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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XjmTNY6kkJsbkM95dnhsDkm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200241</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050084</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150084</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance of Surgical Risk Scores to Predict Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Sinnott</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Bacelar</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaragna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Vieira da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio S. de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica, Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">BR</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia, Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo Sinnott Silva</bold>, Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#8211;PUCRS. Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 3. Andar &#8211; CDTI. Bairro Jardim Bot&#226;nico. Postal Code 90610-000. Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>leosinnott83@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva LS, Caramori PRA, Brito Jr FS; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva LS, Caramori PRA, Nunes Filho ACB, Katz M, Guaragna JCVC, Lemos P, Lima V, Abizaid A, Tarasoutchi F, Brito Jr FS; Statistical analysis: Silva LS, Caramori PRA, Nunes Filho ACB, Katz M, Brito Jr FS; Obtaining financing: Brito Jr FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The author Dr. Pedro Lemos is proctor for Medtronic. The author Dr. F&#225;bio S. de Brito Jr is proctor for Edwards LifeSciences and Medtronic.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains a challenge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the performance of 5 risk scores for cardiac surgery in predicting the 30-day mortality among patients of the Brazilian Registry of TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The Brazilian Multicenter Registry prospectively enrolled 418 patients undergoing TAVI in 18 centers between 2008 and 2013. The 30-day mortality risk was calculated using the following surgical scores: the logistic EuroSCORE I (ESI), EuroSCORE II (ESII), Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, Ambler score (AS) and Guaragna score (GS). The performance of the risk scores was evaluated in terms of their calibration (Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test) and discrimination [area under the receiver&#8211;operating characteristic curve (AUC)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age was 81.5 &#177; 7.7 years. The CoreValve (Medtronic) was used in 86.1% of the cohort, and the transfemoral approach was used in 96.2%. The observed 30-day mortality was 9.1%. The 30-day mortality predicted by the scores was as follows: ESI, 20.2 &#177; 13.8%; ESII, 6.5 &#177; 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 &#177; 4.4%; AS, 7.0 &#177; 3.8%; GS, 17.3 &#177; 10.8%. Using AUC, none of the tested scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality. AUC for the scores was as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for ESI; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for ESII; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for AS; 0.48 (95% IC: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for GS. The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test indicated acceptable calibration for all scores (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this real world Brazilian registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aortic stenosis, the most common acquired valvular disease, is present in 4.5% of the population aged &gt; 75 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. For patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is considered the therapy of choice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been consolidated in recent years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Initially introduced for patients deemed inoperable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, TAVI has been widely used as an alternative to surgical treatment for patients considered at a high surgical risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Surgical risk assessment in patients with severe aortic stenosis plays an important role in the selection of the best therapeutic strategy.</p>
      <p>The mortality rates associated with SAVR can be predicted by scores that consider the preoperative characteristics of the patients. EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> are the most often used scores for this purpose because they have been extensively validated. Other scores such as the Ambler score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the Guaragna score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have also been used, particularly for predicting the mortality of valvular heart surgery.</p>
      <p>The currently available risk scores were designed and validated in populations undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), surgical valve replacement, or combined surgery. Little is known about the usefulness of these scores to predict the mortality in patients undergoing TAVI. To date, there is no specific well-established risk score for predicting mortality in patients undergoing TAVI.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the established surgical risk scores to predict mortality in patients participating in a TAVI real-world registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>In a nationwide registry conducted by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology, centers with &#8805; 3 valve implantations (18 centers) were invited to participate. From January 2008 to January 2013, 418 consecutive patients undergoing TAVI were included.</p>
      <p>The logistic EuroSCORE I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calcold.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calcold.html</ext-link>) and STS score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://riskcalc.sts.org/de.aspx">http://riskcalc.sts.org/de.aspx</ext-link>) were prospectively calculated at the time of patient inclusion, while the EuroSCORE II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>), Ambler score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/riskmodel/index.html">http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/riskmodel/index.html</ext-link>), and Guaragna score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> were calculated on the basis of the data collected during the study. All scores were developed as the predictors of in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>The clinical outcomes in the study were defined by the Valve Academic Research Consortium-II (VARC-II) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In this analysis, the following outcomes were assessed: 30-day mortality, immediate procedural mortality (resulting from periprocedural events leading to death within 72 h after the procedure), and procedural mortality (all-cause mortality within 30 days or during the index hospitalization, if the postoperative length of stay was longer than 30 days).</p>
      <p>The registry was approved by the Ethics Committees of all participating centers, and informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data management, monitoring, and adjudication</title>
        <p>Case report forms were sent to a central database via the Internet. Remote electronic data monitoring was performed in 100% of the cases to correct for missing and inconsistent information. On-site source document verification was randomly performed in 20% of all the included cases.</p>
        <p>An independent committee consisting of 5 cardiologists and 1 neurologist adjudicated all adverse events.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation, and the categorical variables were expressed as percentages. The performance of the risk scores in predicting the primary outcome was analyzed through discriminative capacity (c statistic) and calibration (comparison of predicted and observed mortality rates). The capacity to discriminate between the survivors and nonsurvivors was determined using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the calibration was performed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Plots with quartile distributions of observed and expected mortality for all scores were also presented.</p>
        <p>The statistical software SPSS version 15.0 was used for the analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In total, 418 patients were included in the registry, with a mean age of 81.5 &#177; 7.7 years. The median follow-up period was 343.5 days (interquartile range, 74.3-721.5). The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. In the population studied, 31.8% were diabetic, 78% had glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) &lt; 60 mL/min, and 57.9% had coronary artery disease. A complete clinical follow-up was obtained from 416 (99.5%) patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n = 418</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">81.5 &#177; 7.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">200 (47.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional Class III or IV</td>
              <td align="center">348 (83.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">133 (31.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref> &lt; 60 mL/min</td>
              <td align="center">313 (78%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">b</xref></td>
              <td align="center">73 (17.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">242 (57.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior PCI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">c</xref></td>
              <td align="center">142 (34%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior CABG<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">d</xref></td>
              <td align="center">72 (17.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior aortic valvuloplasty</td>
              <td align="center">33 (7.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior stroke</td>
              <td align="center">31 (7,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Predicted 30d mortality</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Logistic Euroscore I</td>
              <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 13.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Euroscore II</td>
              <td align="center">6.45 &#177; 13.75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS score</td>
              <td align="center">14.7 &#177; 4.38%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ambler score</td>
              <td align="center">6.99 &#177; 3.79%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guaragna score</td>
              <td align="center">17.34 &#177; 10.83%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>GFR: glomerular filtration rate;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>TAVI was performed via transfemoral access in most patients (96.2%); CoreValve (Medtronic) was the most widely used device (86.1%). The procedure was successfully performed in 76.3% of the cases, according to the VARC definition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The main reasons for failure were the presence of moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (9.2%), a mean residual aortic gradient &#8805; 20 mmHg (4.4%), and the need for the implantation of an additional valve prosthesis (5.5%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Procedure characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n = 418</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Access</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transfemoral</td>
              <td align="center">402 (96.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transsubclavian</td>
              <td align="center">09 (2.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transaortic</td>
              <td align="center">06 (1.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transcarotid</td>
              <td align="center">01 (0.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Bioprosthesis</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
              <td align="center">360 (86.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien XT</td>
              <td align="center">58 (13.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Successful procedure</td>
              <td align="center">319 (76.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Failed procedure</td>
              <td align="center">99 (23.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe aortic regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">35/379 (9.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean gradient &#8805; 20 mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">16/366 (4.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Additional valve prosthesis</td>
              <td align="center">23 (5.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical conversion</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prosthesis malpositioning</td>
              <td align="center">26 (6.2%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The overall 30-day mortality rate observed was 9.1%, the immediate procedural mortality was 5%, and the procedural mortality was 11.7%. The mortality rates predicted by the scores were as follows: logistic EuroSCORE I, 20.2 &#177; 13.8%; EuroSCORE II, 6.5 &#177; 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 &#177; 4.4%; Ambler score, 7.0 &#177; 3.8%; and Guaragna score, 17.3 &#177; 10.8%. The capacity to predict the 30-day mortality according to the scores is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. None of the scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality of the patients undergoing TAVI. The areas under the ROC curves were as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for the logistic EuroSCORE I; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for the EuroSCORE II; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for the Ambler score; 0.48 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for the STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for the Guaragna score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). The scores were also inadequate in discriminating between the occurrences of immediate procedural mortality and procedural mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ROC curves for the outcomes assessed using the different surgical risk scores.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0241-50084-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Area under the ROC curve for 30-day mortality</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Score</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>AUC</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Logistic EuroSCORE I</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.49-0.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroSCOREII</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.44-0.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ambler score</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.47-0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS score</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.38-0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guaragna score</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.42-0.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All the scores exhibited good calibrations (p &gt; 0.05) in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. However, the logistic EuroSCORE I overestimated mortality in all quartiles when the quartile distribution of the observed and expected mortality rates was analyzed. The EuroSCORE II underestimated the mortality rates in the first and second quartiles and overestimated the mortality rates in the last quartile, although it exhibited a good calibration in the third quartile. The Ambler score underestimated the mortality rates in the first and third quartiles and overestimated the mortality rates in the last quartile, although it exhibited a good calibration in the second quartile. The STS score underestimated the mortality rates in the first and second quartiles and overestimated the mortality rates in the third and fourth quartiles. Finally, the Guaragna score overestimated the mortality rates in all of the risk quartiles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quartile distributions of observed and predicted mortality rates according to the different surgical risk scores. A: Logistic EuroSCORE I (Q1: &lt; 10.1%; Q2: &#8805; 10.1% and &lt; 16.7%; Q3: &#8805; 16.7% and &lt; 27.6%; Q4: &#8805; 27.6%); B: EuroSCORE II (Q1: &lt; 3.4%; Q2 &#8805; 3.4% and &lt; 5.3%; Q3: &#8805; 5.3% and &lt; 8.5%; Q4: &#8805; 8.5%); C: Ambler score (Q1: &lt; 4.1%; Q2 &#8805; 4.1% and &lt; 5.5%; Q3: &#8805; 5.5% and &lt; 9.3%; Q4: &#8805; 9.3%); D: STS score (Q1: &lt; 5.0%; Q2 &#8805; 5.0% and &lt; 10.8%; Q3: &#8805; 10.8% and &lt; 19.7%; Q4: &#8805; 19.7%); and E: Guaragna score (Q1: &lt; 16.0%; Q2 = 16.0%; Q3: &gt; 16% and &lt; 22.0%; Q4: &gt; 22.0%)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0241-50084-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that of the 5 different scores developed for risk assessment of patients undergoing SAVR, none could predict the 30-day mortality after TAVI.</p>
      <p>The logistic Euroscore I overestimated the real mortality for the TAVI group in the GARY registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, a German registry that enrolled 3875 patients undergoing TAVI. The low accuracy of the logistic EuroSCORE I and the STS score in predicting short-term mortality after TAVI has been demonstrated in 2 other multicenter registries: a Canadian study involving 399 patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and an Italian study that assessed 663 patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In a French study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the EuroSCORE II also demonstrated low accuracy in predicting the 30-day mortality in 435 patients undergoing TAVI. In the PARTNER trial, Kodali et al. showed that the STS score was an independent predictor of mortality after SAVR but not after TAVI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the performance of the Ambler and Guaragna scores in predicting the mortality of patients undergoing TAVI.</p>
      <p>In contrast to what has been shown in the present study, Hemmann et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, through the analysis of 426 patients included in a registry involving 2 centers in Germany, showed that the STS score was a good predictor of the 30-day mortality after TAVI. The authors reported a hazard ratio of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.1) for each point summed in the STS score. Notably, 36% of the procedures were performed via the transapical access.</p>
      <p>The prediction of outcomes after TAVI is a complex task. Some clinical factors, such as the presence of ventricular dysfunction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney failure, pulmonary hypertension, and frailty syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, have been highlighted as markers of a worse prognosis. A population of patients undergoing TAVI had their frailty status evaluated through a scoring system that considered features such as weakness, malnutrition, gait speed, and degree of inactivity. Higher frailty scores were more closely associated with the 1-year mortality after prosthesis implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Current available surgical scores do not capture some of these factors.</p>
      <p>The surgical risk scores have limitations even in patients undergoing SAVR, probably because in a group with people of such advanced age, the features and comorbidities that may contribute to increased mortality and that are not captured by the scores are numerous. Among these features, the following stand out as independent predictors of operative mortality: frailty syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, malnutrition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, and previous radiotherapy to treat tumors in the chest cavity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another explanation for the low performance of the surgical risk scores in TAVI populations is the fact that the procedures are completely different. The scores were created and validated for a major procedure that involves thoracotomy, cardioplegia, and extracorporeal circulation, with significant systemic repercussions. Therefore, the clinical characteristics that would reduce the chance of patient survival after the conventional valve replacement surgery may not have any impact on the outcomes after TAVI. Thus, the scores could overestimate the patient mortality for this procedure.</p>
      <p>Makkar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, while analyzing patients from the PARTNER trial who were considered inoperable (cohort B), compared the influence of the technical aspects with the influence of clinical variables on the outcomes after TAVI. The authors demonstrated that patients who were deemed inoperable because of technical reasons such as a porcelain aorta, previous mediastinal radiation, chest wall deformities, and the presence of coronary grafts on sternal reentry exhibited better outcomes after undergoing TAVI than patients who were deemed inoperable because of clinical reasons.</p>
      <p>Kotting et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> developed a specific score to predict the in-hospital mortality for patients undergoing surgical or percutaneous aortic valve replacement, known as the German AV score. This score was developed on the basis of the analysis of 11,794 patients with good discriminatory performance and an area under the ROC curve of 0.8. However, as a major limitation, only 5.1% of the original population had undergone TAVI. In the GARY registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, this score overestimated mortality for the TAVI group.</p>
      <p>We estimated the calibration of observed/predicted mortality using 2 different methods. Using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, all scores showed good calibration. However, when observing the plots of quartile distributions of predicted and observed mortality rates, we noted that their calibration was in fact poor. Recent studies have suggested that the Hosmer-Lemeshow test is imperfect and underpowered, particularly for analyzing the calibration in small samples sizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>The current recommendation is that the scores should be used only to identify those patients who, because of a high surgical risk, can best benefit from percutaneous therapy. Better performance for predicting the mortality after TAVI still depends on the development of specific scores for this purpose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Investigators with powerful databases have already started to pursue a TAVI mortality risk. However, the accuracy obtained has been only modest, ranging from 0.59 to 0.71 (validation cohorts)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study has a number of limitations. First, the data were self-reported and patient inclusion was partially retrospective. Therefore, adverse events may have been under reported. However, complete clinical follow-up was obtained from 99.5% of the patients and all adverse events were independently adjudicated. Therefore, data on survival is extremely robust. Moreover, the relatively small sample size may have precluded the detection of statistical significance.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this real-world registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting the mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho de Escores de Risco Cir&#250;rgico para Prever Mortalidade ap&#243;s Implante Transcateter de Valva A&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Sinnott</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Bacelar</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaragna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Vieira da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio S. de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica, Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">BR</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia, Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Sinnott Silva</bold>, Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#8211;PUCRS. Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 3. Andar &#8211; CDTI. Bairro Jardim Bot&#226;nico. CEP 90610-000. Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>leosinnott83@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva LS, Caramori PRA, Brito Jr FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva LS, Caramori PRA, Nunes Filho ACB, Katz M, Guaragna JCVC, Lemos P, Lima V, Abizaid A, Tarasoutchi F, Brito Jr FS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva LS,Caramori PRA, Nunes Filho ACB, Katz M, Brito Jr FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Brito Jr FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O autor Dr. Pedro Lemos possui potencial conflito de interesse por ser proctor para Medtronic. O autor Dr. F&#225;bio S. de Brito Jr possui potencial conflito de interesses por ser proctor para Edwards LifeSciences e para Medtronic.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Ainda &#233; desafiador prever a mortalidade de pacientes que se submetem ao TAVI (sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho de cinco escores de risco para cirurgia card&#237;aca em prever mortalidade em 30 dias de pacientes inscritos no Registro Brasileiro de TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro inscreveu prospectivamente 418 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI em 18 centros entre 2008 e 2013. Os seguintes escores cir&#250;rgicos foram usados para calcular o risco de mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias: EuroSCORE I (ESI) log&#237;stico, EuroSCORE II (ESII), STS Score (STS), Ambler Score (AS) e Guaragna Score (GS). O desempenho dos escores de risco foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de sua calibra&#231;&#227;o (teste Hosmer-Lemeshow) e discrimina&#231;&#227;o [&#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) do ingl&#234;s <italic>receiver-operating characteristic curve</italic>)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 81,5 &#177; 7,7 anos. A pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica CoreValve (Medtronic) foi usada em 86,1% da coorte e a abordagem transfemural usada em 96,2%. A mortalidade observada no per&#237;odo de 30 dias foi de 9,1%. A mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias prevista pelos escores foi: ESI, 20,2 &#177; 13,8%; ESII, 6,5 &#177; 13,8%; STS, 14,7 &#177; 4,4%; AS, 7,0 &#177; 3,8%; GS, 17,3 &#177; 10,8%. Nenhum dos escores testados com a AUC foi capaz de prever a mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias de forma precisa. As AUC para os escores foram: 0,58 [95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC): 0,49 a 0,68, p = 0,09] para ESI; 0,54 (IC de 95%: 0,44 a 0,64, p = 0,42) para ESII; 0,57 (IC de 95%: 0,47 a 0,67, p = 0,16) para AS; 0,48 (IC de 95%: 0,38 a 0,57, p = 0,68) para STS e 0,52 (IC de 95%: 0,42 a 0,62, p = 0,64) para GS. O teste Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou uma calibra&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel para todos os escores (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Neste registro brasileiro de mundo real, os escores de risco cir&#250;rgico foram imprecisos para prever a mortalidade ap&#243;s o TAVI. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios modelos de risco desenvolvidos especificamente para o TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar adquirida mais frequente e est&#225; presente em 4,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 75 anos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica severa sintom&#225;tica, a cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica (SAVR) &#233; considerada a terapia de primeira escolha<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) tem se consolidado ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Introduzido inicialmente para pacientes considerados inoper&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, o TAVI tem sido usado amplamente como uma alternativa de tratamento para pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cir&#250;rgico em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica severa tem um papel importante na sele&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade associada a SAVR pode ser prevista pelos escores que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes. O EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e o escore<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> da Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) s&#227;o os escores mais comumente usados com este objetivo e tem sido extensivamente validados. Outros escores t&#234;m sido usados para prever especificamente a mortalidade em decorr&#234;ncia da cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar, tais como o Ambler score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o Guaragna score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os escores de risco atualmente dispon&#237;veis foram desenhados e validados em popula&#231;&#245;es submetidas a troca valvar cir&#250;rgica, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CABG) ou ambas combinadas. Pouco se conhece sobre a utilidade destes escores para prever a mortalidade de pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; um escore de risco espec&#237;fico, bem estabelecido, para prever a mortalidade de pacientes submetidos ao TAVI.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar o poder de predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade dos escores de risco cir&#250;rgico estabelecidos, nos pacientes participantes de um registro de TAVI de mundo real (Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica por Cateter)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Em um registro conduzido em todo pa&#237;s pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Intervencionista, os centros com &#8805; 3 implantes de v&#225;lvula (18 centros) foram convidados a participar. De janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2013, um total de 418 pacientes consecutivos que se submeteram ao TAVI foram inclu&#237;dos</p>
        <p>O EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calcold.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calcold.html</ext-link>) e o STS score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://riskcalc.sts.org/de.aspx">http://riskcalc.sts.org/de.aspx</ext-link>) foram prospectivamente calculados no momento da inclus&#227;o do paciente, enquanto o EuroSCORE II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html">http://www.euroscore.org/calc.html</ext-link>), o Ambler score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/riskmodel/index.html">http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/riskmodel/index.html</ext-link>) e o Guaragna score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foram calculados baseados em dados coletados durante o estudo. Todos os escores foram desenvolvidos como preditores de mortalidade ocorrida durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do estudo foram definidos pelos crit&#233;rios da Valve Academic Research Consortium-II (VARC-II)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Nesta an&#225;lise, os seguintes desfechos foram avaliados: mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias, mortalidade cir&#250;rgica imediata (resultado de eventos peri-cir&#250;rgica levando &#224; morte em intervalo de 72 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento), e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica (todas causas de mortalidade ocorridas dentro de 30 dias ou durante a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, caso a perman&#234;ncia p&#243;s operat&#243;ria fosse superior a 30 dias).</p>
        <p>O registro foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica de todos os centros que tiveram participa&#231;&#227;o e o consentimento informado obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Gerenciamento e monitoramento dos dados e adjudica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os formul&#225;rios de registro de caso foram enviados para um banco de dados central via internet. O monitoramento dos dados foi feito eletronicamente em 100% dos casos para corrigir a informa&#231;&#227;o faltante e inconsistente. A verifica&#231;&#227;o dos documentos feita no local foi realizada aleatoriamente em 20% de todos os casos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Um comit&#234; independente composto de 5 cardiologistas e 1 neurologista adjudicaram todos os eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvios padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens. O desempenho dos escores de risco para prever o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi analisado atrav&#233;s da capacidade discriminativa (estat&#237;stica C) e a calibra&#231;&#227;o (compara&#231;&#227;o de taxas de mortalidade previstas e observadas). A capacidade para discriminar sobreviventes de pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes foi determinada pelo uso da &#225;rea sob a curva (ROC) do ingl&#234;s   <italic>receiver-operating characteristic curve</italic> e a calibra&#231;&#227;o foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste Hosmer-Lemeshow. Tamb&#233;m foram apresentados plots de distribui&#231;&#227;o de quartis para mortalidade observada e esperada para todos os escores.</p>
          <p>O software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 15.0 foi utilizado na an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 418 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no registro com idade m&#233;dia de 81,5 &#177; 7,7 anos. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 343,5 dias (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de 74,3 a 721,5). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 31,8% eram diab&#233;ticos, 78% tinham &#237;ndices de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (IFGs) &lt; 60 mL/min e 57,9% apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico completo foi obtido de 416 (99,5%) pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;siticas cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 418</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">81,5 &#177; 7,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">200 (47,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional III ou IV</td>
                <td align="center">348 (83,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">133 (31,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GFR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">a</xref> &lt; 60 mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">313 (78%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">b</xref></td>
                <td align="center">73 (17,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">242 (57,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">c</xref>pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">142 (34%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">d</xref>pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">72 (17,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvoplastia a&#243;rtica pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">33 (7,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">31 (7,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortalidade prevista no per&#237;odo de 30 dias</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Euroscore I log&#237;stico</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 13,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Euroscore II</td>
                <td align="center">6,45 &#177; 13,75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS Score</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 &#177; 4,38%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ambler Score</td>
                <td align="center">6,99 &#177; 3,79%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guaragna Score</td>
                <td align="center">17,34 &#177; 10,83%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>GFR: Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>DPOC: Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>CABG: Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O TAVI foi realizado na maioria dos pacientes (96,2%) pelo acesso transfemural; a CoreValve (Medtronic) foi o dispositivo mais amplamente usado (86,1%). O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em 76,3% dos casos de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de VARC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). As principais raz&#245;es para insucesso foram a presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada a severa (9,2%), gradiente a&#243;rtico residual m&#233;dio &#8805; 20mmHg (4,4%) e a necessidade de implante de uma segunda pr&#243;tese (5,5%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Caracteristicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 418</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acesso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transfemural</td>
                <td align="center">402 (96,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trans-subcl&#225;via</td>
                <td align="center">09 (2,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transa&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">06 (1,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transcar&#243;tida</td>
                <td align="center">01 (0,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Biopr&#243;tese</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">360 (86,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sapien XT</td>
                <td align="center">58 (13,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Procedimento bem-sucedido</td>
                <td align="center">319 (76,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insucesso do procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">99 (23,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da a&#243;rtica de moderada a severa</td>
                <td align="center">35/379 (9,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente M&#233;dio &#8805; 20mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">16/366 (4,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#243;tese adicional</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Convers&#227;o para Cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225; posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">26 (6,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias observada foi de 9,1%, a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica imediata foi de 5% e a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica foi de 11,7%. Os &#237;ndices de mortalidade previstos pelos escores foram como a seguir: EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico, 20,2 &#177; 13,8%; EuroSCORE II, 6,5 &#177; 13,8%; STS score, 14,7 &#177; 4,4%; Ambler score, 7,0 &#177; 3,8%; e Guaragna score, 17,3 &#177; 10,8%. A capacidade de predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade pelos escores analisados est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>. Nenhum dos escores foi capaz de prever, de forma precisa, a mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos ao TAVI durante o per&#237;odo de 30 dias. As &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC foram como a seguir: 0,58 [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%: 0,49 a 0,68, p = 0,09] para EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico, 0,54 (IC de 95%: 0,44 a 0,64, p = 0,42) para EuroSCORE II, 0,57 (IC de 95%: 0,47 a 0,67, p = 0,16) para Ambler score, 0,48 (IC de 95%: 0,38 a 0,57, p = 0,68) para STS score, e 0,52 (IC de 95%: 0,42 a 0,62, p = 0,64) para Guaragna score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). Os escores foram tamb&#233;m inadequados para discriminar a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade cir&#250;rgica imediata e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas ROC para resultados avaliados usando diferentes escores de risco cir&#250;rgico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0241-50084-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tablela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 3D dias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Escore</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>AUC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE I Log&#237;stico</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,49-0,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE II</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,44-0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ambler Score</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,47-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS Score</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,38-0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guaragna Score</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os escores exibiram boas calibra&#231;&#245;es (p &gt; 0,05) no teste Hosmer-Lemeshow. Entretanto, o EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico superestimou a mortalidade em todos quartis quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o de quartis dos &#237;ndices de mortalidade observada e esperada foi analisada. O EuroSCORE II subestimou a mortalidade no primeiro e no segundo quartis e superestimou a mortalidade no &#250;ltimo quartil, embora tenha exibido uma boa calibra&#231;&#227;o no terceiro quartil. O Ambler score subestimou a mortalidade no primeiro e no terceiro quartis e superestimou a mortalidade no &#250;ltimo quartil, embora tenha exibido boa calibragem no segundo quartil. O STS score subestimou a mortalidade no primeiro e segundo quartis e superestimou a mortalidade no terceiro e quarto quartis. Finalmente, o Guaragna score superestimou a mortalidade em todos os quartis de risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#245;es dos quartis de taxas de mortalidade observada e prevista de acordo com diferentes escores de risco cir&#250;rgico. A: EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico (Q1: &lt; 10,1%; Q2 &#8805; 10,1% e &lt; 16,7%; Q3: &#8805; 16,7% e &lt; 27,6%; Q4: &#8805; 27,6%); B: EuroSCORE II (Q1: &lt; 3,4%; Q2 &#8805; 3,4% e &lt; 5,3%; Q3: &#8805; 5,3% e &lt; 8,5%; Q4: &#8805; 8,5%); C: Ambler Score (Q1: &lt; 4,1%; Q2 &#8805; 4,1% e &lt; 5,5%; Q3: &#8805; 5,5% e &lt; 9,3%; Q4: &#8805; 9,3%); D: STS score (Q1: &lt; 5,0%; Q2 &#8805; 5,0% e &lt; 10,8%; Q3: &#8805; 10,8% e &lt; 19,7%; Q4: &#8805; 19,7%); E: Guaragna Score (Q1: &lt; 16,0%; Q2 = 16,0%; Q3: &gt; 16% e &lt; 22,0%; Q4: &gt; 22,0%)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0241-50084-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que cinco escores diferentes desenvolvidos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes submetidos &#224; SAVR foram incapazes de prever a mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias ap&#243;s o TAVI.</p>
        <p>O EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico superestimou a mortalidade real para o grupo TAVI no registro GARY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, registro alem&#227;o que inscreveu 3875 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. A baixa precis&#227;o do EuroSCORE I log&#237;stico e do STS score para prever a mortalidade a curto prazo ap&#243;s o TAVI foi demonstrada em dois outros registros multic&#234;ntricos: um estudo canadense envolvendo 399 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e outro estudo italiano que avaliou 663 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Em um estudo franc&#234;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, o EuroSCORE II tamb&#233;m demonstrou baixa precis&#227;o para prever a mortalidade de 435 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI no per&#237;odo de 30 dias. No estudo PARTNER, Kodali e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>mostraram que o STS score foi um preditor independente de mortalidade ap&#243;s a SAVR, mas n&#227;o ap&#243;s o TAVI. At&#233; o presente momento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avaliou o desempenho dos escores Ambler e Guaragna para prever a mortalidade de pacientes submetidos ao TAVI.</p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que foi demonstrado no presente estudo, Hemmann e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de 426 pacientes inclu&#237;dos em um registro envolvendo dois centros na Alemanha, mostraram que o STS score foi um bom preditor da mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 30 dias ap&#243;s o TAVI. Para esse desfecho, os autores encontraram um Hazard Ratio de 1,06 (IC 95%: 1,03 a 1,1) por cada ponto somado no STS score. Importante ressaltar que, na popula&#231;&#227;o do referido estudo, 36% dos implantes ocorreram via transapiacal.</p>
        <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos ap&#243;s o TAVI &#233; uma tarefa complexa. Alguns fatores cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m sido destacados como marcadores de pior progn&#243;stico como presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e s&#237;ndrome de fragilidade, do ingl&#234;s<italic> frailty</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Uma poula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos ao TAVI teve seu status de fragilidade avaliado atrav&#233;s de um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o que levou em conta caracter&#237;sticas como fraqueza, m&#225; nutri&#231;&#227;o, velocidade ao andar e grau de inatividade. Escores mais altos de   <italic>frailty</italic> foram mais associados &#224; mortalidade ocorrida no per&#237;odo de 1 ano ap&#243;s implante da pr&#243;tese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Os escores cir&#250;rgicos dispon&#237;veis atualmente n&#227;o contemplam alguns destes fatores.</p>
        <p>Os escores de risco cir&#250;rgico t&#234;m limita&#231;&#245;es at&#233; em pacientes submetidos &#224; SAVR. Isto provavelmente acontece porque, num grupo de idade avan&#231;ada, as caracter&#237;sticas e as comorbidades que podem contribuir para a crescente mortalidade e que n&#227;o s&#227;o capturadas pelos escores s&#227;o numerosas. Entre tais caracter&#237;sticas, destacam-se os preditores independentes de mortalidade operat&#243;ria: s&#237;ndrome   <italic>frailty</italic>, hipoalbuminemia, m&#225; nutri&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e radioterapia pr&#233;via para tratar tumores na cavidade tor&#225;xica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outra explica&#231;&#227;o para o baixo desempenho dos escores de risco cir&#250;rgico para a popula&#231;&#227;o TAVI refere-se aos procedimentos que s&#227;o, de fato, completamente diferentes. Os escores foram criados e validados para procedimentos grandes que envolvem toracotomia, cardioplegia e circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas significativas. Assim, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que reduziriam a chance de sobreviv&#234;ncia do paciente ap&#243;s a cirurgia convencional de substitui&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula podem n&#227;o ter qualquer impacto nos resultados ap&#243;s o TAVI. Desta forma, os escores podem superestimar a mortalidade do paciente para este procedimento.</p>
        <p>Makkar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, em an&#225;lise feita com os pacientes do estudo PARTNER que eram considerados inoper&#225;veis (coorte B), compararam a influ&#234;ncia de aspectos t&#233;cnicos com a de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas sobre os desfechos ap&#243;s o TAVI. Os autores demonstraram que pacientes inoper&#225;veis em fun&#231;&#227;o de aspectos t&#233;cnicos que resultam em piores desfechos ap&#243;s troca valvar cir&#250;rgica, tais como aorta em porcelana, hist&#243;ria de radioterapia para tumores de mediastino, deformidades de t&#243;rax e presen&#231;a de enxertos coronarianos ligados &#224; parede tor&#225;cica apresentam melhores desfechos ap&#243;s serem submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea, quando comparados com aqueles inoper&#225;veis em virtude de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>Kotting et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> desenvolveram na Alemanha um escore espec&#237;fico para predizer mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de troca valvar a&#243;rtica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, conhecido como German AV Score. Esse escore foi desenvolvido com base na an&#225;lise de uma coorte de 11794 pacientes, apresentando um bom poder discriminat&#243;rio, com uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,8. A grande limita&#231;&#227;o deste escore para uso em pacientes submetidos implante de biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica por cateter &#233; que apenas 5,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o original foi intervida dessa forma.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, estimamos a calibra&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade observada e prevista usando dois m&#233;todos diferentes. No teste Hosmer-Lemeshow, todos os escores apresentaram boa calibra&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ao observar os plots das distribui&#231;&#245;es dos quartis das taxas de mortalidade observada e prevista, nota-se que eles possu&#237;am uma calibra&#231;&#227;o pobre. Estudos recentes sugeriram que o teste Hosmer-Lemenshow &#233; imperfeito e fraco, especialmente quando usado para analisar a calibra&#231;&#227;o em amostras de tamanho pequeno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; que os escores devem ser usados para identificar o paciente que, devido ao risco cir&#250;rgico, pode ser melhor beneficiado com a terapia percut&#226;nea. Uma melhor performance para prever a mortalidade ap&#243;s o TAVI ainda depende do desenvolvimento de escores espec&#237;ficos para este prop&#243;sito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Pesquisadores com bancos de dados poderosos j&#225; procuraram desenvolver escores de risco espec&#237;ficos para TAVI. Entretanto, a acur&#225;cia obtida foi modesta, variando de 0,59 a 0,71 (coortes de valida&#231;&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, os dados foram auto reportados e a inclus&#227;o do paciente foi parcialmente retrospectiva. Consequentemente, alguns eventos adversos podem ter sido negligenciados. Entretanto, o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico completo foi obtido em 99,5% dos pacientes e todos os eventos adversos foram independentemente adjudicados. Assim, os dados sobre sobreviv&#234;ncia s&#227;o bastante robustos. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da amostra relativamente pequeno pode ter impossibilitado a detec&#231;&#227;o de relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste registro de mundo real, os escores de risco cir&#250;rgico foram imprecisos para prever a mortalidade ap&#243;s o TAVI. Modelos de risco, especificamente desenvolvidos para TAVI, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
