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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7H6XR533G3tq86BV9GGRDqk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200248</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050085</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ergospirometry and Echocardiography in Early Stage of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and in Healthy Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefani</surname>
            <given-names>Charles de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres</bold>, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 sala 2060 - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Bairro Rio Branco - Porto Alegre (RS). Postal Code 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mtorres@hcpa.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Torres MAR; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Garcia EL, Menezes MG, Stefani CM, Danzmann LC, Torres MAR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Danzmann LC, Torres MAR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>248</fpage>
      <lpage>255</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is a syndrome characterized by changes in diastolic function; it is more prevalent among the elderly, women, and individuals with systemic hypertension (SH) and diabetes mellitus. However, in its early stages, there are no signs of congestion and it is identified in tests by adverse remodeling, decreased exercise capacity and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare doppler, echocardiographic (Echo), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables - ergospirometry variables - between two population samples: one of individuals in the early stage of this syndrome, and the other of healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty eight outpatients diagnosed with heart failure according to Framingham&#8217;s criteria, ejection fraction &gt; 50% and diastolic dysfunction according to the european society of cardiology (ESC), and 24 healthy individuals underwent Echo and CPET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The group of patients showed indexed atrial volume and left ventricular mass as well as E/E&#8217; and ILAV/A&#180; ratios significantly higher, in addition to a significant reduction in peak oxygen consumption and increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, even having similar left ventricular sizes in comparison to those of the sample of healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There are significant differences between the structural and functional variables analyzed by Echo and CPET when comparing two population samples: one of patients in the early stage of heart failure with ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and another of healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Spirometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Outpatients</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) presents as heart failure (HF) and normal or little affected global systolic function, adverse remodeling, and left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. It is characterized by exercise intolerance with varying degrees of pulmonary/systemic congestion <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It accounts for 30%-50% of HF cases and is more prevalent among women, the elderly, hypertensive and diabetic individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Among the several diagnostic criteria proposed, those of ESC (ESC, 2007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> are widely used and include cut-off points for clinical parameters and cardiac structural and hemodynamic indexes. ESC's criteria focus on patients with more advanced stages of the disease, not taking into consideration its broad and heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum, and its association with different etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms and, consequently, different prognoses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The clinical presentation with mild symptoms seems to be more frequent, with effort-dependent symptoms and signs of systemic congestion more prominently present in HF decompensation. This group has been called &#8220;mild&#8221; in the foreign literature, and we will call it early-stage group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. It includes hypertensive patients not adequately controlled, obese patients, diabetics, those with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (as calculated by the biplane Simpson's method) on Echo &#8805; 50%, echocardiographic index describing filling pressure (E/E') between 10-15, and decreased functional capacity on strenuous/moderate exertion. The &#8220;early-stage&#8221; form has a better prognosis in the medium term and a worse response to medications, according to clinical essays<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Patients with the early stage form usually undergo structural/functional assessment of the cardiac function by Doppler echocardiography (Echo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; however, further tests are required to understand the reduction in functional capacity and the mechanisms of exercise intolerance in the different stages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), i.e., ergospiromety, allows for the understanding of exercise physiology, relating hemodynamic and ventilatory characteristics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It is frequently difficult to establish the differential diagnosis of HFPEF with mild symptoms in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors, mild LV diastolic dysfunction and exercise intolerance for physical detraining using conventional tests. Undiagnosed, even with their underestimated adverse prognosis, these patients would receive inadequate medical treatment. The understanding of the extent of the structural and functional cardiac differences at baseline/during exercise could make its management more objective. For this reason, we focused on a preliminary study with a design to an initial approach of this population sample, comparing its variables on Echo and HFPEF to those of a sample of healthy volunteers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This project was approved by the Institution Ethics Committee, and all participants gave written informed consent.</p>
      <p>Patients from an HF outpatient service were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: adults with age &gt; 45 years; presenting with Framingham's criteria for HF; LVEF &#8805; 50%; echocardiographic signs of diastolic dysfunction but not of LV dilatation (an E/E' ratio &gt; 8, ILAV &#8805; 30 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and LV end-diastolic volume &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular disease or risk factors paired by age and gender were selected from the community where the researchers live; these volunteers had different levels of education. The exclusion criteria for the sample of HFPEF were the following: diabetic individuals with uncontrolled blood glucose levels according to the American Diabetes Association's criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; acute coronary syndrome in the past three months; &#8805; grade-2 heart valve regurgitation; use of artificial pacemaker; atrial fibrillation; kidney failure under dialysis, regardless of the method; uncontrolled systemic hypertension; severe musculoskeletal impairment; peripheral vascular disease; significant decrease in sensory acuity; encephalic vascular disease preventing CPET from being performed; and abnormalities of the mental status.</p>
      <p>Demographics and clinical data, including age, gender, history of cigarette smoking, comorbidities, and time of disease were obtained from the patients in their regular visits to the outpatient service previously mentioned. The same and thorough history taking and physical examination were performed in the healthy volunteers who became aware of the study in an advertisement posted in an institution webpage. Previous cardiovascular event was defined as a previous history of coronary artery disease (CAD), ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, and need for myocardial revascularization procedure.</p>
      <p>Before each Echo was performed, patients attended the outpatient service for measurements of blood pressure and anthropometric data (weight, height, body surface area - BSA, and body mass index) according to standardized techniques and using proper instruments. BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square height (m); overweight was considered when &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. BSA was obtained using DuBois and Dubois' formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)</title>
        <p>All tests were performed by the same physician, trained and certificated by the Department of Ergometry and Rehabilitation (DER) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (<italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia -  </italic>SBC). A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) monitored by the Elite system (Micromed-Biotecnologia, Brasilia, Brazil) was used. Tests were performed in an Imbramed treadmill (TK10200A, Porto Alegre, Brazil), with a customized ramp protocol programed to last for 8 to 12 minutes, and blood pressure measurement every 3 minutes. Blood gas analysis was carried out at every respiratory cycle using the Cortex system (Metalyzer 3B, CPX System, Cortex, Leipzig, Germany), which was calibrated (both gas and volume) before each CPET. The mean of ventilatory data was calculated every 30 seconds for the analysis. CPET variables were calculated as described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> peak) was defined as the highest value achieved during the test for 20 seconds, and the peak circulatory power was calculated as the product of VO<sub>2</sub> peak and peak systolic pressure. Ventilatory slope (V<sub>E</sub>) and carbon dioxide production (VE/ CO<sub>2 s</sub> slope) were obtained using the linear regression model, with data obtained during the entire test; the relative amplitude of oscillation in   <sub>E</sub> was calculated every 20 seconds as the ratio between the amplitude and respective mean during the entire test. The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was calculated as the slope of the linear regression line between VO<sub>2</sub> and logarithm of E<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The first ventilatory threshold (also referred to as anaerobic threshold) was determined by revising the gas exchange curves as the heart rate at which the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen systematically increases without an increase in the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide. The kinetics of oxygen uptake recovery was assessed as the time required for a 50% decrease from VO<sub>2</sub> peak (T<sup>1/2</sup> O<sub>2</sub>) and calculated using the mathematical model of the minimum square. Criteria for test termination were the following: systolic blood pressure &gt; 260 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg; systolic blood pressure drop &gt; 20 mmHg; ST-segment depression &gt; 2.0 mm; T wave inversion; new onset Q wave; sustained supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia; significant chest pain; presyncope; syncope, unbearable dyspnea; paleness; diaphoresis; disorientation; and loss of coordination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic tissue Doppler echocardiography</title>
        <p>The tests were performed in the noninvasive methods unit of a university hospital. All tests were performed by the same experienced physician accredited by the Department of Imaging Cardiovascular of SBC. Images were filed in the device's hard disk. Echo was performed using devices from this department: GE Healthcare, General Electric Company, models Vivid 7 System (USA) with 3-7 mHz transducers and features for obtaining the M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler (pulsed, continuous, color and tissue) Echo modalities.</p>
        <p>Tests were performed during the resting period, in the morning, at rest and in the left lateral position. Echocardiographic measurements followed the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and at least three cycles were analyzed for each variable. All tests included the long and short parasternal and apical axes, 2, 3, 4 and 5 chambers. The cardiac structure and function were assessed from the M-mode guided by two-dimensional imaging to obtain the following variables: end-diastolic septal thickness (EDS); end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (EDP); left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and volume (LVDD); left ventricular end-systolic diameter and volume (LVSD); and left atrial end-systolic anteroposterior diameter and volume (LAAPD). LA and LV volumes were further indexed by body surface area (ILAV) and the LA volume was also indexed by BSA and divided by A' velocity (ILAV/A').</p>
        <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was diagnosed when the LV mass index (LVMI) was &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and 99 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Left atrial (LA) dilatation was defined in the presence of a LA anteroposterior diameter &gt; 4.0 cm for men and &gt; 3.8 cm for women, whereas LV dilatation was defined when LV diastolic diameter was &gt; 5.6 cm.</p>
        <p>The Simpson's volumetric method available in the device's program allowed for the calculation of left atrial and LV volumes.</p>
        <p>The cut-off point necessary for the diagnosis of HFPEF was defined as an ILAV value &#8805; 30mL/m<sup>2</sup> (for LA) and EDV &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup> for LV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>The mitral flow was assessed in the apical four-chamber view by pulsed Doppler. The sample was positioned between the distal extremities of the mitral valve leaflets and then the following variables were obtained: early (E) and late diastolic mitral velocities (A); E/A ratio; and E wave deceleration time interval (EDT). Tissue Doppler was performed in the apical four-chamber view to obtain the mitral annulus velocities. The sample was placed at the junction of the LV lateral wall with mitral annulus, and at the junction of posterior interventricular septum with the mitral annulus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; then, the early (E') and late (A') diastolic mitral annulus velocities, as well as the E'/A' and E/E' ratio were determined. Also, according to an ESC suggestion, the Echo finding showing E/A &lt; 0.5 and DT &gt; 280 ms and, especially, an E/E' &gt; 8 value were considered significant for the diagnostic confirmation of HFPEF. Diastolic dysfunction was an exclusion criterion, and was defined when EF was &lt; 50% using the Simpson's method.</p>
        <p>Inter and intra-observer variability already published in the literature for the diagnosis of HF, taking into consideration the Echo findings, is reported between 0.81 and 0.96, and the intra-observer variability ranges from 0.83 to 0.98. The authors stress out that the apparently high variability does not include the study of the variables approached here, but it is high for the analysis of mitral flow propagation velocity on color Doppler (Vp), which was not used in this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, normality of sample data was tested, and the non-paired Student's t test was used. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the presence of the association between Echo and CPET variables. Data were stored in Excel worksheets and analyzed by the SPSS statistical package version 21.0, available in the institution were the collected data were analyzed. Two-tailed p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 28 outpatients with HFPEF and 24 healthy individuals were selected. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> describes the clinical characteristics of patients with HFPEF, and those of individuals of the control group. Patients showed markers of central adiposity significantly higher than did healthy individuals. The other characteristics were similar between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics and medications of patients in the present study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFPEF (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Controls (n = 24)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">20/8</td>
              <td align="center">13/11</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">31 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">87.6 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist/hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist/height ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0,93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (90%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">11 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
              <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Betablockers</td>
              <td align="center">25 (89%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">25 (90 %)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">25 (89%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ca++ channel blockers</td>
              <td align="center">15 (53.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anticoagulants</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet agents</td>
              <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Oral hypoglycemic agents</td>
              <td align="center">10 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI: body mass index; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; p value: statistical significance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> describes the echocardiographic variables studied in patients with HFPEF and in controls. Patients with HFPEF showed indexed left atrial volumes (32.6 &#177; 12 vs. 18.8 &#177; 6.8, p = 0.04) and E/E' ratio higher than those of controls (12.3 &#177; 3.6 vs. 7.8 &#177; 2, p = 0.001), although their ventricular sizes were similar. Patients also had increased ventricular mass (108.3 &#177; 39 vs. 93.4 &#177; 34, p = 0.001) when compared to that of controls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Structural and functional echocardiographic variables in the two groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFPEF (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Controls (n = 24)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILAV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">32.6 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">18.8 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">28 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">46 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.29</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E'velocity (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A'velocity (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILAV/A'</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILVM (g/m2)</td>
              <td align="center">108.3 &#177; 39</td>
              <td align="center">93.4 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVM/Hei<sup>2. 7</sup> (g/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">40 &#177; 19.2</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LA: left atrium; ILAV: left atrial volume indexed by body surface; ILSV/A&#8217;: left atrial volume indexed by body surface divided by late myocardial displacement wave; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; A wave: late left ventricular filling flow wave; E wave: early left ventricular filling flow wave; E/A: E and A velocities ratio; E&#8217;velocity: early diastolic myocardial displacement wave; A&#8217; velocity: late myocardial displacement wave; E/E&#8217;: E and E&#8217;waves ratio; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ILVM- left ventricular mass indexed by body surface; LVM/hei<sup>2.7</sup>: left ventricular mass divided by height in square grams per s quare meter.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the analysis of CPET variables in group HFPEF. Lower values of VO<sub>2</sub> (17.0 &#177; 4.4 ml.kg.min vs. 28.8 &#177; 6.4 mL.kg.min, p &lt; 0.01), VO<sup>2</sup>/HR (11.0 &#177; 3.0 ml/bpm vs. 13.2 &#177; 4.5 mL/bpm, p &lt; 0.05) and higher values of 1-minute RHR (14.2 &#177; 3.2 bpm vs. 26.3 &#177; 10, p &lt; 0.01) were found in comparison to those of healthy controls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of CPET variables in group HFPEF</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFPEF (n = 28)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Controls (n = 24)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exercise time - min</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (bpm) at peak</td>
              <td align="center">102 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">112 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory exchange (R)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> HR</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ve/vco<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>-slope</td>
              <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">30.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TPCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">34.4 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">p/NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR1 (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope; carbon dioxide slope, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>; ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide; VO<sub>2</sub>. peak oxygen consumption; VO<sub>2</sub> HR: oxygen consumption by heart beat; TPCO<sub>2</sub>: CO<sub>2</sub> tidal pressure; HRR1; heart rate recovery after the first minute of peak exercise; HR: heart rate; R: respiratory exchange between oxygen and CO<sub>2</sub>; HFPEF; heart rate with preserved ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study compared characteristics of a population sample of patients with early-stage HFPEF syndrome with those of healthy volunteers paired by gender and age. The epidemiological profile showed that the HFPEF sample had a great number of individuals with systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anthropometric parameters typically observed in other studies with HFPEF populations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, and higher waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. The association of these factors leads to metabolic changes that result in oxidative stress and inflammation. According to Senni et al's proposition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> for a new pathophysiological paradigm on HFPEF, SH, DM, obstructive pulmonary disease, iron deficiency, and obesity are comorbidities and potential inducers of a tissue inflammatory state and sources of oxidative stress. This inflammation acts on the coronary and systemic microvascular endothelium determining less nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing the arterial reserve to the increased demands generated by exercise. This pathophysiological process could explain a profile of clinical stability at mild exertion or at rest, however with a significant worse performance during exercise, which is characteristic of patients at the early stage of HFPEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In relation to the LV structure, a well-known characteristic of patients with HFPEF is the phenotypical profile of a non-significant LV dilatation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The findings of the present study show no differences in LV diastolic diameters between the groups, but the LV mass index was significantly higher in group HFPEF, and this typifies this subtype of patients at the early stage of HFPEF, as already reported in the literature in important studies of population samples with similar characteristics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>The left atrial volume indexed by body surface (ILAV) in patients with HFPEF seems to be an important variable and is currently being increasingly valued, since in many studies it has proven to be an independent predictor of exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The present results show significant differences between the population samples of HFPEF and healthy individuals. Chronicity of HFPEF syndrome leads to important changes in LA pressure and size, reduction of the atrioventricular gradient, lower LV ejection, and consequent inability to increase the cardiac output<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, also in reference to LA growth, it was observed that ILAV corrected by the late diastolic myocardial displacement wave (ILAV/A') values were higher in individuals with HFPEF. This index has been discussed as a potential indicator of the diastolic phenomenon and as a predictor of cardiovascular events, since it adds information on LA remodeling and myocardial relaxation. Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> studied 395 patients hospitalized for dyspnea assessed by Echo, natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and ILAV/A' = 4.0 as the cut-off point. The results showed that when ILAV/A' was tested for the diagnosis of advanced diastolic dysfunction in patients with dyspnea, ejection fraction &gt; 50% and an E/E' ratio between 8-15 (grey zone), it showed an area under the ROC curve comparable to that of BNP (0.94 vs 0.93, p = 0.084) and E/E' ratio (0.94 vs 0.93, p = 0.61), and higher than that of ILAV (0.94 vs 0.87, p = 0.014). Additionally, it was an independent predictor of composite cardiovascular endpoints, with an odds ratio of 3.24 (1.38 - 7.59, p = 0.07).</p>
      <p>In relation to findings regarding the LV function, the systolic function indexes and ventricular filling flow velocities were similar, with no statistical difference; however, those of early myocardial relaxation showed significant differences in individuals with HFPEF. An important component of LV filling, with power to estimate filling pressures noninvasively, is the E/E' ratio. Nagueh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> assessed 100 patients with HFPEF simultaneously with cardiac catheterization, and noninvasively with Echo, and described a positive correlation between pulmonary capillary pressure and E/E' ratio (r = 086, p &lt; 0.01). The outpatients with HFPEF showed a significant difference in this index in relation to the healthy individuals (12.3 &#177; 3.6 vs 7.8 &#177; 2.1, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting higher diastolic pressures, however without reaching the cut-off point &gt; 15, considered as that with the best diagnostic performance for high diastolic pressures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies that sought to compare functional capacity with ventricular filling patterns in patients with HFPEF correlating them to finding of healthy individuals converged their theoretical reference in the pursuit of understanding exercise intolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. In the present study, the population samples show important differences in CPET variables and LV filling parameters as assessed by Echo, and this requires considerations on the different mechanisms of exercise intolerance in patients with HFPEF. Functional capacity in HFPEF may be assessed by clinical analysis, using the NYHA classification and submaximal measurements such as the six-minute walk test or more accurately and with greater reproducibility and better definition as provided by CPET, since the latter assesses O<sub>2</sub> consumption directly.</p>
      <p>Some important characteristics, such as exercise intolerance in patients of the present population sample, and the decreased peak O<sub>2</sub> consumption in comparison to the sample of healthy individuals, seem to have a direct relationship with inability to increase the stroke volume using the frank-Starling mechanism, in which the higher the distensibility of the cardiac chamber, the greater the stroke volume, and the higher the potential to increase the cardiac output when necessary. Inability to use the Frank-Starling mechanism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> adequately may be a factor determining the lower stroke volume and diastolic time associated to the previously described inability to increase heart rate, thus generating a significant reduction in cardiac output.</p>
      <p>The heart rate recovery response was an interesting finding in this study for showing both the inability and the reduction towards resting values after the first minute of recovery of the peak test. Some publications report the important relationship between the cut-off points of heart beat reduction in the first minute after exercise and more LV filling impairment using the E/E' ratio in which the less beats are reduced after the first minute of peak exercise, the higher the E/E' ratio values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between ventilation and the arteriovenous O<sub>2</sub> difference can be investigated when the findings of patients with HFPEF shown here are analyzed. These patients had significantly higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> values in relation to the sample of healthy individuals, and this determines a worse prognosis in patients with HFPEF, as demonstrated by Guazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. In this context, for working with higher filling pressures (E/E' ratio ranging between 10 and 15), the LV stimulates the J receptors of the lungs causing reflex hyperventilation and its elevation and consequent arterial hypoxia, thus contributing to lower cardiac output and arteriovenous O<sub>2</sub> difference.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Hyperventilation causing hypoxemia</title>
        <p>The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>-slope index values were not statistically increased in this population with HFPEF. The literature points out that the elevation in filling pressures seems to have important interaction with ventilation, as suggested by Tumminelo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. These authors suggest that the increased ventilation equivalents in HFPEF originate in four integrated centers: the pulmonary center represented by limitations in alveolar-capillary reduction; the hemodynamic center, represented by the reduction in cardiac output and HR; the metabolic center, represented by a predominance in fast-contracting muscle fibers; and the respiratory control center, represented by peripheral and central regulators (ergoreflex and chemoreceptors). In this context, the activity of the peripheral and central regulators has an important correlation with the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, and the changes in pulmonary perfusion generate increases in pulmonary capillary pressure already identified in clinical studies by E/E' ratio values greater than 15.</p>
        <p>The total exercise time was another important variable that showed a reduction in the functional capacity of patients with HFPEF. Findings from several investigations converge to metabolic issues related to the aerobic enzymes of ATP resynthesis, as well as to musculoskeletal system issues, as limiting factors to the ability to increase the cardiac output. In a review of the metabolic factors related to exercise intolerance in patients with HF, Wassermann et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> suggest the occurrence of mitochondrial changes in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, creatine kinase, and other oxidative enzymes, as well as remodeling of the fast-contracting fibers at the expense of low-contracting fibers. These physiological changes in patients with HFPEF result in an early beginning of the anaerobic metabolism during exercise, increased metabolic acidosis, stimulation of the respiratory control centers, thus elevating the minute ventilation and leading to early fatigue with low exercise workloads.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study was conducted with an unequivocal population sample of patients with HFPEF, representative of the large pool of individuals with HF syndrome, as well as of a population sample of legitimate representatives of a healthy population, with no diseases or Echo and CPET abnormalities. However, the small number of participants in this preliminary study is a limitation that has to be pointed out.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Further studies</title>
        <p>Studies including the dynamic Echo assessment, with characterization of the indexes that evaluate the left ventricular filling function are desirable. Finally, single- and multicenter randomized observational cohort studies with therapeutic interventions aiming at changing the population survival have to be conducted at early stages of HFPEF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There are significant differences between the structural and functional variables analyzed by Echo and CPET, in the comparison of two population samples - one at the early stage of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and another of healthy individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and Fundo de incentivo &#224; pesquisa HCPA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Lima Garcia, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres</bold> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 sala 2060 - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Bairro Rio Branco - Porto Alegre (RS).\ CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>mtorres@hcpa.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento E Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Torres MAR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica E Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Garcia EL, Menezes MG, Stefani CM, Danzmann LC, Torres MAR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Danzmann LC, Torres MAR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mais prevalente em idosos, mulheres e portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e diabete melito. No in&#237;cio, entretanto, n&#227;o revela sinais de congest&#227;o, identificando-se por remodelamento adverso, diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos exames.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de doppler (Eco) e do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) - ergoespirom&#233;tricas - entre duas amostras populacionais: indiv&#237;duos portadores dessa s&#237;ndrome em est&#225;gio inicial e outra de saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e oito pacientes ambulatoriais com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por crit&#233;rios de Framingham, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica segundo a european society of cardiology (ESC), e 24 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis realizaram estudos de Eco e TCPE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo de pacientes apresentou volume atrial e massa ventricular esquerda indexadas, bem como as raz&#245;es E/E&#8217; e VAEi/A&#180; significativamente maiores, al&#233;m de significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e incremento da inclina&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel VE/VCO<sup>2</sup>, mesmo com semelhantes dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, quando comparados &#224; amostra dos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>H&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas entre vari&#225;veis estruturais e funcionais analisadas nos estudos ao Eco e ao TCPE, comparando-se duas amostras populacionais: pacientes com est&#225;gio inicial de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 50% e outra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Espirometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Ambulatoriais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada (ICFEP) tem quadro cl&#237;nico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global normal ou pouco alterada, remodelamento adverso e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE). Sua caracter&#237;stica &#233; intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio com graus vari&#225;veis de congest&#227;o pulmonar/sist&#234;mica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Constitui 30%-50% dos casos de IC, prevalecendo em mulheres, idosos, hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. S&#227;o v&#225;rios os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos propostos, sendo amplamente utilizado o da ESC (ESC, 2007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, com pontos de corte para cl&#237;nica e &#237;ndices estruturais card&#237;acos e hemodin&#226;micos, privilegiando pacientes com est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados, n&#227;o levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o amplo e heterog&#234;neo espectro fenot&#237;pico dela, se associando a diferentes etiologias e mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e, consequentemente, diferentes progn&#243;sticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com sintomas leves parece ser mais frequente, com sintomas esfor&#231;o-dependentes e sinais de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica mais exacerbadamente presentes na (des)compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Esse grupo tem sido denominado &#8220;<italic>mild</italic>&#8221; na literatura estrangeira e n&#243;s a chamaremos de em est&#225;gio inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Incluem-se aqui hipertensos n&#227;o adequadamente controlados, obesos, diab&#233;ticos, com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (calculada pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson) do VE (FEVE) ao Eco &#8805; 50%, com o &#237;ndice ecocardiogr&#225;fico descritor da press&#227;o de enchimento (E/E') entre 10-15 e capacidade funcional diminu&#237;da aos grandes/m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os. A forma &#8220;est&#225;gio inicial&#8221; tem melhor progn&#243;stico no seu aspecto de m&#233;dio prazo e pior resposta &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es, segundo ensaios cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Aqueles com est&#225;gio inicial s&#227;o, habitualmente, submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural/funcional card&#237;aca por ecocardiograma com doppler, ecoDopplercardiograma (Eco)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, por&#233;m a compreens&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e dos mecanismos de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nos diferentes est&#225;gios requer mais exames<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE), ou seja, a ergoespirometria, permite entendimento da fisiologia do esfor&#231;o relacionando caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas com as ventilat&#243;rias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Diferencia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da ICFEP com sintomas leves dos indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, pouca disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE e intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o por (des)condicionamento f&#237;sico &#233; muitas vezes dif&#237;cil de ser realizada com exames convencionais, e, sem diagn&#243;stico, mesmo com o progn&#243;stico adverso subestimado que t&#234;m, passariam a ser pacientes com manejo cl&#237;nico inadequado. Compreendermos a extens&#227;o das diferen&#231;as estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas basais/exerc&#237;cio poderia objetivar o seu manejo, por isso focamos um estudo inicial com um desenho para uma abordagem primeira dessa amostra populacional, comparando suas vari&#225;veis ao Eco e ao TCPE com aquela de uma amostra de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados pacientes oriundos de um ambulat&#243;rio assistencial de IC, adultos, com idade &gt; 45 anos, e apresentando crit&#233;rios de Framingham para IC; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 50%; evid&#234;ncias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e de n&#227;o dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE: uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &gt; 8, VAE-i &#8805; 30 mL/m<sup>2</sup> e um volume diast&#243;lico final do VE &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Foram selecionados volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou fatores de risco pareados pela idade e sexo da comunidade em que vivem os pesquisadores e de diversos n&#237;veis de escolariza&#231;&#227;o. Foram utilizados como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o na amostra de pacientes com ICFEP os portadores de diabete melito com glicemia n&#227;o controlada segundo crit&#233;rios da American Diabetes Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, insufici&#234;ncia valvular de grau &#8805; 2, uso de marca-passo artificial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal em tratamento com qualquer m&#233;todo dial&#237;tico, HAS n&#227;o controlada, limita&#231;&#245;es osteomusculares graves, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, decr&#233;scimo significativo da acuidade sensorial ou doen&#231;a vascular encef&#225;lica que impedisse a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es do estado mental.</p>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos, incluindo idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, comorbidades e tempo da doen&#231;a, foram obtidos a partir das consultas regulares no referido ambulat&#243;rio com os pacientes e a mesma e detalhada anamnese e exame f&#237;sico foram feitos nos volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis que ficaram a par da oferta por um an&#250;ncio na p&#225;gina da institui&#231;&#227;o. Evento cardiovascular pr&#233;vio foi definido como hist&#243;ria pregressa de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico e necessidade de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de cada Eco, efetuou-se numa consulta ambulatorial a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e a obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso, altura, &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (ASC), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, mensuradas conforme t&#233;cnicas padronizadas e utilizando-se materiais adequados. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m), considerando-se sobrepeso quando &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A ASC foi obtida pela f&#243;rmula de DuBois e DuBois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio (TCPE)</title>
          <p>Todos os testes foram realizados pelo mesmo m&#233;dico treinado e habilitado pelo departamento de ergometria e reabilita&#231;&#227;o (DERC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). Foi utilizado eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es monitorizado pelo sistema Elite (Micromed-Biotecnologia, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil). Os testes foram realizados em esteira rolante Imbramed (TK10200 Porto Alegre, Brasil), com protocolo de rampa individualizado, programado para durar de 8 a 12 minutos, com medidas de press&#227;o arterial a cada 3 minutos. A an&#225;lise de gases foi realizada a cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio pelo sistema C&#243;rtex (Metalyzer 3B, Sistema de CPX, C&#243;rtex, Leipzig, Alemanha), que foi calibrado (o g&#225;s e o volume) antes de cada TCPE. Foi realizada a m&#233;dia a cada 30 segundos dos dados ventilat&#243;rios para a an&#225;lise. As vari&#225;veis do TCPE foram calculadas como descrito previamente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do teste (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) foi definido como o mais alto valor alcan&#231;ado durante o teste por 20 segundos, e a pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pico foi calculada como produto do VO<sup>2</sup> pico e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pico. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o (V<sub>E</sub>) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/ CO<sub>2</sub>-inclina&#231;&#227;o) foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do modelo de regress&#227;o linear, usando os dados obtidos durante todo o teste e a amplitude relativa da oscila&#231;&#227;o na<sub>E</sub> foi calculada a cada 20 segundos como a raz&#227;o entre a amplitude e a m&#233;dia respectiva durante todo o teste. A efici&#234;ncia da inclina&#231;&#227;o de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES) foi calculada como a inclina&#231;&#227;o da linha de regress&#227;o linear entre a VO<sup>2</sup>e o logaritmo da E<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. O primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio (tamb&#233;m referido como o limiar anaer&#243;bio) foi determinado pela revis&#227;o das curvas de trocas gasosas como a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em que o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para o oxig&#234;nio aumenta sistematicamente sem um aumento no equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para o di&#243;xido de carbono. A cin&#233;tica de recupera&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio foi avaliada como o tempo requerido para 50% de decr&#233;scimo a partir do VO<sup>2</sup> pico (T<sup>1/2</sup> O<sup>2</sup>) e calculado usando o modelo matem&#225;tico do quadrado m&#237;nimo. Foram utilizados como crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste: a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 260 mmHg e/ou a diast&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg, queda da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt; 20 mmHg, depress&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 2,0 mm, invers&#227;o de onda T e surgimento de onda Q, taquicardia supraventricular ou ventricular sustentada, dor tor&#225;cica significativa, bem como pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, s&#237;ncope, dispneia intoler&#225;vel, palidez e sudorese e desorienta&#231;&#227;o e perda da coordena&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com o Doppler tissular</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados na unidade de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos de um hospital universit&#225;rio. Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo m&#233;dico com experi&#234;ncia e habilita&#231;&#227;o pelo departamento de imagem cardiovascular (DIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). As imagens foram arquivadas no disco r&#237;gido do aparelho. Eco foi realizado com ecocardi&#243;grafos que fazem parte do acervo desse setor: GE Healthcare, General Electric Company, modelos Vivid 7 System (USA) com transdutores de 3-7 mHz e com recursos para obten&#231;&#227;o das modalidades de Eco modo M, bidimensional e Doppler (puls&#225;til, continuo, colorido e tissular).</p>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados no per&#237;odo de descanso, pela manh&#227;, em repouso e na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e, para cada vari&#225;vel, pelo menos tr&#234;s ciclos foram analisados. Todos os exames inclu&#237;ram as imagens do eixo longo e do eixo curto parasternal e apicais, 2, 3, 4 e 5-c&#226;maras. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi obtida a partir do modo M guiado pela imagem bidimensional sendo obtidas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: espessura diast&#243;lica final do septo (EDS), espessura diast&#243;lica final da parede posterior (EDP), di&#226;metro e volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), di&#226;metro e volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final anteroposterior e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAPAE). Os volumes do AE e do VE foram indexados posteriormente pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (VAEi) e o volume do AE foi tamb&#233;m indexado por esta e dividido pelo velocidade A' (VAEi/A').</p>
          <p>Hipertrofia do verntr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) foi diagnosticada quando o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE) foi &gt;122g/m<sup>2</sup> para os homens (&#9794;) e &gt;99g/m<sup>2</sup> para as mulheres (<bold>&#9792;</bold>).</p>
          <p>Definiu-se dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE) na presen&#231;a de di&#226;metro anteroposterior do AE &gt; 4,0 cm para homens e &gt; 3,8 cm para mulheres, enquanto dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE definiu-se quando o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE foi &gt; 5,6 cm.</p>
          <p>O m&#233;todo volum&#233;trico de Simpson disponibilizado no programa do equipamento permitiu os c&#225;lculos dos volumes atriais esquerdos e do VE.</p>
          <p>Definiu-se como ponto de corte necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP o valor do VAEi &#8805; 30ml/m<sup>2</sup> (para o AE) e um VDF &lt; 97 ml/m<sup>2</sup>para o VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>O fluxo mitral foi avaliado no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras pelo Doppler puls&#225;til. A amostra foi posicionada entre as extremidades distais dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral e, ent&#227;o, foram obtidas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: velocidades diast&#243;licas precoces: (E) e tardia (A) transmitral, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e intervalo de tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE). O Doppler tissular foi realizado no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras para obten&#231;&#227;o das velocidades do anel mitral. A amostra foi colocada na jun&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral do VE com o anel mitral e na jun&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular posterior com o anel mitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, sendo, ent&#227;o, determinadas as velocidades diast&#243;licas precoces (E') e tardias (A') do anel mitral, al&#233;m das rela&#231;&#245;es (E'/A') e (E/E'). Ainda, segundo sugest&#227;o da ESC, foi considerado como de valor para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP um achado de Eco com um E/A &lt; 0,5 e TD &gt; 280 ms e, principalmente, um valor de E/E' &gt; 8. e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi raz&#227;o para exclus&#227;o e foi admitida quando a FE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson foi &lt; que 50%.</p>
          <p>A variabilidade inter e intraobservadora j&#225; publicada na literatura para o diagn&#243;stico de IC, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os achados do Eco, &#233; reportada entre 0,81 e 0,96 e a variabilidade intraobservador varia entre 0,83 e 0,98. Os autores salientam que a aparente elevada variabilidade n&#227;o inclui o estudo das vari&#225;veis aqui abordadas, mas que &#233; alta para a an&#225;lise de dados da velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral ao Doppler a cores (Vp), que n&#227;o foi utilizada neste estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, a normalidade dos dados amostrais foi testada e o teste <italic>T</italic>de Student n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usado para avaliar a presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis do Eco e do TCPE. Os dados foram armazenados em planilhas do Excel e analisados no pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o do programa n&#250;mero 21,0 dispon&#237;vel na institui&#231;&#227;o onde foram analisados os dados coletados. Um valor de P bicaudal inferior &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados 28 pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEP e 24 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. A   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com ICFEP e dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle. Os pacientes tinham marcadores de gordura central significativamente maior que os saud&#225;veis. As demais caracter&#237;sticas foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e medica&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes do presente estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFEP (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controles (n = 24)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">20/8</td>
                <td align="center">13/11</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/altura</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabete melito</td>
                <td align="center">11 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">25 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">25 (90 %)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">25 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores do canal de Ca<sup>++</sup></td>
                <td align="center">15 (53,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulantes</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipoglicemiantes orais</td>
                <td align="center">10 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; Valorp: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 2</xref> descreve as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas nos pacientes com ICFEP e nos controles. Os pacientes com ICFEP apresentaram volume de &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (32,6 &#177; 12 X 18,8 &#177; 6,8, p = 0,04) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' maiores que os controles (12,3 &#177; 3,6 X 7,8 &#177; 2, p = 0,001) embora as dimens&#245;es ventriculares fossem semelhantes. Pacientes tamb&#233;m tinham aumento da massa ventricular (108,3 &#177; 39 X 93,4 &#177; 34, p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos controles.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estruturais e funcionais nos dois grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFEP (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controles (n = 24)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAEI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">32,6 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE(%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,29</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade E'(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade A'(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAEI/A'</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE (g/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">108,3 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">93,4 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVE/Alt<sup>2. 7</sup> (g/m<sup>2. 7</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VAEI: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal; VAEI/A: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal dividido pela onda de deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico tardio; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Onda A: onda de fluxo de enchimento tardio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; onda E: onda de fluxo de enchimento precoce do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/A: raz&#227;o entre as velocidades E e A; velocidade E': onda de deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico diast&#243;lico precoce; Velocidade A': onda de deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico diast&#243;lico tardio; E/E': raz&#227;o entre as ondas E e E'; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; IMVE- &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal; MVE/alt<sup>2. 7</sup>: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dividido pela altura em gramas por metro.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis do TCPE do grupo ICFEP. Quando comparado com as dos controles saud&#225;veis demonstrou-se um menor valor do VO<sub>2</sub>(17,0 &#177; 4,4 ml.kg.min X 28,8 &#177; 6,4 mL.kg.min, p &lt; 0,01), do VO<sup>2</sup>/FC (11,0 &#177; 3,0 ml/bpm X 13,2 &#177; 4,5 mL/bpm, p &lt; 0,05) e um valor maior da FCR 1 minuto (14,2 &#177; 3,2 bpm X 26,3 &#177; 10, p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis do TCPE do grupo ICFEP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFEP (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controles (n = 24)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo exerc&#237;cio - min</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm) no pico</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troca respirat&#243;ria (R)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sup>2</sup> FC</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sup>2</sup>-inclina&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sup>2</sup> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PETCO<sup>2</sup> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,4 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">p/NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR1 (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>VE/VCO'inclina&#231;&#227;o; di&#243;xido de carbono inclina&#231;&#227;o, VE/VCO'; equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono; VO': consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; VO<sup>2</sup>FC: consumo de oxig&#234;nio por batimento card&#237;aco; PETCO': press&#227;o tidal de CO'; FRCR1: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s primeiro minuto de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; R: troca ou permuta respirat&#243;ria entre oxig&#234;nio e CO'; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo comparou caracter&#237;sticas de uma amostra populacional de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de ICFEP em est&#225;gio inicial com volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade. O perfil epidemiol&#243;gico demonstrou que a amostra de ICFEP apresentou alto teor de portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, com diferen&#231;as antropom&#233;tricas tipicamente observadas em outros estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es de ICFEP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, como uma maior cintura abdominal e rela&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o cintura para o quadril. Esses fatores combinados s&#227;o fontes geradoras de transforma&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, promovendo estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Segundo a proposi&#231;&#227;o de Senni e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> para um novo paradigma fisiopatol&#243;gico na ICFEP, a HAS, o DM, a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva, a defici&#234;ncia de ferro s&#227;o comorbidades e, tamb&#233;m a obesidade, seriam potenciais indutores de um estado inflamat&#243;rio tecidual e fontes de estresse oxidativo. Essa inflama&#231;&#227;o atua no endot&#233;lio microvascular coronariano e sist&#234;mico, determinando menor biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, reduzindo a reserva arterial aos aumentos da demanda gerados pelo exerc&#237;cio. Esse processo fisiopatol&#243;gico poderia explicar um perfil de estabilidade cl&#237;nica aos pequenos esfor&#231;os ou em repouso, por&#233;m com um significativo pior desempenho durante o exerc&#237;cio, pr&#243;prio dos pacientes com esse est&#225;gio de ICFEP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrutura VE, uma caracter&#237;stica bastante reconhecida dos pacientes com ICFEP &#233; o perfil fenot&#237;pico de n&#227;o dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa do VE<sup>4</sup>. Os achados do presente estudo constituem aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as nos di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do VE entre os grupos, mas o &#237;ndice de massa VE foi significativamente maior no grupo ICFEP, o que tipifica esse subtipo de pacientes com est&#225;gio inicial de ICFEP, como j&#225; citado na literatura em importantes estudos com amostras populacionais de caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (VAEi) nos pacientes com ICFEP parece ser uma importante vari&#225;vel e que atualmente &#233; cada vez mais valorizada, uma vez que em muitos estudos ela se mostrou fator de predi&#231;&#227;o independente da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Os presentes resultados v&#234;m demonstrar diferen&#231;as significativas entre as amostras populacionais de ICFEP e saud&#225;veis. A cronicidade da s&#237;ndrome de ICFEP gera importantes altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o e tamanho do AE, redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente atrioventricular, menor eje&#231;&#227;o VE e consequente incapacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, ainda sob o ponto de vista do crescimento do AE, observou-se que o VAEI corrigido pela onda de deslocamento diast&#243;lica tardia do mioc&#225;rdio (VAEI/A') apresentou valores mais elevados nos com ICFEP. Esse &#237;ndice tem sido discutido como potencial indicador do fen&#244;meno diast&#243;lico e fator de predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, visto que agrega uma informa&#231;&#227;o sobre remodelamento AE e de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. Park e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>estudaram 395 pacientes hospitalizados por dispneia, avaliados por Eco, dosagem dos n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico (BNP) e o VAEi/A' = 4,0, como ponto de corte. Os resultados demonstraram que, quando testado para o diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avan&#231;ada em pacientes com dispneia, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior &gt; 50% e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' entre 8-15 (zona cinzenta), o VAEi/A' demonstrou uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC compar&#225;vel &#224; do BNP (0,94 X 0,93, p = 0,084) e raz&#227;o E/E' (0,94 X 0,93, p = 0,61) e superior &#224; do VAEi (0,94 X 0,87, p = 0,014). Adicionalmente, foi um fator de predi&#231;&#227;o independente de desfechos cardiovasculares combinados, com uma raz&#227;o de chances igual a 3,24 (1,38 - 7,59, P = 0,07).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados da fun&#231;&#227;o VE, os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e as velocidades de fluxo de enchimento ventricular foram semelhantes, n&#227;o se estabelecendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, mas as de relaxamento precoce do mioc&#225;rdio apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas nos com ICFEP. Um importante componente do enchimento VE, com poder de estimar as press&#245;es de enchimento de forma n&#227;o invasiva, &#233; a raz&#227;o E/E'. Nagueh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> avaliaram 100 pacientes com ICFEP de forma simult&#226;nea, com cateterismo card&#237;aco, e n&#227;o invasivamente com Eco, descrevendo uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre press&#227;o capilar pulmonar e raz&#227;o E/E' (r = 086, p &lt; 0,01). Os pacientes do Ambulat&#243;rio com ICFEP apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa nesse &#237;ndice em rela&#231;&#227;o aos saud&#225;veis. (12,3 &#177; 3,6 X 7,8 &#177; 2,1, p &lt; 0,001), sugerindo press&#245;es diast&#243;licas mais altas, por&#233;m sem alcan&#231;ar o ponto de corte &gt; 15, considerado como de melhor desempenho diagn&#243;stico para as press&#245;es diast&#243;licas elevadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos que buscaram comparar a capacidade funcional com padr&#245;es de enchimento ventricular em pacientes com ICFEP correlacionando-as com achados dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis convergiram seu referencial te&#243;rico na busca do entendimento da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. No presente estudo, as amostras populacionais exibem importantes diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis do TCPE e nos par&#226;metros de enchimento do VE segundo avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Eco, o que requer considera&#231;&#245;es sobre os diversos mecanismos de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com ICFEP. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional na ICFEP pode ser realizada pela an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica, atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA e de medidas subm&#225;ximas como o teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou com a acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade mais avan&#231;adas e melhor definidas que o TCPE oferece, j&#225; que o &#250;ltimo avalia diretamente o consumo de O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Algumas importantes caracter&#237;sticas, como intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes da amostra populacional em apre&#231;o, como os valores de consumo m&#225;ximo de O<sub>2</sub>reduzido nesta em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, parecem ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a incapacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico pelo mecanismo de Frank-Starling, no qual, quanto maior a distensibilidade da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, maior &#233; seu volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, maior sendo o potencial de incremento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco quando necess&#225;rio. A inabilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada do mecanismo de Frank-Starling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> pode ser um fator determinante do menor volume sist&#243;lico e tempo de di&#225;stole, associadas &#224; j&#225; descrita incapacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca gerando importante redu&#231;&#227;o no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A resposta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no estudo foi um achado interessante, por demonstrar tanto a incapacidade quanto a redu&#231;&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o aos valores de repouso ap&#243;s o primeiro minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o do teste m&#225;ximo. Algumas publica&#231;&#245;es comentam a importante rela&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte de redu&#231;&#227;o de batimentos card&#237;acos no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio com maiores graus de comprometimento no enchimento VE pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/E', no qual, quanto menos batimentos s&#227;o reduzidos ap&#243;s o primeiro minuto de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, maiores os valores da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de O<sub>2</sub> &#233; pass&#237;vel de ser investigada quando s&#227;o analisados achados dos pacientes com ICFEP aqui apresentados, os quais tiveram um valor da vari&#225;vel VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>significativamente aumentada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra de saud&#225;veis, fato que determina um pior progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com ICFEP como demonstrado por Guazzi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o VE, por trabalhar com press&#245;es de enchimento mais elevadas (rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' variando entre 10 e 15) estimula os receptores J dos pulm&#245;es causando hiperventila&#231;&#227;o reflexa e sua eleva&#231;&#227;o e a consequente hip&#243;xia arterial, assim contribuindo para menores n&#237;veis do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e reduzida diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de O<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hiperventila&#231;&#227;o causando hipoxemia</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice <italic>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>-inclina&#231;&#227;o</italic> n&#227;o apresentou valores estatisticamente aumentados nessa amostra populacional com ICFEP. A literatura destaca que a eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento parece ter importante intera&#231;&#227;o com a ventila&#231;&#227;o, como sugerido por Tumminelo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Esses autores sugerem que os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios aumentados na ICFEP s&#227;o oriundos de quatro centros integrados: o pulmonar, representado pelas limita&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o alv&#233;olo-capilar; o hemodin&#226;mico, representado pela redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a FC; o metab&#243;lico, representado pela predomin&#226;ncia das fibras de contra&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida; e o controle respirat&#243;rio, representado pelos reguladores perif&#233;ricos e centrais (ergorreflexo e quimiorreceptores). Nesse contexto, a atividade dos reguladores perif&#233;ricos e centrais tem importante correla&#231;&#227;o com o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>  <italic>slope</italic>, e as altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o pulmonar geram aumentos da press&#227;o capilar pulmonares j&#225; identificadas em estudos cl&#237;nicos pelos valores da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' maiores que 15.</p>
          <p>O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio foi outro importante vari&#225;vel onde os pacientes com a ICFEP demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. Achados de diversas investiga&#231;&#245;es convergem para quest&#245;es metab&#243;licas relacionadas &#224;s enzimas aer&#243;bias de ress&#237;ntese de ATP, bem como para quest&#245;es do sistema musculoesquel&#233;tico, como limitantes &#224; capacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Wassermann e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, em uma revis&#227;o dos fatores metab&#243;licos relacionados &#224; intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC, sugerem a ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais na atividade da Citocromo C-oxidase, creatinoquinase e outras enzimas oxidativas, bem como o remodelamento das fibras de contra&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida em detrimento das fibras de contra&#231;&#227;o lenta. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas nos pacientes com ICFEP acarretam o in&#237;cio precoce do metabolismo anaer&#243;bio com o exerc&#237;cio, aumento da acidose metab&#243;lica, estimula&#231;&#227;o de centros de controle respirat&#243;rio, elevando a ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto e fadiga precoce em baixas cargas de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Embora o presente estudo tenha sido feito a partir de uma amostra populacional inequ&#237;voca de pacientes com ICFEP e representativa do grande contingente dos acometidos da s&#237;ndrome de IC, os indiv&#237;duos da outra amostra tamb&#233;m s&#227;o representantes leg&#237;timos de uma amostra populacional de saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o tinham quaisquer doen&#231;as, nem Eco e TCPE anormais, o limitado n&#250;mero deste estudo inicial &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o que tem que ser apontada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos futuros</title>
          <p>Os pr&#243;ximos passos que permitam a avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica do Eco, com caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, s&#227;o desej&#225;veis e, finalmente, estudos de coorte observacional unic&#234;ntricos e multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados com as interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas que visem alterar a sobrevida populacional t&#234;m que ser conduzidos no est&#225;gio inicial da ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>H&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas entre vari&#225;veis estruturais e funcionais analisadas nos estudos ao Eco e ao TCPE, comparando-se duas amostras populacionais: uma com est&#225;gio inicial de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e outra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e Fundo de incentivo &#224; pesquisa HCPA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Eduardo Lima Garcia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
