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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Q33RjqfjQJ5KNLPPxgFVH4q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200228</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050075</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Sympathetic Hyperactivity after Chemotherapy: Early Sign of Cardiotoxicity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Sarita L&#237;gia Pessoa de Melo Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Raposo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (PGCS-UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es (HAM), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Joana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Santa Joana</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o</bold>, Av. Prof. Moraes R&#234;go, s/n &#8211; Pr&#233;dio das P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#245;es/2&#186; andar &#8211; CCS &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>simonecordis@yahoo.com.br</email>;   <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B. Acquisition of data: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Andrade LR, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Andrade LR, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. Statistical analysis: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B. Writing of the manuscript:Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>228</fpage>
      <lpage>234</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chemotherapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumab can cause cardiotoxicity. Alteration of cardiac adrenergic function assessed by metaiodobenzylguanidine labeled with iodine-123 (<sup>123</sup>I-mIBG) seems to precede the drop in left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate and to compare the presence of cardiovascular abnormalities among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumab, and only with anthracycline.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with breast cancer were analyzed clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic and cardiac sympathetic activity. In scintigraphic images, the ratio of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG uptake between the heart and mediastinum, and the washout rate were calculated. The variables were compared between patients who received anthracyclines and trastuzumab (Group 1) and only anthracyclines (Group 2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty patients, with mean age 57 &#177; 14 years, were studied. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography was 67.8 &#177; 4.0%. Mean washout rate was 28.39 &#177; 9.23% and the ratio of   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG uptake between the heart and mediastinum was 2.07 &#177; 0.28. Of the patients, 82% showed an increased in washout rate, and the ratio of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG uptake between the heart and mediastinum decreased in 25%. Concerning the groups, the mean washout rate of Group 1 was 32.68 &#177; 9.30% and of Group 2 was 24.56 &#177; 7.72% (p = 0,06). The ratio of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG uptake between the heart and mediastinum was normal in all patients in Group 2, however, the Group 1, showed 50% the ratio of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG uptake between the heart and mediastinum &#8804; 1.8 (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity with <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG appears to be an early marker of cardiotoxicity. The combination of chemotherapy showed higher risk of cardiac adrenergic hyperactivity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women and its incidence is increasing. As the population ages, additional risk factors should be included, such as cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Chemotherapy, which improves survival, is crucial for the treatment of several cancers, but has potential risks for toxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. For several years, anthracyclines have been used in the treatment of breast cancer in its different stages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Its use has shown to be very advantageous<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Approximately 20 to 30% of patients with breast cancer have tumors with amplification of the HER2 / neu gene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, of which expression results in a lower response to chemotherapy, due to rapid growth of the malignant cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, HER2-positive breast cancer responds favorably to trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets this receptor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Both anthracyclines and trastuzumab are associated with myocardial injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Cardiotoxicity is a clinically silent complication that can occur in up to 27% of patients undergoing chemotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Routine cardiologic assessment in chemotherapy users is performed by assessing symptoms and through serial electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. Once the decrease in ventricular function is detected, therapeutic measures may be necessary, including the interruption of chemotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Autonomic innervation plays a key role in regulating heart rate, myocardial function and myocardial blood flow. Its impairment usually means the presence of disease and may precede alterations in myocardial contractility and also reflect disease severity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The assessment of cardiac autonomic function can be performed non-invasively using scintigraphic imaging with specific radiotracers.</p>
      <p>To identify new ways to perform early cardiovascular risk assessment in patients treated with potentially cardiotoxic drugs is a challenge. The aim is to prevent chemotherapy interruption, while cardioprotective drugs, such as beta-blockers and angiotensin inhibitors are started early, thus preventing further damage and progression of myocyte injury.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the presence of cardiovascular alterations in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumab, or only anthracyclines.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This study was a case series that consecutively included 20 female patients with breast cancer, aged &#8805; 18 years. The patients were further divided into two groups: Group 1 patients that were treated with anthracyclines associated with trastuzumab; and Group 2 patients that were treated with anthracyclines only. Patients with known heart disease or heart failure symptoms were excluded. None of the patient had Parkinson's disease or any other known neurological disease, considering these conditions may cause changes in cardiac sympathetic activity with <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Group 2 patients were studied after treatment with anthracyclines and those from Group 1, after treatment with anthracyclines and during treatment with trastuzumab, having already received at least two infusions.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol number CAAE-0001.0.236.000-11). All patients agreed to participate and signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study site</title>
        <p>From November 2010 to May 2012, of all patients referred from the Oncology service to the Cardiology Clinic for cardiovascular risk assessment that met the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study variables</title>
        <p>All patients were submitted to clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cardiac scintigraphy   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG. Clinical and laboratory data, such as age, weight, height, body mass index, blood pressure measurement, medications being used, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, total cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and Framingham risk score, were obtained and recorded in a specific form.</p>
        <p>Framingham risk score was calculated using data from the clinical history (age in years, female gender, known diabetic and smoker), physical examination (systolic blood pressure at rest measured in mmHg) and laboratory tests (values of total cholesterol, HDL-c and glucose measurements)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram was considered normal or altered, according to the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Analysis and Release of Electrocardiographic Reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed in a Philips HD7 device, serial number CI51100623, manufactured in September 2010 (Diagnostic Ultrasound System, Bothell, Washington, United States). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using the Teichholz method. The examinations were performed as recommended by the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>For the cardiac scintigraphy <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, planar images of the chest were obtained, approximately 15 minutes (early images) and 4 hours (delayed images) after intravenous injection of 185 MBq (5 mCi) of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Images were acquired in a tomographic gamma camera with two detectors, an Infinia Hawkeye-4 model (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States), with a collimator for low energy and high resolution. The energy photopeak was centered at 159 keV with a window of 20% and matrix of 128 x 128. Static acquisition of 10 minutes was performed using the anterior chest view, in the early and late stages, after the radioisotope injection. A Region of Interest (ROI) was manually drawn on the heart (H) and over a nine-pixel area in the upper mediastinum (M) and the mean number of counts was obtained for each of these regions.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac scintigraphy with <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG of a study patient at the anterior chest view 10 minutes (early) and 4 hours (late) after injection of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG. Upper panel: black-and-white images; lower panel: color images. LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0228-50075-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The heart/mediastinum rate (H/MR) and the washout rate in percentage (WR) were calculated using the early and late images. The WR was considered as the percentage of decrease in cardiac activity between the early and late images within the left ventricle area. H/MR values &#8804; 1.8 and WR &gt; 19% were considered abnormal, i.e., indicative of adrenergic hyperactivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. It was not possible to calculate the WR in two patients from Group 1 and one from Group 2 due to technical problems on the day the images were obtained.</p>
        <p>All patients received potassium iodide syrup (500 mg) by mouth about 1 hour before administration of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG for the blocking of the thyroid gland.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The sample of 20 patients was a convenience one. Continuous quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare continuous variables between the two independent groups. Categorical variables are shown as frequencies and percentages. The canonical test was used to compare variables expressed in percentage between the groups. Spearman&#8217;s correlation was used in Group 1 to evaluate the correlation between the number of trastuzumab cycles and the mIBG scintigraphy variables. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics</title>
        <p>The mean age of the 20 patients was 57.3 &#177; 13.8 years. Body mass index was 27.9 &#177; 4.0, indicating an overweight population. The mean Framingham risk score was 5.7%, which characterizes a subgroup with low risk for coronary events in 10 years. No significant differences were observed regarding the clinical variables in the groups.</p>
        <p>Only two patients showed ventricular repolarization alterations on the electrocardiography. On the echocardiography, the mean ejection fraction was 67.8 &#177; 4.0%. All patients had LVEF&gt; 55%, i.e., normal ventricular function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The left atrium and left ventricle cavity diameters were within normal parameters. No significant differences were observed regarding the echocardiographic variables between the groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descriptive statistics of Doppler echocardiography measurements of the 20 patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">SD</th>
                <th align="center">Minimum</th>
                <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,3365</td>
                <td align="center">2,60</td>
                <td align="center">3,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,670</td>
                <td align="center">0,3342</td>
                <td align="center">4,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,945</td>
                <td align="center">0,3137</td>
                <td align="center">2,60</td>
                <td align="center">3,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,049</td>
                <td align="center">0,3960</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">67,850</td>
                <td align="center">4,0167</td>
                <td align="center">57,00</td>
                <td align="center">75,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; LA: left atrium; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; E/A: ratio between the maximum velocities of E and A waves on transmitral spectral Doppler; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac sympathetic activity assessment</title>
        <p>Regarding the assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity, the mean WR in Group 1 was 32.68 &#177; 9.30%, and in Group 2, 24.56 &#177; 7.72%, p = 0.06 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The early mean H/MR was 1.94 &#177; 0.28 in Group 1 and 2.20 &#177; 0.23 in Group 2 (p = 0.03).</p>
        <p>About 82% of the assessed patients showed an increased WR (normal value &lt; 19%) and 25% had a decreased early H/MR, i.e. &#8804; 1.8. However, in Group 1, WR was normal in only one patient, and in five, this index was &gt; 30%, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. In Group 2, 44% of patients had a normal or slightly altered WR, and only two had WR &gt; 30% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). The H/MR was normal in all Group 2 patients; however, in Group 1, 50% had reduced H/MR (p = 0.02).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics and test results of patients from group 1 treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Patient</th>
                <th align="center">Age (years)</th>
                <th align="center">Cycles</th>
                <th align="center">Framingham's Risk (%)</th>
                <th align="center">SAH</th>
                <th align="center">DM</th>
                <th align="center">ECG</th>
                <th align="center">DD</th>
                <th align="center">ACEI/BB</th>
                <th align="center">WR (%)</th>
                <th align="center">H/MR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">32.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">30.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">15.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">39.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">46.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">38.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">29.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Technical problems prevented the calculation of CR in two patients. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: electrocardiogram; DD: diastolic dysfunction verified by echocardiography; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BB: beta-blockers; WR: washout rate of mIBG; H/MR: heart/ mediastinum rate of mIBG.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics and test results of patients from group 2 treated with anthracyclines only</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Patient</th>
                <th align="center">Age (years)</th>
                <th align="center">Framingham's Risk (%)</th>
                <th align="center">SAH</th>
                <th align="center">DM</th>
                <th align="center">ECG</th>
                <th align="center">DD</th>
                <th align="center">ACEI/BB</th>
                <th align="center">WR (%)</th>
                <th align="center">H/MR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">25.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">21.2</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">27.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">34.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">19.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Outro</td>
                <td align="center">29.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">14.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">34.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">14.0</td>
                <td align="center">2.7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Technical problems prevented the calculation of CR in two patients. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: electrocardiogram; DD: diastolic dysfunction verified by echocardiography; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BB: beta-blockers; WR: washout rate of mIBG; H/MR: heart/ mediastinum rate of mIBG</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between the number of trastuzumab cycles and cardiac sympathetic activity</title>
        <p>Considering the variable number of cycles of trastuzumab administered to patients in Group 1, we performed an analysis of the scintigraphy measurements in patients that had fewer than eight cycles (Rho) and the ones that had more than eight cycles (R2). There seems to be a positive correlation between the WR and the number of cycles (rho = 0.47; p = 0.06), as well as a negative one between the early H/MR and the number of trastuzumab cycles (rho = -0.40; p = 0.08).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This was the first Brazilian study that used cardiac scintigraphy performed with   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG to identify early cardiac injury after chemotherapy, as the autonomic dysfunction may precede ventricular dysfunction and, consequently, the drop in left ventricular ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Decreased cardiac output in HF activates a series of adaptations in an attempt to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. One of the most important is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic), which occurs in the beginning of HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The results of this study suggest an association between anthracycline use and increased cardiac sympathetic activity, whereas the addition of trastuzumab resulted in an even greater hyperactivity adrenergic. It is noteworthy, as shown before, that none of these patients had classic clinical and/or echocardiographic signs of HF and only two had electrocardiographic alterations. Thus, the alteration in cardiac sympathetic activity assessed by <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG seemed to precede clinical signs of HF and the decrease in LVEF. It may be the initial trigger for the development of symptomatic heart failure, if that neurohormonal dysfunction progresses or worsens.</p>
      <p>When we analyze our results, we observe that, in both groups, most patients showed an accelerated washout rate of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, i.e., &gt; 19%. The mean WR was statistically higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. When we analyze the early H/MR in Group 1, five patients (50%) had this index &#8804; 1.8, whereas in Group 2, none of the patients had a decreased index. Moreover, the mean H/MR was statistically lower in Group 1.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding was the correlation between the number of trastuzumab cycles and the cardiac sympathetic activity assessment. A trend towards a positive correlation between the value of WR, and a negative correlation between H/MR and the number of received cycles was observed. This seems to indicate that, the more cycles received, there seems to be a major change in cardiac innervation and sympathetic activity.</p>
      <p>Carri&#243; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> identified an abnormal uptake of <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG in patients that received anthracyclines and also, the H/MR was lower as the cumulative dose of this medication progressed. Jacobson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found that HF patients with H/MR &lt; 1.6 had increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Systolic dysfunction, after exposure to cardiotoxic agents, is usually an irreversible, progressive and lethal condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The development of HF occurs in up to 27% of women that receive the anthracycline-trastuzumab combination and, therefore, a careful clinical management of these patients is recommended<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. New echocardiographic modalities, such as the use of tissue Doppler, regional strain and strain rate, may increase the method sensitivity to detect subclinical ventricular dysfunction, as well as new biochemical markers such as troponins and BNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A recent Brazilian study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, which included 51 patients treated with trastuzumab for advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, has shown that at the third month of treatment, clinical and biochemical data (troponin and NT-proBNP measurements) were not statistically different at the beginning and after 3 months of treatment with trastuzumab. However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the E/e' ratio at the beginning and after the third month of follow-up, which was closely related to a decrease in myocardial e&#8217; velocity, as assessed by tissue Doppler on echocardiography.</p>
      <p>In this study, a more detailed analysis of diastolic function by tissue Doppler was not part of our objectives. The diastolic function analysis of our sample was obtained by echocardiography, using the maximum A/E velocity ratio by transmitral spectral Doppler, and the evaluation was performed only at the end of chemotherapy with anthracycline and during treatment with trastuzumab. Thus, there were no differences between the groups regarding the frequency of diastolic dysfunction. Three patients from Group 1 and four from Group 2 showed myocardial relaxation alterations, but there was no association with the degree of cardiac adrenergic hyperactivity by <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG.</p>
      <p>Studies with a larger number of patients using these more sensitive methods, together with data on cardiac scintigraphy with <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG are useful to clarify the results of this study, as well as the long-term follow-up of these patients with exacerbated cardiac sympathetic activity.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>It is important to emphasize that the elderly, hypertensive and/or diabetic patients may have cardiac sympathetic dysfunction as part of the underlying disease. On the other hand, patients using drugs with cardioprotective potential, such as Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and beta-blockers, may progress with improved cardiac sympathetic function and systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In this study, four patients from Group 2 were hypertensive and three patients were receiving cardioprotective drugs. In Group 1, two patients were hypertensive, one was diabetic and two were receiving cardioprotective medications. These factors must have influenced sympathetic activity assessment; however, as they were not statistically different between the groups, the comparative analysis of cardiac sympathetic activity does not seem to have been influenced.</p>
        <p>Another limitation of the present study was the small sample size. Although the data collection time was relatively long, oncologists were not used to referring patients for cardiac assessment. This interaction between these two specialties should be encouraged, considering the cardiotoxic potential of these drugs and the increased survival of cancer patients, which may be cured or live peaceably with the cancer, but who may die prematurely from heart disease secondary to chemotherapy, if not diagnosed and treated early. The lack of inclusion of a control group also decreases the certainty of these results. However, this study seems to corroborate findings from a previously published study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and emphasize the need to confirm, with larger studies, the value of cardiac sympathetic activity assessment with   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG in the follow-up of patients undergoing chemotherapy with potentially cardiotoxic drugs.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In women with breast cancer submitted to chemotherapy with potentially cardiotoxic drugs, assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity with <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG can be an early marker of cardiac injury. The use of anthracycline derivatives with trastuzumab resulted in higher frequency and intensity of cardiac adrenergic hyperactivity. Studies with larger samples comparing the assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity with mIBG before and after treatment need to be performed to verify these findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hiperatividade Simp&#225;tica Card&#237;aca Ap&#243;s Quimioterapia: Sinal Precoce de Cardiotoxicidade?</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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            <given-names>Sarita L&#237;gia Pessoa de Melo Machado</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Raposo</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Jos&#233; Coelho</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (PGCS-UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es (HAM), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Joana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Santa Joana</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o</bold>, Av. Prof. Moraes R&#234;go, s/n &#8211; Pr&#233;dio das P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#245;es/2&#186; andar &#8211; CCS &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>simonecordis@yahoo.com.br</email>;   <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Andrade LR, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Andrade LR, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guimar&#227;es SLPMM, Brand&#227;o SCS, Maia RJC, Markman Filho B. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Brand&#227;o SCS, Markman Filho B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A quimioterapia com antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumabe pode causar cardiotoxicidade. A altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, avaliada pela metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo-123 (<sup>123I</sup>-mIBG), parece preceder a queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar e comparar a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares entre pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama submetidas &#224; quimioterapia com antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumabe e apenas a antrac&#237;clico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, eletro e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, al&#233;m de atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca. Nas imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas, foram calculadas a rela&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o mediastino, e a taxa de clareamento. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas entre os pacientes que receberam antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumabe (Grupo 1) e apenas antrac&#237;clicos (Grupo 2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Vinte pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia 57 &#177; 14 anos, participaram deste estudo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo m&#233;dia pelo ecocardiograma foi 67,8 &#177; 4,0%. A taxa de clareamento m&#233;dia foi 28,39 &#177; 9,23%, e a rela&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o mediastino foi de 2,07 &#177; 0,28. Dentre as pacientes, 82% mostraram taxa de clareamento aumentada e 25%, uma rela&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o mediastino diminu&#237;da. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos, a m&#233;dia da taxa de clareamento no Grupo 1 foi de 32,68 &#177; 9,30% e, no Grupo 2, de 24,56 &#177; 7,72% (p = 0,06). A rela&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o mediastino foi normal em todas as pacientes do Grupo 2, entretanto, no Grupo 1, 50% mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o mediastino &#8804; 1,8 (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama submetidas &#224; quimioterapia, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG pode ser um marcador precoce de cardiotoxicidade. A associa&#231;&#227;o de quimioter&#225;picos proporcionou maior risco de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Quimioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeitos Colaterais e Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas Relacionadas a Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias da Mama</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em mulheres, o c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; a neoplasia mais comum, e sua incid&#234;ncia vem aumentando. Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, devem ser agregados fatores de risco adicionais, como as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A quimioterapia, que melhora a sobrevida, &#233; fundamental para o tratamento de diversos tipos de c&#226;ncer, por&#233;m traz potenciais riscos de toxicidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Por v&#225;rios anos, os antrac&#237;clicos t&#234;m sido utilizados no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama em seus diversos est&#225;gios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o tem se demonstrado bastante vantajosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente 20 a 30% dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama t&#234;m tumores com amplifica&#231;&#227;o do gene HER2/neu<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, cuja express&#227;o proporciona menor resposta ao quimioter&#225;pico, devido &#224; acelerada taxa de crescimento de suas c&#233;lulas malignas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Entretanto, o c&#226;ncer de mama HER2 positivo responde favoravelmente ao trastuzumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal que tem como alvo esse receptor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tanto os antrac&#237;clicos como o trastuzumabe est&#227;o associados com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A cardiotoxicidade &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o clinicamente silenciosa, que pode ocorrer em at&#233; 27% das pacientes submetidas &#224; quimioterapia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica rotineira em usu&#225;rios de quimioter&#225;picos &#233; pelo rastreio de sintomas e pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma seriados. Uma vez detectado decr&#233;scimo na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, medidas terap&#234;uticas podem ser necess&#225;rias, inclusive a suspens&#227;o do quimioter&#225;pico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica desempenha um papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e no fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico. Sua defici&#234;ncia geralmente significa doen&#231;a e pode preceder altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e tamb&#233;m refletir a gravidade de doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca pode ser realizada de forma n&#227;o invasiva por meio de imagem cintilogr&#225;fica com radiotra&#231;adores espec&#237;ficos.</p>
        <p>Identificar novas formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce de risco cardiovascular em pacientes em tratamento com drogas de potencial cardiotoxicidade &#233; um desafio. O intuito &#233; evitar que os quimioter&#225;picos sejam suspensos e que drogas cardioprotetoras, como betabloqueadores e inibidores da angiotensina, sejam iniciadas precocemente, evitando, assim, mais dano e maior progress&#227;o de les&#227;o ao mi&#243;cito.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares entre pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, submetidas &#224; quimioterapia com antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumabe, e apenas a antrac&#237;clicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo tipo s&#233;rie de casos tendo sido inclu&#237;dos, de forma consecutiva, 20 pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama (amostra por conveni&#234;ncia), do sexo feminino e com idade &#8805; 18 anos. As pacientes foram posteriormente divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1, de pacientes que usaram antrac&#237;clicos associados ao trastuzumabe; e Grupo 2, para pacientes que usaram apenas antrac&#237;clicos. Pacientes sabidamente cardiopatas ou com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram exclu&#237;das do estudo. Nenhuma paciente poderia ter doen&#231;a de Parkinson ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica conhecida, considerando que essas patologias podem causar altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>As pacientes do Grupo 2 foram estudadas ao t&#233;rmino do tratamento com antrac&#237;clicos e as do Grupo 1, ao t&#233;rmino do tratamento com antrac&#237;clicos e durante tratamento com trastuzumabe, j&#225; tendo recebido, no m&#237;nimo, duas infus&#245;es.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (protocolo n&#250;mero CAAE-0001.0.236.000-11). Todas as pacientes concordaram em participar do estudo e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Local do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo de base hospitalar, realizado no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2010 a maio de 2012, onde foram selecionadas as pacientes encaminhadas da oncologia ao ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. Aquelas que preenchessem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram convidadas a participar deste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
          <p>Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a: anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiograma e cintilografia card&#237;aca com   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, como idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, medida de press&#227;o arterial, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, diabetes, fumo, colesterol total, Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade-Colesterol (HDL-c) e escore de risco de Framingham, foram obtidos e registrados em formul&#225;rio espec&#237;fico.</p>
          <p>O escore de risco de Framingham foi calculado considerando dados da anamnese (idade em anos, sexo feminino, reconhecidamente diab&#233;tico e fumante), do exame f&#237;sico (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em repouso medida em mmHg) e laboratoriais (valores das dosagens de colesterol total, HDL-c e glicemia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>O eletrocardiograma foi considerado normal ou alterado, seguindo as Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em aparelho da marca Philips HD7, n&#250;mero de s&#233;rie CI51100623, manufaturado em setembro de 2010 (Diagnostic Ultrasound System, Bothell, Washington, Estados Unidos). A Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz. Os exames foram realizados conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para a cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, foram obtidas imagens planas de t&#243;rax, cerca de 15 minutos (imagens precoces) e 4 horas (imagens tardias) ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa, de 185 MBq (5 mCi) de   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). As imagens foram adquiridas em gama-c&#226;mara tomogr&#225;fica com dois detectores, modelo Infinia Hawkeye-4 (General Eletric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos), com colimador para baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. O fotopico de energia foi centrado em 159 KeV, com uma janela de 20% e matriz de 128 x 128. Aquisi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;tica de 10 minutos foi realizada na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior de t&#243;rax, nas fases precoce e tardia, ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiois&#243;topo. Uma Regi&#227;o de Interesse (ROI) foi desenhada manualmente sobre o Cora&#231;&#227;o (C) e sobre uma &#225;rea de nove <italic>pixels</italic> no Mediastino Superior (M), sendo obtida a m&#233;dia de contagens de cada uma dessas regi&#245;es. A Rela&#231;&#227;o Cora&#231;&#227;o/Mediastino (RC/M) e a Taxa de Clareamento (<italic>washout</italic>) em percentual (TW) foram calculadas usando as imagens precoces e tardias. A TW foi considerada como a percentagem de diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade card&#237;aca entre as imagens precoce e tardia dentro da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os valores de RC/M &#8804; 1,8 e de TW &gt; 19% foram considerados anormais, ou seja, indicativos de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Em duas pacientes do Grupo 1 e uma do Grupo 2, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel calcular a TW por problemas t&#233;cnicos no dia da obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG de uma paciente do estudo na incid&#234;ncia anterior de t&#243;rax cerca de 15 minutos (precoce) e 4 horas (tardia) ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG. Fileira superior: imagens em preto e branco; fileira inferior: imagens coloridas. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0228-50075-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Todas as pacientes receberam xarope de iodeto de pot&#225;ssio (500 mg), por via oral, cerca de 1 hora antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, para o bloqueio da gl&#226;ndula tireoide.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram expressas pela m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os dois grupos independentes, usou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas pelas frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, das vari&#225;veis expressas em percentual, usou&#8209;se o teste can&#244;nico. Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada no Grupo 1 para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de ciclos de trastuzumabe e as vari&#225;veis da cintilografia com mIBG. Foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). O   <italic>software</italic> usado foi o <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletro e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade das 20 pacientes foi de 57,3 &#177; 13,8 anos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi de 27,9 &#177; 4,0, que indica sobrepeso da popula&#231;&#227;o. O escore de risco de Framingham m&#233;dio foi de 5,7%, o que caracteriza um subgrupo de baixo risco de eventos coronarianos em 10 anos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas.</p>
          <p>Apenas duas pacientes apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ao ecocardiograma, a m&#233;dia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi 67,8 &#177; 4,0%. Todas as pacientes tinham FEVE &gt; 55%, ou seja, apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>). Os di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios do &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estavam dentro dos par&#226;metros da normalidade. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estat&#237;stica descritiva das medidas do ecodopplercardiograma dos 20 pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">DP</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,180</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3365</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60</td>
                  <td align="center">3,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,670</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3342</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00</td>
                  <td align="center">5,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DSVE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,945</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3137</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60</td>
                  <td align="center">3,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3960</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">67,850</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0167</td>
                  <td align="center">57,00</td>
                  <td align="center">75,00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades das ondas E e A m&#225;ximas por Doppler espectral transmitral; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, a m&#233;dia da TW, no Grupo 1, foi de 32,68 &#177; 9,30% e, no Grupo 2, de 24,56 &#177; 7,72%, com p = 0,06 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A RC/M precoce m&#233;dia foi de 1,94 &#177; 0,28, no Grupo 1, e de 2,20 &#177; 0,23, no Grupo 2 (p = 0,03).</p>
          <p>Cerca de 82% das pacientes estudadas mostraram uma TW aumentada (valor normal &lt; 19%) e 25% apresentaram uma RC/M precoce diminu&#237;da, isto &#233;, &#8804; 1,8. Entretanto, no Grupo 1, a TW foi normal em apenas uma paciente e, em cinco, esse &#237;ndice esteve &gt; 30%, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. J&#225; no Grupo 2, 44% das pacientes mostraram TW normal ou levemente alterada e, em apenas duas, a TW foi &gt; 30% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). A RC/M foi normal em todas as pacientes do Grupo 2, entretanto, no Grupo 1, 50% mostraram RC/M reduzida (p = 0,02).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os resultados dos exames dos pacientes do grupo 1 tratados com antraciclinas e trastuzumabe</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th align="center">Ciclos</th>
                  <th align="center">Risco Framingham (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">HAS</th>
                  <th align="center">DM</th>
                  <th align="center">ECG</th>
                  <th align="center">DD</th>
                  <th align="center">IECA/Bbloq</th>
                  <th align="center">TW (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">RC/M</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">32,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">30,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">39,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">38,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">29,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Problemas t&#233;cnicos impediram o c&#225;lculo da TW em duas pacientes. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; ECG: eletrocardiograma; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica verificada pelo ecodopplercardiograma; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; Bbloq: betabloqueador; TW: taxa de clareamento do mIBG; RC/M: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino do mIBG.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados dos exames dos pacientes do grupo 2 tratados apenas com antraciclinas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th align="center">Risco Framingham (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">HAS</th>
                  <th align="center">DM</th>
                  <th align="center">ECG</th>
                  <th align="center">DD</th>
                  <th align="center">IECA/Bbloq</th>
                  <th align="center">TW (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">RC/M</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">27.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">34.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Outro</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Problemas t&#233;cnicos impediram o c&#225;lculo da TW em duas pacientes. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; ECG: eletrocardiograma; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica verificada pelo ecodopplercardiograma; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; Bbloq: betabloqueador; TW: taxa de clareamento do mIBG; RC/M: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino do mIBG.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de ciclos de trastuzumabe e a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;vel n&#250;mero de ciclos de trastuzumabe administrados nas pacientes do Grupo 1, realizamos uma an&#225;lise entre as medidas da cintilografia nas pacientes que realizaram menos de oito ciclos (Rho) e as que fizeram mais de oito ciclos (R2). Parece haver correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a TW e o n&#250;mero de ciclos (rho = 0,47; p = 0,06) e negativa entre a RC/M precoce e o n&#250;mero de ciclos de trastuzumabe (rho = -0,40; p = 0,08).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este foi o primeiro estudo brasileiro em que foi utilizada a cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, com o intuito de identificar les&#227;o card&#237;aca precoce, ap&#243;s tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, j&#225; que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pode preceder a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, consequentemente, a queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ativa uma s&#233;rie de adapta&#231;&#245;es na tentativa de manter a homeostasia cardiovascular. Uma das mais importantes &#233; a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (adren&#233;rgico), que ocorre no in&#237;cio da IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os resultados deste estudo sugeriram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de antrac&#237;clico e o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca; a adi&#231;&#227;o do trastuzumabe proporcionou uma hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica ainda maior. Vale ressaltar, como j&#225; apresentado, que todas essas pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam sinais cl&#237;nicos e/ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos de IC e apenas duas tinham altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Assim, a altera&#231;&#227;o na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca avaliada pela cintilografia com   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG pareceu preceder sinais cl&#237;nicos de IC e a queda na FEVE. Ela pode ser o gatilho inicial para o desenvolvimento de IC sintom&#225;tica, caso essa disfun&#231;&#227;o neurormonal progrida ou piore.</p>
        <p>Quando analisamos nossos resultados, notamos que, em ambos os grupos, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou uma taxa de clareamento acelerada de   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, isto &#233;, &gt; 19%. A m&#233;dia da TW foi estatisticamente maior no Grupo 1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo 2. Quando analisamos a RC/M precoce, no Grupo 1, cinco pacientes (50%) apresentaram esse &#237;ndice &#8804; 1,8 enquanto que, no Grupo 2, nenhuma paciente apresentou esse &#237;ndice diminu&#237;do. Al&#233;m do mais, a m&#233;dia da rela&#231;&#227;o C/M foi estatisticamente inferior no Grupo 1.</p>
        <p>Outro resultado interessante foi o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de ciclos de trastuzumabe e os &#237;ndices de avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca. Uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o valor da TW e negativa entre a RC/M e o n&#250;mero de ciclos recebidos foram observadas. Isso sugere que quanto mais ciclos recebidos, parece haver uma maior altera&#231;&#227;o na inerva&#231;&#227;o e na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Carri&#243; e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> identificaram capta&#231;&#227;o anormal de <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG em pacientes que usaram antrac&#237;clicos e, tamb&#233;m, a RC/M foi mais baixa &#224; medida que a dose cumulativa dessa medica&#231;&#227;o progrediu. Jacobson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> identificaram que pacientes portadores de IC com rela&#231;&#227;o C/M &lt; 1,6 apresentavam risco cardiovascular aumentado.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o aos agentes cardiot&#243;xicos, &#233; usualmente irrevers&#237;vel, progressiva e letal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O desenvolvimento de IC ocorre em at&#233; 27% das mulheres que usam a associa&#231;&#227;o antraciclina com trastuzumabe e, por isso, &#233; preconizado um cuidadoso controle cl&#237;nico para essas pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Novas modalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o uso do Doppler tecidual,   <italic>strain</italic> regional e <italic>strain rate</italic>, podem aumentar a sensibilidade desse m&#233;todo em detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica, como tamb&#233;m novos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, como troponinas e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Estudo brasileiro recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, que incluiu 51 pacientes em tratamento com trastuzumabe para c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo avan&#231;ado, mostrou que, ao terceiro m&#234;s de tratamento, os dados cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos (dosagens de troponina e Nt-proBNP) n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 3 meses com trastuzumabe. Entretanto, observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; do in&#237;cio e ao terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento, que foi estritamente relacionada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade e&#8217; mioc&#225;rdica, conforme avaliado por Doppler tecidual ao ecocardiograma.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o fez parte dos nossos objetivos realizar uma an&#225;lise mais refinada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo Doppler tecidual. A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi obtida na nossa casu&#237;stica pelo ecocardiograma, por meio da rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades A e E m&#225;ximas por Doppler espectral transmitral, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita apenas ao t&#233;rmino do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com antrac&#237;clico e durante o tratamento com trastuzumabe. Assim, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Tr&#234;s pacientes do Grupo 1 e quatro do Grupo 2 apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o no relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico, mas n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca pelo <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG.</p>
        <p>Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes utilizando esses m&#233;todos mais sens&#237;veis, juntamente de dados da cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG, s&#227;o &#250;teis para melhor esclarecer os resultados encontrados neste estudo, assim como o acompanhamento em longo prazo desses pacientes com atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca exacerbada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Importante ressaltar que as pacientes idosas, hipertensas e/ou diab&#233;ticas podem ter disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca como parte da doen&#231;a de base. Por outro lado, pacientes em uso de drogas com potencial de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o, como Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA) e betabloqueadores, podem evoluir com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Neste estudo, quatro pacientes do Grupo 2 eram hipertensas e tr&#234;s pacientes estavam em uso de drogas cardioprotetoras. No Grupo 1, duas pacientes eram hipertensas, uma era diab&#233;tica e duas estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es cardioprotetoras. Esses fatores devem ter influenciado a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, por&#233;m, como n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos, a an&#225;lise comparativa da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o parece ter sofrido interfer&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o pequeno tamanho amostral. Apesar do tempo de coleta ter sido relativamente grande, os oncologistas ainda n&#227;o tinham a pr&#225;tica de encaminhar pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas especialidades deve ser encorajada, considerando o potencial cardiot&#243;xico desses medicamentos e o aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, que podem vir a se curar ou a conviver pacificamente com seu c&#226;ncer, por&#233;m podem morrer precocemente de cardiopatia secund&#225;ria ao tratamento oncol&#243;gico, caso n&#227;o seja diagnosticado e tratado precocemente. A falta da inclus&#227;o de um grupo controle tamb&#233;m diminui a certeza destes resultados. Entretanto, este estudo parece corroborar achados de outro estudo j&#225; publicado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e ressaltar a necessidade de se confirmar com estudos maiores o valor da avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG no acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos &#224; quimioterapia com drogas potencialmente cardiot&#243;xicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em mulheres portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama, submetidas &#224; quimioterapia com drogas potencialmente cardiot&#243;xicas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com   <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG pode ser um marcador inicial de les&#227;o card&#237;aca. O uso de derivados das antraciclinas com o tratuzumabe proporcionou maior frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca. Estudos com maior casu&#237;stica e comparando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com mIBG antes e ap&#243;s tratamento precisam ser feitos para maior certeza desses achados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Sarita L&#237;gia Pessoa de Melo Machado Guimar&#227;es pelo Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
