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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TRjstXDNnmRYbRDgGtHVt3M</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200214</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150118</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SBC Guidelines on Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Dornas G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia &#8211; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica, Salvador, BA, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor/HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Gilson Soares Feitosa-Filho</bold>,Comiss&#227;o de Ensino do Hospital Santa Izabel - Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Cons Almeida Couto, 500, Nazar&#233;. CEP 40050-410, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>gilsonfeitosafilho@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Feitosa-Filho GS, Baracioli LM, Barbosa CJDG, Franci A, Timerman A, Piegas LS, Marin- Neto JA, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Gilson Soares Feitosa-Filho has spoken at events or activities sponsored by Sanofi Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo and Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Luciano Moreira Baracioli participated in clinical studies and / or experimental trials supported by InCor, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Astra Zeneca and Bayer; Has spoken at events or activities sponsored by Astra Zeneca and Daiichi Sankyo; Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by Sanofi and Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Ari Timerman participated in clinical studies and / or experimental trials supported by Sanofi, Daiichi Sankyo and Bayer.</p>
          <p>Dr. Leopoldo Soares Piegas personal or institutional aid received from Boehringer Ingelheim; Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau participated in clinical studies and / or experimental trials supported by Lilly, AMGEN, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Roche, MSD; Has spoken at events or activities sponsored by Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo; It was (is) advisory board member or director of a Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer; Committees participated in completion of research sponsored by Lilly, AMGEN, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, GSK, Novartis, Roche, MSD; Personal or institutional aid received from Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer; Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by Astra Zeneca, Sanofi.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>214</fpage>
      <lpage>227</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angina, Unstable / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin / therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Part I &#8211; Risk stratification and management within 12 hours of hospital arrival</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Unstable angina (UA) is still one of the major cardiovascular causes of hospital admission. Some patients with UA develop elevations in biochemical markers of myocardial injury, characterizing myocardial infarction (MI) without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI). Those two entities (UA and NSTEMI) make up the non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), the object of this guideline.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical history, physical examination and risk scores</title>
        <p>Clinical history and physical examination play fundamental roles in the risk stratification of patients with NSTE-ACS. The classification proposed by Braunwald, as well as its update, including troponin measurement, provide a rapid assessment of the patients' risk for major ischemic outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Mathematical tools, such as TIMI and GRACE scores, can provide prognostic information and guide risk stratification, as well as antithrombotic therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; MI: Myocardial infarction; MR: Myocardial revascularization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0214-50118-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>GRACE Score</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="5" align="center">
                  <bold>Risk stratification</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0-100</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top-style:hidden">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-top-style:hidden">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-top-style:hidden">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate</td>
                <td align="center">- 0-46</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">- 58-0</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>% In-hospital death</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">- 1-28</td>
                <td align="left">Low</td>
                <td align="center">1-108</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (Killip)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0-59</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">109-140</td>
                <td align="center">1-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopulmonary arrest on admission</td>
                <td align="center">- 39</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">High</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&gt; 140</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&gt; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ST deviation</td>
                <td align="center">-28</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevation of necrosis markers</td>
                <td align="center">1 - 372</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>HF: Heart failure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The occurrence of major bleeding in patients with NSTE-ACS relates directly to adverse events (including mortality), and the use of bleeding scores (CRUSADE and ACUITY/HORIZONS), which estimate the risk of hemorrhagic complications, guide the therapy to minimize those outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CRUSADE Score</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Prognostic factor</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Scores</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Baseline hematocrit (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 31</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">31-33.9</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">34-36.9</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">37-39.9</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 40</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Creatinine clearance (mL/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">16-30</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">31-60</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">61-90</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">91-120</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 120</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Heart rate (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 70</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">71-80</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">81-90</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">91-100</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">101-110</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">111-120</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 120</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HF signs on hospital arrival</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Previous vascular disease</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 90</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">91-100</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">101-120</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">121-180</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">181-200</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 200</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>CRUSADE: Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Supress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the AmericanCollege of Cardiology/guidelines; HF: Heart failure. 1-20 very low risk (3.1%); 21-30 low risk (5.5%); 31-40 moderate risk (8.6%); 41-50 high risk (11.9%); 51-91 very high risk (19.5%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ACUITY/HORIZONS Score</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sum</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Men</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Women</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+8</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 50</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">50-69</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">60-69</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">70-79</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+12</td>
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              <tr>
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                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
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                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,2-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,4-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,6-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,8-</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 2  </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+8</td>
                <td align="center">+10</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Total leukocyte count (giga/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 10</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">10-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">12-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">14-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,6-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1,8-</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 20</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+8</td>
                <td align="center">+8  </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">ACS presentation</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Antithrombotic agents</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="center">Heparin + GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors Bivalirudin</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Total value</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: ST-segment elevation; GP: Glycoprotein. Algorithm used to determine the risk score for bleeding: &lt; 10 low risk (1.9%); 10-14 moderate risk (3.6%); 15-19 high risk (6.0%); &gt; 20 very high risk (13%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>Despite its low sensitivity to discriminate a subendocardial MI from a transmural MI (by use of Q wave), the electrocardiogram (ECG) is fundamental to the management of patients with NSTE-ACS. Transient changes in the ST segment (depression or elevation), as well as T-wave inversions, are important prognostic markers of death or infarction. However, a normal ECG does not exclude the diagnosis of NSTE-ACS. It has prognostic importance, and the GUSTO II study has related initial ECG to early mortality as follows: left bundle branch block, left ventricular hypertrophy or pacemaker rhythm related to a mortality of 11.6%; ST-segment depression, mortality of 8%; ST-segment elevation, mortality of 7.4%; and T-wave inversion or normal ECG, mortality of 1.2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis</title>
          <p>The modern biochemical markers (troponin and CKMB mass) are important tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with NSTE-ACS. They should be interpreted in association with clinical and ECG findings, considering that several non-coronary conditions can determine their elevation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <p>After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), elevations in the levels of necrosis markers 5 and 10 times their reference values (post-PCI and post-CABG, respectively) indicate MI when interpreted in association with symptoms, ECG changes and/or imaging tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Myoglobin and high-sensitivity troponins, due to their high negative predictive value 6 hours after symptom onset, can be considered in protocols of early discharge from the emergency unit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise testing</title>
          <p>Patients with NSTE-ACS should undergo exercise testing (ET) with the following purposes: to identify occasional myocardial ischemia, to estimate prognosis and to guide proper clinical decisions, such as treatment strategies. It is recommended to patients at low risk as a first choice test, because it is a low-cost, low-risk, widely available procedure. A negative ET correctly indicated to a patient with good functional capacity allows immediate hospital discharge, because the test has a high negative predictive value<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiography is extremely useful in patients with NSTE-ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The detection of changes in segmentary contraction strongly indicates coronary artery disease (CAD), because it can represent infarction, ischemia or both. In addition, it plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of chest pain (aortic dissection, aortic stenosis, pulmonary embolism, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pericardial disease) and in prognostic assessment via left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nuclear cardiology</title>
          <p>For patients with NSTE-ACS, the prognostic role of the information provided by nuclear imaging (myocardial perfusion and ventricular function) has been well established. Physical or pharmacological stress myocardial perfusion imaging is performed in low- to intermediate-risk patients with NSTE-ACS after stabilization of acute findings (48/72 hours). In the emergency unit setting or in the presence of acute pain, the radiotracer should be injected only at rest, while the patient is still symptomatic (exceptionally after the end of the symptoms), and the images should be obtained in up to 6 hours. If considered to be of low risk, it indicates a very low likelihood of subsequent cardiac events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary computed tomography angiography</title>
          <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography is an important tool to assess patients with acute chest pain, especially those at low and intermediate risk. It is safe for the diagnosis of NSTE-ACS and can reduce the length of hospital stay, and, thus, total cost.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Criteria for hospital discharge of low-risk patients in the first 12 hours of stratification</title>
          <p>The criteria are lack of pain, clinical stability, normal ECG or ECG with no acute change, normal levels of myocardial necrosis biochemical markers, and negative provocative test of coronary spasm, when performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Part II &#8211; Management of intermediate- and high-risk patients</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Admission to and discharge from the coronary care unit</title>
        <p>All intermediate- and high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS should be admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) whenever possible. Those undergoing PCI should return to the CCU after the procedure; in the absence of complication, they should be discharged from the CCU on the following day. When CABG is the treatment option, the patient should remain at the CCU up to surgery time. Those undergoing exclusive clinical pharmacological treatment should be discharged from the CCU on the day following that decision, provided they are stable and require no intravenous drug.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Oxygen therapy</title>
        <p>Limited and old evidence suggests that oxygen administration can limit the extension of acute ischemic injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Usually oxygen supplementation is maintained for up to 4 hours after pain subsides. If hypoxia persists, oxygen supplementation will be kept according to clinical need. Unnecessary oxygen administration for prolonged time can cause systemic vasoconstriction and even be harmful.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analgesia and sedation</title>
        <p>The chest pain and anxiety of NSTE-ACS usually lead to hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition to increasing myocardial oxygen consumption, that hyperadrenergic state predisposes to atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Thus, strong analgesic drugs are recommended to patients with severe ischemic pain, who are refractory to antianginal therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. When pain is not relieved with sublingual nitrate, or when pain recurs despite adequate anti-ischemic therapy, morphine sulfate is the analgesic of choice, and should be intravenously administered, diluted at the dose of 2 to 4 mg every 5 minutes up to 25 mg, with blood pressure monitoring.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nitrates</title>
        <p>The use of nitrates is based on their mechanism of action and clinical experience over several years of use. No controlled clinical trial has tested the effects of nitrates on clinical outcomes and mortality in UA, although their use is universally accepted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The treatment is initiated at the emergency room, with sublingual administration of nitrate. If no rapid relieve of the pain occurs, those patients can benefit from the intravenous administration of nitroglycerin. Nitrates are contraindicated in the presence of important arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg) or previous use of sildenafil in the past 24 hours. The intravenous treatment should be maintained for 24-48 hours after the last episode of anginal pain, and suspended gradually.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Beta-adrenergic blockers</title>
        <p>By decreasing heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial contractility, betablockers reduce myocardial oxygen uptake. Despite the lack of large-scale randomized studies assessing their action on major clinical outcomes, such as mortality, these drugs, along with nitrates, are considered first-choice agents in the treatment of NSTE-ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>They should be initiated orally for stable patients with no contraindication, at low doses, which should be gradually increased to maintain heart rate around 60 bpm. If ischemic pain and/or tachycardia (not compensatory for heart failure) persists, the intravenous formulation can be used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calcium channel blockers</title>
        <p>The beneficial effects of calcium channel blockers on NSTE-ACS derive from the combination of their actions, reducing myocardial oxygen uptake, afterload, contractility and heart rate, in addition to increasing myocardial oxygen supply via coronary dilatation. Calcium channel blockers can be used to control refractory ischemic symptoms in patients already on adequate doses of nitrates and betablockers, or in those who do not tolerate those drugs (mainly those with contraindication), or those with variant angina (Prinzmetal syndrome). In patients with impaired left ventricular function and/or atrioventricular conduction changes, calcium channel blockers should be avoided<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</title>
          <p>There is no conclusive evidence about the benefits of the early use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors to patients with NSTE-ACS, although some studies have suggested they can be useful in the chronic phase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antiplatelet agents</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Acetylsalicylic acid</title>
          <p>Coronary thrombosis plays an important role in NSTE-ACS triggering and progression, antithrombotic therapy being thus essential for patients with those syndromes. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is the best antiplatelet agent, and should always be prescribed, except for the rare cases of previously known severe allergic reaction and the existence of active digestive bleeding<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Thienopyridine derivatives</title>
          <p>Thienopyridine derivatives are antagonists of the platelet activation mediated by the platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor (P2Y<sub>12</sub>).</p>
          <p>Clopidogrel in addition to AAS to treat intermediate-to high-risk NSTE-ACS was related to a 20% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death, MI or stroke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. When the dose was doubled (600 mg loading dose, followed by 150 mg daily for 6 days), a 14% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death, MI or stroke was observed in patients undergoing PCI (NNT, 167). However, a 41% increase in the occurrence of severe bleeding was observed (NNH, 200)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Because the NNT to avoid an ischemic event is similar to the number of patients treated who will have a severe hemorrhagic event, careful and individualized assessment is recommended for each case.</p>
          <p>The platelet aggregation inhibition of patients on clopidogrel has shown a wide intra- and interindividual variation. "Poor response" and "resistance" to clopidogrel are terms used to characterize patients who do not reach the expected platelet inhibition level. Consistent data have associated poor response to clopidogrel to the greater incidence of thrombotic events, mainly in patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation. Several strategies have been tested to decrease resistance to clopidogrel, but no significant positive impact has been observed on the reduction of clinical events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>The association of clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors (PPI), mainly omeprazole, has been related to a higher incidence of resistance to clopidogrel. Despite conflicting data, the routine use of PPI should be avoided and histamine H<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists should be preferred<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
          <p>Prasugrel is a third-generation thienopyridine derivative, which provides greater and more consistent platelet inhibition levels. Compared to clopidogrel when used for patients with high-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing PCI, prasugrel was associated with a 19% reduction in the occurrence of cardiovascular death, MI or stroke. However, the use of prasugrel was associated with a 32% increase in the occurrence of severe bleeding. Prasugrel should not be prescribed to patients with previous transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. Its use in patients &gt;75 years or &lt;60 kg should be individualized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
          <p>For patients undergoing CABG, clopidogrel should be suspended at least 5 days before the procedure, while prasugrel should be suspended 7 days before.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cyclopentyl-triazolo-pyrimidine</title>
          <p>Ticagrelor is a cyclopentyl-triazolo-pyrimidine (CPTP) with a 12-hour half-life, which, unlike thienopyridine derivatives, exerts a reversible block of P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptors and whose action does not depend on liver metabolism. With such characteristics, ticagrelor has a more intense, rapid and consistent antiplatelet effect as compared to clopidogrel. In patients with intermediate- and high-risk ACS, as compared to clopidogrel, ticagrelor was associated with a significant 16% reduction in the occurrence of combined outcome of vascular death, MI or stroke. In addition, a 21% reduction in vascular deaths and a 22% reduction in all-cause mortality occurred. No significant increase in major hemorrhagic events, fatal bleeding or need for transfusion has been reported with ticagrelor; however, an increase in major bleeding not related to CABG has been reported. In addition, the use of ticagrelor has been associated with a higher incidence of dyspnea and transient ventricular pauses, as well as with an increase in creatinine and uric acid levels. In patients undergoing CABG, ticagrelor should be suspended 5 days before the procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors</title>
          <p>That class of drugs blocks the common final pathway of platelet aggregation, regardless of the initial stimulus. By inhibiting glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors on platelet surface, those inhibitors prevent fibrinogen from binding to activated receptors, blocking platelet aggregation and platelet thrombus formation.</p>
          <p>In the context of patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing an essentially "conservative" strategy, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors have their use supported by studies on heparinization plus ASA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Despite their extremely heterogeneous results, usually suggesting benefits deriving from the use of small-molecule GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, but not from abxicimab, a meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> has shown an only 9% reduction in the relative risk of death or infarction at 30 days of follow-up (p = 0.015), the benefit being restricted to higher-risk patients (high troponin and/or ST-segment depression and/or undergoing PCI).</p>
          <p>Patients on oral dual antiplatelet therapy conducted via an early invasive strategy, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors can be initiated in the catheterization laboratory, in the presence of high complexity PCI, high thrombotic load, no-reflow phenomenon or multiple instability sites of atherosclerotic plaques. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors should always be used in an individualized and non-routine way.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antithrombin agents</title>
        <p>Antithrombin therapy should be administered to all moderate and high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS, except when contraindicated. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are usually as effective as unfractionated heparin (UNH); however, enoxaparin appears to be superior to UNH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Patients receiving enoxaparin to treat NSTE-ACS and referred for PCI within 8 hours from the last subcutaneous dose require no additional anticoagulation. Those undergoing PCI between 8 and 12 hours should receive an additional intravenous dose of 0.3 mg/kg right before the procedure. The initially used heparin should be maintained during the entire heparinization period, avoiding the concomitant or alternate use of LMWH and UFH. Fondaparinux has demonstrated equivalence with enoxaparin to reduce ischemic events, being associated, however, with a significant reduction in severe bleeding<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnosis and risk stratification with complementary tests</title>
        <p>Risk stratification should be a continuous process, from initial clinical assessment, passing by subsidiary tests already discussed in this guideline, and culminating in the complementary tests described below.</p>
        <p>Currently there is consistent evidence on the benefit of early "interventional" or "invasive" strategy for NSTE-ACS, aimed at performing coronary angiography usually within 24 hours from admission<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. It is worth noting that the benefit observed with the "interventional" strategy tends to be greater in the long run than in the initial phase, in which, paradoxically, the risk of using that strategy can be higher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. In addition, the higher the risk for ischemic events, the more benefit there is. Furthermore, the appropriate antithrombotic regimen with antiplatelet and antithrombin agents is fundamental for the success of that approach.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic assessment</title>
          <p>It essentially provides direct visualization of the coronary lumen, with assessment of the severity of obstructions, and analysis of the systolic and diastolic ventricular, global and regional functions. In addition, it can assess the functional meaning of anatomically detected lesions, by direct measurement of the coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR). However, it is worth noting that, in the NSTE-ACS context, that complementary test has limited applicability, because of the intrinsic mutability of the obstructions (often ulcerated, complex atherosclerotic plaques with high thrombotic load), and has not been duly validated in proper studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise testing</title>
          <p>Exercise testing can be the initial risk stratification approach for patients with NSTE-ACS when other non-invasive methods are unavailable and there is no indication for invasive strategy. In addition to diagnostic support, it has a well-known prognostic value. Positive tests are associated with a higher incidence of coronary events within 1 year as compared to negative tests. It is an inexpensive, safe procedure of easy application. Its negative predictive value is very high, 98% to 100%, although its positive predictive value is modest, around 50%. The ET, aimed at estimating prognosis and supporting clinical decision, is mainly indicated for intermediate-risk patients who can perform it 24 to 48 hours after complete clinical stabilization (hemodynamic stability, absence of active clinical or electrocardiographic ischemia, of new Q waves, of clinical signs of heart failure and normal markers of myocardial necrosis), as long as there is physical capacity. The ET should be carried out on a treadmill or cycle ergometer at a hospital, and always be symptom-limited<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic assessments</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Stress echocardiography</title>
            <p>Stress echocardiography allows the assessment of transient regional abnormalities of contractility, indicative of induced ischemia. Pharmacological stress with dobutamine is safe and effective in that context, and provides prognostic information. However, the same restrictions and contraindications reported for ET apply for stress echocardiography. The following responses indicate higher risk: incapacity to increase EF or an EF reduction &gt; 5% on exertion and regional contractility abnormality during stress. A segmental contractility improvement in dyssynergic areas with initial dobutamine doses (5 to 10 mg/kg/min) identify myocardial viability in those regions "stunned" by previous ischemia.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Studies with myocardial perfusion assessment</title>
            <p>The development of contrast media containing smaller microbubbles of higher stability, in association with technological advances, such as intermittent harmonic imaging and low-mechanical index imaging, has allowed the echocardiographic study of myocardial perfusion. The use of contrast media during dobutamine stress echocardiography with real-time imaging analysis provides a simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion and of segmental motility changes.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nuclear medicine methods</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Myocardial perfusion imaging</title>
            <p>Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and radionuclide ventriculography play a significant role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ACS. Myocardial perfusion imaging is mainly indicated for patients who cannot undergo ET and those whose adequate interpretation of exercise ECG is difficult. Patients diagnosed with NSTE-ACS and having a normal MPI during stress belong to a subgroup with reduced risk of severe events, around 1% in one year. On the other hand, the detection of reversible defects expresses an unfavorable prognosis, with an event rate of 20% in the same follow-up period.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Radionuclide angiocardiography</title>
            <p>Radionuclide angiocardiography is obtained by synchronizing the computed tomography scan with ECG (gated SPECT). It allows assessing regional systolic function and estimating ventricular EF, adding diagnostic and prognostic information.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance</title>
            <p>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide accurate information on heart morphology, volume quantification, global and regional ventricular mass and function. It allows assessing myocardial ischemia, by analyzing segmental contractility under dobutamine stress and without contrast or via myocardial perfusion under stress with vasodilators, such as dipyridamole or adenosine, and using gadolinium. In addition, it allows the assessment of myocardial fibrosis/necrosis by use of myocardial delayed enhancement. The delayed enhancement technique allows the detection of hyposignal areas (dark) amidst the hypersignal area (infarction), which relates to microvascular obstruction areas (no-reflow phenomenon), adding prognostic information for that population. In addition to those uses, CMR is extremely useful to differentiate ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, being used to diagnose myocarditis and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Moreover, in the presence of elevation of myocardial necrosis markers and "normal" catheterization, CMR can confirm infarction, which could be related to spasm or thrombophilic syndromes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial revascularization</title>
        <p>The revascularization strategy (surgery or angioplasty) follows recommendations similar to those for patients with stable CAD. The major difference in the approach of patients with UA or NSTEMI is the greater benefit of early revascularization in those at higher risk for ischemic outcomes.</p>
        <p>Patients with NSTE-ACS, especially those classified in the second tertile of the SYNTAX Score, should be assessed by the "Heart Team", and the decision about the type of revascularization, or even the isolated clinical treatment, should also consider circumstantial factors related to the experience of each center.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial revascularization surgery</title>
          <p>The likelihood of complete revascularization is greater with CABG than with angioplasty. The benefit of CABG is greater in the subgroups of patients with diabetes or ventricular dysfunction.</p>
          <p>The recently developed SYNTAX Score is a tool to support the revascularization strategy choice, because patients with a SYNTAX Score &gt; 22 have better long-term results when submitted to CABG rather than to angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Percutaneous coronary intervention</title>
          <p>In past decades, PCI has progressed, with greater experience of interventional cardiologists, better quality of the devices used (catheters, stents, balloons) and more effective and safe adjuvant drugs (antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs). Such advances have allowed PCI indications to continuously and intensely increase in number, therefore promoting its use in more complex situations (left coronary artery lesions, multivessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction).</p>
          <p>The major recommendations and respective levels of evidence in risk stratification and management in the first 12 hours from hospital arrival are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 4</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">9</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk stratification and management within 12 hours of hospital arrival</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Clinical stratification</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients should be assessed and classified as high, intermediate or low probability of having NSTE-ACS</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients with NSTE-ACS should be stratified and classified as at high, intermediate or low risk for developing major cardiac events. Classification by using more than one method is recommended, and the worst-case scenario should guide the decision on management</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients with NSTE-ACS should be stratified and classified as at high, intermediate or low risk for developing bleeding</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Electrocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients with NSTE-ACS or suspected of having NSTE-ACS should undergo ECG. Ideally, ECG should be performed within 10 minutes of hospital arrival (level of evidence: B). ECG should be repeated in non-diagnostic cases at least once within 6 hours</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Necrosis biomarkers</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">All patients suspected of having NSTE-ACS should have biomarkers of myocardial necrosis measured. The biomarkers should be measured on admission and repeated at least once 6-9 hours after (preferentially 9-12 hours after symptom onset) if the first measurement is normal or mildly elevated</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">The CK-MB activity isolated or associated with total CK can be used if CK-MB mass or troponin are not available</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">CK-MB mass and troponins are biomarkers of choice</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Myoglobin and high-sensitive troponin can be considered in association with a later marker (CK-MB or troponin) for patients who arrive early at the emergency unit (less than 6 hours from symptom onset)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Use of LDH, aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) or BNP/pro-BNP to detect myocardial necrosis in patients suspected of having NSTE-ACS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Exercise test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low-risk patients (clinic and ECG) with normal biomarkers should be referred for ET after 9 hours, ideally up to 12 hours, on an outpatient basis</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">When ET cannot be performed or when ECG cannot be interpreted, the patient can be stratified by using provocative test for ischemia with imaging</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Treadmill or cycle ergometer protocols should be adapted to the clinical and biomechanical conditions of each patient</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Transthoracic echocardiography should be performed for the differential diagnosis with other diseases, when clinical suspicion of aorta diseases, pericardial diseases, pulmonary embolism and heart valve diseases exists</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">In the presence of thoracic pain, patients can be assessed by using rest echocardiography to determine if the pain origin is ischemic or not</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">In NSTE-ACS complications, such as ventricular septal defect and mitral regurgitation</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Patients with uncomplicated infarction of the anterior wall to determine the exact size of the ischemic injury</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography is an alternative for patients unable to undergo ET</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Myocardial perfusion imaging</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress/rest myocardial perfusion imaging is an alternative for patients unable to undergo ET</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">In the presence of thoracic pain, patients can be assessed by using rest myocardial perfusion imaging to determine if the pain origin is ischemic or not</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Coronary computed tomography angiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">To assess patients with acute chest pain at low to intermediate risk, with non-diagnostic ECG and negative markers of myocardial necrosis</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes; ECG: Electrocardiogram; ET: Exercise test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Initial management of intermediate- and high-risk patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Admission to coronary care unit</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">All Intermediate- and high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS should be admitted to the coronary care unit until definitive management can be decided</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Oxygen therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxygen therapy to intermediate- and high-risk patients (2 to 4 L/min) for 4 hours, or longer in the presence of desaturation &lt; 90%</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Analgesia and sedation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer morphine sulfate to intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer benzodiazepines to Intermediate-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer benzodiazepines to high-risk patients Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer nitrate to intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Beta-adrenergic blockers</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer oral betablockers to intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Administer intravenous betablockers to intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Calcium channel blockers</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate- and high-risk patients. Use non-dihydropyridine derivatives when betablockers are contraindicated</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Long-acting dihydropyridines in the presence of refractory ischemia for patients on proper use of nitrates and betablockers without ventricular dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Long-acting non-dihydropyridine derivatives as substitutes for betablockers, and short-acting dihydropyridine derivatives for high-risk patients already on proper use of betablockers</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Short-acting dihydropyridine derivatives for patients not on proper use of betablockers</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACEI for intermediate- and high-risk patients with left ventricular dysfunction, hypertension or diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACEI to all intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Angiotensin receptor blockers for intermediate- and high-risk patients with contraindication to ACEI</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulation in intermediate- and high-risk patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Oral antiplatelet aggregation drugs</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">ASA (162-300 mg loading dose, maintenance dose of 81-100 mg/day) to all patients, except when contraindicated, regardless of the treatment strategy, for undetermined time</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Thienopyridine derivatives when ASA is contraindicated</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months after the acute event, except when contraindicated</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose, maintenance dose of 75 mg/day) combined with ASA to intermediate- and high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS for 12 months</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose, followed by 150 mg/day for 7 days and then 75 mg/day) combined with ASA to patients undergoing PCI at high risk for ischemic events and low risk for bleeding</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ticagrelor (180 mg loading dose, followed by 90 mg twice a day) to intermediate- or high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS, regardless of the following treatment strategy (clinical, surgical or percutaneous), for 12 months</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Re-initiate ticagrelor, prasugrel or clopidogrel after CABG, as soon as safely possible</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Prasugrel (60 mg loading dose, followed by 10 mg/day) to intermediate- or high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS, with known coronary artery anatomy, treated with PCI, and with no risk factors for bleeding (age &#8805; 75 years; &lt; 60 kg; previous stroke or transient ischemic attack)</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Use of platelet aggregability tests or genetic tests (genotyping) in selected cases</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Combination of ASA with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor inhibitors - early interventional strategy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Abciximab or tirofiban for high-risk patients when thienopyridine derivatives are chosen not to be administered</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Addition of a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor for patients at low risk for bleeding, on dual antiplatelet aggregation, undergoing high-risk PCI (presence of thrombi, thrombotic complications of the PCI)</td>
                  <td align="left">III (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Routine use of GP I Ib/IIIa inhibitors to patients on dual antiplatelet aggregation before catheterization</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors - conservative strategy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Tirofiban to high-risk patients when thienopyridine derivatives are chosen not to be administered</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Addition of GP I Ib/IIIa inhibitors for patients with recurrent ischemic symptoms during the use of oral dual antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Routine use of abciximab to high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Routine use of GP I Ib/IIIa inhibitors to patients on dual antiplatelet aggregation before catheterization</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Antithrombin agents</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">UNH to all patients</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low-molecular-weight heparin to all patients</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ia (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Use of enoxaparin rather than UNH, unless CABG is planned to occur within the following 24 hours</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Fondaparinux (2.5 mg, SC) once a day for 8 days or until hospital discharge</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Consider interrupting anticoagulation after PCI, unless otherwise indicated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">To patients on fondaparinux, administer UNH as follows: 85 lU/kg, IV, during PCI; or 60 IU/kg to those on GP I Ib/IIIa inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Change of heparins (UNH and enoxaparin)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; UNH: Unfractionated heparin; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk stratification with complementary tests for intermediate- and high-risk patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic assessment</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">Early hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic assessment for intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Routine cineangiocardiography should not be indicated - even for intermediate/high risk patients - in the following situations: patients with important comorbidity and reduced life expectancy, or with no perspective on myocardial revascularization</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Exercise test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">ET for intermediate-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">lib (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">ET performed in high-risk patients after 48 hours</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">ET performed in high-risk patients within 48 hours</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Stress echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography for patients, about whom doubts remain after ET</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography as an alternative to ET</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography for high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Echocardiography with myocardial perfusion assessment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Contrast transthoracic echocardiography to improve Doppler signal in patients with suboptimal imaging, or to delineate endocardial margins during stress echocardiography in patients with suboptimal imaging at rest</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography with microbubbles for intermediate-risk patients, about whom doubts remain after ET</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress echocardiography with microbubbles for high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Myocardial perfusion imaging</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate-risk patients, about whom doubts remain after ET, or unable to undergo ET</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">For intermediate-risk patients as the first stratification option</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">To identify the presence/extension of ischemia in patients unable to undergo catheterization, or when the results of that test are insufficient to establish the management</td>
                  <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">For high-risk patients before the first 48 hours of stabilization</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">After catheterization to identify the event-related artery (region to be revascularized), and/or to perform complementary risk stratification</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">For patients with dyskinetic ventricular regions, requiring the confirmation or exclusion of viable myocardium to guide therapeutic approach</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Radionuclide ventriculography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">To assess left and right ventricular functions of intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">To identify right ventricular impairment of intermediate- and high-risk patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">To assess ventricular function, presence/extension and viability of necrosis area</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">In the differential diagnosis of patients with clinical findings compatible with acute coronary disease, but with unspecific ECG changes and negative biomarkers of necrosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="center">To assess occasional mechanical changes</td>
                  <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">As an adjuvant in NSTE-ACS diagnosis, mainly in patients with intermediate or high likelihood</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>ET: Exercise testing; ECG: Electrocardiogram; NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial revascularization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Complex coronary artery disease</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Multidisciplinary heart team (clinician, surgeon and specially trained cardiovascular physician)</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Knowledge about the patient's surgical risk (institution's score and/or STS Score and/or Euroscore)</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Knowledge about coronary artery anatomy (SYNTAX Score)</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Lesion in the left main coronary artery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">CABG  </td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty: if the patient has a high-risk for surgery or unstable angina or NSTEMI and is not candidate for surgery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Three-vessel disease with or without lesion in the anterior AD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">CABG</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Surgery provides more benefit than angioplasty, if SYNTAX Score &gt; 22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Two-vessel disease with proximal lesion in the AD</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">CABG</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Two-vessel disease without proximal lesion in the AD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">CABG using internal thoracic artery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Single-vessel disease without proximal lesion in the AD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I ( )</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty with large myocardial area at risk</td>
                  <td align="left">III ( )</td>
                  <td align="center">CABG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Revascularization strategy to relieve angina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I ( )</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplasty or CABG if one or more vessels are impaired and angina persists despite optimized clinical treatment</td>
                  <td align="left">IIa ( )</td>
                  <td align="center">Surgery preferred over angioplasty for patients with complex multivessel disease with or without proximal AD (SYNTAX Score &gt; 22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">III ( )</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronary arteries lacking anatomical conditions for revascularization or no ischemia</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; AD: Descending artery; NSTEMI: ST-segment elevation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Table 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Secondary prevention</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>General guidance</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="left">Detailed instructions should be provided to patients with NSTE-ACS, including education on medications, diet and physical exertion, return to work and referral to a cardiac rehabilitation unit/secondary prevention program. Low-risk clinically treated and revascularized patients should have their first follow-up consultation in 2 to 6 weeks, and those at higher risk, within 14 days</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Smoking cessation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (B) I (B)</td>
                  <td align="left">Smoking cessation and no exposure to a smoking environment, at both work and home, are recommended. Long-term follow-up, referral to specific programs or drug therapy, such as nicotine replacement, are useful when associated with classical non-pharmacological strategies</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lipid approach</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                  <td align="left">The lipid therapeutic approach should include assessing the fasting lipid profile of all patients within the first 24 hours from hospital admission  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                  <td align="left">For patients with NSTE-ACS and LDL-C &#8805; 100 mg/dL, statins should be used unless contraindicated, aiming at reaching the LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL goal</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resumo Executivo: Diretrizes da SBC sobre Angina Inst&#225;vel e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Sem Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Dornas G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia &#8211; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor/HCFMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gilson Soares Feitosa-Filho</bold>, Comiss&#227;o de Ensino do Hospital Santa Izabel - Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Cons Almeida Couto, 500, Nazar&#233;. CEP 40050-410, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>gilsonfeitosafilho@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Feitosa-Filho GS, Baracioli LM, Barbosa CJDG, Franci A, Timerman A, Piegas LS, Marin-Neto JA, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Gilson Soares Feitosa-Filho foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela Sanofi Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo e Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Luciano Moreira Baracioli participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pelo InCor, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Astra Zeneca e Bayer; Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela Astra Zeneca e Daiichi Sankyo; Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela Sanofi e Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Ari Timerman participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela Sanofi, Daiichi Sankyo e Bayer.</p>
          <p>Dr. Leopoldo Soares Piegas recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da Boehringer Ingelheim; Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela Astra Zeneca.</p>
          <p>Dr. Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela Lilly, AMGEN, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Roche, MSD; Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo; Foi (&#233;) membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer; Participou de comit&#234;s normativos de estudos cient&#237;ficos patrocinados pela Lilly, AMGEN, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, GSK, Novartis, Roche, MSD; Recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Bayer; Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela Astra Zeneca, Sanofi.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Parte I &#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e condutas nas primeiras 12 horas ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente ao hospital</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A angina inst&#225;vel (AI) continua sendo uma das maiores causas cardiovasculares de interna&#231;&#227;o. E, durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, uma parte desses pacientes desenvolve eleva&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de dano mioc&#225;rdico, configurando o quadro de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Essas duas entidades (AI e IAM), quando em conjunto, comp&#245;em as s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (SIMISSST), objeto desta diretriz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e escores de risco</title>
          <p>A hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e o exame f&#237;sico apresentam pap&#233;is fundamentais na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com SIMISSST A classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Braunwald, assim como sua atualiza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a dosagem de troponina, permitem uma abordagem r&#225;pida do risco dos pacientes para desfechos isqu&#234;micos maiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Ferramentas matem&#225;ticas como os escores TIMI e GRACE podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e orientar o tipo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, assim como a terap&#234;utica antitromb&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RM: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-03-0214-50118-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escore GRACE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="5" align="center">
                    <bold>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0-100</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0-46</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 58-0</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                    <bold>Risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                    <bold>Pontos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                    <bold>% Morte hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 1-28</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">1-108</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC (killip)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0-59</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">109-140</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria na admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">- 39</td>
                  <td align="left">Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 140</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desvio de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">- 28</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">1 - 372</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>ICC: Insuficiencia cardiaca cr&#243;nica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de um sangramento maior em pacientes com SIMISSST relaciona-se diretamente com eventos adversos (incluindo mortalidade), sendo que o emprego de escores de sangramento (CRUSADE e ACUITY/HORIZONS), que estimam o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, permite direcionar a terap&#234;utica a fim de minimizar esses desfechos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">3</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escore CRUSADE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Fator progn&#243;stico</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Escores</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hemat&#243;crito basal (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">31-33,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">34-36,9</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">37-39,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Clearence de creatinina (ml/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">16-30</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">31-60</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">61-90</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">91-120</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">71-80</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">81-90</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">91-100</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">101-110</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">111-120</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sinais de IC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a vascular pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 90</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">91-100</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">101-120</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">121-180</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">181-200</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 200</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>CRUSADE: Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Supress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the AmericanCollege of Cardiology/guidelines; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. 1-20 risco muito baixo (3,1%); 21-30 risco baixo (5,5%); 31-40 risco moderado (8,6%); 41-50 risco alto (11,9%); 51-91 risco muito alto (19,5%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escore ACUITY/HORIZONS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Soma</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Homens</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">50-69</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">70-79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+12</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 2  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                  <td align="center">+10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Leuc&#243;citos totais (giga/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">10-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">12-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">14-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                  <td align="center">+8  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">IAM com supra</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">IAM sem supra</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+2</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Medica&#231;&#245;es antitromb&#243;ticas</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="5" align="center">Heparina + IGP IIb/IIIa Bivalirudina</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">0</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Valor total</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>IGP: Inibidor de glicoproteina. Algoritmo usado para determinar o escore de risco para sangramento: &lt; 10 risco baixo (1,9%); 10-14 risco moderado (3,6%); 15-19 alto (6,0%); &gt; 20 muito alto (13%). SCA: S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
            <p>Apesar de sua baixa sensibilidade para descriminar um IAM subendoc&#225;rdico de um IAM transmural (atrav&#233;s da onda Q), o Eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; fundamental no manejo de pacientes com SIMISSST. Altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do segmento ST (depress&#227;o ou eleva&#231;&#227;o), assim como invers&#245;es da onda T, s&#227;o importantes marcadores progn&#243;sticos para ocorr&#234;ncia de morte ou infarto. No entanto, um ECG normal n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de SIMISSST. Tem grande import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica, sendo que no estudo GUSTO II, o ECG inicial teve rela&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade precoce: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou ritmo de marca-passo cursaram com mortalidade de 11,6%; depress&#227;o do segmento ST, com 8%; eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, com 7,4%; e invers&#227;o da onda T ou ECG normal, com 1,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            <p>Os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos modernos (troponina e CK-MB massa) s&#227;o importantes ferramentas no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com SIMISSST. Devem ser interpretados em conjunto com o quadro cl&#237;nico e o ECG do paciente, visto que diversas situa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o coronarianas podem levar &#224; sua eleva&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
            <p>Os n&#237;veis dos marcadores de necrose ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) indicar&#227;o IAM quando corresponderem a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de 5x e 10x o valor de refer&#234;ncia (p&#243;s-ICP e p&#243;s-CRM, respectivamente), interpretados em conjunto com os sintomas, altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG e/ou exames de imagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
            <p>A mioglobina e as troponinas-US, devido ao seu elevado valor preditivo negativo ap&#243;s a sexta hora dos sintomas, podem ser consideradas em protocolos de descarte precoce no pronto-socorro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o</title>
            <p>Os objetivos do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) nas SIMISSST s&#227;o: identificar eventual isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, estimar progn&#243;stico e orientar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adequadas, incluindo estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. &#201; recomendado nos pacientes de baixo risco como exame de primeira escolha por ser um procedimento de baixo custo, ter larga disponibilidade e apresentar muito baixo risco. O TE negativo, corretamente indicado em um paciente com boa capacidade funcional, permite a alta hospitalar imediata, pois tem alto valor preditivo negativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
            <p>Apresenta grande utilidade nos pacientes com SIMISSST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar &#233; um forte indicativo de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), pois pode simbolizar infarto, isquemia ou ambos. Tamb&#233;m tem importante papel no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dor tor&#225;cica (dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, estenose a&#243;rtica, embolia pulmonar, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica) e na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiologia nuclear</title>
            <p>Em pacientes com SIMISSST as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas atrav&#233;s da cintilografia (perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular) j&#225; t&#234;m seu papel progn&#243;stico bem estabelecido. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico &#233; realizada em pacientes com SIMI de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro agudo (ap&#243;s 48/72 horas). No contexto de sala de emerg&#234;ncia ou de dor aguda, a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco deve ser realizada apenas no repouso, enquanto o paciente est&#225; ainda sintom&#225;tico (excepcionalmente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino dos sintomas), devendo as imagens ser obtidas em at&#233; 6 horas. Se considerada de baixo risco, determina uma probabilidade de eventos card&#237;acos subsequentes bastante reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Angiografia por tomografia computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
            <p>Trata-se de uma importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, especialmente nos indiv&#237;duos de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio, sendo um m&#233;todo seguro para o diagn&#243;stico de SIMISSST, capaz de reduzir a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e, eventualmente, o custo global.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de alta para pacientes de baixo risco nas primeiras 12 horas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de dor, estabilidade cl&#237;nica, ECG normal ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es agudas, marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica normais, e teste provocativo de isquemia, se realizado, negativo.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Parte II &#8211; Condutas nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Interna&#231;&#227;o e alta da unidade coron&#225;ria de terapia intensiva</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes com SIMI de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto devem ser internados em unidade coron&#225;ria de terapia intensiva (UCO) sempre que poss&#237;vel. Aqueles submetidos &#224; ICP devem voltar &#224; UCO ap&#243;s o procedimento; caso n&#227;o ocorram complica&#231;&#245;es, devem receber alta da UCO no dia seguinte. Quando a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento for CRM, o paciente deve idealmente permanecer na UCO at&#233; o momento da cirurgia. Os casos de tratamento cl&#237;nico medicamentoso isolado devem receber alta da UCO no dia seguinte ao da tomada dessa decis&#227;o, desde que est&#225;vel e sem necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o intravenosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxigenoterapia</title>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncia limitada e antiga sugere que a administra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio seja capaz de limitar a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Habitualmente a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &#233; mantida por at&#233; 4 horas ap&#243;s o desaparecimento da dor. Naquelas situa&#231;&#245;es em que houver hipoxemia persistente comprovada, essa ser&#225; mantida conforme a necessidade cl&#237;nica. A administra&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de oxig&#234;nio por tempo prolongado pode causar vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e mesmo ser prejudicial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analgesia e seda&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A dor precordial e a ansiedade presentes nas SIMI geralmente levam a hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico. Esse estado hiperadren&#233;rgico, al&#233;m de aumentar o consumo mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio, predisp&#245;e ao aparecimento de taquiarritmias atriais e ventriculares. Assim, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de analg&#233;sicos potentes a pacientes com dor isqu&#234;mica intensa, refrat&#225;rios &#224; terap&#234;utica antianginosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O sulfato de morfina &#233; o analg&#233;sico de elei&#231;&#227;o, sendo administrado por via intravenosa, na dose de 2 a 4 mg dilu&#237;dos a cada 5 minutos at&#233;, no m&#225;ximo, 25 mg, quando a dor n&#227;o for aliviada com o uso de nitrato sublingual, ou nos casos de recorr&#234;ncia da dor apesar da adequada terap&#234;utica anti-isqu&#234;mica, monitorando-se a press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nitratos</title>
          <p>O emprego de nitratos fundamenta-se em seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o e na experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de muitos anos de uso. N&#227;o existem estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados que tenham testado os efeitos dos nitratos em desfechos cl&#237;nicos e mortalidade na AI, embora seu uso seja universalmente aceito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O tratamento &#233; iniciado na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, administrando-se o nitrato por via sublingual. Caso n&#227;o haja al&#237;vio r&#225;pido da dor, esses pacientes podem se beneficiar da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de nitroglicerina. Os nitratos est&#227;o contraindicados na presen&#231;a de hipotens&#227;o arterial importante (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 100 mmHg) ou uso pr&#233;vio de sildenafil nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas. O tratamento intravenoso dever&#225; ser mantido por 24-48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima dor anginosa, devendo ser suspenso de forma gradual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos</title>
          <p>Os betabloqueadores, ao reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o arterial e a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, provocam redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo mioc&#225;rdio de oxig&#234;nio. Apesar da inexist&#234;ncia de estudos randomizados em larga escala avaliando a a&#231;&#227;o sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos maiores, como mortalidade, esses f&#225;rmacos, juntamente com os nitratos, s&#227;o considerados agentes de primeira escolha no tratamento das SIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Devem ser iniciados na formula&#231;&#227;o oral, para pacientes sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o e est&#225;veis, em doses pequenas, que devem ser gradualmente aumentadas para se manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao redor de 60 bpm. No caso de o paciente apresentar dor isqu&#234;mica persistente e/ou taquicardia (n&#227;o compensat&#243;ria de um quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), pode-se utilizar a formula&#231;&#227;o venosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio</title>
          <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio nas SIMISSST devem-se a uma combina&#231;&#227;o das suas a&#231;&#245;es, diminuindo o consumo mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio, a p&#243;s-carga, a contratilidade e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de aumentarem a oferta de oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria que promovem. Podem ser usados para tentar controlar sintomas isqu&#234;micos refrat&#225;rios em pacientes j&#225; em uso de nitratos e betabloqueadores em doses adequadas, ou naqueles que n&#227;o toleram o uso desses medicamentos (principalmente nos casos de contraindica&#231;&#227;o), ou, ainda, naqueles com angina variante (s&#237;ndrome de Prinzmetal). Em pacientes com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, esses medicamentos devem ser evitados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona</title>
            <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas de benef&#237;cios quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce dos mesmos em pacientes com SIMISSST, mas alguns estudos sugerem que possam ser &#250;teis na fase cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios</title>
          <sec>
            <title>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</title>
            <p>A trombose coron&#225;ria tem papel de destaque no desencadeamento e na progress&#227;o dos quadros de SIMI, sendo essencial o emprego de antitromb&#243;ticos no tratamento de pacientes com tais s&#237;ndromes. O &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) &#233; o antiplaquet&#225;rio de excel&#234;ncia, devendo ser sempre prescrito, exceto nos raros casos de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica grave previamente conhecida e na vig&#234;ncia de sangramentos digestivos ativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Derivados tienopirid&#237;nicos</title>
            <p>S&#227;o f&#225;rmacos antagonistas da ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria mediada pelo difosfato de adenosina (ADP), que agem bloqueando o receptor P2Y<sub>12</sub> na plaqueta.</p>
            <p>O clopidogrel est&#225; relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de 20% no risco de &#243;bito cardiovascular, IAM ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) quando utilizado em associa&#231;&#227;o ao AAS na SIMISSST de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Quando testado em dose dobrada (600 mg de ataque, seguidos por 150 mg ao dia por 6 dias) foi associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% no risco de &#243;bito cardiovascular, IAM ou AVC em pacientes submetidos a ICP (NNT 167). No entanto, houve aumento de 41% na ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos graves (NNH 200)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Como o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de pacientes tratados para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento isqu&#234;mico &#233; semelhante ao n&#250;mero de pacientes tratados que apresentar&#227;o um evento hemorr&#225;gico grave, recomendamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cautelosa e individualizada de cada caso.</p>
            <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria de pacientes em uso de clopidogrel tem mostrado grande varia&#231;&#227;o intra- e interindividual. "M&#225; resposta" e "resist&#234;ncia" ao clopidogrel s&#227;o termos utilizados para caracterizar os pacientes que n&#227;o atingem o n&#237;vel de inibi&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria esperado. Dados consistentes associam a m&#225; resposta ao clopidogrel &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromb&#243;ticos, principalmente em pacientes submetidos a ICP com implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Diversas estrat&#233;gias foram testadas na tentativa de reduzir a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, por&#233;m sem impacto positivo significativo na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
            <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de clopidogrel com inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons (IBP), notadamente o omeprazol, tem sido relacionada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. Apesar de dados conflitantes, sugere-se evitar o uso rotineiro de IBP e dar prefer&#234;ncia aos inibidores dos receptores H<sub>2</sub> de histamina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
            <p> O prasugrel &#233; um tienopirid&#237;nico de gera&#231;&#227;o mais recente, que atinge n&#237;veis de inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria maiores e mais consistentes. Quando comparado ao clopidogrel em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) de alto risco submetidos &#224; ICP, o prasugrel foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 19% na ocorr&#234;ncia de morte cardiovascular, IAM ou AVC. No entanto, o uso de prasugrel foi associado a um aumento de 32% na ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos graves. O prasugrel n&#227;o deve ser prescrito para pacientes com ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou AVC pr&#233;vios. O uso em pacientes &gt; 75 anos ou &lt; 60 kg deve ser individualizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
            <p>Nos pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a CRM, o clopidogrel deve ser suspenso pelo menos 5 dias antes do procedimento e o prasugrel 7 dias antes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Derivados da ciclopentiltriazolopirimidina</title>
            <p>O ticagrelor &#233; uma ciclopentiltriazolopirimidina (CPTP) com meia-vida de 12 horas e que, ao contr&#225;rio dos tienopirid&#237;nicos, exerce bloqueio revers&#237;vel dos receptores P2Y<sub>12</sub> e n&#227;o depende da metaboliza&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica para o in&#237;cio de sua a&#231;&#227;o. Com essas caracter&#237;sticas, o ticagrelor exerce efeito antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio mais intenso, r&#225;pido e consistente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao clopidogrel. Quando comparado ao clopidogrel em pacientes com SCA de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto, o ticagrelor foi associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 16% na ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto de morte vascular, IAM ou AVC. Adicionalmente, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 21% na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos por causas vasculares e 22% na mortalidade por todas as causas. N&#227;o houve aumento significativo de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores, sangramentos fatais ou necessidade de transfus&#227;o com o ticagrelor, por&#233;m ocorreu aumento de sangramentos maiores n&#227;o relacionados &#224; CRM. O uso do ticagrelor tamb&#233;m foi associado &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de dispneia e pausas ventriculares transit&#243;rias, al&#233;m do aumento dos n&#237;veis de creatinina e &#225;cido &#250;rico.</p>
            <p>Nos pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a CRM, o ticagrelor dever&#225; ser suspenso 5 dias antes do procedimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Antagonistas dos receptores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</title>
            <p>Essa classe de medicamentos bloqueia a via final comum da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, independentemente do est&#237;mulo inicial. Por meio do bloqueio dos receptores da glicoprote&#237;na (GP) IIb/IIIa presentes na superf&#237;cie da plaqueta, impedem a liga&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio aos receptores ativados, bloqueando o processo de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo plaquet&#225;rio.</p>
            <p>No contexto de pacientes com SIMISSST submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia essencialmente "conservadora", os bloqueadores GP IIb/IIIa tiveram seu uso fundamentado em estudos que utilizavam hepariniza&#231;&#227;o mais AAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Embora os resultados desses estudos tenham sido bastante heterog&#234;neos (de modo geral sugerindo benef&#237;cio com o uso dos bloqueadores GP IIb/IIIa de pequena mol&#233;cula, mas n&#227;o com o abxicimabe), uma meta-an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 9% no risco relativo de &#243;bito ou infarto aos 30 dias de seguimento (p = 0,015), sendo o benef&#237;cio restrito aos pacientes de maior risco (troponina elevada e/ou com depress&#227;o do segmento ST e/ou submetidos a ICP).</p>
            <p>Nos pacientes em uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria oral conduzidos por estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa pode ser iniciada na sala de hemodin&#226;mica, frente &#224; ICP de alta complexidade, presen&#231;a de alta carga tromb&#243;tica, fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> ou m&#250;ltiplos s&#237;tios de instabilidade de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. O uso dos inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa deve ser sempre individualizado e n&#227;o rotineiro.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antitromb&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>A terapia antitromb&#237;nica deve ser administrada em todos os pacientes com SIMI de moderado e alto risco, salvo contraindica&#231;&#245;es. As heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) de uma forma geral s&#227;o pelo menos t&#227;o eficazes quanto a heparina n&#227;o fracionada (HNF), entretanto, a enoxaparina aparentemente &#233; superior &#224; HNF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Nos pacientes que receberam enoxaparina para tratamento de SIMISSST e enviados para ICP em at&#233; 8 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima dose subcut&#226;nea, n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adicional. Naqueles que v&#227;o &#224; ICP entre 8 e 12 horas, uma dose adicional de 0,3 mg/kg intravenosa deve ser administrada logo antes do procedimento. Por fim, sugere-se manter a heparina inicialmente utilizada durante todo o per&#237;odo de hepariniza&#231;&#227;o, evitando-se o uso de HBPM e HNF concomitante ou alternadamente. O fondaparinux mostrou-se equivalente &#224; enoxaparina na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos, estando associado, por&#233;m, a uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos graves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com m&#233;todos complementares</title>
          <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco deve ser um processo cont&#237;nuo, desde a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, passando pelos exames subsidi&#225;rios j&#225; discutidos nesta diretriz, e culminando com os m&#233;todos complementares expostos a seguir.</p>
          <p>Existem, hoje, evid&#234;ncias consistentes do benef&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia "intervencionista" ou "invasiva" precoce nas SIMISSST, na qual objetiva-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico habitualmente nas primeiras 24 horas da admiss&#227;o do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Vale assinalar que o benef&#237;cio observado com a estrat&#233;gia "intervencionista" tende a ser maior no seguimento de longo prazo, quando comparado &#224; fase inicial, na qual, paradoxalmente, o risco com o emprego dessa estrat&#233;gia pode ser maior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Tamb&#233;m demonstra maior benef&#237;cio quanto maior seja o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos do paciente. Ademais, adequado regime antitromb&#243;tico com antiplaquet&#225;rios e antitromb&#237;nicos &#233; fundamental para o sucesso dessa abordagem.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico e cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
            <p>Em ess&#234;ncia, permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta da luz coron&#225;ria, com avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o e gravidade das obstru&#231;&#245;es, e an&#225;lise das fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, globais e regionais. O exame pode ainda incluir avalia&#231;&#227;o do significado funcional das les&#245;es anatomicamente detectadas, por mensura&#231;&#227;o direta da reserva fracionada de fluxo coron&#225;rio (FFR). Entretanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que, no contexto de SIMI, esse m&#233;todo complementar de avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; de aplicabilidade limitada, em face da mutabilidade intr&#237;nseca das obstru&#231;&#245;es (placas ateroscler&#243;ticas frequentemente ulceradas, complexas e com alta carga tromb&#243;tica), n&#227;o tendo sido ainda devidamente validado por estudos adequados.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
            <p>O TE pode constituir a abordagem de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco inicial em pacientes com SIMI quando outros recursos n&#227;o invasivos n&#227;o estiverem dispon&#237;veis, nem houver indica&#231;&#227;o para a estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Al&#233;m de oferecer subs&#237;dios diagn&#243;sticos, tem reconhecido valor progn&#243;stico. Testes positivos associam-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos coron&#225;rios em um ano, quando em compara&#231;&#227;o com testes negativos. &#201; um procedimento econ&#244;mico, seguro e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o. Seu valor preditivo negativo &#233; muito elevado, de 98% a 100%, embora com valor preditivo positivo modesto, de aproximadamente 50%. O TE, com objetivo de estimar o progn&#243;stico e auxiliar na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#233; indicado principalmente em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, nos quais pode ser realizado de 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s completa estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, aus&#234;ncia de isquemia ativa cl&#237;nica ou eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, de novas ondas Q, de sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica normais) e desde que haja capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio. Os testes devem ser realizados em esteira ou bicicleta ergom&#233;trica, em ambiente hospitalar e sempre limitados por sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Ecocardiografia com estresse</title>
              <p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse permite a verifica&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades regionais transit&#243;rias da contra&#231;&#227;o, indicativas de isquemia induzida. O estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina &#233; seguro e eficaz nesse contexto, al&#233;m de propiciar informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Aplicam-se, entretanto, a esse m&#233;todo as mesmas restri&#231;&#245;es de cautela e contraindica&#231;&#245;es expostas para o TE. S&#227;o consideradas respostas indicativas de maior risco: incapacidade de aumentar a FE ou a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mesma &gt; 5% ao esfor&#231;o e defeitos regionais de contra&#231;&#227;o durante o estresse. Respostas de melhora de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar em &#225;reas dissin&#233;rgicas, com doses iniciais de dobutamina (5 a 10 mg/kg/min), identificam viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nessas regi&#245;es "atordoadas" pela isquemia pregressa.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Estudos com avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
              <p>O desenvolvimento de contrastes contendo microbolhas de menor di&#226;metro e maior estabilidade, associado a avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, como a imagem harm&#244;nica intermitente e a imagem com baixo &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico, permitiu o estudo da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela ecocardiografia. O uso de contrastes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos durante a ecocardiografia sob estresse pela dobutamina com an&#225;lise de imagem em tempo real permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e das altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade segmentar.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>M&#233;todos de medicina nuclear</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o</title>
              <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (CMP) e a ventriculografia nuclear t&#234;m um grande valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico nas coronariopatias agudas. A CMP &#233; indicada fundamentalmente nos casos de impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE e em pacientes nos quais h&#225; dificuldades para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada do ECG de esfor&#231;o. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SIMI, que apresentam cintilografia normal durante o estresse, pertencem a um subgrupo com risco notadamente reduzido de eventos graves, de cerca de 1% em um ano, enquanto a detec&#231;&#227;o de defeitos revers&#237;veis expressa progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, com taxa de eventos da ordem de 20% para o mesmo prazo de seguimento.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Angiocardiografia nuclear</title>
              <p>Obtida por meio da sincroniza&#231;&#227;o do estudo cintilogr&#225;fico tomogr&#225;fico com o ECG (<italic>gated</italic> SPECT). Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica regional e estimar a FE ventricular, agregando mais informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular</title>
              <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) &#233; capaz de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos do cora&#231;&#227;o, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos volumes, a massa e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global e regional; pode promover avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (pela an&#225;lise da contratilidade segmentar sob estresse com dobutamina e sem uso de contraste ou pela t&#233;cnica de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse com vasodilatadores como o dipiridamol ou a adenosina e com uso de gadol&#237;nio) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose/necrose mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico. A t&#233;cnica do realce tardio tamb&#233;m permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de hipossinal (&#225;reas escuras) no meio da &#225;rea de hipersinal (infarto), o que se relaciona com &#225;reas de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular (<italic>no-reflow phenomenon</italic>) e tamb&#233;m acrescenta informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m dessas aplica&#231;&#245;es, a RMC &#233; bastante &#250;til na diferencia&#231;&#227;o das miocardiopatias isqu&#234;micas das n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, sendo utilizada para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite e Takotsubo. Ademais, na situa&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e cateterismo "normal", a RMC pode confirmar a presen&#231;a do infarto, que poderia estar relacionado com espasmo ou s&#237;ndromes trombof&#237;licas, entre outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (cirurgia ou angioplastia) segue recomenda&#231;&#245;es similares &#224;s dos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel. A principal diferen&#231;a na abordagem dos pacientes com AI ou IAM sem supradesn&#237;vel do seguimento ST ocorre em rela&#231;&#227;o ao maior benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce naqueles com maior risco para desfechos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes com SIMI, em especial os classificados no segundo tercil do SYNTAX Score, devem ser avaliados pelo "<italic>Heart Team</italic>", e a decis&#227;o sobre o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ou mesmo o tratamento cl&#237;nico isolado, deve ainda considerar fatores circunstanciais relativos &#224; experi&#234;ncia de cada centro.  </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            <p>Apresenta maior possibilidade de se obter uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa quando comparada &#224; angioplastia. Seu benef&#237;cio merece destaque nos subgrupos de pacientes diab&#233;ticos ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
            <p>Recentemente desenvolvido, o SYNTAX Score &#233; uma ferramenta que auxilia na escolha da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, pois pacientes que apresentam SYNTAX Score &gt; 22 apresentam melhores resultados ao longo prazo quando submetidos a CRM em detrimento da angioplastia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</title>
            <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a ICP apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o em diversos aspectos: maior experi&#234;ncia dos cardiologistas intervencionistas, melhor qualidade dos equipamentos utilizados (cat&#233;teres, <italic>stents</italic>, bal&#245;es) e medica&#231;&#245;es adjuvantes (antiagregantes e anticoagulantes) mais eficazes e seguras. Tais avan&#231;os permitiram cont&#237;nuo e intenso crescimento num&#233;rico das indica&#231;&#245;es de ICP, promovendo assim seu emprego em situa&#231;&#245;es de maior complexidade (les&#245;es de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, pacientes multiarteriais e com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE).</p>
            <p>As principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es e respectivos n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e condutas nas primeiras 12 horas ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente ao hospital est&#227;o dispostas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">tabelas 4</xref>a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">9</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t13">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e condutas nas primeiras 12 horas ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente ao hospital</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o clinica</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Todos os pacientes devem ser avaliados e classificados em probabilidade alta, intermedi&#225;ria ou baixa de apresentarem SIMISSST</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Todos os pacientes com SIMISSST devem ser estratificados e classificados em risco alto, intermedi&#225;rio ou baixo de desenvolverem eventos card&#237;acos maiores. &#201; recomend&#225;vel a classifica&#231;&#227;o por mais de um m&#233;todo, e o pior cen&#225;rio deve ser levado em conta nas decis&#245;es quanto a condutas</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Todos os pacientes com SIMISSST devem ser estratificados e classificados em risco alto, intermedi&#225;rio ou baixo de desenvolverem sangramento</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Todos os pacientes com SIMI ou suspeita de SIMI devem realizar ECG. Idealmente o ECG deve ser realizado em at&#233; 10 minutos ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente ao hospital (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B). O ECG deve ser repetido nos casos n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos, pelo menos uma vez, em at&#233; 6 horas</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica devem ser mensurados em todos os pacientes com suspeita de SIMI. Os marcadores devem ser medidos na admiss&#227;o e repetidos pelo menos uma vez, 6-9 horas ap&#243;s (preferencialmente 9-12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas), caso a primeira dosagem seja normal ou discretamente elevada</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">CK-MB atividade isolada ou em associa&#231;&#227;o a CK total pode ser utilizada se CK-MB massa ou troponina n&#227;o estiverem dispon&#237;veis</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Para pacientes que chegam precocemente &#224; emerg&#234;ncia (antes de 6 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas), mioglobina e troponina ultrassens&#237;vel podem ser consideradas em adi&#231;&#227;o a um marcador mais tardio (CK-MB ou troponina)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">CK-MB massa e troponinas s&#227;o os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de escolha</td>
                    <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de LDH, aspartato aminotransferase (TGO) ou BNP/pr&#243;-BNP para detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com suspeita de SIMI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pacientes de risco baixo (cl&#237;nica e ECG) e com marcadores bioqu&#237;micos normais devem ser encaminhados para TE ap&#243;s 9 horas, idealmente at&#233; 12 horas, em regime ambulatorial</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Na impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE ou nos casos de ECG n&#227;o interpret&#225;vel, o paciente pode ser estratificado com teste provocativo de isquemia com imagem</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Protocolos em esteira rolante ou cicloerg&#244;metro devem ser adaptados &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e biomec&#226;nicas de cada paciente</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico deve ser realizado no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com outras doen&#231;as, quando houver suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;as de aorta, doen&#231;as do peric&#225;rdio, embolia pulmonar e valvopatias</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica podem ser avaliados por ecocardiograma em repouso para determinar a origem isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o da dor</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Nos casos de complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de SIMI, como comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pacientes com infarto n&#227;o complicado de parede anterior a fim de determinar o tamanho exato da inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse &#233; uma alternativa para os pacientes com impossibilidade de realizarem o TE</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em estresse e repouso &#233; uma alternativa ao TE nos pacientes com impossibilidade para o mesmo</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica podem ser avaliados pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o em repouso para determinar a origem isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o da dor</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Angiografia por tomografia computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda de risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio, com ECG n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico e marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica negativos</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN13">
                  <p>SIMISSST: S&#237;ndromes isquemicas miocardicas inst&#225;veis sem supradesnivel do segmento ST; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; TE: Teste ergometrico.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t14">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Terap&#234;utica inicial nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade coron&#225;ria de terapia intensiva</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Todos os pacientes com SIMI de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto devem ser internados em unidade coron&#225;ria de terapia intensiva at&#233; que a conduta definitiva para o seu caso seja tomada</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Oxigenoterapia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Oxigenoterapia em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto (2 a 4 l/min) por 4 horas, ou por tempos maiores na presen&#231;a de dessatura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 90%</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Analgesia e seda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Administrar sulfato de morfina a pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Administrar benzodiazep&#237;nicos a pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Administrar benzodiazep&#237;nicos a pacientes de alto risco</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nitratos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de nitrato em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Administrar betabloqueadores VO a pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Administrar betabloqueadores IV a pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto. Uso de derivado n&#227;o-diidropirid&#237;nico em casos de contraindica&#231;&#227;o aos betabloqueadores</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Diidropirid&#237;nicos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada na presen&#231;a de isquemia refrat&#225;ria para pacientes em uso adequado de nitratos e betabloqueadores e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Derivados n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada como substitutos dos betabloqueadores e derivados diidropirid&#237;nicos de in&#237;cio de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pido para pacientes de alto risco j&#225; em uso adequado de betabloqueadores</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Derivados diidropirid&#237;nicos de in&#237;cio de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pido em pacientes sem uso adequado de betabloqueadores</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">IECA para pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">IECA a todos os pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina para pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto com contraindica&#231;&#227;o a IECA</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN014">
                  <p>SIMI: S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis; IECA: Inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t15">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios orais</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">AAS, (162-300 mg em dose de ataque, com dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 81-100 mg/dia) em todos os pacientes, salvo contraindica&#231;&#245;es, independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento, por tempo indeterminado</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Tienopirid&#237;nicos em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao AAS</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla por 12 meses ap&#243;s o evento agudo, salvo contraindica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Clopidogrel (300 mg em dose de ataque, com dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 75 mg/dia) em adi&#231;&#227;o ao AAS, em pacientes portadores de SIMISSST de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto por 12 meses</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Clopidogrel (600 mg em dose de ataque seguidos por 150 mg/dia por 7 dias e dose posterior de 75 mg/dia), em adi&#231;&#227;o ao AAS, em pacientes submetidos a ICP com alto risco de eventos isqu&#233;micos e baixo risco de sangramento</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ticagrelor (180 mg em dose de ataque seguidos por 90 mg duas vezes ao dia) em pacientes portadores de SIMISSST de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto, independente da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento posterior (cl&#237;nico, cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo), por 12 meses</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Rein&#237;cio de ticagrelor, prasugrel ou clopidogrel ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, assim que seguro</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Prasugrel (60 mg em dose de ataque seguidos por 10 mg ao dia) em pacientes portadores de SIMISSST de risco moderado ou alto, com anatomia coron&#225;ria conhecida, tratados com ICP e sem fatores de risco para sangramento [idade &gt; 75 anos; com &lt; 60 kg; AVC ou ataque isqu&#233;mico transit&#243;rio pr&#233;vios]</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de testes de agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria ou testes gen&#233;ticos (genotipagem) em casos selecionados</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Combina&#231;&#227;o de AAS com outros anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o-esteroidais</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Antagonistas da glicoproteina IIb/IIIa - estrat&#233;gia intervencionista precoce</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Abciximabe ou tirofiban em pacientes de alto risco quando se opta por n&#227;o ministrar tienopirid&#237;nicos</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Adi&#231;&#227;o de um inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na (GP) IIb/IIIa em pacientes com baixo risco hemorr&#225;gico, sob dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, submetidos &#224; ICP de alto risco (presen&#231;a de trombos, complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas da ICP)</td>
                    <td align="left">III (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso rotineiro dos inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa em pacientes em uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria antes do cateterismo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Antagonistas da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa - estrat&#233;gia conservadora</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Tirofiban em pacientes de alto risco quando se opta por n&#227;o administrar tienopirid&#237;nico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Adi&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa em pacientes que apresentam recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas isqu&#233;micos na vig&#234;ncia de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria oral e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de abciximabe de rotina em pacientes de alto risco</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso rotineiro dos inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa em pacientes sob uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria antes do cateterismo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Antitrombinicos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">HNF em todos os pacientes</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular em todos os pacientes</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de enoxaparina, preferencialmente &#224; HNF, a n&#227;o ser que cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica esteja planejada para as pr&#243;ximas 24 horas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Uso de fondaparinux 2,5 mg SC uma vez ao dia por 8 dias ou at&#233; a alta hospitalar</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Considerar interrup&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a ICP, exceto se houver outra indica&#231;&#227;o para mant&#234;-la</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Nos pacientes em uso de fondaparinux, administrar HNF 85 UI/kg EV, no momento da ICP, ou 60 UI/kg &#224;queles que estiverem recebendo inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa</td>
                    <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Troca de heparinas (HNF e enoxaparina)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN15">
                  <p>AAS: Uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; SIMISSST S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; AVC: Acidente vascular cerebral; HNF: Uso de heparina n&#227;o fracionada.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t016">
              <label>Tabela 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com m&#233;todos complementares nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico e angiocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Realiza&#231;&#227;o precoce de estudo hemodin&#226;mico e dneangiocardiogr&#225;fico de contraste radiol&#243;gico em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto</td>
                    <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">N&#227;o se deve indicar a angiografia coron&#225;ria de rotina - mesmo para pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio/alto - nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: pacientes com comorbidade importante e reduzida expectativa de vida, ou sem perspectiva de tratamento por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE em pacientes de alto risco ap&#243;s 48 horas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE em pacientes de alto risco antes de 48 horas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Ecocardiografia de estresse</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse em pacientes nos quais persistem d&#250;vidas ap&#243;s serem submetidos a TE</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse como alternativa ao TE</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse em pacientes de alto risco</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Ecocardiografia com avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica contrastada para melhora do sinal Doppler em pacientes com imagem sub&#243;tima ou ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica contrastada para delineamento de margens endoc&#225;rdicas durante a ecocardiografia de estresse em pacientes com imagens sub&#243;timas em repouso</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse com microbolhas em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio nos quais persistem d&#250;vidas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ecocardiografia de estresse com microbolhas em pacientes com alto risco</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio nos quais persistem d&#250;vidas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE, ou impossibilitados de submeter-se ao TE</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio como primeira op&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Para identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a/extens&#227;o de isquemia em pacientes que n&#227;o podem realizar cateterismo, ou quando os resultados desse n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para o estabelecimento de condutas</td>
                    <td align="left">III (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes de alto risco antes das primeiras 48 horas de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ap&#243;s o cateterismo, para identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada com o evento (regi&#227;o a ser revascularizada), e/ou estratifica&#231;&#227;o complementar de risco</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes com regi&#245;es ventriculares discin&#233;ticas, em que se torna necess&#225;rio comprovar ou excluir a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel para guiar a conduta terap&#234;utica</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto para avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerda e direita</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto para identifica&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica cardiovascular</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, da presen&#231;a/extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de necrose e viabilidade</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">No diagn&#243;stico diferencial de pacientes que apresentam quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com coronariopatia aguda, por&#233;m com ECG apresentando altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas e marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose negativos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Na pesquisa de eventuais altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas</td>
                    <td align="left">IIb (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Como adjuvante no diagn&#243;stico de SIMI, principalmente nos pacientes com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria ou alta</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN16">
                  <p>TE: Teste ergom&#233;trico; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; SIMI: S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t17">
              <label>Tabela 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria complexa</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Equipe cardiol&#243;gica multidisciplinar<italic> (heart team</italic> - cl&#237;nico, cirurgi&#227;o e hemodinamicista)</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Conhecimento do risco cir&#250;rgico do paciente (escore pr&#243;prio da institui&#231;&#227;o e/ou STS Score e/ou Euroscore)</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Conhecimento da anatomia coron&#225;ria (SYNTAX Score)</td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Les&#227;o de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">CRM</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia: se paciente com alto risco para cirurgia ou se com angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel de ST e n&#227;o candidato &#224; cirurgia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Triarterial c/ ou s/ les&#227;o em DA</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">CRM</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cirurgia tem maior benef&#237;cio do que angioplastia, se SYNTAX Score &gt; 22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ib (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Biarterial com les&#227;o proximal em DA</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">CRM</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Biarterial sem les&#227;o proximal em DA</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">I Ia (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">CRM com uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Uniarterial sem les&#227;o em DA proximal</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I ( )</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia com grande &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio em risco</td>
                    <td align="left">III ( )</td>
                    <td align="center">CRM</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para alivio de angina</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I ( )</td>
                    <td align="center">Angioplastia ou CRM no caso de um ou mais vasos comprometidos e persist&#234;ncia da angina apesar do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado</td>
                    <td align="left">IIa ( )</td>
                    <td align="center">Cirurgia prefer&#237;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angioplastia em pacientes com doen&#231;a multiarterial complexa com ou sem DA proximal (SYNTAX Score &gt; 22)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="left">III ( )</td>
                    <td align="center">Coron&#225;rias sem condi&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN17">
                  <p>CRM: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DA: Descendente anterior; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t18">
              <label>Tabela 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Orienta&#231;&#245;es gerais</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">Instru&#231;&#245;es detalhadas devem ser fornecidas aos pacientes com SIMISSST e incluir educa&#231;&#227;o sobre medicamentos, dieta, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, retorno &#224;s atividades laborativas e encaminhamento para unidade de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca/programa de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Pacientes tratados clinicamente de baixo risco e revascularizados devem ter seu primeiro retorno em 2 a 6 semanas, e aqueles de maior risco devem retornar dentro de 14 dias</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (B)</td>
                    <td align="center">Recomendam-se a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e n&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o a ambientes com fumantes, tanto no trabalho quanto no lar. Acompanhamento no longo prazo, encaminhamento a programas espec&#237;ficos ou farmacoterapia (incluindo reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina) s&#227;o &#250;teis quando associados &#224;s cl&#225;ssicas estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Abordagem lipidica</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (C)</td>
                    <td align="center">A abordagem terap&#234;utica lip&#237;dica deve incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico em jejum de todos os pacientes ainda nas primeiras 24 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">I (A)</td>
                    <td align="center">Para pacientes com SIMISSST e LDL-C &#8805; 100 mg/dL, as estatinas devem ser utilizadas na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, visando alcan&#231;ar uma meta de LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN18">
                  <p>SIMISSST S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
