguintes crit&#233;rios: gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia; oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o; cegueira dos participantes, cegueira de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, dos avaliadores do desfecho; integridade dos resultados, dados incompletos; relat&#243;rios seletivos dos resultados; e outras fontes de vi&#233;s (por exemplo: n&#250;mero de participantes).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Tanto a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quanto a diast&#243;lica foram registradas como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em mmHg. Os tamanhos dos efeitos de cada estudo foram calculados como a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia entre as medidas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o menos grupo controle. Quando ausentes, as vari&#226;ncias das diferen&#231;as pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o dos grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle foram imputadas seguindo metodologia descrita anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio do software Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, USA, considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>Para meta-an&#225;lise dos resultados utilizamos o efeito fixo e<italic>random</italic> com 95% lC (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a). Para an&#225;lise da heterogeneidade entre os artigos foi empregado o<italic>I-square</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado utilizando o <italic>funnel-plot</italic>. O efeito de pequenos estudos foi testado pelo teste de Egger<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Das 390 refer&#234;ncias reunidas pela estrat&#233;gia de busca, 14 textos completos foram obtidos para leitura. Desses, cinco estudos foram exclu&#237;dos pela aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle; outro, pela aus&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#227;o; e outro, por n&#227;o apresentar medidas de vari&#226;ncia. Finalmente, oito atingiram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o propostos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e sete, para a meta-an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref> - fluxograma).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas principais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica est&#227;o relatadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">tabela 1</xref>. Considerando apenas aqueles selecionados para a meta-an&#225;lise, as amostras variaram de 19 a 177 participantes (n total = 493), com m&#233;dia de idade de 61,8 anos com desvio padr&#227;o 9,7 anos. Dois estudos avaliaram exclusivamente mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, o restante incluiu indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros e, dentre esses, apenas um<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> relatou uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de homens, sendo os outros estudos com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres. Quanto &#224;s comorbidades, tr&#234;s artigos n&#227;o reportaram presen&#231;a de patologias associadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, um dos estudos avaliou unicamente pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, e outro reportou portadores de osteoporose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Os demais ensaios consideraram indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou pelo menos um de seus componentes (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou obesidade). A m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es foi de 16,9 semanas com desvio padr&#227;o de 7,5 semanas. A qualidade dos estudos avaliada de acordo com a ferramenta de Cochrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> est&#225; relatada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 2</xref>, e nenhum dos artigos selecionados teve inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados presentes na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Primeiro autor  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ano  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Tamanho da amostra  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia de idade (anos), g&#234;nero  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Comorbidades  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o (semanas)  </bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terra e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8, F</td>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes, osteoporose, dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio resistido com 3 sess&#245;es por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>de Meirelles e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2009</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">49, FM</td>
                  <td align="center">HAS, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios com 60 minutos, 3 sess&#245;es por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B&#252;ndchen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">58, FM</td>
                  <td align="center">IMC &gt;30 (49,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bico e resistido, com 3 sess&#245;es por semana.</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vianna e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">69.8, FM</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Caminhada, hidrogin&#225;stica, alongamento e exerc&#237;cio resistido, com 3 sess&#245;es por semana.</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kanegusuku e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">63 M/F</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio resistido com 2 sess&#245;es por semana.</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Barroso e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">66.5, M/F</td>
                  <td align="center">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios com dura&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos, 3 sess&#245;es por semana.</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monteiro e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">100% DM 2</td>
                  <td align="center">Treinamento aer&#243;bico de 50 minutos, 3 sess&#245;es por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cezaretto e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">177</td>
                  <td align="center">M/F</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">150 minutos de exerc&#237;cios por semana de atividade f&#237;sica moderada.</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Nota: M: masculino; F: feminino; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM2: diabete melito 2; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                    <bold>Primeiro autor  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Grupo Controle  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o  </bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>n  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sist&#243;lica  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Diast&#243;lica  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>n  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sist&#243;lica  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Diast&#243;lica  </bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s  </bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>de Meirelles e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">141,7 (6)/</td>
                  <td align="center">145(6)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6 (-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td align="center">79(2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Barroso e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">141,7</td>
                  <td align="center">147,5</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4</td>
                  <td align="center">94,1</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">145,3</td>
                  <td align="center">139,9</td>
                  <td align="center">89,8</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vianna e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">141,14 (17,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">142,57 (18,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,29 (7,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,43 (9,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">142,27 (18,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,86 (14,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,43(6,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,43 (6,39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cezaretto e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">135,8</td>
                  <td align="center">136,2</td>
                  <td align="center">80,5 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                  <td align="center">136,4 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,8 (12,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B&#252;ndchen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">139,3 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">138,8 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">145,2 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">127,7 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,3 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,2(8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terra e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">124,6 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">123,3 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,3 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">125,2 (9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">114,7 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,04(7,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monteiro e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">139,8 (19,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,1 (25,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 (10,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,1 (9,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (14,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">124,5 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,4 (13,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,4 (3,61)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kanegusuku e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">124,4 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,3(1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">120,8 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (-3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Nota: Os resultados entre par&#234;nteses s&#227;o desvios padr&#245;es (&#177;DP).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica na press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Todos os estudos eram ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito das interven&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial em mmHg foi feita avaliando a varia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nos grupos controle e de interven&#231;&#227;o com atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>). Foi observada heterogeneidade entre os estudos tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (I<sup>2</sup> = 93.9%, p &lt; 0,001) quanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (I<sup>2</sup> = 91.8%, p &lt; 0,001). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s est&#225; disposta na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>. O efeito de pequenos estudos foi observado, avaliado pelo teste de Egger (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Meta-an&#225;lise dos efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o com atividade f&#237;sica na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Ferramenta Cochrane (adaptada).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Funnel plot dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0301-50048-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos, as interven&#231;&#245;es com atividade f&#237;sica variaram entre exerc&#237;cio resistido e aer&#243;bico. O efeito combinado desses estudos foi protetor, reduzindo tanto a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (efeito de interven&#231;&#227;o = -10.09, IC 95%: -18.76 a -1.43, I<sup>2</sup> = 93.9%, p &lt; 0,001) quanto a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (efeito de interven&#231;&#227;o = -7.47, IC 95%: -11.30 a -3.63, I<sup>2</sup> = 91.8, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Essa meta-an&#225;lise feita por meio de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura, realizada com sete estudos, envolveu uma amostra de 493 participantes (oito estudos foram utilizados na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica). Encontrou-se efeito heterog&#234;neo de interven&#231;&#245;es com atividade f&#237;sica sobre a press&#227;o arterial realizadas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Fatores relevantes para esse resultado s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de diferentes comorbidades entre os estudos, assim como diferentes tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o, abrangendo desde exerc&#237;cio resistido a exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida nesse estudo apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial, evidenciando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa tanto da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quanto da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Por&#233;m, como os estudos selecionados possuem pequenos tamanhos amostrais, n&#227;o fica claro se, caso essas interven&#231;&#245;es tivessem uma dura&#231;&#227;o maior, teriam o mesmo resultado. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados por Kelley e cols. e Cornelissen e cols. onde foram avaliados a efic&#225;cia dos exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de press&#227;o manual e exerc&#237;cio resistido na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Nesse foram encontrados redu&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica; entretanto, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi limitada devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os estudos apresentados abrangem indiv&#237;duos com e sem comorbidades; assim, n&#227;o &#233; evidente se o efeito em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como hipertensos, seria semelhante ou mais protetor do que os resultados apresentados nessa meta-an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a atividade f&#237;sica e efeitos na press&#227;o arterial, a magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o ao analisar resultados de outras meta-an&#225;lises, por&#233;m sempre evidenciando efeito protetor de interven&#231;&#227;o com atividade f&#237;sica. Como exemplo, Hagberg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> evidenciaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 11 mmHg e 8 mmHg nas press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente. J&#225; o estudo de Halbert e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> relatou que o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico reduzia a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em 4.7 mmHg e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em 3.1 mmHg. Finalmente, uma meta-an&#225;lise de Whelton e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> analisou 54 estudos controlados e verificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 3.7 mmHg e 2.6 mmHg nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos estudos no <italic>funnel-plot</italic> indicou risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o no conjunto de trabalhos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. Quando avaliados separadamente por meio da Ferramenta Cochrane, a maioria apresentou crit&#233;rios risco de vi&#233;s alto ou n&#227;o claro. Por outro lado, o emprego do teste de Egger mostrou que houve efeito de estudos pequenos nos resultados.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es dessa meta-an&#225;lise devem ser consideradas. A primeira &#233; a qualidade dos estudos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Al&#233;m dos dados descritos na tabela Cochrane adaptada, tivemos estudos que n&#227;o reportaram dados b&#225;sicos como m&#233;dia de idade, vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho das amostras, que variaram de 19 a 177 participantes.</p>
        <p>Como pontos fortes dessa meta-an&#225;lise destacam-se a inclus&#227;o de apenas ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, a aus&#234;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o de busca por publica&#231;&#245;es apenas em ingl&#234;s e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de cada interven&#231;&#227;o com atividade f&#237;sica independentemente dos seus resultados.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo tem algumas implica&#231;&#245;es. A reuni&#227;o de evid&#234;ncia de estudos dispon&#237;veis permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novas oportunidades de pesquisa. Evidencia-se a necessidade de novos trabalhos cient&#237;ficos envolvendo essas popula&#231;&#245;es, incluindo estudos de alta qualidade com maior n&#250;mero de participantes e com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 16 semanas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A meta-an&#225;lise em quest&#227;o re&#250;ne dados referentes &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e evidencia que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas pode reduzir os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>A uni&#227;o desses estudos apresentou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica com as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas, por&#233;m a for&#231;a dos estudos apresentados &#233; baixa e a qualidade metodol&#243;gica, baixa e/ou regular.</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial promovidas por atividade f&#237;sica t&#234;m sido amplamente estudadas; entretanto, s&#227;o ainda pouco exploradas em popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Essa lacuna apresentada em nosso pa&#237;s, onde h&#225; alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV, possui como consequ&#234;ncia a elabora&#231;&#227;o de poucos programas focados na preven&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco.</p>
        <p>A partir dos resultados obtidos nessa meta-an&#225;lise, evidencia-se a necessidade de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica sob a press&#227;o arterial com futuros estudos, com manuten&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o por per&#237;odos mais longos, cuidados metodol&#243;gicos relacionados a aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o de grupos, cegamento de avaliador, e, assim, garantindo trabalhos de maior for&#231;a e melhor qualidade. Esses estudos poder&#227;o fundamentar as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de de pacientes hipertensos &#8211; aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, bem como na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da hipertens&#227;o arterial em normotensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
