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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zPmbTSYgrb3qmDYjqCrRQpD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200235</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050086</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Co-administration of Apelin and T4 Protects Inotropic and Chronotropic Changes Occurring in Hypothyroid Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akhondali</surname>
            <given-names>Zahra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faraji</surname>
            <given-names>Farzaneh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Iran</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz &#8211; Iran</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mahin Dianat</bold>, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Khouzestan. Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Postal Code 61335, Ahvaz &#8211; Iran. E-mail: <email>dianat@ajums.ac.ir</email>,   <email>dianatmah@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Badavi M, Dianat M, Faraji F; Acquisition of data: Akhondali Z, Dianat M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Akhondali Z; Statistical analysis: Akhondali Z, Faraji F; Obtaining financing: Badavi M; Writing of the manuscript: Dianat M, Faraji F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dianat M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>235</fpage>
      <lpage>240</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>One of the most important thyroid hormone targets is the cardiovascular system. Hemodynamic changes, such as decreased resting heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility, and cardiac output, and increased diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance, have been observed in hypothyroid patients. Moreover, in these patients, ECG changes include sinus bradycardia and low voltage complexes (P waves or QRS complexes).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed at evaluating the prophylactic effect of apelin on HR changes and QRS voltage that occur in propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>In this study, 48 adult male Wistar rats weighing 170-235g were randomly divided into 6 groups: Control group (normal saline ip injection + tap water gavage); P group (PTU 0.05%, in drinking water); A group (apelin 200 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.day<sup>-1</sup>, ip); PA group [co-administration of PTU and apelin]; PT group [co-administration of PTU + T4 (0.2 mg/g per day, gavage)]; and PAT group (co-administration of PTU, apelin and T4). All experiments were performed for 28 consecutive days, and then the animals were anesthetized with an ip injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg). Lead II electrocardiogram was recorded to calculate HR and QRS voltage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Heart rate and QRS voltage increased more significantly in the hypothyroid group that consumed both apelin and T4 (201 &#177; 4 beat/min, 0.71 &#177; 0.02 mv vs. hypothyroid 145 &#177; 9 beat/min, 0.563 &#177; 0.015 mv; respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The co-administration of apelin and T4 showed a protective effect on QRS voltage and HR in PTU&#8209;induced hypothyroid rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypothyroidism / blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroid Hormones / blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroxine / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotonic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</funding-source>
          <award-id>PRC-152</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Thyroid hormone is necessary to regulate metabolic rate <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Thyroid hormone also has an effect on the cardiovascular function, in which a minimal decrease of circulating thyroid hormones may cause cardiovascular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In patients with overt hypothyroidism, lack of thyroxin (T4) feedback leads to TSH levels higher than those in healthy individuals, whereas in milder or subclinical hypothyroidism, T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) levels are normal, but TSH levels are higher than in healthy people<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. As a result of the loss of thyroid hormones, some structural and morphological changes occur in cardiac cells causing changes in heart hemodynamic characteristics. Decreased resting heart rate (HR), cardiac output, heart contractility and stroke volume, as well as increased systemic vascular resistance and diastolic pressure have all been identified in hypothyroidism. Furthermore, bradycardia, narrow pulse pressure, voltage reduction and cardiac block have also been observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence are the criteria of cardiovascular autonomic function that change in hypothyroid patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. One of the criteria of cardiac contractility is the QRS amplitude.</p>
      <p>In hypothyroid patients, ECG manifestations, such as sinus bradycardia, low voltage complexes (small P waves or QRS complexes), prolonged PR and QT intervals, and flattened or inverted T waves have been observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In addition, pericardial effusion, which could affect ECG, has been shown in up to 30% of hypothyroid patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, angina and myocardial infarction have been observed approximately in 1% of the general population, and 4% of individuals 60 years and older are prescribed long-term T4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apelin is an endogenous ligand that is expressed throughout a number of tissues such as heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle and kidney. Apelin acts through the APJ receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, and shares similarities with the angiotensin II-angiotensin II type 1 receptor pathway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Apelin causes endothelium-dependent vessel vasodilation through eNOS activation, and promotes NO release. Furthermore, apelin and APJ receptor have an effective role in the development of cardiac cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. This endogenous ligand, which affects myocardial cells, causes an increase in cardiac contraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. It has been reported that apelin has an inotropic effect on heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Since the contraction of heart muscle is associated with QRS voltage, and considering that the QRS complex voltage and HR are reduced in hypothyroid patients, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of apelin on the inotropic and chronotropic changes that occur in the absence of thyroid hormones.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Materials</title>
        <p>Ketamine and xylazine were purchased from Alfas Co. (Holland). Propylthiouracil (PTU) and T4 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA), and apelin from Cayman Chemical Co. (USA). PTU was dissolved in drinking water (0.05%), and apelin, at the dose of 200 &#181; g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.day<sup>-1</sup>, was dissolved in normal saline and injected intraperitoneally (ip). L-thyroxin was dissolved at first in 0.1 normal NaOH and then diluted with tap water to the desired concentration (0.2 mg/g per day).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal treatment</title>
        <p>Forty-eight male Wistar rats (170-235 g) were housed in standard conditions (22+2&#176;C, 12/12 h light-dark cycle) with free access to standard rat chow diet (Pars Co. IR) and tap water ad libitum. All procedures were performed in accordance with the standards for animal care, established and approved by the Research Committee of the Ahwaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran.</p>
        <p>The rats were divided into six groups of eight animals each: Control group; hypothyroid group (P) [treated with PTU (0.05%)]; A group [treated with apelin (200 &#181; g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.day<sup>-1</sup>), ip]; PA group [co-administration of PTU and apelin]; PT group [co-administration of PTU and T4, gavage]; and PAT group [co-administration of PTU, apelin and T4]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The treatment period in each experiment was four weeks.</p>
        <p>Body weight was assessed every week and the serum levels of T4 and TSH were assayed at the end of experiments. After the procedures, the animals were anesthetized with an ip injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg). Rectal temperature was continuously monitored and maintained within 37-38&#176;C using a heat pad and heat lamp. Lead II electrocardiogram was recorded to calculate HR and QRS voltage (PowerLab, ADInstruments, Australia) as follows: electrodes consisting of 26-gauge needles were placed subcutaneously for 1 cm at the xiphoid cartilage (positive electrode), right shoulder (negative), and left shoulder (reference). Electrodes were connected to a Bioamp amplifier (ADInstruments, Australia) and were digitalized through an A/D converter PowerLab 8sp (ADInstruments, Australia). Digital recordings were analyzed with Chart software for Windows 7 (ADInstruments, Australia). Events were registered to 4 K/s and were filtered to 60 Hz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The ECG was calibrated for 25 mm/s with a sensitivity of 10 mm = 10 mV. ECG recordings were obtained for five minutes. The QRS complex voltage (in mV), to assess inotropic changes, was measured manually as the sum of absolute voltages of any positive or negative deflection. All calculations were made on the average of five QRS complexes. The HR, to assess chronotropic changes, was derived from the ECG signal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and the data are expressed as the mean &#177; SEM. Comparisons were made by using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), which was followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Serum TSH and T4 levels</title>
        <p>In the hypothyroid rats, the serum levels of TSH increased, while T4 levels decreased significantly as compared with those of the control group (p &lt; 0.01, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). These values indicated that hypothyroidism induction by PTU was successful. Apelin administration with PTU prevented the rising of TSH and T4 levels. In addition, increased T4 and decreased TSH levels were shown in the PT group as compared with the hypothyroid group (p &lt; 0.01). Although the co-administration of these three drugs prevented the rising of TSH and the decline of T4 levels, there was still a significant difference with the control group (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of T4 and TSH hormone level in different groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>T4 (nmol/L)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TSH (&#956;lU/mL)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO</td>
                <td align="center">76.75&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">1.32&#177;0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P</td>
                <td align="center">24.49&#177;3.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">12.02&#177;2.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">87.59&#177;5.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.84&#177;0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA</td>
                <td align="center">16.49&#177;2.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">5.09&#177;0.57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT</td>
                <td align="center">95.50&#177;0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8.78&#177;1.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAT</td>
                <td align="center">50.26&#177;0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">9.49&#177;1.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CO: control group; P: PTU-treated group; A: Intact animals group that received apelin; PA: receiving PTU and apelin at the same time; PT: receiving PTU and T4at the same time; PAT: receiving PTU, apelin and T4 at the same time. *p &lt; 0.05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compared to the control group; &#8224;p &lt; 0.05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compared to the P group,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>&#8364;&#8364;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compare to the PAT group (mean&#177;SEM, n=8, one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body weight</title>
        <p>As expected, body weight in the control group increased significantly; however, in the hypothyroid group, it was reduced during the four weeks of PTU administration (p &lt; 0.01; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). On the other hand, in the euthyroid rats, administration of apelin led to a significant increase in body weight (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, compared with the control and hypothyroid groups, co-administration of PTU and apelin reduced body weight in intact animals (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.05). Although T4 hormone therapy replacement with apelin in these rats could prevent weight loss, there is still a significant difference with the control group (p &lt; 0.05). However, with combination of these three drugs, the weight gain could match that of the control group. Regarding the heart weight changes, it should be mentioned that although the ratio of heart weight to body weight did not change in the hypothyroid group, it was enhanced by apelin in the euthyroid group (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, this ratio did not change in the other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of body weight and heart weight in different groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>BW1 (g)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>BW2 (g)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Heart weight(g)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Gain (g)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% changes'</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HW/BW (g)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CO</td>
                <td align="center">232&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">248&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0.82&#177;0.04</td>
                <td align="center">16&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0.32&#177;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P</td>
                <td align="center">224&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">219&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0.75&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">-5&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.35&#177;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">169&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center">200&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0.80&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">31&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.39&#177;0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA</td>
                <td align="center">169&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">156&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center">0.51&#177;0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-13&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center"><sub>-</sub>7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.33&#177;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PT</td>
                <td align="center">206&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">209&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0.72&#177;0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8364;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">3&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.34&#177;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAT</td>
                <td align="center">176&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">183&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">11&#177;4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0.35&#177;0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CO: control group; P: PTU-treated group; A: Intact animals group that received apelin; PA: receiving PTU and apelin at the same time; PT: receiving PTU and T4at the same time; PAT: receiving PTU, apelin and T4 at the same time.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>BW1: body weight at the beginning of experiment; BW2: body weight at the end of experiment HW: heart weight; HW/BW: ratio of heart weight to body weight. a: percentage of variation compared to the initial body weight</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compared to the control group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compared to the P group,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#8364;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>&#8364;&#8364;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compare to the PAT group (mean&#177;SEM, n=8, one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart rate</title>
        <p>In hypothyroid animals, HR significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (145&#177;9.5 vs. 227&#177;7.8 beat/min, p &lt; 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, the four-week administration of apelin to normal rats increased their HR (270&#177;11.6 beat/min). Administration of apelin with PTU could not change HR as opposed to the hypothyroid group (157&#177;16.4 vs. 145&#177;9.5 beat/min). However, the administration of T4 with PTU could significantly prevent HR reduction (180&#177;4 vs. 145&#177;9.5 beat/min, p &lt; 0.05), but the co-administration of apelin and T4 with PTU was more effective in rising HR (201&#177;4.3 vs. 145&#177;9.5 beat/min, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of heart rate in various groups. Data are expressed as mean&#177;SEM. The analysis of data was done by using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test. **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001 compared to the control; &#134;p &lt; 0.05, &#134;&#134;&#134;p &lt; 0.001 compared with the hypothyroid group; &#128;&#128; p &lt; 0.01 compared with the PAT group. CO: control group; P: PTU-treated group; A: Intact animals group that received apelin; PA: receiving PTU and apelin at the same time; PT: receiving PTU and T4at the same time; PAT: receiving PTU, apelin and T4 at the same time.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0235-50086-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>QRS voltage</title>
        <p>The QRS voltage significantly decreased in the groups that received PTU as compared with the control group (0.563&#177;0.015 vs. 0.72&#177;0.02 mV, p &lt; 0.001,   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). However, apelin administration to normal animals increased QRS voltage significantly (0.844&#177;0.022 mV, p &lt; 0.001). Although the administration of apelin (0.646&#177;0.026 mV, p &lt; 0.05) or T4 (0.661&#177;0.032 mV, p &lt; 0.01) along with PTU could change QRS voltage, the co-administration of these three drugs together was more effective (0.708&#177;0.02 mV, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of QRS voltage in various groups. Data are expressed as mean&#177;SEM. The analysis of data was done by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test. **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001 compared with the control; &#134;p &lt; 0.05, &#134;&#134;p &lt; 0.01, &#134;&#134;&#134;p &lt; 0.001 compared with the hypothyroid group. CO: control group; P: PTU-treated group; A: Intact animals group that received apelin; PA: receiving PTU and apelin at the same time; PT: receiving PTU and T4at the same time; PAT: receiving PTU, apelin and T4 at the same time.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0235-50086-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed that the administration of apelin alone to normal rats or with T4 in PTU-induced hypothyroid rats decreases TSH, but increases T4 serum levels.</p>
      <p>Taheri et al. have illustrated that intracerebroventricular administration of pyroglutamylated apelin-13 (10 nmol) decreased the TSH level although this reduction was not significant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Pan et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have shown that T4 therapy decreased TSH level during 28 days after PTU-induced hypothyroidism. These findings suggest that apelin may have an effect on endocrine regulation and some hormones circulation. However, the regulatory effect of apelin on the thyroid axis and cell signaling calls for further study.</p>
      <p>Comparing the results obtained from ECG in this study showed that HR and QRS voltage were reduced in the hypothyroid group as compared with those of the control group. On the other hand, the administration of apelin demonstrated an increasing effect on HR and QRS voltage in normal rats.</p>
      <p>Thyroid hormones have an effective role in the regulation of the expression of some genes related to pacemaker cells; therefore, the loss of thyroid hormones causes a decrease in the sinoatrial node function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Similarly to our finding, Joppet et al. have indicated that the intravenous apelin infusion in human increases HR and cardiac output<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Another study has shown that apelin has a positive chronotropic effect on myocardium via increasing cardiac excitability due to modulation of I<sub>Na</sub> gating and amplitude<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, which may be one of the reasons of the increase in HR by apelin. Our study showed that the co-administration of L-T4 and apelin in the PAT group prevents the decline in HR and QRS voltage in PTU-induced hypothyroid rats. Although the administration of each of these two drugs improves HR and QRS voltage, they significantly differed from the control group. It has been reported that the abnormality of ventricular systolic and diastolic functions in hypothyroidism was improved by L-T4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. It has also been identified that the variation of thyroid hormones could make a change in the expression of several gene proteins including: Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase, phospholamban, myosin, beta-adrenergic receptors, adenylate cyclase, guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins, Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger, Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, and voltage gated-potassium channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The decrease in heart contraction in hypothyroidism is related to the decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase gene expression and the increase in phospholamban<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Berry et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have reported that apelin has an inotropic effect by increasing the cardiac output without changing the end-diastolic volume. Apelin peptides are among the most potent endogenous positive inotropic agents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. The inotropic effect of apelin mediated through G-protein coupled to APJ receptor activates protein kinase C, which affects Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger; however, this promotes inner cell alkalinization and sensitization of myofilaments to Ca2<sup>+</sup>. On the other hand, it affects Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger and increases cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Wang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have shown that L-T4 increases alpha-myosin heavy chain (&#945;MHC) isoform gene expression, which improves the heart contraction potential. This suggests that the co-administration of L-T4 and apelin, probably regulates the gene expression of contraction proteins and increases the sensitivity of myofilaments to calcium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to previous studies and the findings of this study, it is suggested that apelin may have a role in cardiac contractility by changing phospholipase C, protein kinase C, Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger and sarcolema Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger gene expression in hypothyroid rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, although apelin increases cardiac voltage in the absence of thyroid hormone, this mechanism of apelin is more effective in the presence of the thyroid hormone.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The source of data used in this paper was from the MSc. thesis of Miss Zahra Akhondali, a student of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Authors gratefully acknowledge the help and financial support of Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant No. PRC-152).</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mahin Dianat, from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coadministra&#231;&#227;o de Apelina e T4 tem Efeito Protetor nas Altera&#231;&#245;es Inotr&#243;picas e Cronotr&#243;picas que Ocorrem em Ratos Hipotireoideos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akhondali</surname>
            <given-names>Zahra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faraji</surname>
            <given-names>Farzaneh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz &#8211; Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mahin Dianat</bold>, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Khouzestan. Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Postal Code 61335, Ahvaz &#8211; Ir&#227;. E-mail: <email>dianat@ajums.ac.ir</email>,   <email>dianatmah@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Badavi M, Dianat M, Faraji F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Akhondali Z, Dianat M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Akhondali Z; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Akhondali Z, Faraji F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Badavi M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dianat M, Faraji F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dianat M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O sistema cardiovascular &#233; um dos alvos mais importantes dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos. As seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas foram observadas em pacientes com hipotireoidismo: redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso, da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; e aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, tais pacientes apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como bradicardia sinusal e baixa voltagem dos complexos (ondas P e complexos QRS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito profil&#225;tico da apelina nas altera&#231;&#245;es de FC e voltagem de QRS que ocorrem em ratos com hipotireoidismo induzido por propiltiouracil (PTU).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo dividiu de maneira aleat&#243;ria 48 ratos Wistar machos adultos, pesando 170-235g, em seis grupos: grupo controle (CO), inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal (ip) de solu&#231;&#227;o salina + &#225;gua pot&#225;vel gavagem; grupo hipotireoideo (P), PTU 0,05% em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel; grupo A, apelina ip (200 &#181;g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.dia<sup>-1</sup>); grupo PA, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU e apelina; grupo PT, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU e T4, 0.2 mg/g por dia por gavagem; e grupo PAT, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU, apelina e T4. Todos os experimentos foram realizados durante 28 dias consecutivos, sendo ent&#227;o os animais anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o ip de cetamina (80 mg/kg) e xilazina (12 mg/kg). Utilizou-se o registro do ECG na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII para calcular a FC e a voltagem do QRS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve aumento mais significativo da FC e da voltagem do QRS no grupo hipotireoideo que recebeu apelina e T4 (201&#177;4 bpm, 0,71&#177;0,02mV) do que no hipotireoideo (145&#177;9 bpm, 0,563&#177;0,015 mV), respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A coadministra&#231;&#227;o de apelina e T4 mostrou efeito protetor na voltagem do QRS e FC em ratos com hipotireoidismo induzido por PTU.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipotireoidismo / sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nios Tire&#243;ideos / sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Tiroxina / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiot&#244;nicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o da taxa metab&#243;lica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, tamb&#233;m exercendo efeito na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular: uma m&#237;nima redu&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis circulantes pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Em pacientes com hipotireoidismo franco, a falta de <italic>feedback  </italic>de tiroxina (T4) leva a n&#237;veis mais altos de TSH do que aqueles de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; no hipotireoidismo mais brando ou subcl&#237;nico, os n&#237;veis de T4 e de triiodotironina (T3) s&#227;o normais, mas os de TSH s&#227;o mais elevados do que os da popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Como resultado da falta dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos, ocorrem algumas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e morfol&#243;gicas nas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, causando altera&#231;&#245;es nas caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o. Identificaram-se, no hipotireoidismo, redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso, no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, na contratilidade card&#237;aca e no volume sist&#243;lico, e eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Tamb&#233;m foram observados bradicardia, press&#227;o de pulso mais estreita, redu&#231;&#227;o da voltagem e bloqueio card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e turbul&#234;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios de fun&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma cardiovascular que se alteram em pacientes hipotireoideos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Um dos crit&#233;rios de contratilidade card&#237;aca &#233; a amplitude do QRS.</p>
        <p>As seguintes manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram observadas em pacientes hipotireoideos: bradicardia sinusal, baixa voltagem dos complexos (pequenas ondas P ou pequenos complexos QRS), intervalos PR e QT prolongados, e achatamento ou invers&#227;o das ondas T<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, derrame peric&#225;rdico, que pode afetar o eletrocardiograma (ECG), foi evidenciado em at&#233; 30% dos pacientes hipotireoideos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, angina e infarto mioc&#225;rdico foram observados em cerca de 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo que 4% dos indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais t&#234;m prescri&#231;&#227;o de T4 de longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A apelina &#233; um ligante end&#243;geno expresso em v&#225;rios tecidos, como cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro, f&#237;gado, m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e rim. A apelina atua atrav&#233;s do receptor APJ, um receptor acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G, e apresenta semelhan&#231;a com a via angiotensina II-receptor tipo 1 de angiotensina II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A apelina causa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o de eNOS, e promove libera&#231;&#227;o de NO. Al&#233;m disso, a apelina e o receptor APJ desempenham um papel no desenvolvimento das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Esse ligante end&#243;geno, que afeta as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas, causa aumento da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A apelina mostrou ter um efeito inotr&#243;pico no cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco est&#225; associada &#224; voltagem do QRS, e considerando que essa voltagem e a FC est&#227;o reduzidas nos pacientes hipotireoideos, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito protetor da apelina nas altera&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas e cronotr&#243;picas que ocorrem na aus&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Materiais</title>
          <p>Cetamina e xilazina foram compradas de Alfas Co (Holanda). Propiltiouracil (PTU) e T4 foram obtidos com Sigma-Aldrich Co (EUA), e apelina, de Cayman Chemical Co (EUA). O PTU foi dissolvido em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel (0,05%), tendo a apelina, na dose de 200 &#181; g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.dia<sup>-1</sup>, sido dissolvida em solu&#231;&#227;o salina e injetada intraperitonealmente (ip). O T4 foi dissolvido primeiro em solu&#231;&#227;o 0,1 normal de NaOH e, ent&#227;o, dilu&#237;do com &#225;gua pot&#225;vel at&#233; a concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,2 mg/g por dia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento dos animais</title>
          <p>Os 48 ratos machos Wistar (170-235 g) foram alojados em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (22+2&#176;C, ciclos claro/escuro de 12 horas) com acesso livre a dieta para ratos (Pars Co. IR) e &#225;gua pot&#225;vel. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados conforme os padr&#245;es de cuidado animal estabelecidos e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahwaz Jundishapour, Ahwaz, Ir&#227;.</p>
          <p>Os ratos foram divididos em seis grupos de oito animais cada: grupo controle; grupo hipotireoideo (P), tratado com PTU (0,05%); grupo A, tratado com apelina ip (200 &#181; g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.dia<sup>-1</sup>); grupo PA, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU e apelina; grupo PT, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU e T4, gavagem; e grupo PAT, coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU, apelina e T4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O per&#237;odo de tratamento em cada experimento foi de quatro semanas.</p>
          <p>O peso corporal foi avaliado toda semana e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de T4 e TSH foram avaliados no final dos experimentos. Ap&#243;s os procedimentos, os animais foram anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o ip de cetamina (80 mg/kg) e xilazina (12 mg/kg). A temperatura retal foi continuamente monitorada e mantida em 37-38&#176;C, usando-se almofada aquecida e l&#226;mpada de aquecimento. Utilizou-se o registro do ECG na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII para calcular a FC e a voltagem do QRS (PowerLab, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia) como se segue: eletrodos consistindo de agulhas calibre 26 foram inseridas subcutaneamente por 1 cm na cartilagem xifoide (eletrodo positivo), ombro direito (negativo) e ombro esquerdo (refer&#234;ncia). Os eletrodos foram conectados a um amplificador Bioamp (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia) e digitalizados com um conversor A/D PowerLab 8sp (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Os registros digitais foram analisados com o programa Chart para Windows 7 (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Os eventos foram registrados 4 K/s e filtrados para 60 Hz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O ECG foi calibrado para 25 mm/s com uma sensibilidade de 10 mm = 10 mV. Os registros do ECG foram obtidos durante cinco minutos. A voltagem do complexo QRS (em mV), para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas, foi medida manualmente como a soma das voltagens absolutas de qualquer deflex&#227;o positiva ou negativa. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram feitos com a m&#233;dia dos cinco complexos QRS. A FC, para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es cronotr&#243;picas, foi derivada do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando-se o programa SPSS, sendo os dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas usando-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via, seguida pelo teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de significado estat&#237;stico de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH e T4</title>
          <p>Nos ratos hipotireoideos, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH subiram, enquanto os de T4 diminu&#237;ram significativamente quando comparados &#224;queles do grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>). Tais valores indicam que a indu&#231;&#227;o de hipotireoidismo com PTU teve sucesso. A administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina junto com PTU evitou a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TSH e T4. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis aumentados de T4 e reduzidos de TSH foram observados no grupo PT em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo hipotireoideo (p &lt; 0,01). Embora a coadministra&#231;&#227;o dessas tr&#234;s drogas tenha evitado a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TSH e o decl&#237;nio dos n&#237;veis de T4, observou-se significativa diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis dos horm&#244;nios T4 e TSH nos diferentes grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>T4 (nmol/l)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>TSH (&#956;UI/ml)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CO</td>
                  <td align="center">76,75&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32&#177;0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P</td>
                  <td align="center">24,49&#177;3,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">12,02&#177;2,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A</td>
                  <td align="center">87,59&#177;5,27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,84&#177;0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA</td>
                  <td align="center">16,49&#177;2,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">5,09&#177;0,57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PT</td>
                  <td align="center">95,50&#177;0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">8,78&#177;1,56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAT</td>
                  <td align="center">50,26&#177;0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">9,49&#177;1,88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CO: grupo controle; P: grupo tratado com propiltiouracil (PTU); A: grupo de animais intactos que receberam apelina; PA: grupo recebendo PTU e apelina ao mesmo tempo; PT: grupo recebendo PTU e T4 ao mesmo tempo; PAT: grupo recebendo PTU, apelina e T4 ao mesmo tempo. *p &lt; 0,05;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo controle; &#8224;p &lt; 0,05;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo P;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>&#8364;&#8364;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo PAT (m&#233;dia&#177;EPM, n=8, ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal</title>
          <p>Como esperado, o peso corporal no grupo controle aumentou significativamente. Entretanto, no grupo hipotireoideo, houve redu&#231;&#227;o durante as quatro semanas de administra&#231;&#227;o de PTU (p &lt; 0,01; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Por outro lado, em ratos eutireoideos, a administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina levou a significativo aumento do peso corporal (p &lt; 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle e hipotireoideo, a coadministra&#231;&#227;o de PTU e apelina reduziu o peso corporal nos animais intatos (p &lt; 0,01, p &lt; 0,05). Embora a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com T4 e apelina nesses ratos possa ter evitado a perda de peso, ainda houve uma significativa diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,05). Entretanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o dessas tr&#234;s drogas p&#244;de fazer o ganho de peso equiparar-se ao do grupo controle. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mudan&#231;as de peso card&#237;aco, deve-se mencionar que, embora a raz&#227;o entre peso card&#237;aco e peso corporal n&#227;o tenha se alterado no grupo hipotireoideo, foi melhorada pela apelina no grupo eutireoideo (p &lt; 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, essa raz&#227;o n&#227;o se alterou nos demais grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e peso card&#237;aco nos diferentes grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>W1 (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>W2 (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>PC (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ganho (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>% altera&#231;&#245;es&#170;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>PC/W (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CO</td>
                  <td align="center">232&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">248&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82&#177;0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">16&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32&#177;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P</td>
                  <td align="center">224&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">219&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75&#177;0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-5&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,35&#177;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A</td>
                  <td align="center">169&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">200&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80&#177;0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">31&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,39&#177;0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA</td>
                  <td align="center">169&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">156&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51&#177;0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-13&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8364;&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,33&#177;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PT</td>
                  <td align="center">206&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">209&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72&#177;0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8364;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">3&#177;3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,34&#177;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAT</td>
                  <td align="center">176&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">183&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">11&#177;4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">0,35&#177;0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CO: grupo controle; P: grupo tratado com propiltiouracil (PTU); A: grupo de animais intactos que receberam apelina; PA: grupo recebendo PTU e apelina ao mesmo tempo; PT: grupo recebendo PTU e T4 ao mesmo tempo; PAT: grupo recebendo PTU, apelina e T4 ao mesmo tempo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>W1: peso corporal no in&#237;cio do experimento; W2: peso corporal no final do experimento; PC: peso do cora&#231;&#227;o; PC/W: raz&#227;o entre peso do cora&#231;&#227;o e peso corporal. a: percentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o comparada ao peso corporal inicial.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo controle;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p> p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo P;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>&#8364;</label>
                <p> p &lt; 0,05;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>&#8364;&#8364;</label>
                <p> p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo PAT(m&#233;dia&#177;EPM, n=8, ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Nos animais hipotireoideos, a FC diminuiu significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quela do grupo controle (145&#177;9,5 vs. 227&#177;7,8 bpm, p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina por quatro semanas elevou a FC de ratos normais (270&#177;11,6 bpm). A administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina com PTU n&#227;o conseguiu alterar a FC, em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao ocorrido no grupo hipotireoideo (157&#177;16,4 vs. 145&#177;9,5 bpm). Entretanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de T4 com PTU conseguiu evitar significativamente a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC (180&#177;4 vs. 145&#177;9,5 bpm, p &lt; 0,05), mas a coadministra&#231;&#227;o de apelina e T4 com PTU foi mais eficiente para elevar a FC (201&#177;4,3 vs. 145&#177;9,5 bpm, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em v&#225;rios grupos. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM e analisados usando-se ANOVA de uma via seguida do teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa. **p &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001 comparado ao grupo controle; &#134;p &lt; 0,05, &#134;&#134;&#134;p &lt; 0,001 comparado ao grupo com hipotireoidismo; &#128;&#128; p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo PAT. CO: grupo controle; P: grupo tratado com propiltiouracil (PTU); A: grupo de animais intactos que receberam apelina; PA: grupo recebendo PTU e apelina ao mesmo tempo; PT: grupo recebendo PTU e T4 ao mesmo tempo; PAT: grupo recebendo PTU, apelina e T4 ao mesmo tempo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0235-50086-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Voltagem do QRS</title>
          <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da voltagem do QRS nos grupos que receberam PTU em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (0,563&#177;0,015 vs. 0,72&#177;0,02 mV, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Entretanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina para animais normais aumentou significativamente a voltagem do QRS (0,844&#177;0,022 mV, p &lt; 0,001). Embora a administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina (0,646&#177;0,026 mV, p &lt; 0,05) ou de T4 (0,661&#177;0,032 mV, p &lt; 0,01) juntamente com PTU tenha podido alterar a voltagem do QRS, a coadministra&#231;&#227;o dessas tr&#234;s drogas juntas foi mais eficiente (0,708&#177;0,02 mV, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da voltagem do QRS em v&#225;rios grupos. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM e analisados usando-se ANOVA de uma via seguida do teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa. **p &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001 comparado ao grupo controle; &#134;p &lt; 0,05, &#134;&#134;p &lt; 0,01, &#134;&#134;&#134;p &lt; 0,001 comparado ao grupo com hipotireoidismo. CO: grupo controle; P: grupo tratado com propiltiouracil (PTU); A: grupo de animais intactos que receberam apelina; PA: grupo recebendo PTU e apelina ao mesmo tempo; PT: grupo recebendo PTU e T4 ao mesmo tempo; PAT: grupo recebendo PTU, apelina e T4 ao mesmo tempo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0235-50086-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o isolada de apelina a ratos normais ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com T4 para ratos com hipotireoidismo induzido por PTU diminuiu os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH e aumentou os de T4.</p>
        <p>Taheri e col. relataram que a administra&#231;&#227;o intracerebroventricular de piroglutamil apelina-13 (10 nmol) diminuiu os n&#237;veis de TSH, embora tal redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido significativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Pan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mostraram que a terapia com T4 reduziu o n&#237;vel de TSH durante 28 dias ap&#243;s hipotireoidismo induzido com PTU. Tais achados sugerem que a apelina possa ter um efeito na regula&#231;&#227;o end&#243;crina e na circula&#231;&#227;o de alguns horm&#244;nios. Entretanto, o efeito regulador da apelina no eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-tireoide e na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular requer estudos adicionais.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de ECG obtidos neste estudo mostra que houve redu&#231;&#227;o da FC e da voltagem do QRS no grupo hipotireoideo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles do grupo controle. Por outro lado, a administra&#231;&#227;o de apelina elevou a FC e a voltagem do QRS em ratos normais.</p>
        <p>Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos t&#234;m um papel na regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de alguns genes relacionados &#224;s c&#233;lulas marca-passo; portanto, a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos causa diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinoatrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Da mesma forma, Joppet e col. relataram que a infus&#227;o intravenosa de apelina em seres humanos aumenta a FC e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Outro estudo mostrou que a apelina tem efeito cronotr&#243;pico positivo no mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s do aumento da excitabilidade card&#237;aca devido &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o de I<sub>Na</sub>  <italic>gating</italic> e amplitude<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, que pode ser uma das raz&#245;es para o aumento da FC pela apelina. Nosso estudo mostrou que a coadministra&#231;&#227;o de T4 e apelina ao grupo PAT evita o decl&#237;nio da FC e da voltagem do QRS em ratos com hipotireoidismo induzido por PTU. Embora a administra&#231;&#227;o de cada uma dessas duas drogas melhore a FC e a voltagem do QRS, elas diferiram significativamente do grupo controle. Relatou-se melhora da anormalidade das fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no hipotireoidismo com T4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que a varia&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos poderia alterar a express&#227;o das seguintes prote&#237;nas de genes: Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase; fosfolambam; miosina; receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos; adenilato ciclase; prote&#237;nas ligadoras de nucleot&#237;deo guanina; trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>; Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase; e canais de pot&#225;ssio <italic>voltage-gated</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no hipotireoidismo relaciona-se &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do gene de uma Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e aumento de fosfolambam<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Berry e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> relataram que a apelina tem um efeito inotr&#243;pico ao aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco sem alterar o volume diast&#243;lico final. Os pept&#237;deos da apelina est&#227;o entre os mais potentes agentes end&#243;genos inotr&#243;picos positivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. O efeito inotr&#243;pico da apelina mediado pela G-prote&#237;na acoplada ao receptor APJ ativa a prote&#237;na quinase C, que afeta o trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>; entretanto, isso promove alcaliniza&#231;&#227;o celular interna e sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos miofilamentos ao Ca2<sup>+</sup>. Por outro lado, afeta o trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> e aumenta o Ca<sup>2+</sup> citoplasm&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Wang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mostraram que T4 aumenta a express&#227;o do gene da isoforma de miosina de cadeia pesada da alfa (&#945;MHC), que melhora o potencial de contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Isso sugere que a coadministra&#231;&#227;o de T4 e apelina deva regular a express&#227;o dos genes das prote&#237;nas de contra&#231;&#227;o e aumente a sensibilidade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios e os achados deste estudo, sugere-se que a apelina deva desempenhar um papel na contratilidade card&#237;aca ao alterar a fosfolipase C, a prote&#237;na quinase C, o trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> e a express&#227;o do gene do trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> no sarcolema de ratos hipotireoideos.'</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora a apelina aumente a voltagem card&#237;aca na aus&#234;ncia do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano, tal mecanismo da apelina &#233; mais eficiente na presen&#231;a do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A fonte dos dados usados neste manuscrito foi a disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Zahra Akhondali, estudante da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahwaz Jundishapour. Os autores agradecem o suporte financeiro do Centro de Pesquisa em Fisiologia da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahwaz Jundishapour (bolsa No. PRC-152).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Mahin Dianat pela Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
