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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pFCSTJ8Hm5Sq8rZFp7x8MgH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200285</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150082</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experience of ECMO in Primary Graft Dysfunction after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Elson Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barzilai</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Salvatore</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulhoa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Regina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Scatolin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortaleza</surname>
            <given-names>Letycia Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Nubia Wellerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Fernando Antibas Atik</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal. SQNW 110, bloco J, apto. 308, Noroeste. Postal Code: 70686-550, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>atik@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>atikf@me.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Lima EB, Cunha CR, Atik FA. Acquisition of data:Lima EB, Barros MR, Moraes CS, Fortaleza LC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lima EB, Cunha CR, Barzilai VS, Ulhoa MB, Barros MR, Fortaleza LC, Atik FA. Statistical analysis: Moraes CS, Atik FA. Writing of the manuscript:Lima EB, Atik FA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cunha CR, Barzilai VS, Ulhoa MB, Barros MR, Fortaleza LC, Vieira NW, Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Primary graft dysfunction is the main cause of early mortality after heart transplantation. Mechanical circulatory support has been used to treat this syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Describe the experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to treat post-transplant primary cardiac graft dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Between January 2007 and December 2013, a total of 71 orthotopic heart transplantations were performed in patients with advanced heart failure. Eleven (15.5%) of these patients who presented primary graft dysfunction constituted the population of this study. Primary graft dysfunction manifested in our population as failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass in six (54.5%) patients, severe hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative period with severe cardiac dysfunction in three (27.3%), and cardiac arrest (18.2%). The average ischemia time was 151 &#177; 82 minutes. Once the diagnosis of primary graft dysfunction was established, we installed a mechanical circulatory support to stabilize the severe hemodynamic condition of the patients and followed their progression longitudinally.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The average duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was 76 &#177; 47.4 hours (range 32 to 144 hours). Weaning with cardiac recovery was successful in nine (81.8%) patients. However, two patients who presented cardiac recovery did not survive to hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Mechanical circulatory support with central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation promoted cardiac recovery within a few days in most patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Graft Dysfunction / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a syndrome of cardiac dysfunction that occurs in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac transplantation and is the main isolated cause of death within the first 30 days after transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The etiology of PGD includes factors inherent to the recipient, donor, and perioperative care. The control of all the factors that can lead to this catastrophic complication is challenging.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of PGD ranges from 2.3 to 28% when experiences of isolated centers are analyzed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. These differences in prevalence are due in part to the lack of systematization of the diagnostic criteria, which are based on individual definitions adopted by each transplanting center. The most controversial definition factors in PGD include time of onset, echocardiographic findings, hemodynamic measures, requirement of mechanical circulatory support, and exclusion factors such as rejection. Based on these challenges, the International Society for Heart &amp; Lung Transplantation recently organized a consensus in order to standardize the definition, diagnosis and management of PGD after cardiac transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The knowledge of probable risk factors in PGD led to the development of a risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> which has been validated in other populations for an adequate assessment of the syndrome. Preventive recommendations regarding donor management and for the perioperative period have been recently published in an expert consensus <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> in order to minimize the occurrence of PGD.</p>
      <p>The initial treatment of PGD is clinical. Mechanical circulatory support, in turn, is recommended early in the most severe cases, and usually involves circulatory assistance with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or with a ventricular assist device. Experiences from several centers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> suggest improvement in early and late survival with this strategy. In our environment, the use of ECMO for resuscitation of severe hemodynamic disorders has been limited<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and its application in the postoperative period of cardiac transplantation lacks description in the national literature.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to describe the experience with ECMO for the treatment of post-transplant cardiac PGD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Between January 2007 and December 2013, a total of 71 heart transplantations were performed in patients with advanced heart failure. Eleven (15.5%) of these patients presented PGD and comprised the population of our study. Their average age was 33.8 &#177; 20.7 years (range 16 to 63 years) and seven (63.6%) were male.</p>
      <p>The definition of post-transplantation PGD was based on the recent consensus of the International Society for Heart &amp; Lung Transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, defined as any graft dysfunction that occurs up to 24 hours after the transplantation. PGD was also classified into left ventricular (LV) PGD, which included biventricular dysfunction with three degrees of severity, and in right ventricular (RV) PGD. The exact definitions are shown in chart 1. We excluded from the definition secondary causes of graft dysfunction, such as hyperacute rejection, pulmonary hypertension, or surgical complications.</p>
      <p>Our patients presented severe hemodynamic instability, which occurred in the initial 24 hours after the surgery and was secondary to cardiac dysfunction documented by echocardiography. The hemodynamic instability was necessarily unresponsive to volume replacement, rhythm control, and use of two inotropes, and was characterized by low cardiac output (cardiac index &lt; 2 L/min/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>), with elevation in filling pressures (pulmonary capillary pressure &gt; 20 mmHg or central venous pressure &gt; 15 mmHg) in the absence of pulmonary hypertension with isolated secondary RV dysfunction. Thereby, all patients fit into the classification of severe PGD-LV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Classification of primary graft dysfunction after heart transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">PGD-LV</td>
              <td align="left">Mild - meets one of the following criteria:</td>
              <td align="left">Echocardiography: LVEF &lt; 40% OR<break/> Hemodynamics: CVP &gt; 15 mmHg, PCWP &gt; 20 mmHg, CI &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> lasting for 1 hour and requiring low-dose inotropes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate - meets one criterion from 1 and another criterion from 2:</td>
              <td align="left">1.Echocardiography: LVEF &lt; 40% OR <break/> Hemodynamics: CVP &gt; 15 mmHg, PCWP &gt; 20 mmHg, CI &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, hypotension with MAP &lt; 70 mmHg <break/> 2.Inotrope score &gt; 10 or intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">PGD-RV</td>
              <td align="left">Severe</td>
              <td align="left">Dependence on mechanical circulatory support, excluding intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Requires 1 + 2, or 3 alone</td>
              <td align="left">1.CVP &gt; 15 mmHg, PCWP &lt; 15 mmHg, CI &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 2.TPG &lt; 15 mmHg AND/OR SBP &lt; 50 mmHg   <break/> 3.Requirement of right circulatory assistance</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>PGD-LV: left ventricular primary graft dysfunction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CVP: central venous pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; CI: cardiac index; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PGD-RV: right ventricular primary graft dysfunction; TPG: transpulmonary pressure gradient; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The detailed characteristics of the recipients and donors are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>. All patients had advanced heart failure, which was categorized as functional class III in six patients and class IV in five patients. Two (18.2%) patients were in a priority state before the transplantation and were receiving intravenous inotropes. As for the etiology of the cardiomyopathy, five (45.4%) were due to Chagas disease, three to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, one was secondary to valvular cardiomyopathy, one to restrictive cardiomyopathy, and another one was associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eight (72.7%) patients received prior to the transplantation an implantable cardiac defibrillator for secondary prevention of sudden death, and one (9.1%) had undergone previous heart surgery.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preoperative characteristics of the recipients and donors of patients who progressed with primary graft dysfunction after cardiac transplantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recipients data</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 20.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 17.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">157.8 &#177; 27.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Race, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hybrid (Black/White)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blood type, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AB</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional class (NYHA)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous cardiac surgery</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Implantable cardioverter</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Echocardiographic data</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 14.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic LV diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">61.3 &#177; 11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic LV diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 13.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">97.9 &#177; 53.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemodynamic data</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood)</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 1.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Donors data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 12.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">165.4 &#177; 19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Race</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hybrid (Black/White)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blood type</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">B</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On preoperative echocardiography, the average ejection fraction was 28.5 &#177; 14.5% (range 14 to 32%) and the diastolic LV diameter was 61.3 &#177; 11.1 mm (range 37 to 74 mm). Right cardiac catheterization revealed an average pulmonary vascular resistance of 2.2 &#177; 1.5 Wood units (range 0.5 to 4.6 Wood units). None of the patients had preformed antibodies with titles above 10%.</p>
      <p>Donors, which were predominantly male (n = 7; 63.6%), had an average age of 26.6 &#177; 12.3 years (range 15 to 48 years). The causes of death among donors included head trauma in seven cases (63.6%), hemorrhagic stroke in three (27.3%), and cerebral tumor in one. Seven (63.6%) were receiving continuous infusion of norepinephrine &gt; 0.1 mcg/kg/min at the time of the retrieval.</p>
      <p>Retrievals took place in the same hospital of the implantation in six (54.5%) cases and at a distant center in the five remaining cases. These last were retrieved in the states of Goi&#225;s, Minas Gerais, S&#227;o Paulo, Paran&#225;, and Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <p>The donor's heart was protected with the cardioplegic solution of St. Thomas. The hearts were transported in sterile plastic bags filled with iced saline solution and packed in thermal refrigerators with ice. Intra- and postoperative management protocols were those standardized in our institution and were uniform for all patients. The transplantations were performed after median sternotomy, systemic heparinization, and cardiopulmonary bypass during mild hypothermia with modified hemofiltration. The implantation followed the bicaval technique in all patients. Myocardial protection was achieved with anterograde infusion of St. Thomas solution at 4&#186;C every 15 minutes during implantation. The average ischemia time was 151 &#177; 82 minutes (range 73 to 270 minutes), with 82.8 &#177; 14.2 minutes in the local retrievals and 233 &#177; 35.4 minutes in distant retrievals (p &lt; 0.0001). The cold ischemia "limit" of 4 hours was exceeded in two (18.2%) patients.</p>
      <p>Once the diagnosis of PGD was established, mechanical circulatory support was initiated to stabilize the hemodynamic and/or severe respiratory condition.</p>
      <p>The circuit materials, modes of cannulation, and the ECMO protocol followed those described in the specific literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11</xref>. In summary, the ECMO circuit included a polymethylpentene hollow-fiber membrane oxygenator, centrifugal pump, and tubing coated with antiplatelet agents. All patients were treated with the same equipment during the study. The cannulation was preferably central, in the ascending aorta and right atrium in nine (81.8%) patients. Cannulation of the left atrium was recommended in the absence of adequate decompression of the left chambers assessed by echocardiography and direct measurement of pressure in the left atrium. This was a requirement in all patients undergoing central ECMO. The two remaining patients underwent ECMO implantation via femoral vessels.</p>
      <p>Heparin was administered continuously prior to cannulation when the activated coagulation time reached 250 seconds, in order to maintain it between 150 and 200 seconds. All patients were maintained sedated, under mechanical ventilation with an orotracheal tube, and with the sternum opened. A silicone membrane was stitched to the edges of the wound, or the skin was simply closed. Concomitant intra-aortic balloon pump was used routinely for hemodynamic support during weaning and was recommended as soon as early signs of function recovery were detected on echocardiography. When the intra-aortic balloon pump had already been implanted prior to the ECMO, it was maintained for support. Cardiopulmonary support was maintained with the intentions of recovery and weaning, according to daily clinical and echocardiographic criteria. The support was discontinued in patients deemed unable to recover and with limited survival according to multidisciplinary judgement.</p>
      <p>The manifestations of PGD in our population included failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass in six (54.5%) patients, severe hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative period with severe cardiac dysfunction in three (27.3%) patients, and cardiac arrest in two (18.2%) patients. In particular, patients with postcardiotomy syndrome showed severe biventricular dysfunction on echocardiography, received maximum doses of at least two positive inotropes, and were treated with intra-aortic balloon pump. These patients had no pulse pressure or ventricular ejection curve on echocardiography. Patients with postoperative hemodynamic instability, in turn, presented macro-hemodynamic parameters compatible with cardiogenic shock (cardiac index &lt; 2 L/min/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, pulmonary capillary pressure &gt; 20 mmHg, central venous pressure &gt; 15 mmHg), despite maximum doses of at least two inotropes, echocardiographic documentation of systolic ventricular dysfunction (LV ejection fraction &lt; 40%), and hypotension requiring vasopressors. The two patients in whom ECMO was installed for cardiopulmonary resuscitation progressed in the hours following cardiac arrest with cardiogenic shock, for which management was initially conservative, but proved to be ineffective.</p>
      <p>The pre-, intra-, and postoperative characteristics of the patients were collected prospectively and stored in an electronic database. The clinical progression of the patients was followed longitudinally. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee (CAAE 27039514.5.0000.0026), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>
          <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
        </title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as means and standard deviations. The comparison of categorical variables was carried out with the chi-square test and the comparison of continuous variables with Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The actuarial survival rate was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%, and the statistical software used was JMP for SAS, version 9.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The average duration of the ECMO assistance was 76 &#177; 47.4 hours (range 32 to 144 hours). Weaning with cardiac recovery was successful in nine (81.8%) patients. However, two patients who had cardiac recovery did not survive to hospital discharge. One patient had complications related to hemorrhagic stroke and another related to multiple organ failure. Hospital mortality was 36.4%.</p>
      <p>The main morbidities, with their respective frequencies, are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 2</xref>. The main problems in postoperative care in these patients were acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis, stroke, surgical revision of hemostasis, and pneumonia. Of the four patients who developed a stroke, only one was discharged from the hospital with a motor deficit in a lower limb which recovered 6 months later with specialized physical therapy. Of the seven patients who required hemodialysis, four were discharged from the hospital with normal renal function, and the other three died.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Postoperative mortality and morbidity of patients who underwent heart transplantation, progressed with primary graft dysfunction and received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospital mortality</td>
              <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical intervention for hemostasis</td>
              <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sepsis</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prolonged mechanical ventilation</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mediastinitis</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Permanent pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Length of intensive care (days)*</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 (5.25 - 10.75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Length of hospital stay (days)*</td>
              <td align="center">22.5 (5.75 - 45.25)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Median (confidence interval 95%)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The immunosuppression differed from that in other patients who did not develop graft dysfunction. Patients on ECMO received routinely induction therapy with thymoglobulin associated with corticosteroids. Other patients were treated with a triple scheme comprised of a calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids. Endomyocardial biopsy, performed routinely on the seventh day after surgery, revealed that only one (9.1%) patient had progressed with cellular rejection greater than 2R, which excluded the possibility of hyperacute rejection as a secondary cause of cardiac dysfunction. None of the patients underwent plasmapheresis, and analysis of humoral rejection by immunofluorescence, including analysis of complement fragments, was negative in all of them.</p>
      <p>The 30-day mortality in our unit was 9.8%, and was higher in patients who progressed with PGD (36.4%) when compared with those who did not present this complication (5%; p = 0.02). None of the patients who survived to hospital discharge died during late follow-up. Actuarial survival at 3 months, 2 years and 3 years was 72.7%, 60.6%, and 60.6%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Although the denominator for this analysis is small, weaning from ECMO was successful in all patients in whom ECMO was installed due to postcardiotomy shock in the operating room and postoperative hemodynamic instability, in contrast to those in whom it was installed after cardiac arrest (p = 0.004). Similarly, hospital mortality was greater after cardiac arrest (100%) and postoperative hemodynamic instability (66.7%) than after cardiotomy (0%; p = 0.01).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study sought to examine the occurrence of PGD, a serious complication after cardiac transplantation. Although there may be questions regarding its exact definition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, we applied recent diagnostic criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and found a prevalence of PGD of 15.5% in our population. This rate is in line with rates of other studies in the literature, which range from 2 to 26%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05"> 5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08"> 8</xref>. Despite attempts to control the most frequent risk factors associated with the occurrence of PGD after cardiac transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, the occurrence of this complication remains high. However, preventive strategies remain and have focused on better donor choice and maintenance, heart preservation methods in long-distance retrievals with prolonged ischemia time, and better myocardial protection during implantation, among others.</p>
      <p>PGD is the main cause of early mortality after transplantation. Hemodynamic deterioration caused by cardiogenic shock due to pump failure unresponsive to inotropes has a catastrophic progression if not corrected in time. For this reason, transplanted patients in our unit are routinely monitored during and after surgery with a Swan-Ganz continuous cardiac output catheter, which provides real-time hemodynamic parameters required for best therapeutic decision-making in combination with other tissue perfusion variables. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is routinely used upon discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass to provide information regarding dimensions and biventricular function, estimate blood volume, identify eventual residual surgical defects, and check the function of the heart valves. If the diagnosis of postoperative shock is challenging, bedside echocardiography is very informative and should be performed whenever necessary, mainly when cardiac dysfunction with hemodynamic parameters indicative of cardiogenic shock is suspected.</p>
      <p>Cases of severe PGD, such as those presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, without response to inotropes and heart rhythm control and in the absence of cardiac tamponade should be treated promptly with mechanical circulatory support. ECMO should be installed early<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, before the occurrence of multiorgan dysfunction or prior to cardiac arrest, as highlighted in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. As described in our experience, the earlier the implantation (operation room), the best are the outcomes for weaning and survival. Patients in whom ECMO was initiated due to cardiac arrest had a poor outcome, and the appropriate timing was certainly neglected.</p>
      <p>The aim of circulatory assistance in PGD is always cardiac recovery. Thus, the characteristics of the ideal device must comply with the following requirements: ability to be quickly installed, allow rapid re-establishment of cardiac output in order to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and reverse multiorgan dysfunction, reduce ventricular filling pressures, promote myocardial protection with increased coronary flow and reduced consumption of oxygen, and have a low complication rate.</p>
      <p>Heart decompression is important for a successful recovery since intracavitary hypertension curtails subendocardial coronary perfusion. Most of our patients had no electrical activity and lacked sufficient contractile activity for adequate LV decompression. After documentation of high pressures in the left atrium with distension of the LV, we inserted another drainage cannula in the left atrium which controlled or even interrupted the flow depending on the recovery of the LV function. The use of intra-aortic balloon pump has documented benefit in reducing the systemic vascular resistance, which assists in left ventricular recovery and is routine in ECMO weaning.</p>
      <p>In our experience, the use of ECMO met the desired goals, promoting cardiac recovery in most cases, with acceptable complication rates, considering the severity of the clinical condition of the patients. We achieved success in removing the ECMO, with cardiac recovery in 81.8% of the patients after an average of 76 hours. These results are in line with those of other international centers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The main postoperative problems that we found were acute renal failure, stroke, and requirement for surgical revision of hemostasis. The first is a frequent complication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and is secondary to multiple insulting factors (shock, nephrotoxic drugs, and systemic venous congestion) and pretransplant cardiorenal syndrome. Renal function recovered in all patients after a few sessions of hemodialysis, as described by Listijono et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The last two are complications related to the requirement of anticoagulation during ECMO, which is difficult to control. Complicating factors are recent heart surgery, presence of shock with concomitant hepatic dysfunction, and, eventually, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Excessive use of blood products complicates immunological sensitization, systemic congestion (including liver congestion, which increases bleeding), and pulmonary hypertension. The use of heparin-coated circuits, antifibrinolytics, adoption of a careful surgical technique, maintenance of hemodynamic stability with systemic venous decompression and synthetic derivatives of coagulation factors are important to minimize these complications. Such measures have been routinely used in our unit. Patients who developed stroke showed increased hospital mortality; those who survived showed full recovery of motor activity without limitation in quality of life.</p>
      <p>In our experience, the causes of PGD showed no association with severe rejection, as documented by routine endomyocardial biopsy in the first week, with only one patient presenting cellular rejection greater than 2R. Regardless of showing complete recovery, which occurred in our patients who weaned from ECMO, these patients had severe conditions and higher mortality when multiple organs were involved. This was demonstrated in our experience and is in line with experiences of others with patients treated after postcardiotomy shock<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Hence, there is need for strengthened intensive care in this population, systematically focused on the management of organs and systems and on the prevention of sepsis.</p>
      <p>Although the experience with ECMO in PGD is well established in the literature, some groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> describe the use of short-term ventricular assist devices as a therapeutic option. The advantages of ECMO include biventricular support in all cases, pulmonary support, less thromboembolic complications, and fast installation. Last but not least, especially in our environment, is the fact that the cost of ECMO is much lower than the cost of other ventricular assistance devices.</p>
      <p>This descriptive work has some limitations, including the low number of patients in the study group and absence of a control group. We consider that the inclusion of a control group would stumble into important ethical dilemmas, since we would be unable to use a comparison group in which ECMO is not used, due to the high mortality associated with clinical treatment alone. Currently, we do not have other ventricular assist devices to compare with ECMO. We did not list or analyze the risk factors of PGD after heart transplantation, which will be the aim of a future study when we obtain a larger number of patients for more robust statistical analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Use of mechanical circulatory support with central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation promoted cardiac recovery within a few days in most patients who presented primary graft dysfunction after cardiac transplantation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experi&#234;ncia na Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ECMO na Disfun&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria de Enxerto P&#243;s-Transplante Card&#237;aco Ortot&#243;pico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Elson Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barzilai</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Salvatore</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulhoa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Regina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Scatolin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortaleza</surname>
            <given-names>Letycia Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Nubia Wellerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Antibas Atik</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal. SQNW 110, bloco J, apto. 308, Noroeste. CEP: 70686-550, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>atik@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>atikf@me.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lima EB, Cunha CR, Atik FA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima EB, Barros MR, Moraes CS, Fortaleza LC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lima EB, Cunha CR, Barzilai VS, Ulhoa MB, Barros MR, Fortaleza LC, Atik FA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Moraes CS, Atik FA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lima EB, Atik FA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cunha CR, Barzilai VS, Ulhoa MB, Barros MR, Fortaleza LC, Vieira NW, Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade precoce ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco. O uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica tem sido empregado no tratamento dessa s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever a experi&#234;ncia com o uso de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea para tratamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2013, foram realizados 71 transplantes card&#237;acos ortot&#243;picos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Destes, 11 (15,5%) pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto, os quais constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es da disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foram fal&#234;ncia no desmame da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em seis (54,5%) pacientes, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca acentuada em tr&#234;s (27,3%) e p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca em dois (18,2%). O tempo de isquemia m&#233;dio foi 151 &#177; 82 minutos. Assim que o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto foi estabelecido, procedeu-se &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de quadro hemodin&#226;mico grave, e a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi estudada temporalmente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de assist&#234;ncia em oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea foi 76 &#177; 47,4 horas (varia&#231;&#227;o de 32 a 144 horas). O desmame com recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca obteve sucesso em nove (81,8%) pacientes. No entanto, dois pacientes, que tiveram recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, n&#227;o sobreviveram &#224; alta hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica por meio de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea central promoveu recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em poucos dias na maioria dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria do Enxerto / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Disfun&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria de Enxerto (DPE) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que ocorre no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, sendo a principal causa isolada de morte nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o transplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A etiologia da DPE inclui fatores inerentes ao receptor, ao doador e ao cuidado perioperat&#243;rio, sendo muito dif&#237;cil o controle de todos os fatores que possam levar &#224; essa catastr&#243;fica complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DPE varia de 2,3 a 28% quando se analisam experi&#234;ncias de centros isolados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Essas diferen&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia s&#227;o devidas, em parte, &#224; falta de sistematiza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico, que s&#227;o baseados em defini&#231;&#245;es individuais de cada centro transplantador. Os fatores mais controversos na defini&#231;&#227;o se relacionam ao tempo de aparecimento, a achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a medidas hemodin&#226;micas, ao requerimento de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico e aos fatores de exclus&#227;o, como rejei&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo. Baseado nessas dificuldades, foi organizado recentemente pela <italic>International Society for Heart &amp; Lung Transplantation</italic> um consenso sobre DPE ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, a fim de normatizar defini&#231;&#245;es de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.</p>
        <p>O conhecimento dos prov&#225;veis fatores de risco da DPE norteou o desenvolvimento de um escore de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, que tem sido validado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es para a estimativa adequada da s&#237;ndrome. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es preventivas no cuidado do doador e do per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio foram recentemente publicadas como consenso entre especialistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, a fim de minimizar a ocorr&#234;ncia da DPE.</p>
        <p>O tratamento da DPE &#233; inicialmente cl&#237;nico; j&#225; o suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico &#233; recomendado precocemente nos casos mais graves, e normalmente envolve o uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, com Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) ou dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular. Experi&#234;ncias de diversos centros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> sugerem melhora da sobrevidas precoce e tardia com essa estrat&#233;gia. No nosso meio, o uso de ECMO como ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos graves tem sido pouco empregado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, n&#227;o se tendo descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura nacional de seu uso no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a experi&#234;ncia com o uso de ECMO para tratamento de DPE p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2013, foram realizados 71 transplantes card&#237;acos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Destes, 11 (15,5%) pacientes apresentaram DPE, os quais constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 33,8 &#177; 20,7 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 16 a 63 anos) e 7 (63,6%) eram do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de DPE p&#243;s-transplante seguiu o recente consenso da <italic>International Society for Heart &amp; LungTransplantation</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, que a determinou como qualquer disfun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto que ocorre em at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s o transplante. Foi tamb&#233;m classificada em DPE do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), que incluiu as biventriculares, com tr&#234;s gradua&#231;&#245;es de gravidade, e em DPE do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD). As defini&#231;&#245;es exatas est&#227;o expressas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">quadro 1</xref>. As causas secund&#225;rias de disfun&#231;&#227;o de enxerto foram exclu&#237;das da defini&#231;&#227;o, como, por exemplo, rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Classifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">DPE-VE</td>
                <td align="left">Leve: um dos crit&#233;rios</td>
                <td align="left">Ecocardiograma: FEVE &lt; 40% OU<break/> Hemodin&#226;mica: PVC &gt; 15 mmHg, PCP &gt; 20 mmHg, IC &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>persistentes por 1 hora requerendo baixa dose de inotr&#243;picos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada: um crit&#233;rio de 1 e outro de 2</td>
                <td align="left">1.Ecocardiograma: FEVE &lt; 40% OU <break/> Hemodin&#226;mica: PVC &gt; 15 mmHg, PCP &gt; 20 mmHg, IC &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, hipotens&#227;o com PAM &lt; 70 mmHg<break/> 2.Escore inotr&#243;pico &gt; 10 ou bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">DPE-VD</td>
                <td align="left">Grave</td>
                <td align="left">Depend&#234;ncia de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica, excluindo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inclui 1 + 2, ou 3 isolado</td>
                <td align="left">1.PVC &gt; 15 mmHg, PCP &lt; 15 mmHg, IC &lt; 2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>  <break/> 2.GTP &lt; 15 mmHg E/OU PAS &lt; 50 mmHg<break/> 3.Necessidade de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria direita</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DPE-VE: disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central; PCP: press&#227;o capilar pulmonar; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; DPE-VD: disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto de ventr&#237;culo direito; GTP: gradiente transpulmonar; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, os pacientes apresentaram instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave, que ocorreu nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e foi secund&#225;ria &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca documentada ao ecocardiograma. Obrigatoriamente, a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foi irresponsiva &#224; reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, ao controle do ritmo e ao uso de dois inotr&#243;picos, caracterizando-se por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2 L/min/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>), com eleva&#231;&#227;o de press&#245;es de enchimento (press&#227;o capilar pulmonar &gt; 20 mmHg ou press&#227;o venosa central &gt; 15 mmHg) na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita isolada secund&#225;ria. Desse modo, todos os pacientes se enquadraram na classifica&#231;&#227;o de DPE-VE grave (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas detalhadas dos receptores e dos doadores est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 1</xref>. Todos os pacientes eram portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, sendo seis em classe funcional III e cinco em classe IV. Dois (18,2%) pacientes estavam em estado de prioridade antes do transplante em uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos venosos. No que se refere &#224; etiologia da miocardiopatia, cinco (45,4%) eram portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, tr&#234;s de miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, um de miocardiopatia valvar, um de miocardiopatia restritiva e outro de miocardiopatia periparto. Oito (72,7%) pacientes tinham cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis antes do transplante para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita e um (9,1%) havia sido submetido &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no passado.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos receptores e doadores de pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Dados dos receptores</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 20,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 17,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">157,8 &#177; 27,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo sangu&#237;neo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AB</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">61,3 &#177; 11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 13,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">97,9 &#177; 53,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dados hemodin&#226;micos</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (Wood)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 1,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados dos doadores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 12,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">165,4 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo sangu&#237;neo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">B</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia era de 28,5 &#177; 14,5% (varia&#231;&#227;o de 14 a 32%) e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE era de 61,3 &#177; 11,1 mm (varia&#231;&#227;o de 37 a 74 mm). O cateterismo card&#237;aco direito revelou que a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar m&#233;dia era de 2,2 &#177; 1,5 unidades Wood (varia&#231;&#227;o de 0,5 a 4,6 unidades Wood). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentava anticorpos pr&#233;-formados com titula&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10%.</p>
        <p>Os doadores eram predominantemente do sexo masculino (n = 7; 63,6%) e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 26,6 &#177; 12,3 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 48 anos). As causas de morte dos doadores foram traumatismo craniano em sete (63,6%), acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico em tr&#234;s (27,3%) e tumor cerebral em um. Sete (63,6%) estavam em uso de noradrenalina cont&#237;nua com infus&#227;o &gt; 0,1 mcg/kg/min no momento da capta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o foi realizada predominantemente no mesmo hospital do implante em seis (54,5%) casos e &#224; dist&#226;ncia nos cinco casos restantes. Esses &#250;ltimos foram realizados nos Estados de Goi&#225;s, Minas Gerais, S&#227;o Paulo, Paran&#225; e Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica utilizada na prote&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o do doador foi a de St. Thomas. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram transportados em sacos pl&#225;sticos est&#233;reis repletos de soro fisiol&#243;gico gelado e acondicionados em geladeira t&#233;rmica contendo gelo no interior. Os protocolos de manejo intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram aqueles padronizados na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, uniformes para todos os pacientes. Os transplantes foram realizados ap&#243;s esternotomia mediana, hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e instala&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, que foi conduzida com hipotermia leve com hemofiltra&#231;&#227;o modificada. O implante ocorreu com a t&#233;cnica bicaval em todos os pacientes. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi promovida por infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de St. Thomas a 4&#186;C por via anter&#243;grada a cada 15 minutos durante o implante. O tempo de isquemia m&#233;dio foi 151 &#177; 82 minutos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 73 a 270 minutos), tendo sido de 82,8 &#177; 14,2 minutos nas capta&#231;&#245;es locais e 233 &#177; 35,4 minutos nas capta&#231;&#245;es &#224; dist&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,0001). O "limite" de 4 horas de isquemia fria foi excedido em dois (18,2%) pacientes.</p>
        <p>Assim que o diagn&#243;stico de DPE foi estabelecido, procedeu-se &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de quadro hemodin&#226;mico e/ou respirat&#243;rio grave.</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o dos materiais do circuito, dos modos de introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas e do protocolo de condu&#231;&#227;o da ECMO se deu conforme a literatura espec&#237;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em resumo, o circuito de ECMO utilizado foi composto por oxigenador de membrana oca de polimetilpentano, bomba centr&#237;fuga e tubos tratados com material antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao mesmo equipamento durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. A introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas foi preferencialmente central, na aorta ascendente e no &#225;trio direito em nove (81,8%) pacientes. A canula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi indicada quando n&#227;o houvesse adequada descompress&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas avaliada por ecocardiograma e medida direta de press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. Essa necessidade ocorreu em todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; ECMO central. Os dois pacientes restantes foram submetidos ao implante de ECMO por meio dos vasos femorais.</p>
        <p>Heparina foi administrada previamente ao implante das c&#226;nulas e de forma cont&#237;nua quando o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado atingiu 250 segundos, a fim de mant&#234;-lo entre 150 e 200 segundos. Todos os pacientes foram mantidos sedados, sob ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica orotraqueal e com o esterno aberto, sendo uma membrana de silicone suturada nos bordos da ferida operat&#243;ria ou fechada a pele somente. O uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico concomitante foi feito rotineiramente como suporte hemodin&#226;mico durante o per&#237;odo de desmame da assist&#234;ncia, indicado assim que houvesse sinais de in&#237;cio de recupera&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma. Quando o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico j&#225; havia sido implantado previamente a ECMO, o mesmo foi mantido durante o suporte. O suporte cardiopulmonar foi mantido com a inten&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o e desmame, de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos di&#225;rios. O suporte foi descontinuado em pacientes em que se determinaram incapacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o e sobrevida limitada, de acordo com julgamento multidisciplinar.</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es da DPE na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foram fal&#234;ncia no desmame da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em seis (54,5%) pacientes, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca acentuada em tr&#234;s (27,3%) pacientes, e p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca em dois (18,2%) pacientes. Mais especificamente, os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-cardiotomia apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular grave ao ecocardiograma, estavam com doses m&#225;ximas de pelo menos dois agentes inotr&#243;picos positivos e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. N&#227;o apresentavam press&#227;o de pulso nem curva de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao ecocardiograma. J&#225; os pacientes com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio apresentavam dados de macro-hemodin&#226;mica compat&#237;veis com choque cardiog&#234;nico (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2 L/min/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar &gt; 20 mmHg, press&#227;o venosa central &gt; 15 mmHg), apesar de pelo menos dois agentes inotr&#243;picos em doses m&#225;ximas, documenta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 40%) e hipotens&#227;o arterial com necessidade de vasopressores. Os dois pacientes em que a ECMO foi instalada como ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar evolu&#237;ram nas horas subsequentes &#224; parada card&#237;aca com choque cardiog&#234;nico, em que a conduta foi conservadora de in&#237;cio, mas se mostrou ineficaz.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes foram coletadas prospectivamente e armazenadas em banco de dados eletr&#244;nico. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes foi acompanhada temporalmente. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica e Pesquisa (CAAE 27039514.5.0000.0026), de acordo com as normas de Helsinki.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens, e as cont&#237;nuas por meio de m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada por meio do teste qui quadrado e, das cont&#237;nuas, pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. A sobrevida atuarial foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica considerado foi de 5%, e o programa estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o JMP para SAS vers&#227;o 9.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de assist&#234;ncia em ECMO foi de 76 &#177; 47,4 horas (varia&#231;&#227;o de 32 a 144 horas). O desmame com recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca obteve sucesso em nove (81,8%) pacientes. Entretanto, dois pacientes que tiveram recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o sobreviveram at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Um paciente teve complica&#231;&#245;es relacionada a acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico e outro devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 36,4%.</p>
        <p>As principais morbidades, com as suas respectivas frequ&#234;ncias, foram listadas na   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela 2</xref>. Os principais problemas no cuidado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio desses pacientes foram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda com necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise, acidente vascular cerebral, revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia e pneumonia. Dos quatro pacientes que apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral, somente um obteve alta hospitalar com sequela motora em membro inferior, que recuperou 6 meses ap&#243;s com tratamento fisioter&#225;pico especializado. Dos sete pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise, quatro obtiveram alta hospitalar com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e os outros tr&#234;s evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Mortalidade e morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de transplante card&#237;aco que evolu&#237;ram com disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto submetidos a implante de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sepse</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediastinite</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo definitivo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de terapia intensiva (dias)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8,5 (5,25 - 10,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">22,5 (5,75 - 45,25)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A imunossupress&#227;o foi diferenciada dos demais pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o de enxerto. Rotineiramente, os pacientes que estavam em ECMO receberam terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com timoglobulina associada a corticosteroides. Os demais foram tratados com esquema tr&#237;plice composto por inibidor de calcineurina (ciclosporina ou tacrolimos), micofenolato de mofetil e corticosteroides. A bi&#243;pisa endomioc&#225;rdica realizada rotineiramente no s&#233;timo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou que somente um (9,1%) paciente evoluiu com rejei&#231;&#227;o celular maior que 2R, o que excluiu a possibilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda como causa secund&#225;ria de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nenhum paciente foi submetido &#224; plasmaferese, e a pesquisa de rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral por meio de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia com pesquisa de fragmentos do sistema complemento foi negativa em todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade em 30 dias do nosso servi&#231;o foi de 9,8%, tendo sido maior nos que evolu&#237;ram com DPE (36,4%) quando comparada &#224; dos que n&#227;o tiveram essa complica&#231;&#227;o (5%; p = 0,02). Os sobreviventes at&#233; a alta hospitalar n&#227;o apresentaram mortalidade no seguimento tardio. A sobrevida atuarial aos 3 meses, 2 e 3 anos foi de 72,7%, 60,6% e 60,6%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Embora o denominador seja pequeno para essa an&#225;lise, o desmame de ECMO obteve sucesso em todos pacientes cuja ECMO foi instalada em decorr&#234;ncia de choque p&#243;s-cardiotomia no centro cir&#250;rgico e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ao contr&#225;rio daqueles em que ela foi instalada p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca (p = 0,004). Da mesma forma, a mortalidade hospitalar foi maior naqueles p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca (100%), com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (66,7%) que nos p&#243;s-cardiotomia (0%), com p = 0,01.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo procurou estudar uma grave complica&#231;&#227;o que ocorre ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco: a DPE. Embora possam existir questionamentos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua exata defini&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, utilizamos recente crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, sendo a preval&#234;ncia de DPE na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de 15,5%. Essa taxa &#233; concordante com a de outras s&#233;ries da literatura, que variam de 2 a 26%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Apesar de tentativas de controle de seus fatores de risco mais frequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, a ocorr&#234;ncia de DPE permanece elevada ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco. No entanto, sustentam-se as estrat&#233;gias preventivas, que t&#234;m sido focadas em melhor manuten&#231;&#227;o e escolha dos doadores, m&#233;todos de preserva&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o em capta&#231;&#245;es de longa dist&#226;ncia com tempo de isquemia prolongados, e melhor prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante o implante, entre outras.</p>
        <p>A DPE constitui a principal causa de mortalidade inicial ap&#243;s o transplante. A deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica causada pelo choque cardiog&#234;nico por fal&#234;ncia de bomba que n&#227;o responde ao uso de inotr&#243;picos tem evolu&#231;&#227;o catastr&#243;fica, sen&#227;o corrigida a tempo. Por esse motivo, no nosso servi&#231;o, os pacientes transplantados s&#227;o rotineiramente monitorizados no intra e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com cateter de Swan-Ganz de d&#233;bito cont&#237;nuo, que fornece, assim, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos necess&#225;rios em tempo real para a melhor tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, aliado a outras vari&#225;veis de perfus&#227;o tecidual. O uso de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio &#233; rotina na sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, a fim de fornecer dados de dimens&#245;es e fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular, auxiliar na estimativa da volemia, identificar eventuais defeitos cir&#250;rgicos residuais e verificar a fun&#231;&#227;o das valvas card&#237;acas. Caso haja dificuldade no diagn&#243;stico do choque no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o ecocardiograma &#224; beira do leito &#233; muito elucidativo e deve ser utilizado sempre que necess&#225;rio, principalmente na suspeita de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos indicativos de choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>Os casos de DPE grave, como os representados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">quadro 1</xref>, que n&#227;o respondem ao uso de inotr&#243;picos e controle do ritmo card&#237;aco, na aus&#234;ncia de tamponamento card&#237;aco, devem ser prontamente tratados com o uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica. A instala&#231;&#227;o de ECMO deve ser precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, antes que se instale a disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica ou previamente &#224; parada card&#237;aca, conforme destacado na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Conforme descrevemos na nossa experi&#234;ncia, quanto mais precoce foi o implante (centro cir&#250;rgico) melhores foram os resultados de possibilidade de desmame e sobrevida. Os pacientes em que a ECMO foi instalada em decorr&#234;ncia de parada card&#237;aca tiveram m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o e, certamente, o tempo de indica&#231;&#227;o correta foi negligenciado.</p>
        <p>O objetivo da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria na DPE &#233; sempre a recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Assim, as caracter&#237;sticas do dispositivo ideal devem respeitar os seguintes preceitos: ser rapidamente instalado; permitir o r&#225;pido reestabelecimento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, a fim de manter a perfus&#227;o tecidual adequada e reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica; reduzir as press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular; promover a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com aumento do fluxo coronariano e redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, al&#233;m de estar associado a baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Para que haja sucesso na recupera&#231;&#227;o, &#233; importante que o cora&#231;&#227;o esteja descomprimido, pois a hipertens&#227;o intracavit&#225;ria limita a perfus&#227;o coronariana subendoc&#225;rdica. Na maioria dos nossos pacientes, n&#227;o havia atividade el&#233;trica e nem contr&#225;til suficiente para a descompress&#227;o adequada do VE. Ap&#243;s a documenta&#231;&#227;o de press&#245;es elevadas em &#225;trio esquerdo com distens&#227;o do VE, inserimos uma outra c&#226;nula de drenagem em &#225;trio esquerdo, cujo fluxo foi controlado ou at&#233; interrompido na depend&#234;ncia de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. O uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico tem benef&#237;cio documentado na redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, o que auxilia na recupera&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m de ser rotineiro no desmame da ECMO.</p>
        <p>Na nossa experi&#234;ncia, o uso de ECMO atendeu aos objetivos desejados, promovendo a recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na maioria dos casos descritos, com aceit&#225;vel &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es diante da gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. Obtivemos sucesso na retirada de ECMO com recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em 81,8% dos pacientes ap&#243;s 76 horas em m&#233;dia; resultados estes compat&#237;veis com os de outros centros internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os principais problemas encontrados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, acidente vascular cerebral e revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia. A primeira complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, secund&#225;ria a m&#250;ltiplos fatores agressores (choque, drogas nefrot&#243;xicas e congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica), al&#233;m da s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal pr&#233;-transplante. Todos os pacientes recuperaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal ap&#243;s algumas sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise, conforme j&#225; descrito por Listijono e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. As duas &#250;ltimas complica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o com a necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o durante a ECMO, cujo controle &#233; por vezes dif&#237;cil de ser alcan&#231;ado. Fatores complicadores s&#227;o cirurgia card&#237;aca recente, presen&#231;a de choque com disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica concomitante e eventual coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada. O uso excessivo de hemoderivados &#233; um fator complicador na sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica incluindo o f&#237;gado com potencializa&#231;&#227;o do sangramento, al&#233;m da indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. O uso de circuitos revestidos de heparina, antifibrinol&#237;ticos, t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica cuidadosa, manuten&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica com descompress&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica e derivados sint&#233;ticos dos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante na minimiza&#231;&#227;o dessas complica&#231;&#245;es. Tais medidas t&#234;m sido empregadas rotineiramente no nosso servi&#231;o. Pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com acidente vascular cerebral apresentaram elevada mortalidade hospitalar. Aqueles que sobreviveram apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o completa da atividade motora, o que n&#227;o limitou sua qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>A causa da DPE na nossa experi&#234;ncia n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com rejei&#231;&#227;o grave documentada por bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica rotineira na primeira semana, sendo que somente um paciente apresentou rejei&#231;&#227;o celular maior que 2R. Independentemente da completa recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que ocorreu nos que foram desmamados de ECMO, estes pacientes s&#227;o graves e o acometimento de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os est&#225; associado &#224; elevada mortalidade, conforme demonstrado na nossa experi&#234;ncia e de acordo com outras experi&#234;ncias de pacientes tratados com choque p&#243;s-cardiotomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. H&#225;, portanto, necessidade de intensificar cuidados intensivos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, focando no manejo sistem&#225;tico de &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas e combate a sepse.</p>
        <p>Apesar da experi&#234;ncia com ECMO na DPE ser bem descrita na literatura, alguns grupos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> descrevem dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular de curta dura&#231;&#227;o como op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento. As vantagens da ECMO seriam suporte biventricular em todos os casos, suporte pulmonar, menores complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, e maior facilidade e rapidez na instala&#231;&#227;o. Por &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o menos importante especialmente no nosso meio, est&#225; o custo da ECMO ser bem menor que de outros dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho descritivo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como o n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes do grupo de estudo e a aus&#234;ncia de um controle. Entretanto, consideramos que o estabelecimento de um grupo controle estivesse envolvido com dilemas &#233;ticos importantes, j&#225; que n&#227;o poder&#237;amos comparar com um grupo sem o uso de ECMO, pela elevada mortalidade com o tratamento cl&#237;nico. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos de outros dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular que pudessem ser comparados a ECMO. N&#227;o listamos nem analisamos os fatores de risco de DPE ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, o qual ser&#225; objetivo de estudo futuro, assim que obtivermos n&#250;mero mais expressivo de pacientes que permita uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mais robusta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica por meio de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea central promoveu recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em poucos dias na maioria dos pacientes que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de enxerto ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
