<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qV5ZvZyQvRtztvFSCyYDDGB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200256</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050078</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150078</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterone Deficiency Increases Hospital Readmission and Mortality Rates in Male Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigues dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Carrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Groehs</surname>
            <given-names>Raphaela Vilar Ramalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani Credidio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arap</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
            <given-names>Holly R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria-Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Urologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">David Geffen School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - David Geffen School of Medicine - University of California &#8211; USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of California</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes Alves</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP. Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bloco II, Andar -1, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>janieire.alves@incor.usp.br</email>,   <email>marcelo.rs@usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Santos MR, Fonseca G, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Acquisition of data:Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Groehs RVR, Fonseca G, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Alves MJNN. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Groehs RVR, Fonseca G, Trombetta IC, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Statistical analysis: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Fonseca G, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Obtaining financing: Santos MR, Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN. Writing of the manuscript:Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Negr&#227;o CE, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos MR, Groehs RVR, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>256</fpage>
      <lpage>264</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Testosterone deficiency in patients with heart failure (HF) is associated with decreased exercise capacity and mortality; however, its impact on hospital readmission rate is uncertain. Furthermore, the relationship between testosterone deficiency and sympathetic activation is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We investigated the role of testosterone level on hospital readmission and mortality rates as well as sympathetic nerve activity in patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) were measured in 110 hospitalized male patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 45% and New York Heart Association classification IV. The patients were placed into low testosterone (LT; n = 66) and normal testosterone (NT; n = 44) groups. Hypogonadism was defined as TT &lt; 300 ng/dL and FT &lt; 131 pmol/L. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was recorded by microneurography in a subpopulation of 27 patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Length of hospital stay was longer in the LT group compared to in the NT group (37 &#177; 4 vs. 25 &#177; 4 days; p = 0.008). Similarly, the cumulative hazard of readmission within 1 year was greater in the LT group compared to in the NT group (44% vs. 22%, p = 0.001). In the single-predictor analysis, TT (hazard ratio [HR], 2.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58&#8211;4.85; p = 0.02) predicted hospital readmission within 90 days. In addition, TT (HR, 4.65; 95% CI, 2.67&#8211;8.10; p = 0.009) and readmission within 90 days (HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.23&#8211;8.69; p = 0.02) predicted increased mortality. Neurohumoral activation, as estimated by MSNA, was significantly higher in the LT group compared to in the NT group (65 &#177; 3 vs. 51 &#177; 4 bursts/100 heart beats; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These results support the concept that LT is an independent risk factor for hospital readmission within 90 days and increased mortality in patients with HF. Furthermore, increased MSNA was observed in patients with LT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterone / deficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission</kwd>
        <kwd>Men</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2010/50048-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>#141856/2012-2</award-id>
          <award-id>#301867/2010-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Symptoms attributable to heart failure (HF), including dyspnea, fatigue, and muscle weakness, lead to &gt; 1 million hospitalizations per year in the United States and Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, with readmission rates within 90 days approaching 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Although the importance of HF-related costs as a major contributor to the healthcare spending crisis has been recognized, more than 20 pharmacological trials worldwide focusing on mortality as an endpoint have been negative<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. As a large proportion of patients with HF would trade increased length of life for increased quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, which is directly linked to exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, it may be reasonable to refocus therapeutic targets in patients with HF to improve exercise and functional capacity.</p>
      <p>Testosterone deficiency is recognized in a large number of male patients with advanced HF and is correlated with decreased functional class, exercise capacity, and muscle strength<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, and in some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, but not all<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, testosterone deficiency is associated with increased mortality. Testosterone therapy is recommended for men with a testosterone deficiency and symptoms of hypogonadism to increase exercise capacity. Testosterone therapy is associated with increased exercise tolerance in patients with HF compared with placebo, which is not explained by impaired cardiac function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering that cardiac function does not improve following testosterone therapy, and the growing acceptance of the "muscle hypothesis," which argues that exercise limitations in patients with chronic HF are focused on the periphery, including abnormalities in the reflexes activated during exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, testosterone therapy may have beneficial effects on the neurohumoral state in patients with HF. Indeed, decreased baroreceptor sensitivity and heart rate variability (HRV) have been reported in patients with a testosterone deficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased risk for subsequent re-hospitalization within 30, 60, and 90 days. Additionally, we evaluated mortality rate in hospitalized male patients with HF due to decompensated HF. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that patients with HF and testosterone deficiency have greater neurohumoral activation; i.e., increased levels of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) compared to in patients with HF and normal testosterone (NT) levels to begin to understand the mechanisms underlying this potential inverse relationship.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>We prospectively evaluated 110 consecutive hospitalized male patients with HF who agreed to participate. Those who met the study inclusion criteria had acute decompensated HF and were functional class IV. Other study criteria were as follows: 1) age between 18 and 65 years old, 2) HF diagnosis &gt; 6 months, and 3) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45%. Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) history of coronary revascularization or myocardial infarction &lt; 6 months before the study, 2) any hormonal treatment, including exogenous testosterone therapy, before or during the protocol, 3) advanced kidney disease, liver disease, or diabetes, 4) obesity (body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and 5) prostatic cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia with or without anti-androgen therapy (finasteride, doxazosin, or tamsulosin). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the study; this study was approved by the local ethics committee and is registered at Clinical Trials (NCT01852994).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory Measurements</title>
        <p>For all patients, blood samples for androgen testing were collected on the morning of hospital admission. If the patient was admitted during the afternoon or at night, androgen testing was done the next morning. Serum levels of total testosterone (normal range, 300-965 ng/dL; intra-assay coefficient of variation [CV] &#8804; 7.5% and inter-assay CV &#8804; 5.4%), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; normal range, 12-75 nmol/L; intra-assay CV &#8804; 2.3% and inter-assay CV &#8804; 6%) were determined according to standard laboratory techniques in the clinical laboratory at the Hospital da Cl&#237;nicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Free testosterone (normal range, 131-640 pmol/L) was calculated using SHBG and total testosterone in the formula proposed by Vermeulen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Hypogonadism was defined in the laboratory as total testosterone &lt; 300 ng/dL and free testosterone &lt; 131 pmol/L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium, potassium, and fasting blood glucose levels were also measured on the morning of hospital admission. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation recommended by the National Kidney Disease Education Program.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity</title>
        <p>Patients were stabilized on oral medication therapy and underwent microneurographic recording of MSNA. Microneurography of the peroneal nerve is a safe, precise, direct technique to record SNA directed to muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. MSNA was recorded in a subpopulation of 27 patients during hospitalization. In brief, a tungsten microelectrode was placed on the peroneal nerve, and a sympathetic neurogram was recorded. Nerve signals were amplified by 50,000-100,000 and band-pass filtered (700-2,000 Hz). Nerve activity for recording and analysis was rectified and integrated (time constant, 0.1 s) to obtain a mean voltage display. Muscle sympathetic bursts were identified by visual inspection (M.R.S.), who was blinded to the study protocol. MSNA was expressed as burst frequency (bursts/min) and burst incidence (bursts/100 heart beats [HB]).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>LVEF was evaluated (Teicholz) using two-dimensional imaging according to standard methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>All patients were followed up after discharge by a dedicated research nurse through electronic health records and by periodic phone calls.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify that all data were normally distributed. Student's <italic>t</italic>-test and the Mann-Whitney   <italic>U</italic>-test were used to compare parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. The chi-square (<italic>X</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) test was used to analyze medications and the HF etiology data. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between the analyzed variables and endpoints (readmissions within 30, 60, and 90 days and mortality). We included length of stay after the first hospital admission, age, LVEF, coronary artery disease (CAD) or no CAD, BNP, CRP, hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, eGFR, sodium, potassium, fasting blood glucose, total testosterone, free testosterone, and SHBG in the single-predictor analysis for readmission. We included the same variables as above in the single-predictor analysis for mortality, as well as readmission within 30, 60, and 90 days of discharge. Forward and backward stepwise multivariate model analyses (p = 0.10) were conducted to assess which factors independently predicted readmission and mortality in the single-predictor analysis. Survival was evaluated using a Kaplan-Meier analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between total testosterone and mortality within 1 year. Furthermore, a Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between total testosterone level and readmission within 1 year. The Cox-Mantel log-rank test was used to evaluate differences in survival and readmission rates. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Sixty-six patients were classified with low testosterone (LT), and 44 had NT during hospitalization. The characteristics of the LT and NT groups are compared in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The LT and NT groups were not different in age, etiology of HF, LVEF, or medications used, but BNP, CRP, BUN, creatinine, and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the LT group than those in the NT group. In contrast, hemoglobin, eGFR, sodium, and total and free testosterone levels were significantly lower in the LT group than those in the NT group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Physical, clinical, and hormonal characteristics of men with heart failure at the first admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Low Testosterone (n = 66)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Normal Testosterone (n = 44)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, y</td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">51 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height, m</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TT, ng/dL</td>
              <td align="center">237 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">652 &#177; 41</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FT, pmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">124 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">323 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SHBG, nmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Etiology of HF</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.81</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non CAD</td>
              <td align="center">49 (74%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Treatment, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE-I/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">29 (44%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (55%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#946;-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">51 (77%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (59%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (75%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">18 (27%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (18%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">26 (39%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Biomarkers</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP, pg/mL</td>
              <td align="center">1725&#177;153</td>
              <td align="center">804 &#177; 112</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BUN, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">56 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">94 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">12.30 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">13.57 &#177; 0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR, mL min<sup>-1</sup> 1.73 m<sup>-2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium, mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">137 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium, mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">4.38 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">4.51 &#177; 0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Six patients in the low testosterone group and two patients in the normal testosterone group died during the first admission and were excluded from subsequent analyses. BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TT: total testosterone; FT: free testosterone; SHBG:sex hormone-binding globulin; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACE-I/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Length of hospital stay during the first admission</title>
        <p>The LT group had a significantly longer hospital stay than the NT group (37 &#177; 4 vs. 25 &#177; 4 days, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>; p = 0.008). This relationship persisted even when outliers (values &gt;2 standard deviations) were excluded. Six patients died in the LT group and two died in the NT group during this first admission.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Length of hospital stay in patients with heart failure and low testosterone (LT; n = 66) and normal testosterone (NT; n = 44). The LT group had a longer hospitalization stay than the NT group at the first admission.   <sup>*</sup>Between group difference, p = 0.008.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Readmissions after the first admission</title>
        <p>The medications at discharge were not different between the LT and NT groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The median times for the first readmission were 94 days (LT group) and 137 days (NT group). Readmission rate was greater in the LT compared to in the NT group when measured at 30, 60, and 90 days. However, readmission rates within 30 and 60 days were not related to any variable tested in the Cox regression. Total testosterone was the only variable related to this poor outcome in the single-predictor analysis for readmission within 90 days (hazard ratio [HR], 2.77; 95% CI, 1.58-4.85, p = 0.02; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). All variables related to readmission within 90 days in the single-predictor analysis were included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analyses. The final model after forward and backward stepwise analyses consisted of only total testosterone (forward: HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.33-4.65; p = 0.04 and backward: HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.33-4.65; p = 0.004) for readmission within 90 days. In addition, the cumulative hazard for readmission was higher in the LT group compared to in the NT group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>; n = 102; p = 0.001) at the 1-year follow-up.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medications and dally dosages at discharge (first admission) In men with heart failure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Low Testosterone (n = 60)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Normal Testosterone (n = 42)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Treatment, N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">52 (87%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (93%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE-I/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">41 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">25 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">43 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (81%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center">36 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin</td>
                <td align="center">22 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">19 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Six patients in the low testosterone group and two patients in the normal testosterone group died during the first admission. ACE-I/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; NS: not significant.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Single-predictor models of the Cox proportional hazard analysis for readmission within 90 days and mortality. Low testosterone group (n = 60) and normal testosterone group (n = 42)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Readmission within 90 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Hazard ratio</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <th>Total testosterone, ng/dL</th>
                <th>2.77</th>
                <th>1.58-4.85</th>
                <th>0.02</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mortality</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Hazard ratio</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sodium, mEq/L</td>
                <td>0.89</td>
                <td>0.81-0.97</td>
                <td>0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total testosterone, ng/dL</td>
                <td>4.65</td>
                <td>2.67-8.10</td>
                <td>0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmission - 90 days</td>
                <td>3.27</td>
                <td>1.23-8.69</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Six patients in the low testosterone group and two patients in the normal testosterone group were excluded from the single-predictor models due to mortality during the first admission. CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier readmission curves within the 1-year follow-up in patients with heart failure. The low testosterone group showed more cumulative readmissions than the normal testosterone group within the year (p = 0.001). The 1-year follow-up started at hospital discharge (time zero).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortality at the 1-year follow-up</title>
        <p>Following first discharge, the LT group had significantly higher mortality compared than the NT group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>; n = 102; p = 0.001) at the 1-year follow-up: 24 patients in the LT group and seven in the NT group died within 1 year after hospital discharge. In the single-predictor analysis, total testosterone (HR, 4.65; 95% CI, 2.67-8.10; p = 0.009; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>) and readmission within 90 days (HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.23-8.69; p = 0.02; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>) were predictors of mortality. All variables that were related to mortality in the single-predictor analysis were included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analyses. The final model after the forward stepwise analysis included total testosterone (forward: HR, 3.86; 95% CI, 2.06-7.21; p &lt; 0.001) and readmission within 90 days (forward: HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.57-6.04; p = 0.001) for mortality. The backward stepwise analysis for mortality included total testosterone (HR, 3.86; 95% CI, 2.06-7.21; p &lt; 0.0001), eGFR (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.9; p = 0.034), readmission within 90 days (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.05-5.45; p = 0.038), and readmission within 60 days (HR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.01-8.67; p = 0.047).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves within the 1-year follow-up in patients with heart failure. The low testosterone group had a higher mortality rate than the normal testosterone group within the year (p = 0.001). The 1-year follow-up started at hospital discharge (time zero).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity</title>
        <p>MSNA was significantly higher in the LT group compared to in the NT group when calculated as bursts/100 HB, (65 &#177; 3 vs. 51 &#177; 4 bursts/100 HB, p &lt; 0.001). MSNA tended to be higher in the LT group compared to in the NT group when calculated as bursts/min (47 &#177; 3 vs. 43 &#177; 4 bursts/min, p &gt; 0.05), but was not statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Although testosterone deficiency is associated with heart disease and elevated mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, testosterone level is not commonly used in clinical practice to measure the severity and prognosis in patients with HF. Our findings extend the observation that LT is associated with an increased cardiac risk by demonstrating that LT is associated with increased mortality in a cohort with HF. Furthermore, deficiency in total testosterone was an independent risk factor for increased morbidity as evidenced by the increase in hospital readmissions within 90 days.</p>
      <p>The stepwise analysis for mortality was strongly related to readmission within 90 days (forward) and readmission within 60 days (backward), as well as total testosterone and eGFR. One review reported that later hospital readmission (&gt; 30 days) is associated with renal insufficiency and elevated BNP level<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Interestingly, we did not find an association between earlier readmission (within 30 days) and a testosterone deficiency in our patients. This result is consistent with the notion that a 30-day readmission may be related to poor social support and low socioeconomic status rather than to an increase in clinical comorbidities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In fact, we found that a testosterone deficiency was associated with greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and increased sympathetic nerve activity is a risk factor for increased mortality in patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The increased sympathetic activation may provide a potential mechanism, which will be discussed below.</p>
      <p>Some studies have reported an inconsistent association between testosterone and mortality in patients with HF. Jankowska et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>found that low total testosterone is associated with increased mortality. In contrast, Guder et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> reported that LT is not an independent risk factor for decreased survival in patients with HF. These disparate findings can be explained by differences in the HF populations; the population studied by Guder et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> included a large proportion (~50%) of patients with HF and preserved LVEF, unlike those in the study by Jankowska et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> In addition, they speculated that their findings differed from those of Jankowska et al. because they included additional prognostic variables, such as medication use, inflammatory markers, and others. Importantly, the additional variables included by Guder et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> as well as several others were included in our study, and LT remained an independent predictor of increased mortality in patients with advanced HF and systolic dysfunction in our study.  </p>
      <p>We found that total testosterone, not free testosterone, was associated with poor outcomes. Total testosterone consists of free testosterone plus testosterone bound to SHBG and albumin; free testosterone is the active fraction. A meta-analysis reported that a decrease in total testosterone is associated with 35% and 25% increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Another study on patients with HF showed that a deficiency in SHBG is associated with a higher risk of cardiac death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In contrast, high levels of SHBG lead to a lower bioavailability of free testosterone and has been linked to increased mortality in men when augmented by SHBG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Although we found a significant difference in SHBG levels between the LT and NT groups, the result remained within the normal range in our laboratory (20.6-76.7 nmol/L). SHBG levels can be altered by non-cardiac medications, diet, and specific illnesses but the relative importance of these factors in our patients is not known.</p>
      <p>Although a deficiency in androgens has been previously associated with increased morbidity, particularly a decrease in exercise capacity, our study is the first to examine the association between LT and hospital readmissions, a critically important endpoint in this era of skyrocketing medical costs. The patients with HF and LT had similar LVEF, New York Heart Association functional class, HF etiology, and discharge medications, as those of patients with HF and NT. Interestingly, LT was accompanied by several markers of increased HF severity, including higher BNP and CRP levels, more severe renal dysfunction, and anemia, yet testosterone deficiency remained an independent predictor of readmission within 90 days of hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>It is unknown if a testosterone deficiency is only a strong marker for poor prognosis in patients with HF, or whether LT contributes directly to increased morbidity and mortality. Testosterone deficiency is associated with many signs and symptoms, several of which are indistinguishable from normal aging, including declining libido, increased body fat, osteoporosis, mild anemia, depression, and fatigue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The most easily recognizable manifestation of a testosterone deficiency is a decline in muscle strength and bulk, which is associated with a decline in exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Exogenous testosterone improves exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Baseline testosterone levels were directly related to exercise capacity in five small, controlled trials of testosterone treatment in patients with HF, including those with LT, NT, and one trial of women with HF. Furthermore, 3-month testosterone therapy compared with placebo is associated with increased exercise capacity in many studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. As hospitalization for HF is often prompted by increased fatigue and shortness of breath and the mechanisms underlying these symptoms vary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> but includes progressive muscle weakness, it is tempting to speculate that testosterone deficiency may be an important contributor to the ongoing peripheral muscle decline, and thereby is a direct contributor to re-hospitalization risk. A controlled trial of testosterone therapy in patients with advanced HF would clarify this issue.</p>
      <p>According to the muscle hypothesis, exercise limitations in patients with HF reside in the periphery, specifically in skeletal muscles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Furthermore, skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with HF may contribute to abnormal neurohumoral activation, including exaggerated increases in sympathetic nerve activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. In a study of male rats with HF, castration was associated with changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and increased plasma norepinephrine levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. This sympatho-excitation was reversed by testosterone replacement therapy, as observed by decreased plasma norepinephrine, increased myocardial norepinephrine, the density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein-labeled nerve fibers, and upregulated expression of myocardial TH protein. In a recent study of patients with mild HF, Rydlewska et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> reported that testosterone deficiency is directly related to lower baroreceptor sensitivity and HRV. Similarly, castration significantly attenuates baroreceptor control of reflex bradycardia versus no effect on reflex tachycardia in rats. Testosterone replacement increases baroreflex sensitivity and restores reflex bradycardic responses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. In our study, resting MSNA was higher in patients with LT; it is intriguing to speculate that testosterone therapy may have a modulating effect on sympathetic activation in patients with HF, which may be mediated by ameliorating abnormal reflexes originating in peripheral muscles and/or potentially through an effect on the baroreceptors themselves.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>We recognize several limitations in our study. Androgen levels were only measured at one time point during the index admission for decompensated HF. It is not known whether androgen levels fluctuate in patients with HF based on their clinical status. All patients with HF were decompensated at the time testosterone levels were obtained; it is unknown whether testosterone provides similar important prognostic information in less ill patients with HF.</p>
      <p>MSNA was recorded in 25% of the patients during hospitalization after they were stabilized because we could not conduct this procedure during acute decompensation. Our MSNA results are representative of only a small subgroup of patients; thus, the results need to be confirmed in a larger group.</p>
      <p>We did not have exercise data on our patients, and peak VO<sub>2</sub> is known to provide important prognostic information in patients with advanced HF. However, all patients were decompensated at the time of enrollment, and all were too ill to perform a CPX, which is a uniformly poor prognostic sign. Importantly, within this group of patients with HF who were too ill to provide exercise data, testosterone levels provided important prognostic information. The incidence of sleep apnea was not assessed in this group, which is another important risk factor that should be assessed in the future.</p>
      <p>Finally, this study was conducted at a single institution (Heart Institute at the University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and we only included males with HF. It is unknown whether testosterone therapy would be beneficial in females with HF, but it is an intriguing possibility.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our results support the notion that LT is an independent risk factor for hospital readmission within 90 days and increased mortality in patients with HF. Furthermore, we observed a possible modulating effect of LT on sympathetic activation in patients with HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP (2010/50048-1) and Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcelo Rodrigues dos Santos, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Funding and Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>This study was supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP #2010/50048-1). MRS and RVRG were supported by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). ALCS was supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq #141856/2012-2). CEN was supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq #301867/2010-0). All foundations are in S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brazil. The authors sincerely thank the hormone and molecular genetics laboratory (Endocrinology - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, University of Sao Paulo School) for measuring testosterone. We have no relationships with industry.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rohde LE, Clausell N, Ribeiro JP, Goldraich L, Netto R, William Dec G, et al. Health outcomes in decompensated congestive heart failure: a comparison of tertiary hospitals in Brazil and United States. Int J Cardiol. 2005;102(1):71-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldraich</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Netto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>William Dec</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Health outcomes in decompensated congestive heart failure: a comparison of tertiary hospitals in Brazil and United States</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Butler J, Fonarow GC, Gheorghiade M. Strategies and opportunities for drug development in heart failure. JAMA. 2013;309(15):1593-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies and opportunities for drug development in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1593</fpage>
          <lpage>1594</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gheorghiade M, Vaduganathan M, Fonarow GC, Bonow RO. Rehospitalization for heart failure: problems and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):391-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rehospitalization for heart failure: problems and perspectives</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>391</fpage>
          <lpage>403</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Stevenson LW, Hellkamp AS, Leier CV, Sopko G, Koelling T, Warnica JW, et al. Changing preferences for survival after hospitalization with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1702-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellkamp</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leier</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sopko</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koelling</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnica</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changing preferences for survival after hospitalization with advanced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1702</fpage>
          <lpage>1708</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Dracup K, Walden JA, Stevenson LW, Brecht ML. Quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992;11(2 Pt 1):273-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dracup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walden</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brecht</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>279</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Agapitou V, Dimopoulos S, Kapelios C, Karatzanos E, Manetos C, Georgantas A, et al. Hormonal imbalance in relation to exercise intolerance and ventilatory inefficiency in chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(4):431-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agapitou</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapelios</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karatzanos</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manetos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Georgantas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormonal imbalance in relation to exercise intolerance and ventilatory inefficiency in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>436</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jankowska EA, Filippatos G, Ponikowska B, Borodulin-Nadzieja L, Anker SD, Banasiak W, et al. Reduction in circulating testosterone relates to exercise capacity in men with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2009;15(5):442-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jankowska</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowska</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borodulin-Nadzieja</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banasiak</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction in circulating testosterone relates to exercise capacity in men with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>450</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, West JN, van Beek EJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(1):57-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malkin</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pugh</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Beek</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channer</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jankowska EA, Biel B, Majda J, Szklarska A, Lopuszanska M, Medras M, et al. Anabolic deficiency in men with chronic heart failure: prevalence and detrimental impact on survival. Circulation. 2006;114(17):1829-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jankowska</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majda</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklarska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopuszanska</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medras</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anabolic deficiency in men with chronic heart failure: prevalence and detrimental impact on survival</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1829</fpage>
          <lpage>1837</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Guder G, Frantz S, Bauersachs J, Allolio B, Ertl G, Angermann CE, et al. Low circulating androgens and mortality risk in heart failure. Heart. 2010;96(7):504-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guder</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frantz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allolio</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ertl</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angermann</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low circulating androgens and mortality risk in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>504</fpage>
          <lpage>509</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, Marazzi G, Massaro R, Miceli M, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(10):919-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caminiti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volterrani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iellamo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marazzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miceli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>919</fpage>
          <lpage>927</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Iellamo F, Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Karam R, Massaro R, Fini M, et al. Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(16):1310-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iellamo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volterrani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caminiti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karam</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1310</fpage>
          <lpage>1316</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pugh PJ, Jones RD, West JN, Jones TH, Channer KS. Testosterone treatment for men with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2004;90(4):446-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pugh</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channer</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone treatment for men with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>446</fpage>
          <lpage>447</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Stout M, Tew GA, Doll H, Zwierska I, Woodroofe N, Channer KS, et al. Testosterone therapy during exercise rehabilitation in male patients with chronic heart failure who have low testosterone status: a double-blind randomized controlled feasibility study. Am Heart J. 2012;164(6):893-901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stout</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tew</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doll</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwierska</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodroofe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channer</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone therapy during exercise rehabilitation in male patients with chronic heart failure who have low testosterone status: a double-blind randomized controlled feasibility study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>164</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>901</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Coats AJ, Clark AL, Piepoli M, Volterrani M, Poole-Wilson PA. Symptoms and quality of life in heart failure: the muscle hypothesis. Br Heart J. 1994;72(2 Suppl):S36-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piepoli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volterrani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Symptoms and quality of life in heart failure: the muscle hypothesis</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>2  </issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S36</fpage>
          <lpage>S39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Middlekauff HR. Making the case for skeletal myopathy as the major limitation of exercise capacity in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(4):537-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Making the case for skeletal myopathy as the major limitation of exercise capacity in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rydlewska A, Maj J, Katkowski B, Biel B, Ponikowska B, Banasiak W, et al. Circulating testosterone and estradiol, autonomic balance and baroreflex sensitivity in middle-aged and elderly men with heart failure. Aging Male. 2013;16(2):58-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rydlewska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maj</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katkowski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowska</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banasiak</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating testosterone and estradiol, autonomic balance and baroreflex sensitivity in middle-aged and elderly men with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Aging Male</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>58</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(10):3666-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vermeulen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verdonck</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufman</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3666</fpage>
          <lpage>3672</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Huhtaniemi IT, Tajar A, Lee DM, O'Neill TW, Finn JD, Bartfai G, et al; EMAS Group. Comparison of serum testosterone and estradiol measurements in 3174 European men using platform immunoassay and mass spectrometry; relevance for the diagnostics in aging men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(6):983-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huhtaniemi</surname>
              <given-names>IT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finn</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartfai</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>EMAS Group</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of serum testosterone and estradiol measurements in 3174 European men using platform immunoassay and mass spectrometry; relevance for the diagnostics in aging men</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>983</fpage>
          <lpage>991</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang C, Catlin DH, Demers LM, Starcevic B, Swerdloff RS. Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(2):534-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catlin</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demers</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starcevic</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swerdloff</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>534</fpage>
          <lpage>543</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fagius J, Wallin BG. Long-term variability and reproducibility of resting human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest, as reassessed after a decade. Clin Auton Res. 1993;3(3):201-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagius</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallin</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term variability and reproducibility of resting human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest, as reassessed after a decade</article-title>
          <source>Clin Auton Res</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989;2(5):358-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tirabassi G, Gioia A, Giovannini L, Boscaro M, Corona G, Carpi A, et al. Testosterone and cardiovascular risk. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8 Suppl 1:S65-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tirabassi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gioia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giovannini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boscaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corona</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone and cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <supplement>1</supplement>
          <fpage>S65</fpage>
          <lpage>S69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>Barretto AC, Santos AC, Munhoz R, Rondon MU, Franco FG, Trombetta IC, et al. Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity predicts mortality in heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol. 2009;135(3):302-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rondon</surname>
              <given-names>MU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trombetta</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity predicts mortality in heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>307</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>Araujo AB, Dixon JM, Suarez EA, Murad MH, Guey LT, Wittert GA. Clinical review: Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3007-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suarez</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guey</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wittert</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical review: Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3007</fpage>
          <lpage>3019</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pascual-Figal DA, Tornel PL, Nicolas F, Sanchez-Mas J, Martinez MD, Gracia MR, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin: a new marker of disease severity and prognosis in men with chronic heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(12):1381-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tornel</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez-Mas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gracia</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex hormone-binding globulin: a new marker of disease severity and prognosis in men with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1381</fpage>
          <lpage>1387</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, Marz W, Grammer TB, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Sex steroids and mortality in men referred for coronary angiography. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;73(5):613-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wehr</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehm</surname>
              <given-names>BO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grammer</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obermayer-Pietsch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex steroids and mortality in men referred for coronary angiography</article-title>
          <source>Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>621</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5(3):427-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bassil</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alkaade</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morley</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review</article-title>
          <source>Ther Clin Risk Manag</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>Harman SM, Blackman MR. The effects of growth hormone and sex steroid on lean body mass, fat mass, muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance and adverse events in healthy elderly women and men. Horm Res. 2003;60(Suppl 1):121-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harman</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackman</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of growth hormone and sex steroid on lean body mass, fat mass, muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance and adverse events in healthy elderly women and men</article-title>
          <source>Horm Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>124</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, Foxworth J, Coggan AR, Wolfe RR, et al. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(5 Pt 1):E820-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Urban</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bodenburg</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilkison</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foxworth</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coggan</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>269</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>E820</fpage>
          <lpage>E826</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mancini DM, Henson D, LaManca J, Levine S. Respiratory muscle function and dyspnea in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1992;86(3):909-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancini</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaManca</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory muscle function and dyspnea in patients with chronic congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>909</fpage>
          <lpage>918</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mancini DM, Walter G, Reichek N, Lenkinski R, McCully KK, Mullen JL, et al. Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure. Circulation. 1992;85(4):1364-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancini</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichek</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenkinski</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCully</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullen</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1364</fpage>
          <lpage>1373</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>Witte KK, Clark AL. Why does chronic heart failure cause breathlessness and fatigue? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;49(5):366-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Witte</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Why does chronic heart failure cause breathlessness and fatigue?</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>366</fpage>
          <lpage>384</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>Coats AJ. Origin of symptoms in patients with cachexia with special reference to weakness and shortness of breath. Int J Cardiol. 2002;85(1):133-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Origin of symptoms in patients with cachexia with special reference to weakness and shortness of breath</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>Piepoli M, Ponikowski P, Clark AL, Banasiak W, Capucci A, Coats AJ. A neural link to explain the "muscle hypothesis" of exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1999;137(6):1050-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piepoli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banasiak</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capucci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A neural link to explain the "muscle hypothesis" of exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1050</fpage>
          <lpage>1056</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>Middlekauff HR, Chiu J, Hamilton MA, Fonarow GC, Maclellan WR, Hage A, et al. Muscle mechanoreceptor sensitivity in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287(5):H1937-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maclellan</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hage</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Muscle mechanoreceptor sensitivity in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H1937</fpage>
          <lpage>H1943</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>Middlekauff HR, Chiu J, Hamilton MA, Fonarow GC, Maclellan WR, Hage A, et al. Cyclooxygenase products sensitize muscle mechanoreceptors in humans with heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294(4):H1956-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maclellan</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hage</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cyclooxygenase products sensitize muscle mechanoreceptors in humans with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>294</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>H1956</fpage>
          <lpage>H1962</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>Middlekauff HR, Sinoway LI. Increased mechanoreceptor stimulation explains the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex seen in heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;102(1):492-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinoway</surname>
              <given-names>LI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased mechanoreceptor stimulation explains the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex seen in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>494</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>Han Y, Fu L, Sun W, Cao J, Xie R, Zhou P, et al. Neuroprotective effects of testosterone upon cardiac sympathetic function in rats with induced heart failure. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;619(1-3):68-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neuroprotective effects of testosterone upon cardiac sympathetic function in rats with induced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>619</volume>
          <issue>1-3</issue>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>El-Mas MM, Afify EA, Mohy El-Din MM, Omar AG, Sharabi FM. Testosterone facilitates the baroreceptor control of reflex bradycardia: role of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic components. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001;38(5):754-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El-Mas</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afify</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohy El-Din</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omar</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharabi</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone facilitates the baroreceptor control of reflex bradycardia: role of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic components</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>754</fpage>
          <lpage>763</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Defici&#234;ncia de Testosterona Aumenta Readmiss&#227;o Hospitalar e Mortalidade em Pacientes do Sexo Masculino com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigues dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Carrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Groehs</surname>
            <given-names>Raphaela Vilar Ramalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani Credidio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arap</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Middlekauff</surname>
            <given-names>Holly R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria-Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Urologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">David Geffen School of Medicine</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - David Geffen School of Medicine - University of California &#8211; USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of California</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes Alves</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP. Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bloco II, Andar -1, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>janieire.alves@incor.usp.br</email>,   <email>marcelo.rs@usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos MR, Fonseca G, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Groehs RVR, Fonseca G, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Alves MJNN. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Groehs RVR, Fonseca G, Trombetta IC, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Fonseca G, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Santos MR, Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos MR, Sayegh ALC, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Negr&#227;o CE, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Santos MR, Groehs RVR, Trombetta IC, Barreto ACP, Arap MA, Middlekauff HR, Alves MJNN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) est&#225; associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e mortalidade, mas o seu impacto sobre as readmiss&#245;es &#233; incerto. Al&#233;m disso, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo investigou o papel dos n&#237;veis de testosterona nas reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, na mortalidade e na atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A testosterona total (TT) e a testosterona livre (TL) foram medidas em 110 pacientes do sexo masculino hospitalizados, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% eclassifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV, qualificados em dois grupos: 66 com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona (BT) e 44 com testosterona normal (TN). Hipogonadismo foi definido como TT &lt; 300 ng/dL e TL &lt; 131 pmol/L. A atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM) foi gravada por microneurografia em uma subpopula&#231;&#227;o de 27 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi maior em pacientes BT em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes TN (37 &#177; 4 vs. 25 &#177; 4 dias; p = 0,008). Da mesma forma, o risco cumulativo de readmiss&#227;o no per&#237;odo de um ano foi maior em pacientes BT (44% vs. 22%, p = 0,001). Na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora, a testosterona total (HR = 2,77, IC 95% 1,58-4,85, p = 0,02) previu readmiss&#227;o hospitalar no prazo de 90 dias. Na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora, testosterona total (HR = 4,65, IC 95% 2,67-8,10, p = 0,009) e readmiss&#227;o dentro de 90 dias (HR = 3,27, IC 95% 1,23-8,69, p = 0,02) previram aumento de mortalidade. Ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral, estimada pela ANSM, foi significativamente maior nos pacientes BT em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo TN (65 &#177; 3 vs. 51 &#177; 4 disparos/100BC; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Estes resultados sustentam o conceito de que BT &#233; um fator de risco independente para a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar dentro de 90 dias e para aumento de mortalidade em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se aumento da ANSM em pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterona / defici&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Homens</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sintomas atribu&#237;veis &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), incluindo dispneia, fadiga e fraqueza muscular, levam a mais de um milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es por ano nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, com taxas de readmiss&#227;o no prazo de 90 dias que se aproximam de 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora a import&#226;ncia dos custos relacionados &#224; IC seja reconhecida como um dos principais contribuintes para a crise de gastos com sa&#250;de, mais de 20 ensaios farmacol&#243;gicos em todo o mundo, com foco na mortalidade como desfecho, foram negativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Considerando que uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC trocaria maior tempo de vida por melhor qualidade de vida (QV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, que est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; capacidade de exercitar-se<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, no contexto desses 20 ensaios de sobreviv&#234;ncia negativos, seria razo&#225;vel reorientar os alvos terap&#234;uticos na IC para melhoras da capacidade funcional e de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona est&#225; presente em um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes do sexo masculino com IC avan&#231;ada, correlacionando-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional, da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e da for&#231;a muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e, em alguns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, por&#233;m n&#227;o em todos os estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, ao aumento da mortalidade. A terapia de testosterona &#233; recomendada para o aumento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes do sexo masculino com defici&#234;ncia de testosterona e sintomas de hipogonadismo; em pacientes com IC, a terapia de testosterona, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo, est&#225; associada a um aumento da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o justificado pelo comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Mesmo considerando que a terapia de testosterona n&#227;o melhore a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, diante da crescente aceita&#231;&#227;o da "hip&#243;tese muscular", que argumenta que a limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica est&#225; focada em caracter&#237;sticas perif&#233;ricas, incluindo anormalidades dos reflexos ativados durante o exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, a terapia de testosterona pode ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre o estado neuro-humoral na IC. De fato, diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos barorreceptores e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) foram relatadas em pacientes com defici&#234;ncia de testosterona<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona est&#225; associada a risco aumentado para subsequentes reinterna&#231;&#245;es com 30, 60 e 90 dias. Al&#233;m disso, avaliou-se a mortalidade em pacientes do sexo masculino com IC, internados por IC descompensada. Adicionalmente, para dar in&#237;cio &#224; compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos inerentes a essa rela&#231;&#227;o potencialmente inversa, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que pacientes com IC com defici&#234;ncia de testosterona t&#234;m maior ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral, isto &#233;, aumento dos n&#237;veis de atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com IC com n&#237;veis normais de testosterona.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 110 pacientes do sexo masculino com IC, hospitalizados consecutivos, com descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC aguda, de classe funcional IV, que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos e que concordaram em participar do estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) idade entre 18 e 65 anos 2) diagn&#243;stico de IC &gt; 6 meses e 3) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FEVE) &lt;45%. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria ou enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio &lt;6 meses antes do estudo, 2) qualquer tratamento hormonal, incluindo a terapia de testosterona ex&#243;gena, antes ou durante o protocolo, 3) doen&#231;a renal avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou diabetes, 4) obesidade (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 5) c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata ou hiperplasia prost&#225;tica benigna, com ou sem terapia anti-androg&#234;nica (finasterida, doxazosina ou tansulosina). O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido obtido para este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e est&#225; registrado nos Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (NCT01852994).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes tiveram sangue coletado para dosagem de andr&#243;genos na manh&#227; da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. No caso do paciente seradmitido &#224; tarde ou &#224; noite, a dosagem de andr&#243;genos era feita no dia seguinte. No laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de testosterona total (faixa normal 300-965 ng/dL, CV intra-ensaio &#8804; 7,5% e CV inter-ensaio &#8804; 5,4%) e de globulina ligadora do horm&#244;nio sexual (SHBG, faixa normal de 12-75 nmol/L, CV intra-ensaio &#8804; 2,3%, e CV inter-ensaio &#8804; 6%) foram determinados de acordo com t&#233;cnicas laboratoriais padr&#227;o. A testosterona livre (faixa normal 131-640 pmol/L) foi calculada usando SHBG e testosterona total na f&#243;rmula proposta por Vermeulen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Hipogonadismo foi definido no laborat&#243;rio considerando ambas, testosterona total &lt; 300 ng/dL e testosterona livre &lt; 131 pmol/L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Na manh&#227; do dia da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, foram dosados tamb&#233;m pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico de tipo B (BNP), prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), hemoglobina, nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo (BUN), creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio e glicose em jejum. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi calculada utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o da Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta em Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) recomendada pelo programa educacional americano de doen&#231;a renal (<italic>National Kidney Disease EducationProgram</italic>, NKDEP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico muscular (ANSM)</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes, uma vez estabilizados em terapia oral, foram convidados a realizar a grava&#231;&#227;o microneurogr&#225;fica da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM). Conforme relatos anteriores, a microneurografia do nervo fibular&#233; uma t&#233;cnica segura, precisa e direta para registrar a ANSM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O registro da ANSM foi feito em uma subpopula&#231;&#227;o de 27 pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Resumidamente, um microeletrodo de tungst&#234;nio foi colocado no nervo fibular e o neurograma simp&#225;tico foi registrado. Sinais nervosos foram amplificados por um fator de 50.000 a 100.000 e filtrado em filtro passa-faixa (700 a 2000 Hz). Para registro e an&#225;lise, a atividade do nervo foi retificada e integrada (tempo constante 0,1 s) para obter uma exibi&#231;&#227;o de tens&#227;o m&#233;dia. Disparos simp&#225;ticos musculares foram identificados por inspe&#231;&#227;o visual pelo M.R.S. cego ao protocolo de estudo. A ANSM foi expressa como frequ&#234;ncia de disparos (disparos por minuto) e incid&#234;ncia de disparos (disparos por 100 batimentos card&#237;acos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada (Teicholz) a partir de imagens 2-D, de acordo com m&#233;todos padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por uma enfermeira dedicada &#224; pesquisa, por meio do registro eletr&#244;nico de sa&#250;de e por telefonemas peri&#243;dicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar todos os dados quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e o de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados, respectivamente, para dados param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos. O teste Qui-quadrado (<italic>X</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">2</xref>) foi utilizado para medicamentos e etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>Riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados para testar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas e os desfechos (reinterna&#231;&#245;es dentro de 30, 60, 90 dias e mortalidade). Na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, inclu&#237;mos: tempo de perman&#234;ncia na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, idade, FEVE, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), BNP, PCR, hemoglobina, ureia, creatinina, TFG, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, glicose de jejum, testosterona total, testosterona livre e SHBG. Na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora de mortalidade, inclu&#237;mos as mesmas vari&#225;veis acima, bem como reinterna&#231;&#245;es nos per&#237;odos de 30, 60 e 90 dias ap&#243;s a alta. Uma an&#225;lise de modelo multivariado (de stepwise forward e backward, com p = 0,10) foi realizada para avaliar quais fatores previriam, de forma independente, reinterna&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade, na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora.</p>
          <p>A sobreviv&#234;ncia foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, entre testosterona total e mortalidade no prazo de um ano. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier foi avaliada entre testosterona total e reinterna&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo de um ano. O teste de log-rank Cox-Mantel foi utilizado para as diferen&#231;as nas taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia e readmiss&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, sessenta e seis pacientes foram classificados como com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona (BT) e 44 foram classificados como testosterona normal (TN). A   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas entre os grupos BT e TN. Os grupos BT e TN n&#227;o diferiram quanto &#224; idade, etiologia da IC, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou medicamentos, por&#233;m BNP, PCR, ureia, creatinina e glicemia de jejum foram significativamente maiores no grupo BT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo TN. Em contraste, hemoglobina, TFG, s&#243;dio, e como esperado, os n&#237;veis de testosterona total e livre, foram significativamente menores no grupo BT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TN.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas, cl&#237;nicas e hormonais de pacientes do sexo masculino com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baixos niveis de testosterona (n = 66)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Niveis normais de testosterona (n = 44)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, a</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura, m</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TT, ng/dL</td>
                <td align="center">237 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">652 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TL, pmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">323 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SHBG, nmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,81</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com DAC</td>
                <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem DAC</td>
                <td align="center">49 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;slca</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertenslva</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tratamento, N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">29 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores &#946;</td>
                <td align="center">51 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">18 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">26 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Biomarcadores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">1725&#177; 153</td>
                <td align="center">804&#177;112</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BUN, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose de jejum, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">12,30 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">13,57 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFG, mLmin<sup>-1</sup> 1,73 m<sup>-2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio, mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio, mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,38 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">4,51 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Durante essa primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, 6 pacientes do grupo com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e dois pacientes do grupo com testosterona normal foram a &#243;bito e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise subsequente. IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TT: Testosterona total; TL: Testosterona livre; SHBG: Globulina de liga&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio sexual; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA/ARB: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; PCR: Prote&#237;na C-reativa s&#233;rica; BUN: Nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar durante a primeira admiss&#227;o</title>
          <p>O grupo BT apresentou tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar significativamente maior quando comparado ao grupo TN (37 &#177; 4 vs. 25 &#177; 4 dias, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>; p = 0,008). Mesmo quando valores discrepantes (valores &gt; 2 DP) foram exclu&#237;dos, essa rela&#231;&#227;o persistiu. Durante essa primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, 6 pacientes foram a &#243;bito no grupo BT contra 2 no grupo TN.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com IC com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona (n = 66) e n&#237;veis normais de testosterona (n = 44). Note-se que o grupo BT apresentou maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TN na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. <sup>*</sup>=Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, p = 0,008.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reinterna&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a primeira admiss&#227;o</title>
          <p>No momento da alta, os medicamentos n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos BT e TN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). O tempo m&#233;dio para a primeira reinterna&#231;&#227;o foi de 94 dias (grupo BT) e 137 dias (grupo TN). A taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, medida a cada momento cl&#237;nico avaliado (30, 60 ou 90 dias),foi maior em pacientes BT em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes TN. No entanto, as reinterna&#231;&#245;es dentro dos per&#237;odos de 30 e 60 dias n&#227;o se correlacionaram com nenhuma das vari&#225;veis testadas na regress&#227;o de Cox. Na an&#225;lise de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora de reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 90 dias, a testosterona total foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel relacionada a esse mau progn&#243;stico (HR = 2,77, IC 95% 1,58-4,85, p = 0,02, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). Em modelos multivariados de riscos proporcionais de Cox, foram inclu&#237;das todas as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram &#224; reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 90 dias na an&#225;lise de &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora. Quando as an&#225;lises de stepwise forward e backward foram realizadas, o modelo final foi composto apenas por testosterona total (forward: HR = 2,49, IC 95% 1,33-4,65, p = 0,04 e backward: HR = 2,48, IC 95% 1,33-4,65, p = 0,004) para a readmiss&#227;o dentro de 90 dias. Al&#233;m disso, o risco cumulativo para readmiss&#227;o foi maior no grupo BT quando comparado com o grupo TN [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref> (n = 102); p = 0,001)], ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medicamentos e dose di&#225;ria na alta (primeira Interna&#231;&#227;o) em pacientes do sexo masculino com Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Baixos niveis de testosterona (n = 60)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Niveis normais de testosterona (n = 42)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tratamento, N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueador &#946;</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Note-se que, na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, 6 pacientes do grupo com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e 2 pacientes do grupo com n&#237;veis normais de testosterona foram a &#243;bito. IECA/ARB: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; NS: n&#227;o significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora da an&#225;lise de risco proporcional de Cox para a reinterna&#231;&#227;o no prazo de 90 dias e mortalidade. Grupo com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona (n = 60) e grupo com n&#237;veis normais de testosterona (n = 42)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 90 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Raz&#227;o de risco</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">Testosterona total, ng/dL</th>
                  <th align="center">2,77</th>
                  <th align="center">1,58-4,85</th>
                  <th align="center">0,02</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Raz&#227;o de risco</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio, mEq/L</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81-0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Testosterona total, ng/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">4,65</td>
                  <td align="center">2,67-8,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reinterna&#231;&#227;o - 90 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">3,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23-8,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Note-se que 6 pacientes do grupo de baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e dois pacientes do grupo de testosterona normal foram a &#243;bito e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise subsequente. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reinterna&#231;&#245;es de Kaplan-Meier em pacientes com IC, no per&#237;odo de um ano de acompanhamento. Note-se que o grupo BT mostrou reinterna&#231;&#245;es cumulativas mais elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NT no per&#237;odo de um ano (p = 0,001). Note-se que o acompanhamento de um ano teve in&#237;cio com a alta hospitalar (tempo zero).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade em um ano de acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a primeira alta, o grupo BT apresentou mortalidade significativamente maior quando comparado ao grupo TN [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref> (n = 102); p = 0,001],em um ano de acompanhamento: 24 pacientes no grupo BT e 7 pacientes no grupo TN foram a &#243;bito, no per&#237;odo de um ano ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Na an&#225;lise de &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora, a testosterona total (HR = 4,65, IC 95% 2,67-8,10, p = 0,009, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>) e a reinterna&#231;&#227;o no prazo de 90 dias (HR = 3,27, IC 95% 1,23-8,69, p = 0,02, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>) foram preditores de mortalidade. Em modelos multivariados de riscos proporcionais de Cox, foram inclu&#237;das todas as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram &#224; mortalidade na an&#225;lise de &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora. Quando a an&#225;lise de stepwise (forward) foi realizada, o modelo final consistiu na testosterona total (forward: HR = 3,86, IC 95% 2,06-7,21, p &lt; 0,001) e na reinterna&#231;&#227;o total dentro de 90 dias (forward: HR = 3,08, IC 95% 1,57 -6,04, p = 0,001) para a mortalidade. O stepwise backward para a mortalidade foi relacionado a quatro preditores independentes: testosterona total (HR = 3,86, IC 95% 2,06-7,21, p &lt; 0,0001), TFG (HR = 0,97, IC 95% 0,95-0,99, p = 0,034), reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 90 dias (HR = 2,39, IC 95% 1,05-5,45, p = 0,038) e reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 60 dias (HR = 2,96, IC 95% 1,01-8,67, p = 0,047).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier em pacientes com IC, no per&#237;odo de um ano de acompanhamento. Note-se que o grupo BT mostrou maior taxa de mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TN no per&#237;odo de um ano (p = 0,001). Note-se que o acompanhamento de um ano teve in&#237;cio com a alta hospitalar (tempo zero).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0256-50078-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM)</title>
          <p>A ANSM foi significativamente maior no grupo BT contra o grupo TN, quando calculada como disparos por 100 batimentos card&#237;acos (65 &#177; 3 vs. 51 &#177; 4 disparos/100HB, p &lt; 0,001). A ANSM tamb&#233;m tendeu a ser mais elevada no grupo BT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo TN, quando calculada como disparos/minuto (47 &#177; 3 vs. 43 &#177; 4 disparos/min, p = NS), mas n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora associada &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e &#224; mortalidade elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona n&#227;o &#233; normalmente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para avaliar a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico da IC. Nossos achados, demonstrando que baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona est&#227;o associados ao aumento da mortalidade em uma coorte com IC, corraboram com o conceito de que baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona est&#227;o associados ao aumento do risco card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona total foi um fator de risco independente para o aumento da morbidade, conforme evidenciado pelo aumento de reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares no per&#237;odo de 90 dias.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a an&#225;lise stepwise para a mortalidade associou-se fortemente &#224; reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 90 dias (forward) e &#224; reinterna&#231;&#227;o dentro de 60 dias (<italic>backward</italic>), bem como &#224; testosterona total e TFG. Em um artigo de revis&#227;o, a reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tardia (&gt; 30 dias) foi relatada como associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia renal e a BNP elevado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">2</xref>. Curiosamente, n&#227;o observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o com reinterna&#231;&#245;es precoces (dentro de 30 dias) em pacientes com defici&#234;ncia de testosterona. Esse resultado &#233; consistente com o conceito de que a reinterna&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias pode estar mais relacionada &#224; baixa assist&#234;ncia social e baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, do que a um aumento de comorbidades cl&#237;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">2</xref>. De fato, em nosso estudo, a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona foi associada &#224;maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, que &#233; sabidamente um fator de risco para aumento de mortalidade na IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode proporcionar um mecanismo potencial, que ser&#225; discutido abaixo.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores relataram associa&#231;&#245;es inconsistentes entre n&#237;veis de testosterona e mortalidade na IC. No primeiro relato explorando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e mortalidade na IC, Jankowska e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">9</xref> relataram que baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona total estavam associados ao aumento da mortalidade. Em contraste, Guder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observaram que baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram um fator de risco independente para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sobreviv&#234;ncia de seus pacientes com IC. Esses resultados d&#237;spares podem ser explicados pelas diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es com IC estudadas. Em contraste com os pacientes com IC inclu&#237;dos por Jankowska e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por Guder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> incluiu uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o (~50%) de pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Al&#233;m disso, esses autores especularam que as diferen&#231;as entre seus resultados e os de Jankowska e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">9</xref> seriam atribu&#237;veis &#224; inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas adicionais, como o uso de medicamentos, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e outros. &#233; importante ressaltar que, no presente estudo, apesar da inclus&#227;o das vari&#225;veis adicionais inclu&#237;das por Guder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e de v&#225;rias outras, baixo n&#237;vel de testosterona permaneceu ainda um preditor independente de aumento de mortalidade em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos que a testosterona total, mas n&#227;o a testosterona livre, estava associada a um pior progn&#243;stico. A testosterona total consiste no somat&#243;rio da testosterona livre com a testosterona ligada a SHBG e albumina; a testosterona livre &#233; a fra&#231;&#227;o ativa. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise, diminui&#231;&#227;o da testosterona total foi associada a aumentos de 35 e 25% do risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, respectivamente, em pacientes do sexo masculino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Um estudo interessante com pacientes com IC mostrou que a defici&#234;ncia de SHBG estava associada a um maior risco de morte card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Em contraste, sabe-se que n&#237;veis elevados de SHBG levam a uma menor biodisponibilidade de testosterona livre e s&#227;o associados &#224; mortalidade em pacientes do sexo masculino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Embora, em nosso estudo, tenha havido uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de SHBG entre o grupo com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e o grupo com n&#237;veis normais de testosterona (60 &#177; 3 vs. 73 &#177; 5 p = 0,037, respectivamente), o resultado permaneceu dentro da faixa considerada de normalidade em nosso laborat&#243;rio (20,6-76,7 nmol/L). Os n&#237;veis de SHBG podem ser alterados por medicamentos n&#227;o card&#237;acos, dieta e doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas, mas a import&#226;ncia relativa desses fatores n&#227;o era conhecida para nossos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Embora a defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica tenha sido associada ao aumento da morbidade, especialmente &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona e reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, um resultado criticamente importante nessa era de aumento dos custos m&#233;dicos. Pacientes com IC com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, classe funcional de NYHA, etiologia da IC e tratamento medicamentoso semelhantes &#224;s dos pacientes com IC com n&#237;veis normais de testosterona. Curiosamente, baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona estavam acompanhados de v&#225;rios marcadores de aumento da gravidade da IC, incluindo BNP e CRP mais elevados, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal mais grave e anemia, mas a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona ainda permaneceu um preditor independente da reinterna&#231;&#227;o no prazo de 90 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se sabe se a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona &#233; apenas um forte marcador de mau progn&#243;stico na IC ou se os baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona contribuem diretamente para o aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona est&#225; associada a v&#225;rios sinais e sintomas, muitos dos quais indistingu&#237;veis do processo normal de envelhecimento, incluindo diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido, aumento da gordura corporal, osteoporose, anemia leve, depress&#227;o e fadiga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais facilmente reconhec&#237;vel da defici&#234;ncia de testosterona &#233; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a e da massa muscular, associada a uma dimini&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A testosterona ex&#243;gena &#233; conhecida por melhorar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na sa&#250;de e na doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Em 5 pequenos ensaios controlados de tratamento com testosterona em pacientes com IC, incluindo pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona, alguns com testosterona normais, e at&#233; mesmo um ensaio com mulheres com IC, os n&#237;veis basais de testosterona estavam diretamente relacionados &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, a terapia de testosterona por at&#233; tr&#234;s meses, em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo, foi associada ao aumento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em todos estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Como as interna&#231;&#245;es por IC s&#227;o frequentemente devidasao aumento da fadiga e da dispneia, e como o mecanismo subjacente a esses sintomas &#233; vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, e inclui tamb&#233;m fraqueza muscular progressiva, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular que a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona seja um importante contribuinte para a diminui&#231;&#227;o muscular perif&#233;rica cont&#237;nua e, portanto, um contribuinte direto para o risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo controlado de terapia de testosterona em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada esclareceria esta quest&#227;o.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a hip&#243;tese muscular, a limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio na IC reside na periferia, especificamente, nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, anormalidades dos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos na IC podem contribuir para a ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral anormal na IC, incluindo aumentos exagerados na atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Em um estudo com ratos machos com IC, a castra&#231;&#227;o foi associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e a aumento dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Essa simpato-excita&#231;&#227;o foi revertida pela terapia de testosterona, como observado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica, aumento da noradrenalina do mioc&#225;rdio e densidade de fibras nervosas marcadas por prote&#237;na tirosina-hidroxilase (TH), bem como por uma express&#227;o regulada positivamente de prote&#237;na TH do mioc&#225;rdio. Em um estudo recente de pacientes com IC leve, Rydlewska e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> observaram que a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona estava diretamente relacionada &#224; menor sensibilidade dos barorreceptores e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Da mesma forma, a castra&#231;&#227;o em ratos causou atenua&#231;&#227;o significativa do controle de barorreceptores da bradicardia reflexa em compara&#231;&#227;o com nenhum efeito na taquicardia reflexa. A reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona aumentou a sensibilidade do barorreflexo e restaurou as respostas de bradicardia reflexa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Em nosso estudo, a ANSM de repouso foi maior em pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona. &#233; intrigante especular que a testosterona pode ter um efeito modulador sobre a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na IC, que pode ser mediada pela melhora dos reflexos anormais que se originaram em m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos e/ou, eventualmente, por meio de um efeito sobre os pr&#243;prios barorreceptores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de andr&#243;genos s&#243; foram dosados em um momento durante a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial por IC descompensada. N&#227;o se sabe se os n&#237;veis de andr&#243;genos flutuam em fun&#231;&#227;o do estado cl&#237;nico do indiv&#237;duo com IC. Todos os pacientes com IC estavam descompensados no momento em que os n&#237;veis de testosterona foram dosados. N&#227;o se sabe se a testosterona fornece informa&#231;&#245;es de progn&#243;stico similarmente importantes em pacientes com IC de menor gravidade.</p>
        <p>O registro de ANSM em 25% dos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi feito ap&#243;s a establiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, uma vez que a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento n&#227;o seria poss&#237;vel durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda. Os n&#237;veis de ANSM s&#227;o representativos apenas de um pequeno subgrupo de pacientes e os resultados precisam ser confirmados em um grupo maior.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o obtivemos dados sobre o exerc&#237;cio desses pacientes; sabe-se que o pico de VO<sub>2</sub> fornece informa&#231;&#245;es de progn&#243;stico importantes na IC avan&#231;ada. Por outro lado, todos os pacientes estavam descompensados no momento do estudo para realizarem o teste cardiopulmonar o Teste cardiopulmonar (TECP), um sinal progn&#243;stico uniformemente ruim. &#233; importante ressaltar que, dentro desse grupo de pacientes com IC, cuja condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o permitia a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados sobre exerc&#237;cios, os n&#237;veis de testosterona foram capazes de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas importantes. A incid&#234;ncia de apneia do sono, que &#233; outro fator de risco importante, n&#227;o foi avaliada nesse grupo de pacientes; esse fator deve ser avaliado no futuro.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, o presente estudo foi realizado em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o (Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e incluiu apenas pacientes do sexo masculino.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados do presente estudo apoiam o conceito de que baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona constituem um fator de risco independente para reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no prazo de 90 dias e para aumento de mortalidade em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se um poss&#237;vel efeito modulador sobre a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica da IC associada com baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Financiamento e Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi apoiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP n&#186; 2010/50048-1). MRS e RVRG receberam apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). ALCS e CEN receberam apoio do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq n&#186; 141856/2012-2 e n&#186; 301867/2010-0, respectivamente). Todas as funda&#231;&#245;es pertencem ao estado de S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil. Os autores sinceramente agradecem ao Laborat&#243;rio de horm&#244;nios e gen&#233;tica molecular (Endocrinologia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo) pela realiza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens de testosterona. N&#227;o h&#225; rela&#231;&#245;es com o setor ind&#250;strial.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP (2010/50048-1) e Capes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marcelo Rodrigues dos Santos pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
