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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cskV7D4bTjfFN3THLxfCcXG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050083</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lowering Pulmonary Wedge Pressure after Heart Transplant: Pulmonary Compliance and Resistance Effect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;dia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#234;go</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra. Rua Cidade de Santos, 66/67, 1&#186; Dto, 3000-112 Coimbra, Monte Formoso. Postal Code 3000-112, Coimbra, Beira Litoral &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: N&#225;dia Moreira</bold>, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra. Rua Cidade de Santos, 66/67, 1&#186; Dto, 3000-112 Coimbra, Monte Formoso. Postal Code 3000-112, Coimbra, Beira Litoral &#8211; Portugal. E-mail:   <email>nadia.moreira5@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moreira N, Baptista R, Costa S, Franco F, P&#234;go M, Antunes M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>292</fpage>
      <lpage>300</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Right ventricular (RV) afterload is an important risk factor for post-heart transplantation (HTx) mortality, and it results from the interaction between pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary compliance (CPA). Their product, the RC time, is believed to be constant. An exception is observed in pulmonary hypertension because of elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Using HTx as a model for chronic lowering of LV filling pressures, our aim was to assess the variations in RV afterload components after transplantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively studied 159 patients with right heart catheterization before and after HTx. The effect of Htx on hemodynamic variables was assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Most of the patients were male (76%), and the mean age was 53 &#177; 12 years. HTx had a significant effect on the hemodynamics, with normalization of the LV and RV filling pressures and a significant increase in cardiac output and heart rate (HR). The PVR decreased by 56% and CPA increased by 86%. The RC time did not change significantly, instead of increasing secondary to pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) normalization after HTx as expected. The expected increase in RC time with PWP lowering was offset by the increase in HR (because of autonomic denervation of the heart). This effect was independent from the decrease of PWP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The RC time remained unchanged after HTx, notwithstanding the fact that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure significantly decreased. An increased HR may have an important effect on RC time and RV afterload. Studying these interactions may be of value to the assessment of HTx candidates and explaining early RV failure after HTx.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Wedge Pressure / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart transplantation (HTx) is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The candidate's eligibility for HTx is strongly determined by the severity of pre-existing pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH may be secondary to the elevation of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures; however, it may also be associated with the presence of pulmonary vascular disease. While the former is completely reversible upon HTx, the latter may have a fixed component and lead to detrimental effects on right ventricular (RV) function. Indeed, an increased RV afterload is probably the most important risk factor for early post-HTx morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>RV hydraulic afterload is the result of the combined effects of a steady/fixed component, defined as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and a pulsatile/oscillatory component, usually reflected by pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The dynamic interaction between PVR and CPA determines the RV afterload, and their product (the RC time) is determined to be constant whether in health or disease, and before or after therapeutic interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>A notable exception to this constant inverse relationship between CPA and PVR is observed in PH because of elevated LV filling pressures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) decreases the RC time because it simultaneously (i) increases pulmonary arterial stiffening (therefore, lowering CPA), and (ii) lowers the transpulmonary gradient (TPG) (therefore lowering PVR). Consequently, the proportional decrease in CPA is more than the corresponding increase in PVR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Using HTx as a model for a chronic and definitive reduction in LV filling pressures, we aimed to assess the variations in several RV afterload components (PVR, CPA, and RC time) before and after surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The study was approved by our institutional review board. We included two populations: a large, unselected population of patients that had undergone a right heart catheterization (RHC), defined as cohort 1, and a population of HTx patients, defined as cohort 2.</p>
        <p>Cohort 1 included a retrospective cohort of 1797 consecutive patients who received an RHC for suspected PH or assessment of valvular disease severity between 2006 and 2011 in our hospital.</p>
        <p>Cohort 2 included all patients who underwent HTx in our center and enrolled in a prospective, systematic follow-up program that included an RHC at least 6 months prior and 1 year after HTx. The pre-HTx RHC assesses eligibility and the absence of a high PVR that precludes HTx. The 1-year post-HTx RHC is performed during the scheduled endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and coronary angiogram. From November 2003 to August 2013, a total of 236 HTx were performed. Of these, 30 patients died before the scheduled EMB; therefore, RHC data were not available for these patients. Of the remaining 201 patients, complete hemodynamic data with cardiac output were available for 159 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Right heart catheterization procedures</title>
        <p>All RHC procedures were performed at rest, supine, via the femoral vein using fluoroscopic guidance, and were obtained by a clinical or interventional cardiologist specializing in HF. All pressure tracings were manually reviewed by the advanced HF physician and the surgeon. Patients were on optimal medical therapy for HF. Pressure measurements were obtained using fluid-filled 7F balloon-tipped catheters at end-expiration and registered in a working station.</p>
        <p>The following hemodynamic parameters were measured or calculated: PCWP; mean, systolic, and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAP, sPAP, and dPAP) and systemic arterial pressure; LV end diastolic pressure; heart rate (HR); pulmonary pulse pressure (PP); CO (calculated by the Fick method); stroke volume (SV), (obtained by dividing CO by HR); and right atrial pressure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, Compliance, and RC time</title>
        <p>PVR was calculated using the equation [(mPAP - PCWP)/CO] and expressed in mmHg&#183;s&#183;mL<sup>-1</sup>. When PCWP tracings were of poor quality or were absent, LV end diastolic pressure was used instead. CPA was estimated by dividing the SV by the corresponding increase in the pulmonary artery pressure [(PP) = SV/PP], expressed in mL&#183;mmHg<sup>-1</sup>. The RC time is calculated by PVR &#183; CPA, expressed in seconds.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous data are presented as mean (standard deviation). All hemodynamic parameters were dichotomized according to data from the literature. Curve fits (linear or nonlinear) were generated, and statistical analysis was performed using regression. Comparisons between the cohorts were assessed using ANOVA; comparisons before and after HTx were performed using paired samples t-tests. Statistical significance was set at a level of p &lt; 0.05. Commercially available statistical software packages were used (SPSS 13.0 and STATA 12.0). Graphs were drawn using GraphPad Prism 5.0 and STATA 12.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient characteristics</title>
        <p>Our study population consisted of two cohorts. Demographic and hemodynamic data are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and hemodynamic characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total population (n = 1797)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre-HTx (n = 159)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post-HTx (n = 159)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1063 (59.2)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (76.1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sPAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">dPAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mPAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA pulse pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RA pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCWP mean pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end diastolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TPG (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO (Lmin<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 (1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3.5(1.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5.8 (1.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mean (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mixed venous saturation (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVR (mmHgSmL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.19 (0.21)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18 (0.11)</td>
                <td align="center">0.10 (0.06)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPA (mLmmHg<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2.7 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RC time (seconds)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 (0.18)</td>
                <td align="center">0.32 (0.17)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 (0.14)</td>
                <td align="center">0.581</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HTx: heart transplantation; HR: heart rate; Spap: systolic pulmonary arterial hypertension; dPAP: diastolic pulmonary arterial hypertension; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial hypertension; PA: pulmonary artery; RA: right atrial; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; LV: left ventricle; TPG: Transpulmonary gradient; CO: cardiac output; SV: stroke volume; SBP: systolic blood pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; CPA: pulmonary arterial compliance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort 1</title>
        <p>Cohort 1 patients were mostly men (60%), and the mean age was 61 (14) years. Most patients had PH [mPAP 28 (13) mmHg]. The mean PVR was 0.19 (0.21) mmHg&#183;s&#183;mL<sup>-1</sup>, and the mean CPA was 2.7 (2.2) ml&#183;mmHg<sup>-1</sup>. The mean RC time was 0.33 (0.18) seconds. We found an inverse relationship between PVR and CPA, as expected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, left panel).</p>
        <p>Age was expected to have an effect on the PVR-CPA relationship, as blood vessels tend to become less compliant over the years, similar to the systemic circulation. However, after grouping the patients according to age, we found that it had no impact on the PVR-CPA relationship (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, right panel). In contrast, PCWP had a significant effect on the PVR-CPA relationship, with higher PCWP leading to lower CPA for each level of PVR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left panel. An inverse hyperbolic relationship was found between pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA) in cohort 1 patients. Right panel. Effect of age on the relationship between log[PVR] and log[CPA] in cohort 1, with the participants divided into three age groups. There is no significant difference between the slopes of the regression lines (p = 0.996).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Upper left panel. Effect of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) on the relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA) in cohort 1 patients, with PCWP divided into three subgroups. Upper right panel. Log[PVR] versus log[CPA]. There is a significant difference between the slopes of the regression lines (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>PCWP is not the only variable that affects the RC time; HR can also influence this variable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. We found a continuous effect of HR on RC time; a lower RC time is expected with a faster HR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>, left panel). This is further emphasized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> (right panel): a lower HR is also related to a change in the relationships sPAP/mPAP (K<sub>sys</sub>) and dPAP/mPAP (K<sub>dia</sub>). A fixed RC time would yield a fixed relationship; as shown in   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>, there is a divergence of the ratios K<sub>sys</sub> and K<sub>dia</sub> as the HR lowers, which suggests that the RC time changes with HR. If the RC time was constant with varying HR, the lines would be parallel.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left panel. Effect of heart rate (in bpm) on the RC time (in seconds) in cohort 1, with 95% confidence intervals. For the linear regression, there is a significant association between an increase in heart rate and a decrease in RC time (p &lt; 0.001). Right panel. Effect of heart rate on the relationship between systolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures (sPAP/mPAP: K<sub>sys</sub>) (upper line, blue), and diastolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures (dPAP/mPAP: K<sub>dia</sub>) (lower line, green) in cohort 1 patients, with 95% confidence intervals. The heart rate clearly affects the pressure ratios, thus demonstrating that RC time is not constant when the heart rate is changing.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort 2</title>
        <p>HTx patients had a mean age of 53 (12) years, and were mostly male. As expected, HTx had a very significant effect on the hemodynamics. CO increased by &gt;2 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, and LV and RV filling pressures returned to normality. PVR decreased significantly to 0.10 mmHg&#183;s&#183;mL<sup>-1</sup>, whereas CPA rose by about 78% (to 3.9 mL&#183;mmHg<sup>-1</sup>). Importantly, the HR increased by about 10 beats per minute, reflecting the autonomic denervation of the implanted heart (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>We then examined the relationship between PVR and CPA before and after HTx. The RC time did not change significantly (0.32 to 0.33 seconds, p = 0.581), notwithstanding the fact that the PCWP dropped from 20 to 11 mmHg (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of heart transplantation on the relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA) before (black diamonds) and after heart transplantation (HTx) (red dots). Left panel. PVR versus CPA. Right panel. Log[PVR] versus log[CPA]. The slopes of the regression lines are not significantly different (p = 0.314).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>If the RC time remains constant after HTx, then the ratios between the pressures sPAP and mPAP (K<sub>sys</sub>), and dPAP and mPAP (K<sub>dia</sub>), should also be maintained. In fact, as we demonstrate in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>, the slopes of K<sub>sys</sub> and K<sub>dia</sub> are similar before and after HTx, which suggests that the RC time has not changed with the surgical procedure.</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The relationship between the systolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures (sPAP/mPAP: K<sub>sys</sub>) (p = 0.103), and diastolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures (dPAP/mPAP: K<sub>dia</sub>) (p = 0.958) in HTx patients before (pre) and after intervention (post) is proportional, suggesting that RC time does not change with the procedure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>If we control for HR on the impact of HTx on the RC time, when HR remains constant before and after HTx, the RC time would significantly increase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). When simultaneously assessing the effect of PCWP on RC time and HR, it is clear that as the PCWP and HR lower, there is a corresponding increase in RC time, as expected. This is clearly seen in the pre-HTx data (black lines). However, this increase in RC time with decrease in PCWP is somewhat offset by the increase in HR that we observe after HTx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The RC time increases as the heart rate increases, offsetting the expected reduction of the former after heart transplantation. The difference between pre- and post-heart transplantation patients is more evident with increasing heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>For the same levels of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), RC time (dots, lower panel) was found to be lower in the post-heart transplantation (HTx) patients (in red). The heart rate (crosses, upper panel) increased significantly after heart transplantation, but is not correlated with PCWP after heart transplantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrates for the first time in an HTx population that there is an inverse relationship between CPA and PVR. It is well known that interventions aiming to lower LV pressures should increase the RC time. However, in our cohort of HTx patients, we did not observe any variation in RC time before and after HTx, which therefore does not reflect the anticipated effect of a decrease in LV filling pressures. This neutral variation may be caused either by a loss of arterial compliance along the extension into the pulmonary arteries due to long-standing elevated LV filling pressures or elevated HR secondary to heart denervation after transplantation. This results in a higher load on the RV than expected for such low PCWP.</p>
      <p>Proximal pulmonary arterial obstruction has been known to augment wave reflection, which increases PP at any given level of mPAP. Increased wave reflection with disproportionate increase in sPAP relative to mPAP would add to the effects of increased pulmonary arterial stiffness, thus decreasing CPA and RC time, thereby increasing RV afterload at any level of PVR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Why is the RC time constant?</title>
        <p>Systolic PAP, dPAP, and mPAP are tightly correlated, with simple formulas to predict one from another that seem applicable to any type of PH (the basis of K<sub>sys</sub>and K<sub>dia</sub>). However, it remains true only if CPA is predictable at any level of PVR; therefore, the RC time needs to remain constant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Thus, if the RC time changes during or after an intervention, this association may not hold true. In our unselected population (cohort 1), there was a small, albeit significant, effect of HR on K<sub>sys</sub> and K<sub>dia</sub>, which is clearly seen when the RC time is plotted against HR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Why does the RC time change with variations in PCWP?</title>
        <p>The PVR-CPA relationship is sensitive to pulmonary venous pressure. This concept was first mentioned by Reuben et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in the context of increased left atrial pressure secondary to severe mitral stenosis. This author suggested that the disproportionate reduction of CPA relative to PVR was due to increased smooth muscle tone in the pulmonary arterial walls due to extremely high left atrial pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. This notion was recently revisited by Tedford et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, who studied two populations with acute (exercise-induced) and chronic (drug- or HTx-mediated) variations in LV filling pressures. Tedford et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> found that increasing PCWP progressively decreased the RC time, effectively enhancing RV pulsatile relative to the resistive load and suggesting that PCWP acts as the downstream pressure that amplifies peripheral pulse reflections<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. This would augment sPAP (and PP), leading to a lower CPA for a given PVR, and thus, an increase in the TPG. As the TPG is calculated from mPAP, a disproportionate elevation of the sPAP would lead to an elevated TPG without pulmonary vasoconstriction or remodeling.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Why did the RC time not increase as expected after HTx in our population?</title>
        <p>The most intriguing result of our study was the fact that, although we observed a significant decrease in LV filling pressures in HTx recipients, PVR decreased more than the equivalent rise in CPA. Therefore, the RC time remained constant, when in fact it was expected to increase.</p>
        <p>However, we also observed an elevation in the HR, which has an important role in the proportionality of pressures in the pulmonary circulation. As highlighted by Kind et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, HR influences pressure ratios in that an increase in HR increases sPAP and decreases dPAP, thereby increasing PP. The HR not only reduces the heart period; it also increases PP, and therefore, contributes to a lower RC time. This lower-than-expected RC time after HTx may help explain why there is enlargement and some compromise of RV function after transplantation, even in patients without significant previous PH.</p>
        <p>To our knowledge, the only study in the literature that has examined these relationships is the above mentioned study by Tedford et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, in which 207 patients with a HF diagnosis were assessed at two distinct time points of RHC (one with a PCWP &#8804; 10 mmHg and the other with a PCWP &#8805; 20 mmHg). The authors state that some of these RHC were part of a HTx program, either pre- or post-operatively; however, there is no information regarding the precise number of pairs before/after transplantation. Importantly, the HR was the same (87 bpm) in both the &#8220;low PCWP&#8221; and &#8220;high PCWP&#8221; cohorts, which might be because of the small number of HTx patients. In this group, the authors found a significant decrease in RC time when the patient had a PCWP &#8805; 20 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>It was previously thought that the only exception to the constancy of the RC time was PH secondary to LV failure. In these patients, the RC time is decreased because increased pulmonary venous pressure results in a stiffer pulmonary arterial tree. The increased PCWP amplifies peripheral pulmonary arterial pulse reflection, thus augmenting sPAP. Hence, there is a decline in total CPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. However, a recent study performed in an animal model of chronic thromboembolic PH demonstrated that exclusive proximal obstruction is another cause of decreased RC time; the study also showed an associated increase in PP and oscillatory arterial hydraulic work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In contrast to previous report by de Perrot et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in 34 patients, Mackenzie Ross et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> found a significant decrease in the RC time after pulmonary endarterectomy in 91 patients. The authors suggested that the lack of normalization of the RC time was due to the intervention on the tunica intima and media of the pulmonary artery, which affects the elastic properties of the blood vessel after surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. We suggest that the pulmonary vessels may retain some vascular tone (or loss of CPA) after long-standing exposure to elevated LV filling pressures, thereby altering the resistance-compliance relationship even after normalization of output pressures with HTx.</p>
        <p>The critical role of clinically assessing the pulsatile components of RV afterload in HF patients has been highlighted in several reports. In a recent study of a cohort of HF patients, Pellegrini et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstrated that CPA is the single most important predictor of cardiovascular mortality, independent of PVR.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>The retrospective nature of this study may have limited our access to clinical data. We used normal fluid-filled catheters for pressure assessments (and not high-fidelity pressure and flow measurements); however, this is the system that is currently used in most hemodynamic laboratories, and has been extensively tested in other reports.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In our population of HTx patients, and in contrast to what was expected, the RC time did not change from pre-HTx values, although a very significant negative variation in LV filling pressures was observed after surgery. We believe that the higher HR observed after transplantation may be partially responsible for this finding. This may have affected the measurement of RV afterload in these patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Capilar Pulmonar ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco: Complac&#234;ncia Pulmonar e Efeito Resist&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;dia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#234;go</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra - Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: N&#225;dia Moreira</bold>, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra. Rua Cidade de Santos, 66/67, 1&#186; Dto, 3000-112 Coimbra, Monte Formoso. CEP 3000-112, Coimbra, Beira Litoral &#8211; Portugal. E-mail:   <email>nadia.moreira5@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Moreira N, Baptista R, Costa S, Franco F, P&#234;go M, Antunes M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; um fator de risco importante para avaliar a mortalidade decorrente de transplante card&#237;aco (HTx) e resulta da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (CPA). Acredita-se que o produto da intera&#231;&#227;o, o RC-time, seja constante. Entretanto, &#233; exce&#231;&#227;o a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar devido &#224;s elevadas press&#245;es de preenchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Ao utilizar o HTx como modelo para redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das press&#245;es de preenchimento do VE, nosso objetivo foi avaliar as varia&#231;&#245;es nos componentes p&#243;s-carga do VD ap&#243;s o transplante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 159 pacientes com cateterismo card&#237;aco direito realizado antes e ap&#243;s o HTx. O impacto do HTx nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas foi avaliado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo masculino (76%) e a m&#233;dia de idade foi 53 &#177; 12 anos. O HTx teve um efeito significativo na hemodin&#226;mica, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o do VE e das press&#245;es de preenchimento de VD e no aumento significativo do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). A RVP diminuiu 56% e a CPA aumentou 86%. Em vez de aumentar como era esperado, o RC-time n&#227;o alterou significativamente e teve papel secund&#225;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PECP) ap&#243;s o HTx. O aumento esperado no RC <italic>time</italic>com PWP reduzido foi atenuado pelo aumento da FC (devido &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o). Esse efeito ocorreu independentemente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCP</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O RC-time permaneceu inalterado ap&#243;s HTx, entretanto a PECP diminuiu significativamente. O aumento da FC pode ter impacto importante no RC-time e na p&#243;s-carga do VD. O estudo dessas intera&#231;&#245;es pode ser de grande valor para avaliar os candidatos HTx e explicar a fal&#234;ncia do VD ocorrida logo ap&#243;s o HTx.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Propulsora Pulmonar / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Complac&#234;ncia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (HTx) constitui o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em fase terminal (IC) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A elegibilidade do candidato para HTx &#233; fortemente determinada pela gravidade da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-existente (HP). A HP pode ser secund&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de preenchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), mas tamb&#233;m pode ser associada com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar. Enquanto a primeira &#233; completamente revers&#237;vel com o HTx, a &#250;ltima pode ter um componente fixo e causar efeitos detrimentais sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito do doador (VD). De fato, o aumento da p&#243;s-carga no VD &#233; provavelmente o fator de risco mais importante para a morbidade precoce ocorrida ap&#243;s o HTx<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A p&#243;s-carga hidr&#225;ulica no VD &#233; o resultado dos efeitos combinados de um componente fixo/est&#225;vel, definido como resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP), um componente puls&#225;til/oscilat&#243;rio, geralmente refletido pela complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (CPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A intera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica entre o RVP e a CPA determina a p&#243;s-carga no VD e de seu produto (o RC time) considerado como sendo constante tanto na sa&#250;de quanto na doen&#231;a, antes e ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma not&#225;vel exce&#231;&#227;o dessa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa constante entre a CPA e a RVP &#233; observada na HP devido &#224;s press&#245;es de preenchimento elevadas do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Uma press&#227;o capilar pulmonar elevada (PECP) diminui o RC-time porque simultaneamente (i) aumenta a rigidez arterial pulmonar (diminuindo, por conseguinte, a CPA) e (ii) diminui o gradiente transpulmonar (GTP) (portanto, reduzindo a RVP). Consequentemente, a CPA diminui proporcionalmente mais do que o aumento correspondente na RVP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Tivemos como objetivo, neste estudo, avaliar as varia&#231;&#245;es de diversos componentes p&#243;s-carga no VD (RVP, CPA e RC <italic>time</italic>) antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia, usando o HTx como modelo para redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e definitiva das press&#245;es de preenchimento do VE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo nosso conselho de revis&#227;o institucional. Duas popula&#231;&#245;es foram inclu&#237;das: uma popula&#231;&#227;o grande, n&#227;o selecionada, de pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco direito (CCD), definida como coorte 1, e uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes HTx, definida como coorte 2.</p>
          <p>O coorte 1 realizado em nosso hospital entre 2006 e 2011, incluiu um coorte retrospectivo de 1797 pacientes consecutivos que receberam CCD por suspeita de HP ou por serem portadores de doen&#231;a valvar grave.</p>
          <p>O coorte 2 incluiu todos os pacientes submetidos a HTx em nosso centro, matriculados em um programa de acompanhamento sistem&#225;tico e prospectivo, que incluiu o CCD realizado, pelo menos, 6 meses antes do HTx e 1 ano ap&#243;s. O pr&#233; CCD para HTx avalia a elegibilidade e a aus&#234;ncia de uma RVP alta que, em caso afirmativo, se op&#245;e &#224; pr&#225;tica do HTx. Ap&#243;s 1 ano do HTx, o CCD &#233; realizado durante bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica programada (EMB) e de angiograma coron&#225;rio. Entre novembro de 2003 a agosto de 2013, um total de 236 HTx foram realizados. Destes pacientes, 30 morreram antes da EMB programada para o per&#237;odo de 1 ano e, portanto, os dados do CCD n&#227;o estiveram dispon&#237;veis. Dos 201 pacientes restantes, 159 tiveram seus dados hemodin&#226;micos completos com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos de cateterismo card&#237;aco direito</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos para CCD foram realizados em repouso, em dec&#250;bito dorsal, via veia femoral com uma guia fluorosc&#243;pica executados por um cardiologista cl&#237;nico ou intervencionista especializado em IC. Todos os tra&#231;ados de press&#227;o foram manualmente revisados por um cl&#237;nico com conhecimentos avan&#231;ados em IC e um cirurgi&#227;o. Os pacientes encontravam-se em terapia m&#233;dica ideal para IC. As medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o foram feitas com cateteres 7F com a ponta equipada com bal&#227;o preenchido com fluido no final da expira&#231;&#227;o e registrado em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho. Os seguintes par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram medidos ou calculados: PCP; m&#233;dia, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (PAPm, PAPs, PAPd) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC); press&#227;o de pulso pulmonar (PP); CO (calculado pelo m&#233;todo de Fick); volume sist&#243;lico (VS), (obtido atrav&#233;s da divis&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pela FC); press&#227;o atrial direita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, Complac&#234;ncia e RC-time</title>
          <p>A RVP foi calculada como [(PAPm - PECP) / CO] e expressa em mmHg &#183; s &#183; mL<sup>-1</sup>. Quando os tra&#231;ados da PECP eram de m&#225; qualidade ou estavam ausentes, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE foi utilizada em seu lugar. A CPA foi estimada dividindo o VS pelo aumento correspondente na press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PP) = VS / PP, em mL &#183; mm Hg<sup>-1</sup>. O RC-time &#233; a RVP &#183; CPA, expresso em segundos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o). Todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram dicotomizados de acordo com dados da literatura. Os ajustes de curva (linear ou n&#227;o-linear) foram gerados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio de regress&#227;o. ANOVA foi utilizada para comparar os coortes diferentes; compara&#231;&#245;es antes e depois de HTx foram realizadas utilizando teste-t para amostras pareadas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada no n&#237;vel p &lt; 0,05. Um software estat&#237;stico, comercialmente dispon&#237;vel, foi utilizado (SPSS 13.0 e Stata 12.0). Os gr&#225;ficos foram realizadas utilizando GraphPad Prism 5.0 e STATA 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo consistiu de duas coortes. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o Total (n = 1797)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pre - HTx (n = 159)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Post - HTx (n = 159)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1063 (59,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (76,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAPs(mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAPd (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAPm (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">press&#227;o de pulso PP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">press&#227;o arterial PA (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia da press&#227;o PECP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GTP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 (1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o venosa mixta (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RVP (mmHg.S.mL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 (0,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 (0,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10 (0,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CPA (mL.mmHg<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RC<italic> time</italic> (segundos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 (0,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (0,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 (0,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HTx: transplante card&#237;aco; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; PAPd: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar diast&#243;lica; PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; AD: &#225;trio direito; PECP: press&#227;o de encravamento capilar pulmonar; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; GTP: Gradiente Transpulmonar; DC: d&#233;ficit card&#237;aco; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; CPA: complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coorte 1</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que faziam parte do coorte 1 eram em sua maioria homens (60%) e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61 (14) anos. A maioria deles tinha HP [PAPm 28 (13) mmHg]. A m&#233;dia de PVR foi de 0,19 (0,21) mm Hg &#183; s &#183; mL<sup>-1</sup> e a m&#233;dia de CPA foi de 2,7 (2,2) ml &#183; mmHg<sup>-1</sup>. A m&#233;dia de RC   <italic>time</italic> foi de 0,33 (0,18) segundos. Encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a RVP e a CPA, conforme j&#225; esperado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 1</xref>, painel esquerdo).</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel esquerdo. H&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o hiperb&#243;lica inversa entre a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e a complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (CPA) em pacientes do coorte 1. Painel direito. Efeito da idade na rela&#231;&#227;o entre log[resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP)] e log[complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (CPA)] no coorte 1, com idade dividida em tr&#234;s subgrupos. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre as inclina&#231;&#245;es das linhas de regress&#227;o (p = 0,996).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Acreditava-se que a idade tivesse efeito sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o RVP-CPA, da mesma forma que os vasos poderiam tornar-se menos complacentes, de forma semelhante &#224; da circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. No entanto, ao separar os pacientes de acordo com a idade, descobrimos que a mesma n&#227;o teve impacto sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o RVP-CPA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 1</xref>, painel direito). Ao contr&#225;rio, a PCP teve efeito significativo sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o RVP-CPA, com maior PECP acarretando a diminui&#231;&#227;o de CPA para cada n&#237;vel de RVP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel esquerdo superior. Efeito da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PECP) sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e a complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (CPA), com PECP agrupadas em tr&#234;s subgrupos, em pacientes do coorte 1. Painel superior direito. Log [RVP] versus log[CPA]. H&#225; uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as inclina&#231;&#245;es das linhas de regress&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>N&#227;o s&#243; a PECP teve efeito no RCtime; a FC tamb&#233;m pode modular esta vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Encontramos um efeito cont&#237;nuo do RCtime na FC, um tempo menor de RC com uma FC mais r&#225;pida, como era esperado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>, painel esquerdo). Isto tamb&#233;m &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref> (painel direito): a FC mais baixa est&#225; tamb&#233;m relacionada &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o PAPs / PAP (K<sub>sys</sub>) e PAPd / PAPm (K<sub>dia</sub>). Um RC-time fixo produziria uma rela&#231;&#227;o fixa; como &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figura 3</xref>. H&#225; uma diverg&#234;ncia entre as propor&#231;&#245;es K<sub>sys</sub> e K<sub>dia</sub>, quando a FC abaixa, sinalizando uma mudan&#231;a no RC-time em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC. Se o RC <italic>time  </italic>for constante com varia&#231;&#227;o na FC, as linhas seriam paralelas.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel esquerdo. Efeito da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em batimentos por minuto) no RC time (em segundos) no coorte 1, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Na regress&#227;o linear, h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a diminui&#231;&#227;o no RC time (p &lt; 0,001). Painel direito. Efeito da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na rela&#231;&#227;o entre as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPs/PAPm &#8211; K<sub>sys</sub>) (linha superior, em azul) e press&#245;es diast&#243;lica e arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPd/PAPm &#8211;K<sub>dia</sub>) (linha inferior, em verde) em pacientes do coorte 1, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca afeta claramente os &#237;ndices de press&#227;o, demonstrando, portanto, que o RC-time n&#227;o &#233; constante quando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; mudando.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coorte 2</title>
          <p>Os pacientes HTx tiveram uma m&#233;dia de idade de 53 (12) anos e eram em sua maioria do sexo masculino. Como esperado, o HTx teve um efeito muito significativo sobre a hemodin&#226;mica. A CO aumentou em mais de 2 L &#183; min<sup>-1</sup> e as press&#245;es de preenchimento do VD e do VE voltaram &#224; normalidade. A RVP diminuiu significativamente para 0,10 mm Hg &#183; s &#183; mL<sup>-1</sup>, ao passo que, a CPA aumentou em cerca de 78% (para 3,9 mL &#183; mm Hg<sup>-1</sup>). A FC aumentou consideravelmente em cerca de 10 batimentos por minuto, refletindo a denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o implantado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Em seguida, examinamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RVP e CPA antes e depois do HTx. O RC-time n&#227;o foi alterado de forma significativa (0,32 a 0,33 segundos, p = 0,581), apesar da PCP cair de 20 para 11 mmHg (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do transplante card&#237;aco na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e a complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (CPA) antes (diamantes negros) e ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco (HTx) (pontos vermelhos). Painel esquerdo. RVP versus CPA. Painel direito. Log[RVP] versus log[CPA]. As inclina&#231;&#245;es das linhas de regress&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o significativamente diferentes (p = 0,314).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Se o RC-time permaneceu constante ap&#243;s o HTx, ent&#227;o, a propor&#231;&#227;o entre as press&#245;es PAPs e PAPm (K<sub>sys</sub>), e PAPd e PAPm (K<sub>dia</sub>) tamb&#233;m deveriam ser mantidas. Na verdade, como demonstramos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>, os declives de K<sub>sys</sub> e K<sub>dia</sub> s&#227;o semelhantes antes e depois do HTx, sugerindo, de uma outra maneira, que o RC-time n&#227;o alterasse com o procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPs/PAPm &#8211; K<sub>sys</sub>) (p = 0,103) e press&#245;es diast&#243;lica e arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPd/PAPm &#8211; K<sub>dia</sub>) (p = 0,958) dos pacientes HTx antes (pr&#233;) e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o (p&#243;s) &#233; proporcional, sugerindo que o RC ti RC-time me n&#227;o sofre altera&#231;&#227;o com o procedimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Se controlarmos a FC sobre o impacto do HTx no RC-time, poderemos observar que, se a FC permanece constante antes e depois do HTx, um aumento significativo no RC-time poderia ocorrer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Ao avaliar simultaneamente o efeito da PCP no RC-time e na FC, observa-se que, &#224; medida que a PECP e a FC diminuem, h&#225; um aumento do RC-time, como esperado. Tal achado pode ser evidenciado atrav&#233;s de dados obtidos pr&#233; HTx (linhas pretas). Entretanto, o aumento do RC-time e a redu&#231;&#227;o de PCP ficam, de certa forma, anulados pelo aumento da FC observada ap&#243;s HTx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Com o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o RC-time &#233; maior, embotando a redu&#231;&#227;o esperada ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco. A diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes pr&#233; e pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco &#233; mais evidente com frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas mais elevadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Para os mesmos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PECP), o RC-time (pontos, painel inferior) &#233; sempre menor em pacientes p&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco (HTx) (em vermelho). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (cruzes, painel superior) aumenta significativamente ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, mas n&#227;o tem correla&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o de encravamento capilar pulmonar ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0292-50083-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstra, pela primeira vez, que numa popula&#231;&#227;o de HTx existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre CPA e RVP. Sabe-se que as interven&#231;&#245;es com o objetivo de reduzir as press&#245;es do VE deveriam aumentar o RC-time. No entanto, em nosso coorte de pacientes HTx, n&#227;o observamos qualquer varia&#231;&#227;o no RC-time ocorrida antes ou depois de HTx, portanto, n&#227;o refletindo o efeito esperado de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de preenchimento do VE. Esta varia&#231;&#227;o neutra pode ser causada por uma perda de complac&#234;ncia ao longo da extens&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares devido &#224;s press&#245;es de preenchimento elevadas e prolongadas no VE ou pode existir decorrente da elevada FC secund&#225;ria &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o transplante, resultando numa carga maior no VD e uma PECP muito baixa.</p>
        <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar proximal tem sido conhecida como fator respons&#225;vel para o aumento da reflex&#227;o de onda, o que aumenta a PP em qualquer n&#237;vel de PAPm. O aumento da reflex&#227;o de ondas com aumento desproporcionado da PAPs em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PAPm acrescentaria aos efeitos de rigidez arterial pulmonar aumentada, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da CPA e do RC-time e, assim, aumentando a p&#243;s-carga no VD em qualquer n&#237;vel de RVP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Por que o <italic>RC time</italic> &#233; constante?</title>
          <p>A PAP sist&#243;lica, PAPd e PAPm est&#227;o fortemente correlacionados atrav&#233;s de f&#243;rmulas simples usadas para diferenciar uma da outra e que parecem aplic&#225;veis a qualquer tipo de HP (base de K<sub>sys</sub> e K<sub>dia</sub>). Entretanto, esta afirma&#231;&#227;o s&#243; &#233; verdadeira se a CPA for previs&#237;vel em qualquer n&#237;vel de RVP, necessitando, portanto, do RC-time para permanecer constante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Desta forma, se o RC-time altera durante ou ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o, esta associa&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o se manter fiel. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada (coorte 1) houve um efeito pequeno, embora significativo, da FC sobre K<sub>sys</sub> e K<sub>dia</sub>, demonstrado quando o RC-time &#233; diagramado versus a FC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Por que o <italic>RC-time</italic> tem varia&#231;&#245;es alteradas na PCP?</title>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o RVP-CPA &#233; sens&#237;vel &#224; press&#227;o venosa pulmonar. Este conceito foi mencionado pela primeira vez por Reuben e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> referindo-se ao aumento da press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo como secund&#225;rio &#224; estenose mitral grave. O autor sugeriu que a redu&#231;&#227;o desproporcional da CPA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RVP ocorreu devido ao aumento do t&#244;nus no m&#250;sculo liso das paredes arteriais pulmonares decorrente de press&#227;o atrial esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> extremamente elevada. Tal ideia foi recentemente revisitada por Tedford e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que estudou duas popula&#231;&#245;es com varia&#231;&#245;es agudas das press&#245;es de preenchimento no VE (induzida por exerc&#237;cio) e cr&#244;nicas (droga ou mediada por HTx). Tedford e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> conclu&#237;ram que os n&#237;veis aumentados de PECP tiveram um efeito de diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva no RC-time, e um aumento efetivo puls&#225;til no VD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga resistiva, sugerindo que a PECP atua como press&#227;o a jusante que amplifica a reflex&#227;o das ondas do pulso perif&#233;rico. Isto aumentaria a PAPs (e PP), levando a uma CPA mais baixa para um dado RVP, acarretando um aumento no GTP. Como o GTP &#233; calculado com PAPm, uma eleva&#231;&#227;o desproporcional da PAPs levar&#225; a um GTP elevado sem vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Por que o <italic>RC-time</italic> n&#227;o aumentou ap&#243;s HTx em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o conforme esperado?</title>
          <p>O resultado mais intrigante do nosso estudo foi o fato de que, embora tenhamos observado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa das press&#245;es de preenchimento do VE em receptores HTx, a RVP diminuiu mais do que o aumento equivalente da CPA. Portanto, o RC-time manteve-se constante, quando a varia&#231;&#227;o deveria aumentar.</p>
          <p>No entanto, tamb&#233;m observamos uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na FC, que tem um papel importante na proporcionalidade das press&#245;es na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Como Kind e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> destacam que a FC tem influ&#234;ncia sobre os &#237;ndices de press&#227;o, da mesma forma que um aumento no FC aumenta a PAPs e diminui a PAPd, consequentemente aumentando a PP. N&#227;o somente a FC reduz o per&#237;odo de tempo do cora&#231;&#227;o como tamb&#233;m acarreta um aumento da PP, contribuindo, assim, para um RC-time menor. O RC <italic>time</italic> menor, do que o esperado, ap&#243;s o HTx pode contribuir para elucidar o motivo da exist&#234;ncia de alargamento e algum comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s o transplante, mesmo em pacientes sem HP pr&#233;via significativa.</p>
          <p>A &#250;nica outra publica&#231;&#227;o que traz estas rela&#231;&#245;es estudadas j&#225; foi mencionada anteriormente por Tedford e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, onde 207 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IC com dois CCD dispon&#237;veis em momentos distintos (um com PECP &#8804; 10 mmHg e outro com PECP &#8805; 20 mmHg) foram avaliados. Os autores afirmam que alguns dos CCD faziam parte de um programa de HTx, pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o n&#250;mero preciso de pares antes e depois do transplante. &#201; importante ressaltar que a FC &#233; a mesma (87 bpm) em "PECP baixa" ou em coortes com "PECP alta", que podem indicar uma pequena contribui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes HTx. Neste grupo, os autores encontraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no RC-time quando o paciente teve PECP &#8805; 20 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>Pensava-se que a &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o referente &#224; const&#226;ncia do RC-time era a HP secund&#225;ria &#224; insufici&#234;ncia do VE. Nestes pacientes, o RC-time diminuiu porque o aumento da press&#227;o venosa pulmonar provoca uma &#225;rvore arterial pulmonar mais r&#237;gida. O aumento da PECP amplifica o reflexo de pulso arterial pulmonar perif&#233;rico, aumentando a PAPs. Assim, h&#225; um decl&#237;nio na CPA total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Todavia, um estudo recente realizado em um modelo animal de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (CTEPH) demonstrou que a obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal exclusiva &#233; outra causa de diminui&#231;&#227;o do RC-time; revelando tamb&#233;m um aumento associado &#224; PP e trabalho hidr&#225;ulico arterial oscilat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Ao contr&#225;rio do que foi relatado previamente por de Perrot e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em 34 pacientes, Mackenzie Ross e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> encontraram em 91 pacientes uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no RC-time ap&#243;s a endarterectomia pulmonar. Os autores sugerem que a falta de normaliza&#231;&#227;o do RC-time foi devida &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o na t&#250;nica &#237;ntima e na m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, afetando as propriedades el&#225;sticas do vaso ap&#243;s a cirurgia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Sugerimos que os vasos pulmonares podem reter algum t&#244;nus vascular (ou perda de CPA) ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada a press&#245;es de preenchimento elevadas no VE e, portanto, alterar a rela&#231;&#227;o resist&#234;ncia-complac&#234;ncia mesmo ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es   <italic>output</italic> com HTx.</p>
          <p>O papel cr&#237;tico na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos componentes puls&#225;teis da p&#243;s-carga no VD em pacientes com IC tem ocupado lugar de destaque em v&#225;rios relat&#243;rios. Em um estudo recente, Pellegrini e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>demonstraram que a CPA &#233; o &#250;nico preditor mais importante de mortalidade cardiovascular em um coorte de pacientes com IC, independentemente da da PVR apresentada por eles.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A natureza retrospectiva deste estudo pode ter limitado o nosso acesso aos dados cl&#237;nicos. N&#243;s utilizamos cateteres normais com fluido para avalia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o (e n&#227;o press&#227;o de alta fidelidade e medi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo); contudo, este &#233; o sistema usado atualmente na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios hemodin&#226;micos e tem sido extensivamente testado em outros relat&#243;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes HTx, e, ao contr&#225;rio do que era esperado, o RC-time n&#227;o foi alterado a partir dos valores pr&#233; HTx, embora uma varia&#231;&#227;o negativa muito significativa nas press&#245;es de preenchimento no VE foi observada ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Acreditamos que a FC maior observada ap&#243;s o transplante pode ser, em parte, respons&#225;vel por este achado que pode ter impacto na avalia&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-carga no VD destes pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
