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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jpdkSwByX59jQQgmFZtBdTy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200276</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure Variability on Recently Diagnosed Diabetics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Michel-Ch&#225;vez</surname>
            <given-names>Anaclara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esta&#241;ol</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gien-L&#243;pez</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Robles-Cabrera</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huitrado-Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno-Morales</surname>
            <given-names>Ren&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becerra-Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Brayans</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M&#233;dicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">M&#233;xico Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n, M&#233;xico Distrito Federal - Mexico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Esta&#241;ol</bold>, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegaci&#243;n Tlalpan, Postal Code 14000. M&#233;xico, D.F. E-mail:   <email>bestanol@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez JA. Acquisition of data: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Robles-Cabrera A, Moreno-Morales R, Becerra-Luna B. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Gien-L&#243;pez JA, Robles-Cabrera A, Huitrado-Duarte ME, Becerra-Luna B. Statistical analysis: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Gien- L&#243;pez JA, Robles-Cabrera A, Moreno-Morales R. Writing of the manuscript: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez JA, Huitrado-Duarte ME. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez JA. Supervision / as the major investigador: Esta&#241;ol B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>276</fpage>
      <lpage>284</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Diabetes affects approximately 250 million people in the world. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes that leads to severe postural hypotension, exercise intolerance, and increased incidence of silent myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the variability of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in recently diagnosed diabetic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 30 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes of less than 2 years and 30 healthy controls. We used a Finapres&#174; device to measure during five minutes beat-to-beat HR and blood pressure in three experimental conditions: supine position, standing position, and rhythmic breathing at 0.1 Hz. The results were analyzed in the time and frequency domains.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the HR analysis, statistically significant differences were found in the time domain, specifically on short-term values such as standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50). In the BP analysis, there were no significant differences, but there was a sympathetic dominance in all three conditions. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) decreased in patients with early diabetes compared with healthy subjects during the standing maneuver.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>There is a decrease in HR variability in patients with early type 2 diabetes. No changes were observed in the BP analysis in the supine position, but there were changes in BRS with the standing maneuver, probably due to sympathetic hyperactivity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetic Neuropathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are the main causes of death in the American continent and common causes of disability, premature death, and excessive expenses <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common type of autonomic dysfunction in patients with DM and is associated with abnormalities in the control of the heart rate (HR), with loss of its variability, decreased baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS), and late changes in vascular dynamics <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. CAN is detected in about 7% of both types 1 and 2 DM at the time of the diagnosis. The annual increase in prevalence of CAN has been reported to be around 6% in type 2 DM <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of confirmed CAN (defined as an abnormality in at least two cardiovascular HR results) in clinical studies in unselected populations, including patients with type 1 or 2 DM, varies from 16.6 to 20% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. This prevalence may increase to 65% with increasing age and DM duration <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. CAN has been linked to tachycardia at rest, orthostatic hypotension, exercise intolerance, increased incidence of asymptomatic ischemia, myocardial infarction, and decreased rate of survival after myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In healthy individuals, HR has a high inter-beat interval (IBI) variability rate which fluctuates with breathing, increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The HR variability (HRV) based on IBI variations in short-term or long&#8209;term recordings may be represented, according to the type of mathematical processing, by the HRV analysis in the time domain and frequency domain (spectral analysis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>In short-term recordings, different spectral components may be identified depending on their frequencies in Hz. High-frequency (HF) components are considered an area of vagal influence, whereas low-frequency (LF) components are under sympathetic and some vagal influence, although baroreceptor influences have also been postulated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Standardized protocols of autonomic load (breathing, ortho-clinostatic test, head-up tilt test) for examination of the HRV spectral analysis in short-term recordings impose a stress element to assess the level and reactivity of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine beat-to-beat HR and blood pressure (BP) variabilities in patients with type 2 DM with less than two years of diagnosis and compare the results with variabilities in these parameters in healthy subjects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A descriptive, transversal, prolective, comparative, and non-randomized study was developed with individuals of both genders, including 30 diabetic subjects with less than two years from the diagnosis and 30 healthy subjects between 30 and 60 years.</p>
      <p>The subjects with DM were identified from a monitoring protocol of a cohort of patients with insulin resistance. During follow-up of these patients, a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test was performed periodically, and when the results confirmed the diagnosis of DM, the patient was invited to participate in the study. Urinalysis ruled out proteinuria and kidney damage, whereas nerve conduction velocities were performed to rule out somatic peripheral neuropathy. These studies were performed to assess damage to these organs by long-standing hyperglycemia. Finally, the patients were required to have a normal funduscopic exam performed by a certified neurologist to rule out diabetic retinopathy at the time of the study. These variables were determined as control parameters to ensure that the duration of the DM was not too long.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease was absent in all patients, based on a carotid intima-media thickness below 0.685 mm (0.659-0.691 mm). This is the range established by the CARMELA study (2011) for the maximum age of the patients included in our study (60 years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the institution and was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before testing, each participant signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Prior to the study, the cases had capillary blood glucose levels between 60 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL. We requested the subjects in both groups to be free from any stimulant substances 24 hours prior to the study and to have at least 8 hours of sleep the night before. We excluded patients with underlying diseases with an autonomic component or of any other nature which could interfere with the test results.</p>
      <p>Measurement of the two variables of interest &#8211; BP and IBI &#8211; was carried out with Finometer&#174; (Finapres&#174;, the Netherlands), during three maneuvers (registered for five minutes each one):</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Supine position.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Standing after one minute of stabilization.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Rhythmic breathing of 6 cycles per minute paced electronically.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>The data obtained from the time series of IBI in milliseconds (ms) and systolic BP (SBP) in mmHg (for each heart beat) in these three conditions were analyzed with time diagram, histogram, autoregressive analysis, and fast Fourier transform.</p>
      <p>The time series were manually cleaned from artifacts or premature beats. A statistical analysis was performed in the time and frequency domains using the SPSS software. Mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error and coefficient of variation for the time domain were obtained. Using Beatscope (Finometer&#8217;s own program to extract the time series of IBI in ms and BP in mmHg), the time series were transferred to Excel for statistical evaluation. For the spectral analysis, we used SPSS, MatLab, Kubios, and Nevrokard. The level of statistical significance was set at p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the two groups in the variables age, gender, SBP, and fasting glucose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Body mass index (BMI) was slightly higher in the diabetic group compared with the control group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetic n = 30</th>
              <th align="center">Healthy n = 30</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">40.5(38-48)</td>
              <td align="center">39(35-42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">14(46%)</td>
              <td align="center">14(46%)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m2)</td>
              <td align="center">27.01(25.8-29.38)</td>
              <td align="center">25.95(24.5-27.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">117(109-120)</td>
              <td align="center">110(110-120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">99.33(82-105)</td>
              <td align="center">79.12(72-83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td>Carotid intima-media thickness (mm)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right</td>
              <td align="center">0.56(0.53-0.66)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left</td>
              <td align="center">0.57(0.54-0.66)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Months from diagnosis</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagnostic method for DM2 (OGTT)</td>
              <td align="center">30(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>None of the patients presented abnormal sensory or motor peripheral nerve conduction velocities, F responses or H reflexes. Sympathetic skin responses were present with normal amplitudes and latencies.</p>
      <p>In the first maneuver, the patient was placed in the supine position for five minutes after one minute of stabilization. In healthy subjects, HR and BP had relatively low variability, without sudden changes in frequencies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). This was due to the fact that the variability observed in this position was solely attributed to breathing. Patients with early DM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>) showed a slightly lower HR variability compared with the control subjects. The BP related to body changes while in the supine position was also slightly decreased.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histogram in the supine position</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0276-50073-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the second maneuver, the subjects were asked to stand up after a 5-minute supine rest. Immediately after standing up, the BP decreased and the HR increased as a consequence of baroreceptor action. These variables returned to their baseline levels within approximately 30 seconds, reaching their highest point at 15 seconds. This has been documented as the 15/30 index or Ewing score, a normal physiological phenomenon.</p>
      <p>Rhythmic breathing started with the aid of a visual metronome with 5-second inspirations and 5-second exhalations during a recording time of 5 minutes. This condition resulted in graphs with more regularity and wider variations in BP and HR, showing an integrity of the baroreflex in both cases. However, there was again a lower variability in diabetic compared with healthy subjects.</p>
      <p>When we conducted the numerical analysis, we obtained punctual values that allowed the comparison of the variables established for our objectives.</p>
      <p>The HR values in the supine position are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rate in the supine position</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">67.3 &#177; 1.69</td>
              <td align="center">66.71 &#177; 1.77</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">3.61 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">28.9(25.6&#8211;37.1)</td>
              <td align="center">43.6(31.6&#8211;53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">24.55(20&#8211;30.7)</td>
              <td align="center">24.3(24.3&#8211;50.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.55(0.7&#8211;11.2)</td>
              <td align="center">9.5(1.3&#8211;33.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">717(530&#8211;1289)</td>
              <td align="center">1324.5(803&#8211;2854)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">175.5(110&#8211;305)</td>
              <td align="center">302(327&#8211;620)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">215(70&#8211;278)</td>
              <td align="center">299(186&#8211;712)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">58.8 &#177; 17.66</td>
              <td align="center">48.96 &#177; 18.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 17.66</td>
              <td align="center">51.03 &#177; 18.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HR: Heart rate; SD: Standard deviation; SDNN: Standard deviation of NN intervals; RMSSD: Root mean square of successive differences; NN50: Number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50ms; pNN50: Proportion of NN50 divided by the total number of NNs; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency; nu: Normalized units.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although no differences in the mean HR in beats per minute were found between the two groups, there were significant differences in the SD of these means, the SD of the NN intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the NN50 percentage (pNN50). In all cases, the values were higher in healthy subjects compared with diabetics , reflecting a higher variability in the control group. When the total power (TP) and its components LF and HF were analyzed, values were significantly higher in healthy subjects, with a predominance of LFs. After normalizing these data, we found no difference between the groups.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> summarizes the data obtained for HR in the standing position.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rate in the standing position</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">75.78 &#177; 11.41</td>
              <td align="center">78.5 &#177; 10.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">3.14 &#177; 0.93</td>
              <td align="center">5.22 &#177; 1.91</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">31.25(23.6&#8211;41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">47.05(32.6&#8211;62)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">20.5(13.7&#8211;24.1)</td>
              <td align="center">26.05(21.8&#8211;34.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.55(0&#8211;3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">5.25(1.9&#8211;14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">785(409&#8211;1270)</td>
              <td align="center">2030.5(938&#8211;3026)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">199(122&#8211;388)</td>
              <td align="center">551.5(357&#8211;1130)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">124(64&#8211;210)</td>
              <td align="center">322.5(229&#8211;542)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">63.27 &#177; 18.64</td>
              <td align="center">61.19 &#177; 20.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">36.77 &#177; 18.64</td>
              <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 20.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>HR: Heart rate; SD: Standard deviation; SDNN: Standard deviation of NN intervals; RMSSD: Root mean square of successive differences; NN50: Number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms; pNN50: Proportion of NN50 divided by the total number of NNs; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency; nu: Normalized units.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The stimulus from the position modification generated changes in the HR, with differences observed only in SD, SDNN, RMSSD, and p-NN50 with higher values for control subjects. In TP, we observed that the proportions cited in the previous Table were maintained. However, on a global level, slightly higher values were observed, with a prevalence of LF both in absolute values as in normalized units (nu).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows the results obtained for HR during rhythmic breathing of 6 cycles per minute. This condition repeated the same findings observed in the supine and standing positions, confirming decreases in SD, SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 values as a result of a lower short-term variability in diabetics.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rate during rhythmic breathing</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HR (mean)</td>
              <td>70.51 &#177; 7.43</td>
              <td>70.22 &#177; 10.31</td>
              <td>0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">4.78 &#177; 1.82</td>
              <td align="center">7.44 &#177; 7.44</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">54.7(44.4&#8211;72.3)</td>
              <td align="center">86.65(68&#8211;86.65)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">28.45(19.8&#8211;42.1)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5(41.2&#8211;77.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.4(1.2&#8211;20.2)</td>
              <td align="center">30(16&#8211;46.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">2966.5(1510&#8211;4815)</td>
              <td align="center">7406(3612&#8211;12,098)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">2136.5(963&#8211;3663)</td>
              <td align="center">6454(2363&#8211;9527)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (ms2)</td>
              <td align="center">243(65&#8211;431)</td>
              <td align="center">640(320&#8211;1389)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">90.7(84.4-94.2)</td>
              <td align="center">88.05(84&#8211;91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.379</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">9.3(5.8-15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">11.95(8.6&#8211;16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.340</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>HR: Heart rate; SD: Standard deviation; SDNN: Standard deviation of NN intervals; RMSSD: Root mean square of successive differences; NN50: Number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms; pNN50: Proportion of NN50 divided by the total number of NNs; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency; nu: Normalized units.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the spectral analysis, a significantly higher TP was found in healthy compared with diabetic subjects. It should be noted that the LFs were higher both in punctual values in ms<sup>2</sup>, as well as in <italic>nu</italic>, when compared with the values obtained in the standing and supine positions. The spectral analysis regarding predominance of LF or HF suggests either a sympathetic or parasympathetic predominance.</p>
      <p>In the supine position, we found no differences in the SBP parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure in the supine position</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">116.27 &#177; 22.01</td>
              <td align="center">107.79 &#177; 10.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">4.43(3.50-5.95)</td>
              <td align="center">4.99(3.46-5.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (max)</td>
              <td align="center">130.83 &#177; 24.35</td>
              <td align="center">124.2 &#177; 15.48392</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (min)</td>
              <td align="center">105.2 &#177; 23</td>
              <td align="center">96.26667 &#177; 13.34924</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">4791.3(3192-7207.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5920.8(3074.9-8881.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">1360.8(1095.5-2724.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1971.65(1006.1-3508.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">216.31(118.06-536.68)</td>
              <td align="center">310.069(204.90-428.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the standing maneuver was performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>), SBP readings showed a higher mean SBP and a higher maximum/minimum pressure ratio in diabetic patients when compared with healthy subjects. No differences in the SD of the SBP were observed between groups. In spite of these findings, TP was higher in controls than in diabetic subjects, with a predominance of LF.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure in the standing position</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">123.19 &#177; 30.09</td>
              <td align="center">107.84 &#177; 12.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">5.33(4.25&#8211;6.53)</td>
              <td align="center">5.63(4.42&#8211;7.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (max)</td>
              <td align="center">140.2 &#177; 32.79</td>
              <td align="center">123.86 &#177; 4.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (min)</td>
              <td align="center">107.73 &#177; 29.45</td>
              <td align="center">92.33 &#177; 15.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">2966.5(1510&#8211;4815)</td>
              <td align="center">7406(3612&#8211;12,098)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">2136.5</td>
              <td align="center">6454(2363&#8211;9527)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">243(65&#8211;431)</td>
              <td align="center">640(320&#8211;1389)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results of the analysis of SBP with rhythmic breathing are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 7</xref>. Persistent predominance of higher pressures in diabetic patients is be noticed, along with maximum and minimum SBP values. However, in contrast to the previous Table, no statistical significance was found for TP and its components LF and HF.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t07">
        <label>Table 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure with rhythmic breathing</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">128.55 &#177; 27.98</td>
              <td align="center">113.83 &#177; 15.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">7.4(5.8&#8211;8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7(5.82&#8211;7.53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (max)</td>
              <td align="center">147.16 &#177; 29.2</td>
              <td align="center">132 &#177; 16.87</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (min)</td>
              <td align="center">108.8 &#177; 28.09</td>
              <td align="center">97 &#177; 16.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">11,244(8027.5)</td>
              <td align="center">10,770(7890&#8211;14,281)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">7450.6(4607.2&#8211;12,095)</td>
              <td align="center">6843.75(4662.3&#8211;9817.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (mmHg2)</td>
              <td align="center">723.06(301.28&#8211;907.92)</td>
              <td align="center">632.27(414.05&#8211;883.69)</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation; TP: Total power; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The BRS expresses the sensitivity in the response of the IBI to increasing or decreasing SBP. A significant difference was observed in BRS in the standing position, which was lower in the diabetic group compared with that obtained in the control group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>During an initial subclinical stage, CAN is detected through abnormalities in the domains of frequency and time of the HRV spectral analysis and in BRS tests. These abnormalities can even be present at the time of the diagnosis of DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. As CAN progresses, parasympathetic denervation is followed by compensatory sympathetic overdrive, resulting in abnormal cardiac autonomic reflex tests followed by symptomatic CAN. At a stage in which sympathetic denervation of the blood vessels is occurring, autonomic dysfunction correlates clinically with postural hypotension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The time scale for the progression is unclear, but it is estimated that many patients with subclinical CAN will develop features of cardiac involvement within 5 years of developing abnormal parameters in the frequency and time domains<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ziegler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed in a meta-analysis an increased mortality among diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy compared with those without this neuropathy. The risk rate for silent myocardial ischemia in the group with autonomic neuropathy was 1.96 (1.53&#8211;2.51; p&lt;0.001). When they analyzed the mortality rate in 2900 subjects, the relative risk of death in patients with DM and autonomic neuropathy was 2.14 (1.83&#8211;2.51; p&lt;0.0001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. These data have great importance and suggest that autonomic testing should be an integral part of the approach in all diabetics.</p>
      <p>Although these studies have included diabetic patients, most have been conducted in patients with at least 5 years of disease or with chronic diseases, such as peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. It has been suggested that the earliest indicator of diabetic autonomic neuropathy is CAN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although HRV has been commonly assessed as part of the evaluation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, the variability in BP has been much less studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. There are only a few studies conducted to analyze specifically the <italic>short-term</italic> (beat-to-beat variability) HRV values in the time domain, or including spectral analysis to assess the sympathetic or parasympathetic influence in the frequency domain.</p>
      <p>Exploratory studies at different stages of the disease are important for the understanding of its natural course. In this study, age, gender, basal BP, and fasting glucose were statistically similar in both groups, although there was a slight difference in BMI, which was higher in the diabetic group. This is explained by a higher prevalence of overweight in type 2 diabetic patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart rate analysis</title>
        <p>With the patient in a supine position, there is no stimulus to determine a dominance of the sympathetic over the parasympathetic system. There is no gravity influence and activation of baroreceptors is only determined by changes in BP mediated by respiratory movements. In this first maneuver, a statistically significant difference was found in the SD of the HR of diabetics compared with control subjects. This indicates that the variability in patients with DM is lower than that registered in healthy subjects. This is confirmed in the short-term IBI (in ms) analysis with calculation of the SD of this record (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSDD), number of times that this consecutive interval from one heart beat to another exceeds 50 milliseconds (NN50), and percentage of these events with regard to the complete series of registered heart beats (pNN50). There is also a greater TP in this maneuver, dominated by LF over HF. By normalizing these units, the bias produced by very low frequencies (VLF) is eliminated. No practical value has been defined for VLF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. No statistical significance was also found between <italic>nu</italic> values.</p>
        <p>In the standing position, a physical challenge is imposed by gravity which produces a momentary sudden fall in BP that never exceeds 40 mmHg and a compensatory tachycardia lasting approximately 15 seconds. This maneuver activates sympathetic pathways, so when there is damage to either autonomic branch, an imbalance is detected in the described measurements. It has been established in diabetic patients that parasympathetic fibers to the heart are the first to suffer some damage, so it is possible to find early tachycardia in diabetic patients compared with healthy subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>We found no differences in mean frequencies between diabetics and healthy subjects. However, in all other short-term variables such as SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50, we found lower values in the diabetic compared with the control group, indicating a lower HRV. In this maneuver, and for both cases, there was a predominance of a sympathetic over a parasympathetic effect, which may be explained by the fact that in early CAN stages there is still no important sympathetic damage to cause sympathovagal imbalance. This probably indicates that short-term analysis factors (SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50) might be very useful for initial screening of CAN in these patients, even if the regulatory or sympathovagal balance is intact. This suggests that the loss of variability in patients with DM may be the earliest manifestation of CAN.</p>
        <p>During rhythmic breathing (at 0.1Hz), there was a predominance of LF (0.1&#8211;0.15Hz), implying a sympathetic challenge. The differences in the parameters were the same as those observed with the previous maneuver. However, here we noticed an important dominance of LF over HF, which indicates that the stimulus of rhythmic breathing conferred this sympathetic property. There was no difference between groups in <italic>nu</italic>.</p>
        <p>Hence, we found a lower HRV in patients with early DM when compared with healthy subjects, mainly due to parasympathetic damage to the heart, although early sympathetic damage also occurs, but to a lesser extent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic blood pressure analysis</title>
        <p>BP is mainly determined by cardiac output times peripheral resistance. The sympathetic innervation of the heart controls the HR, ventricular contractility, and stroke volume. Although the cardiovagal innervation does not influence contractility and stroke volume, it has a powerful influence on the HR either by inducing bradycardia or transient tachycardia with the withdrawal of its activity. Blood vessels have a vasomotion at approximately 0.1Hz (each 10 seconds) mediated solely by the sympathetic innervation. The HF variability of the BP is probably transmitted only by the heart, whereas the LF variability is related to the LF variability of the heart and the LF variability due to vasomotion induced by the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, in the spectral analysis of the BP, there is a sympathetic or LF predominance. This influence is seen in patients with atrial fibrillation in whom HRV (either HF or LF) is absent, but a variability in LF is maintained by the BP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Baseline pressure in our experimental and control groups was within the normal range and did not differ significantly between each other.</p>
        <p>In the supine position, we obtained values with the Finapres&#174; for mean SBP, SD, maximum and minimum pressures, TP, and LF and HF that were not significantly different. It is important to highlight that there were no differences between groups in the baseline analyses, which makes them comparable in regards to the challenges imposed by the sympathetic stimulation (standing position and rhythmic breathing). It should be mentioned that the BP was slightly higher in the diabetic group than in the control group, due to a dominance of the sympathetic control (LF).</p>
        <p>During the standing maneuver, SBP was higher in diabetic patients, both in mean, as well as in maximum and minimum numbers. However, the dominance still respected the sympathetic factor of LFs, and this response was even greater in the control group. This might indicate that the vascular response is preserved in the control group, which has better mechanisms of BP regulation, whereas in diabetic patients, sympathetic hyperactivity to the vasculature is not completely balanced by the baroreceptor reflex.</p>
        <p>In the rhythmic breathing maneuver, we observed a sustained oscillation of inspiration and expiration in which a sympathetic stimulus dominated over a parasympathetic one, not excluding the control of the latter by mechanisms of BRS. In this maneuver, the only statistical significance was found in the mean SBP in diabetics compared with controls, derived predominantly from the fact that the DM group had higher maximum pressures than the control group. In the frequency domain, TPs and its components LF and HF did not differ significantly between groups. This occurs when there is maintained sympathetic and parasympathetic integrity and is considered a normal response.</p>
        <p>In the supine position, the only difference was the lower LF values in diabetics compared with controls, whereas LF/HF rates were similar. This lower response is due to the absence of a gravitational stimulus.</p>
        <p>This pattern remained in the standing position, showing no difference between pressure and variability by SD. A significant difference was obtained in TP established by a dominance of LFs in which the control group showed higher values because of better responses. However, this normal response to sympathetic dominance stimulation persists and does not affect the values measured in mmHg.</p>
        <p>In rhythmic breathing, the stimulus of the sympathetic effect dominated over the parasympathetic one, but in a similar proportion as in the two previous maneuvers; once again, this did not modify the mean BP, nor its SD. The above shows that the sympathovagal control is intact in both groups, with broader responses in the frequency domain in the control compared with the diabetic group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Baroreflex sensitivity analysis</title>
        <p>As previously described, the analysis of the BRS derives from a quotient between the IBI (expressed in ms) and the SBP (in mmHg). This reflects a cardiac response to changes in registered pressure and involves both sympathetic control for positive chronotropic effects in face of a BP decrease, as well as parasympathetic control for negative chronotropic effects in face of a BP increase and requirement for IBI prolongation. It is, therefore, important to point out the response to these two major maneuvers, supine position and standing position.</p>
        <p>Our results demonstrate that there was no difference in baseline measurements in the supine position, but there was a difference in the standing maneuver, in which control individuals showed a greater sensitivity when compared with diabetic patients. This is because the SBPs were higher in diabetics, and since this variable is calculated as a quotient, it tends to a smaller number. These findings could suggest a slightly lower parasympathetic response in diabetics compared with controls.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>There is a decreased HRV in the supine and standing positions and during rhythmic breathing in diabetics subjects with less than 2 years of diagnosis compared with control subjects, determined by the SD and by the analysis of short-term variabilities [HR (SD), SDNN, pNN50 (%)], probably associated with a parasympathetic failure.</p>
      <p>With <italic>nu</italic>, HR spectral values were similar in both groups. In standard values (no <italic>nu)</italic>, the results were significant. It is possible that this loss of variability occurs with a relatively normal sympathetic balance, which suggests that short-term variables may be useful for the assessment of the variability in conditions of good autonomic balance. Therefore, it is suggested that these variables may be the first to become abnormal in the DM spectrum.</p>
      <p>There was no significant difference in SBP in diabetic patients with recent diagnosis in the analysis of the time and frequency domains. However, SBP in the standing position tended to be higher in diabetics compared with controls, despite not reaching pathological values.</p>
      <p>During orthostatism, BRS was slightly decreased in diabetic subjects with recent diagnosis compared with controls. This contrasts with the results in the supine position, in which there was no difference, probably due to the absence of gravitational stress.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>The analysis shows that the HRV is decreased in patients with recent-onset DM. This finding is relevant because only a few studies on HRV have been performed in patients with recent-onset DM, showing that cardiac autonomic neuropathy appears early in the disease. The control of BP is more complex because it involves vagal and sympathetic activity to the heart and sympathetic activity to resistant vessels. The sympathetic damage to blood vessels is probably preserved in the early stages of the disease and may be affected only in late stages. Therefore, more studies or different techniques are necessary to demonstrate changes in BP with analysis of either the time or frequency domains in recent-onset DM. There seems to be sympathetic hyperactivity to the resistant blood vessels in early DM, as shown by the increase in BP in the standing position, although more studies are required to elucidate this point.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno-Morales</surname>
            <given-names>Ren&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becerra-Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Brayans</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n, M&#233;xico Distrito Federal - Mexico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Esta&#241;ol</bold>, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegaci&#243;n Tlalpan, CEP 14000. M&#233;xico, D.F. E-mail:   <email>bestanol@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez JA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Michel- Ch&#225;vez A, Robles-Cabrera A, Moreno-Morales R, Becerra- Luna B. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Gien-L&#243;pez JA, Robles-Cabrera A, Huitrado-Duarte ME, Becerra-Luna B. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Gien- L&#243;pez JA, Robles-Cabrera A, Moreno-Morales R. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Michel-Ch&#225;vez A, Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez JA, Huitrado-Duarte ME. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Esta&#241;ol B, Gien-L&#243;pez J&#193;. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Esta&#241;ol B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O diabetes afeta aproximadamente 250 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo. A neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum do diabetes que leva &#224; hipotens&#227;o postural grave, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e aumento na incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio silencioso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com diagn&#243;stico recente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 30 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 diagnosticado h&#225; menos de 2 anos e 30 controles saud&#225;veis. N&#243;s utilizamos o dispositivo Finapres&#174; para medir durante cinco minutos a FC batimento-a-batimento e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) em tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais: posi&#231;&#227;o supina, em p&#233; e durante respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica na frequ&#234;ncia de 0,1 Hz. Os resultados foram analisados nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nos valores da an&#225;lise do dom&#237;nio do tempo, especificamente em valores determinados a curto prazo, tais como o desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos NN (DPNN), a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas (RQMDS) para a FC e o n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms (pNN50). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na an&#225;lise da PA, mas houve uma domin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica nas tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es. A sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) esteve diminu&#237;da em pacientes com diabetes de in&#237;cio recente, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis durante execu&#231;&#227;o da manobra na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>H&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na variabilidade da FC em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 de in&#237;cio recente. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na an&#225;lise da PA na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, mas a SBR apresentou mudan&#231;a com a manobra em p&#233; provavelmente causada por hiperatividade simp&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es do Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Neuropatias Diab&#233;ticas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e o diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2 s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no continente americano e causas comuns de incapacidade, morte prematura e gastos excessivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular (NAC) &#233; uma forma comum de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em pacientes com DM e est&#225; associada com anormalidades no controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), perda na sua variabilidade, redu&#231;&#227;o na sensibilidade dos barorreceptores (SBR) e altera&#231;&#245;es tardias na din&#226;mica vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em cerca de 7% dos pacientes com DM de ambos os tipos (1 e 2), a NAC &#233; detectada no momento do diagn&#243;stico. O aumento anual na preval&#234;ncia da NAC tem sido relatado em cerca de 6% no DM tipo 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de NAC confirmada (definida como anormalidade em pelo menos dois resultados cardiovasculares de FC) em estudos cl&#237;nicos com popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o selecionadas, incluindo pacientes com DM tipo 1 e 2, varia de 16,6 a 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Essa preval&#234;ncia pode aumentar para 65% com o aumento da idade e dura&#231;&#227;o do DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A NAC tem sido associada &#224; taquicardia de repouso, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, aumento na incid&#234;ncia de isquemia assintom&#225;tica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de sobrevida ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a FC tem uma alta variabilidade no intervalo entre batimentos (IEB) que flutua com a respira&#231;&#227;o, aumentando durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o e diminuindo durante a expira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A variabilidade da FC (VFC) medida pela variabilidade do IEB em registros a curto ou longo prazo &#233; representada, dependendo do tipo de processamento matem&#225;tico, pela an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise espectral)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em registros realizados a curto prazo, componentes espectrais diferentes podem ser identificados de acordo com suas frequ&#234;ncias em Hz. O componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) &#233; considerado uma &#225;rea de influ&#234;ncia vagal, enquanto que o de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) est&#225; sob influ&#234;ncia do sistema simp&#225;tico e sob certa influ&#234;ncia vagal, embora influ&#234;ncias do barorreceptor tamb&#233;m tenham sido postuladas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Protocolos padronizados de estimula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (respira&#231;&#227;o, teste ortoclinost&#225;tico, teste de <italic>tilt</italic>) no exame da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC em registros obtidos a curto prazo imp&#245;em elementos de estresse para avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel e da reatividade dos sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a FC batimento-a-batimento e a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em pacientes com DM tipo 2 com menos de dois anos de diagn&#243;stico e comparar os resultados com a variabilidade desses par&#226;metros em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Estudo descritivo, transversal, proletivo, comparativo e n&#227;o randomizado, desenvolvido com indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, incluindo 30 diab&#233;ticos com menos de dois anos de diagn&#243;stico e 30 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis entre 30 e 60 anos.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos com DM foram identificados a partir de um protocolo de acompanhamento de uma coorte de pacientes com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Durante o seguimento desses pacientes, um teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (75 gramas) era realizado periodicamente, e quando os resultados confirmavam o diagn&#243;stico de DM, o paciente era convidado a participar do estudo. Exames de urina foram realizados para descartar protein&#250;ria e dano renal, enquanto que testes de velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o nervosa foram realizados para descartar neuropatia perif&#233;rica. Esses estudos foram realizados para avaliar os danos a esses &#243;rg&#227;os causados por hiperglicemia de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, os pacientes precisavam ter um exame de fundoscopia normal realizado por um neurologista certificado para descartar retinopatia diab&#233;tica no momento do estudo. Essas vari&#225;veis foram tomadas como par&#226;metros de controle para garantir que o DM n&#227;o era de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica vascular perif&#233;rica foi exclu&#237;da em todos os pacientes com base em uma espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida abaixo de 0,685 mm (0,659-0,691mm). Esse &#233; o intervalo estabelecido pelo estudo CARMELA (2011) para a idade m&#225;xima dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo (60 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e esteve em conformidade com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes, cada participante assinou um termo de consentimento informado.</p>
        <p>Antes do estudo, os pacientes apresentavam n&#237;vel de glicemia capilar entre 60mg/dL e 200mg/dL. Solicitamos aos participantes de ambos os grupos que evitassem qualquer subst&#226;ncia estimulante 24 horas antes do estudo e que tivessem pelo menos 8 horas de sono na noite anterior. N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos pacientes com doen&#231;as subjacentes com componentes auton&#244;micos ou de qualquer outra natureza que pudessem alterar os resultados do teste.</p>
        <p>Utilizamos o Finometer&#174; (Finapres&#174;, Holanda) para medir as duas vari&#225;veis de interesse &#8211; PA e IEB &#8211; durante tr&#234;s manobras registradas por cinco minutos cada uma:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Levantar ap&#243;s um minuto de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica de 6 ciclos por minuto, com ritmo determinado eletronicamente.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os dados obtidos com a s&#233;rie temporal de IEB em milissegundos e a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) em mmHg (para cada batimento do cora&#231;&#227;o) nas tr&#234;s manobras foram analisados por meio de diagrama temporal, histograma, autorregress&#227;o autom&#225;tica e transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier.</p>
        <p>Artefatos ou batimentos prematuros foram eliminados manualmente da s&#233;rie de tempo e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia com o software SPSS. Obtivemos a m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o (DP), erro padr&#227;o e coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o para o dom&#237;nio do tempo. Com uso do Beatscope (programa pr&#243;prio do Finometer&#174; para extrair as s&#233;ries de tempo do IEB em ms e PA em mmHg), as s&#233;ries de tempo foram transferidas para o Excel para avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica. Para a an&#225;lise espectral, utilizamos o SPSS, MatLab, Kubios e Nevrokard. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixado em p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, g&#234;nero, PAS e glicemia de jejum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 1</xref>). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi ligeiramente maior no grupo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Diab&#233;ticos n = 30</th>
                <th align="center">Saud&#225;veis n = 30</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (38-48)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (35-42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,01 (25,8-29,38)</td>
                <td align="center">25,95 (24,5-27,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (109-120)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (110-120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">99,33 (82-105)</td>
                <td align="center">79,12 (72-83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (mm)  </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Direita</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 (0,53-0,66)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (0,54-0,66)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Meses do diagn&#243;stico</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico para o DM2 (TOTG)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DM2: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2; TOTG: Teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o nas velocidades de condu&#231;&#227;o de nervos perif&#233;ricos motor ou sensorial, respostas F ou reflexos H. Respostas simp&#225;ticas cut&#226;neas estiveram presentes com lat&#234;ncias e amplitudes normais.</p>
        <p>A primeira manobra consistiu em colocar o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina durante 5 minutos ap&#243;s 1 minuto de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o. Nos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a FC e a PA apresentaram variabilidade relativamente baixa, sem mudan&#231;as repentinas nas frequ&#234;ncias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Isto ocorreu devido ao fato de que a variabilidade observada nessa posi&#231;&#227;o &#233; atribu&#237;da exclusivamente &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com DM inicial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>) apresentaram uma variabilidade da FC discretamente inferior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, a PA relacionada &#224;s mudan&#231;as corporais durante a posi&#231;&#227;o supina esteve ligeiramente diminu&#237;da.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histograma na posi&#231;&#227;o supina</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0276-50073-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A segunda manobra consistiu em pedir aos participantes que ficassem em p&#233; ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Imediatamente ap&#243;s levantarem-se, a PA diminuiu e a FC aumentou em consequ&#234;ncia da a&#231;&#227;o barorreceptora. Essas vari&#225;veis retornaram aos n&#237;veis basais em aproximadamente 30 segundos, atingindo seu ponto mais alto em 15 segundos. Isso foi documentado como a raz&#227;o 15/30 ou escore de Ewing, um fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico normal.</p>
        <p>A respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica foi realizada com aux&#237;lio de um metr&#244;nomo visual com inspira&#231;&#227;o de 5 segundos e exala&#231;&#227;o de 5 segundos, durante 5 minutos de registro. Essa manobra resultou em gr&#225;ficos mais regulares com varia&#231;&#245;es mais amplas da PA e da FC, mostrando integridade do barorreflexo em ambos os casos. No entanto, houve novamente uma baixa variabilidade nos indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Ao realizarmos a an&#225;lise num&#233;rica, obtivemos valores pontuais que permitiram a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estabelecidas para os nossos objetivos.</p>
        <p>Os valores da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na posi&#231;&#227;o supina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">67,3 &#177; 1,69</td>
                <td align="center">66,71 &#177; 1,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">28,9 (25,6-37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 (31,6-53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RQMDS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">24,55 (20-30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">24,3 (24,3-50,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,55 (0,7-11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 (1,3-33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">717 (530-1289)</td>
                <td align="center">1324,5 (803-2854)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">175,5 (110-305)</td>
                <td align="center">302 (327-620)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (70-278)</td>
                <td align="center">299 (186-712)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 17,66</td>
                <td align="center">48,96 &#177; 18,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 17,66</td>
                <td align="center">51,03 &#177; 18,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; DPNN: Desvio-padr&#227;o de intervalos NN; RQMDS: Raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;as sucessivas; NN50: N&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: Propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia; un: Unidades normalizadas.  </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia da FC em batimentos por minuto entre os dois grupos, houve diferen&#231;as significativas no DP dessas m&#233;dias, no DP dos intervalos NN (DPNN), na raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas (RQMDS) e na porcentagem de NN50 (pNN50). Em todos os casos os valores foram maiores em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, refletindo uma maior variabilidade no grupo controle. Quando a pot&#234;ncia total (PT) e seus componentes &#8211; BF e AF &#8211; foram analisados, os valores foram significativamente mais elevados em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com predomin&#226;ncia de BFs. Ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o desses dados, n&#243;s n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref> resume os dados obtidos para a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">75,78 &#177; 11,41</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 &#177; 10,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">3,14 &#177; 0,93</td>
                <td align="center">5,22 &#177; 1,91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">31,25 (23,6-41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">47,05 (32,6-62)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RQMDS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">20,5 (13,7-24,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26,05 (21,8-34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (0-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5,25 (1,9-14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">785 (409-1270)</td>
                <td align="center">2030,5 (938-3026)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (122-388)</td>
                <td align="center">551,5 (357-1130)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (64-210)</td>
                <td align="center">322,5 (229-542)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">63,27 &#177; 18,64</td>
                <td align="center">61,19 &#177; 20,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">36,77 &#177; 18,64</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 20,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; DPNN: Desvio-padr&#227;o de intervalos NN; RQMDS: Raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;as sucessivas; NN50: N&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: Propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia; un: Unidades normalizadas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O est&#237;mulo da mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o gerou altera&#231;&#245;es na FC, com diferen&#231;as apenas no DP, DPNN, RQMDS e pNN50, com valores mais altos para os indiv&#237;duos controle. Na PT, observamos que as propor&#231;&#245;es mostradas Tabela anterior foram mantidas. No entanto, ocorreram valores globais ligeiramente superiores, com predom&#237;nio de BF tanto em valores absolutos como em unidades normalizadas (un).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a FC durante respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica de 6 ciclos por minuto. Durante essa manobra, repetiram&#8209;se os mesmos achados encontrados nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e em p&#233;, confirmando a diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores do DP, DPNN, RQMDS e pNN50 como resultado de uma menor variabilidade a curto prazo em diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">70,51 &#177; 7,43</td>
                <td align="center">70,22 &#177; 10,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">4,78 &#177; 1,82</td>
                <td align="center">7,44 &#177; 7,44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 (44,4-72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">86,65 (68-86,65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RQMDS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">28,45 (19,8-42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 (41,2-77,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 (1,2-20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (16-46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">2966,5 (1510-4815)</td>
                <td align="center">7406 (3612-12.098)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">2136,5 (963-3663)</td>
                <td align="center">6454 (2363-9527)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (65-431)</td>
                <td align="center">640 (320-1389)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">90,7 (84,4-94,2)</td>
                <td align="center">88,05 (84-91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (5,8-15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11,95 (8,6-16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,340</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; DPNN: Desvio-padr&#227;o de intervalos NN; RQMDS: Raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;as sucessivas; NN50: N&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: Propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia; un: Unidades normalizadas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise espectral, encontramos uma PT significativamente mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis em compara&#231;&#227;o aos diab&#233;ticos. Nota-se que as BFs foram superiores tanto em valores pontuais em ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> como em <italic>un</italic>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os obtidos nas posi&#231;&#245;es em p&#233; e supina. A an&#225;lise espectral em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; predomin&#226;ncia de BF ou AF sugere um predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico ou parassimp&#225;tico.</p>
        <p>Na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros da PAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">116,27 &#177; 22,01</td>
                <td align="center">107,79 &#177; 10,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">4,43 (3,50-5,95)</td>
                <td align="center">4,99 (3,46-5,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (max)</td>
                <td align="center">130,83 &#177; 24,35</td>
                <td align="center">124,2 &#177; 15,48392</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (min)</td>
                <td align="center">105,2 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">96,26667 &#177; 13,34924</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PT (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">4791,3 (3192-7207,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5920,8 (3074,9-8881,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">1360,8 (1095,5-2724,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1971,65 (1006,1-3508,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">216,31 (118,06-536,68)</td>
                <td align="center">310,069 (204,90-428,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante a manobra em p&#233; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>), a m&#233;dia da PAS e a raz&#227;o m&#225;xima/m&#237;nima de press&#227;o foram maiores nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no DP da PAS entre os grupos. Apesar desse achado, a PT foi maior nos indiv&#237;duos controle do que nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, havendo predomin&#226;ncia de BF.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">123,19 &#177; 30,09</td>
                <td align="center">107,84 &#177; 12,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">5,33 (4,25-6,53)</td>
                <td align="center">5,63 (4,42-7,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (max)</td>
                <td align="center">140,2 &#177; 32,79</td>
                <td align="center">123,86 &#177; 4,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (min)</td>
                <td align="center">107,73 &#177; 29,45</td>
                <td align="center">92,33 &#177; 15,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">2966,5 (1510-4815)</td>
                <td align="center">7406 (3612-12.098)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">2136,5</td>
                <td align="center">6454 (2363-9527)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (65-431)</td>
                <td align="center">640 (320-1389)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise da PAS com a respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>. Nessa an&#225;lise, persiste a predomin&#226;ncia de press&#245;es mais elevadas em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, assim como valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos de PAS. No entanto, e em contraste com a Tabela anterior, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a PT e para seus componentes BF e AF.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica com respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">128,55 &#177; 27,98</td>
                <td align="center">113,83 &#177; 15,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (5,8&#8211;8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (5,82-7,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (max)</td>
                <td align="center">147,16 &#177; 29,2</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 16,87</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (min)</td>
                <td align="center">108,8 &#177; 28,09</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 16,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">11.244 &#177; 8.027,5</td>
                <td align="center">10.770 (7.890-14.281)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">7.450,6 (4.607,2-12.095)</td>
                <td align="center">6.843,75 (4.662,3-9.817,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (mmHg2)</td>
                <td align="center">723,06 (301,28-907,92)</td>
                <td align="center">632,27 (414,05-883,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o; PT: Pot&#234;ncia total; BF: Baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: Alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A SBR expressa a sensibilidade na resposta do IEB ao aumento ou redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS. Observamos uma diferen&#231;a significativa na SBR na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;, que foi menor no grupo diab&#233;tico comparado com o obtido no grupo controle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Durante a fase subcl&#237;nica inicial, a NAC &#233; detectada atrav&#233;s de anormalidades nos dom&#237;nios da frequ&#234;ncia e do tempo da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC e nos testes da SBR. Essas anormalidades podem estar presentes no momento do diagn&#243;stico do DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A NAC progride e a desnerva&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica &#233; seguida por uma compensa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, resultando em testes anormais de reflexo auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, seguido de NAC sintom&#225;tica. Na fase de desnerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica dos vasos sangu&#237;neos, a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica correlaciona clinicamente com hipotens&#227;o postural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A progress&#227;o temporal &#233; incerta, mas estima-se que muitos pacientes com NAC subcl&#237;nica desenvolvam caracter&#237;sticas de acometimento card&#237;aco no prazo de 5 anos do desenvolvimento de anormalidades em par&#226;metros dos dom&#237;nios da frequ&#234;ncia e do tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ziegler e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram em uma metan&#225;lise que h&#225; um aumento da mortalidade entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos com neuropatia auton&#244;mica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem essa neuropatia. A taxa de risco para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa no grupo com neuropatia auton&#244;mica foi de 1,96 (1,53&#8211;2,51; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, ao analisarem a mortalidade de 2.900 indiv&#237;duos, o risco relativo de morte em pacientes com DM e neuropatia auton&#244;mica foi de 2,14 (1,83&#8211;2,51; p &lt; 0.0001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Esses dados s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia e sugerem que testes auton&#244;micos devam ser parte integral na abordagem de todos os diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Embora esses estudos tenham sido conduzidos com pacientes diab&#233;ticos, a maioria foi realizada em pacientes com pelo menos 5 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o ou com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas tais como neuropatia perif&#233;rica, nefropatia e retinopatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Tem sido sugerido que o indicador mais precoce de neuropatia auton&#244;mica diab&#233;tica &#233; a NAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>A VFC tem sido analisada com frequ&#234;ncia como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o da neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, mas a variabilidade da PA tem sido muito menos estudada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. H&#225; poucos estudos conduzidos com an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica dos valores de VFC a <italic>curto prazo</italic> (variabilidade de batimento-a-batimento) no dom&#237;nio do tempo, e tamb&#233;m com an&#225;lise espectral da influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica ou parassimp&#225;tica no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Estudos explorat&#243;rios devem ser realizados em diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a para compreens&#227;o do seu curso natural. Neste estudo, idade, sexo, PA basal e glicemia de jejum foram estatisticamente semelhantes nos dois grupos, embora tenha havido uma ligeira diferen&#231;a no IMC que foi maior no grupo diab&#233;tico. Isso &#233; explicado pela maior preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos do tipo 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum est&#237;mulo que possa causar uma domin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica sobre a parassimp&#225;tica. N&#227;o h&#225; influ&#234;ncia da gravidade e a ativa&#231;&#227;o barorreceptora s&#243; &#233; determinada pelas altera&#231;&#245;es na PA mediadas pelos movimentos respirat&#243;rios. Nessa primeira manobra, uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada no DP da FC nos diab&#233;ticos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos controle. Este &#233; um indicador de que a variabilidade nos pacientes com DM &#233; menor do que a registrada nos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Isso &#233; confirmado por uma an&#225;lise do IEB (em ms) realizada a curto prazo calculando o DP desse registro (DPNN), obtendo a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas (RQMDS), o n&#250;mero de vezes que esse intervalo consecutivo de um batimento card&#237;aco para outro excede 50 milissegundos (NN50) e a percentagem desses eventos no que diz respeito &#224; s&#233;rie completa de batimentos card&#237;acos registrados (pNN50). Nessa manobra h&#225; tamb&#233;m uma maior PT dominada pela BF sobre a AF. Ao se normalizar essas unidades, elimina-se o vi&#233;s produzido por frequ&#234;ncias muito baixas (FMB). Nenhum valor pr&#225;tico foi definido para FMB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. N&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m encontrada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre   <italic>un</italic>.</p>
          <p>Na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;, a gravidade exerce um desafio f&#237;sico que produz momentaneamente uma queda s&#250;bita na PA que nunca excede 40 mmHg e uma taquicardia compensat&#243;ria que dura cerca de 15 segundos. Essa manobra ativa vias simp&#225;ticas, portanto quando h&#225; dano em qualquer um dos ramos auton&#244;micos, um desequil&#237;brio &#233; detectado nas medidas descritas. Est&#225; estabelecido que em pacientes diab&#233;ticos as fibras parassimp&#225;ticas para o cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as primeiras a sofrerem algum dano; portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel encontrar taquicardia precoce em pacientes diab&#233;ticos quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>Tanto em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos quanto saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia das frequ&#234;ncias. No entanto, em todas as outras vari&#225;veis de curto prazo como o DPNN, RQMDS e pNN50, encontramos valores mais baixos no grupo diab&#233;tico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, o que indica uma baixa VCF. Nessa manobra, e em ambos os casos, houve predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico sobre o parassimp&#225;tico, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de que nas fases iniciais da NAC ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dano simp&#225;tico importante que possa causar um desequil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal. Isso provavelmente indica que a curto prazo os fatores de an&#225;lise (DPNN, RQMDS e pNN50) podem ser muito &#250;teis para a triagem inicial da NAC nesses pacientes, mesmo se o equil&#237;brio regulador ou simp&#225;tico-vagal estiver intacto. Isso sugere que a perda da variabilidade em pacientes com DM possa ser a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da NAC.</p>
          <p>Durante respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica (a 0,1 Hz), houve predom&#237;nio da BF (0,1&#8211;0,15 Hz), o que implica em um desafio simp&#225;tico. As diferen&#231;as estiveram presentes nos mesmos par&#226;metros que a manobra anterior. No entanto, aqui houve um dom&#237;nio importante da BF sobre a AF, o que indica que o est&#237;mulo da respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica confere essa propriedade simp&#225;tica. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos em <italic>un</italic>.</p>
          <p>Portanto, n&#243;s encontramos uma baixa VFC em pacientes com DM de diagn&#243;stico recente comparados com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, principalmente pelo dano parassimp&#225;tico ao cora&#231;&#227;o, embora tamb&#233;m haja dano simp&#225;tico precoce, mas em menor grau (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabelas 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">4</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A PA &#233; determinada principalmente pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco multiplicado pela resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica. A inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o controla a FC, a contratilidade ventricular e o volume sist&#243;lico. A inerva&#231;&#227;o cardiovagal n&#227;o influencia a contratilidade e o volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, mas tem uma forte influ&#234;ncia sobre a FC por produzir bradicardia ou taquicardia transit&#243;ria quando sua atividade &#233; suspensa. Os vasos sangu&#237;neos apresentam vasomo&#231;&#227;o a aproximadamente 0,1 Hz (a cada 10 segundos), mediada exclusivamente pela inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. A variabilidade na AF da PA &#233; provavelmente transmitida apenas pelo cora&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que a variabilidade na BF est&#225; relacionada &#224; variabilidade na BF do cora&#231;&#227;o e variabilidade na BF devida &#224; vasomo&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico. Portanto, na an&#225;lise espectral da PA, a predomin&#226;ncia &#233; simp&#225;tica ou de BF. Essa influ&#234;ncia &#233; vista em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, nos quais n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma VFC, tanto de AF quanto de BF, enquanto que a variabilidade da BF &#233; mantida pela PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>As press&#245;es basais nos grupos experimental e controle estiveram dentro da faixa normal e n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre si.</p>
          <p>Na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, obtivemos com o Finapres&#174; valores para a PAS m&#233;dia, DP, press&#245;es m&#225;xima e m&#237;nima, PT, e BF e AF que n&#227;o diferiram significativamente. &#201; importante notar que em uma primeira an&#225;lise basal n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, o que os torna compar&#225;veis nos desafios de estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (em p&#233; e respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica). Deve-se mencionar que a PA foi ligeiramente maior no grupo diab&#233;tico do que no grupo controle devido &#224; domin&#226;ncia de controle simp&#225;tico (BF).</p>
          <p>Durante a manobra em p&#233;, a PAS foi maior em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, tanto nos valores m&#233;dios quanto m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo. A domin&#226;ncia, no entanto, ainda respeitou o fator simp&#225;tico das BFs e essa resposta foi ainda maior no grupo controle. Isso pode indicar que a resposta vascular est&#225; preservada no grupo controle, que tem melhores mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o da PA, enquanto que nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica para a vasculatura n&#227;o &#233; completamente equilibrada pelo reflexo barorreceptor.</p>
          <p>Na manobra de respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica, observamos uma oscila&#231;&#227;o sustentada na inspira&#231;&#227;o e expira&#231;&#227;o na qual um est&#237;mulo simp&#225;tico domina sobre o parassimp&#225;tico, n&#227;o excluindo o controle desse &#250;ltimo pelos mecanismos de SBR. Nessa manobra, a &#250;nica signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi encontrada na m&#233;dia da PAS no grupo com DM sobre o grupo controle, e foi causada predominantemente pelo fato de que no grupo de diab&#233;ticos as press&#245;es m&#225;ximas se encontravam mais elevadas do que no grupo controle. No dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, as PTs e seus componentes BF e AF n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Isso acontece quando a integridade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica &#233; mantida e &#233; considerada uma resposta normal.</p>
          <p>Na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a foi para valores mais baixos na BF em diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles, enquanto a mesma taxa BF/AF era mantida. Isso significa uma resposta menor devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia do est&#237;mulo gravitacional.</p>
          <p>Quando em p&#233;, esse padr&#227;o permanece, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o e a variabilidade por DP. Uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi obtida na PT estabelecida pela domin&#226;ncia de BFs, onde o grupo controle apresentou valores superiores devido a melhores respostas. No entanto, essa resposta normal &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o da domin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica persistiu e n&#227;o afetou os valores medidos em mmHg.</p>
          <p>Na respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica, o efeito do est&#237;mulo simp&#225;tico dominou sobre o efeito parassimp&#225;tico, mas na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o das duas manobras anteriores; isso, novamente, n&#227;o modificou a PA m&#233;dia nem o DP. O exposto acima mostra que houve integridade no controle simp&#225;tico-vagal em ambos os grupos, com respostas mais amplas no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diab&#233;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da sensibilidade do barorreflexo</title>
          <p>Como descrito anteriormente, a an&#225;lise da SBR &#233; derivada do quociente entre o IEB (expresso em ms) e a PAS (em mmHg). Essa &#233; uma tradu&#231;&#227;o da resposta card&#237;aca para registros de mudan&#231;as de press&#227;o e envolve tanto o controle simp&#225;tico para efeitos cronotr&#243;picos positivos frente &#224; queda da PA, quanto efeitos cronotr&#243;picos negativos pela via parassimp&#225;tica quando h&#225; um aumento da PA e necessidade de prolongamento no IEB. &#201; importante, portanto, destacar a resposta em duas manobras principais: nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e em p&#233;.</p>
          <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a nas medidas basais na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, mas h&#225; diferen&#231;a na manobra em p&#233;, onde o grupo controle mostra uma maior sensibilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Isso ocorre porque a PAS em diab&#233;ticos era superior, e como ela funciona como um quociente, tende a um n&#250;mero menor. Esses achados poderiam sugerir uma resposta parassimp&#225;tica discretamente inferior no grupo diab&#233;tico quando comparado ao controle.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>H&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na VFC nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e em p&#233; e durante respira&#231;&#227;o r&#237;tmica em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos com menos de 2 anos de diagn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos controle, determinada pelo DP e pela an&#225;lise da variabilidade a curto prazo [FC (DP), DPNN, pNN50 (%)], provavelmente associada a uma falha parassimp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Com <italic>un</italic>, os valores espectrais da FC foram os mesmos em ambos os grupos. Em valores-padr&#227;o (sem <italic>un)</italic>, os resultados foram significativos. &#201; poss&#237;vel que essa perda de variabilidade aconte&#231;a com um equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico relativamente normal, o que sugere que as vari&#225;veis de curto prazo possam ser &#250;teis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade em condi&#231;&#245;es de bom equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. Portanto, sugere-se que essas vari&#225;veis possam ser as primeiras a se alterarem no espectro do DM.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa na PAS em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com diagn&#243;stico recente na an&#225;lise dos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia. No entanto, a PAS na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233; apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia a ser mais elevada em diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles, embora sem atingir valores patol&#243;gicos.</p>
        <p>Durante ortostatismo, a SBR esteve discretamente diminu&#237;da em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos com diagn&#243;stico recente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Isso contrasta com a posi&#231;&#227;o supina, na qual n&#227;o houve nenhuma diferen&#231;a, provavelmente devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de estresse gravitacional.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC mostra que em pacientes com DM de in&#237;cio recente a VFC est&#225; diminu&#237;da. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o &#233; relevante, pois poucos estudos sobre VFC foram realizados em pacientes com DM de in&#237;cio recente e mostram que a neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca aparece no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a. O controle da PA &#233; mais complexo pois envolve atividade vagal e simp&#225;tica para o cora&#231;&#227;o e atividade simp&#225;tica para os vasos de resist&#234;ncia. O dano simp&#225;tico aos vasos sangu&#237;neos &#233; provavelmente preservado nas fases iniciais da doen&#231;a e pode ser afetado apenas nas fases finais. Portanto, mais estudos ou t&#233;cnicas diferentes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para demonstrar altera&#231;&#245;es da PA atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise dos dom&#237;nios do tempo ou da frequ&#234;ncia em DM de in&#237;cio recente. Parece haver uma hiperatividade simp&#225;tica para os vasos sangu&#237;neos de resist&#234;ncia nas fases iniciais do DM, como mostrado pelo aumento da PA na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233;, por&#233;m mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
