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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vm3V9WThytFdbRBVBhWKSds</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002200211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Public Health Policy Based on &#8220;Made-In-Brazil&#8221; Science: A Challenge for the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jussiely Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Est&#225;cio/Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Est&#225;cio/Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">S&#227;o Lucas Cl&#237;nica e Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho,</bold> Avenida Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211, sala 202, Postal Code 49010-410, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>joseaugusto.se@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>211</fpage>
      <lpage>213</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Policy</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcome Assessment (Health Care)</kwd>
        <kwd>Constitution and Bylaws</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>To increase healthcare quality in a sustainable and equitable fashion is a major challenge in the contemporary world. Country governments need to continuously search for creative and intelligent solutions to align in a balanced way the multiple health subsystems with the needs and expectations of the patient and community, and such solutions have to be viable and sustainable. Developed countries use science to assess the quality of the health care provided and to generate information to improve the outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Science-based public policies are the current paradigm in those countries. In Brazil, however, the ideological viewpoint seems to prevail.</p>
    <p>"Outcomes research", "health service research" and "implementation science" comprise a significant part of the themes related to the scientific study of health care quality and its relation to the health system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, but still lack disclosure and institutional incentives to thrive in Brazil. Those areas are usually devoted to systematically and methodically assess various aspects related to the structuration of health systems, their outcomes for the patient and community, physician-patient relationship, the ways such outcomes can be improved, and how innovations should be implemented. Out of the three, the "outcomes research" stands out, because it investigates the outcomes of health care focused by the perspective that directly interests patients and society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Scrutinizing the quality of the Brazilian health system</title>
      <p>Since the Brazilian 1998 Federal Constitution (Constitution of the Citizen) was signed and the Brazilian National Unified Health Care System (SUS) was created in 1990, the right to integral, universal, equalitarian and free access to health services of quality has been granted to all Brazilians. The State would have to finance, provide and operate the infrastructure necessary to fulfill the Law 8.080/1990. The constitutional recognition that health is a universal right was a substantial ideological advance. On paper, the public health model idealized for Brazil has become an example to the world. Approximately 75% of Brazilians are estimated to depend on the SUS for health care, while the remaining Brazilians have private complementary coverage.</p>
      <p>If the objective is to generate relevant information to guide decision making regarding public policies on health, we should systematically dedicate ourselves to scientifically assess the health care outcomes of SUS. However, after 25 years from SUS implantation, there is little scientific evidence, especially that representing the continental country Brazil is, on the final health care outcomes of SUS. For example, representative data on post-acute myocardial infarction mortality, reperfusion treatment rate or hospital readmission rate in 30 days are not available. Moreover, little is known about the disparities of the health care outcomes between the SUS and the private health care system.</p>
      <p>The consolidation and construction of an equitable, safe, responsive, accessible and efficient health system require the careful and scientific examination of the SUS and the Brazilian complementary health system at national level. The recent initiative of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology encouraging national registries, although still timid in transforming Brazilian public health, should be praised<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>DATASUS could play a role in surveilling the quality of the health care outcomes of the major Brazilian health problems. However, the unsatisfactory quality of data input and the lack of studies nationally validating DATASUS as a reliable data bank are usually limiting factors to its scientific use.</p>
      <p>In the United States, administrative data from Medicare have been used in several studies on monitoring and surveillance of health care macro-indicators in the major cardiovascular pathologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, significantly helping knowing the outcomes of the health care provided to North-Americans aged 65 years and older.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Health care outcomes as a scientific theme</title>
      <p>The concept of the imperative need to constantly assess the real-world health care outcomes to continuously improve the health system has been crystallized in the end-result idea by Ernst Codman (1910)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. According to Codman, the end-result idea requires the results to be constantly assessed and possible solutions to improve them to be constantly considered.</p>
      <p>The theoretical basis of "outcomes research" was later refined by Donabedian, who has proposed a conceptual model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> in which the quality of the health system could be inferred by approaching the following three domains: structure, process and outcomes. The "outcome" domain is the one that best captures the quality of the health care that interests patients and society.</p>
      <p>In 1998, the term "outcomes research" entered the scientific terminology in a classical publication in the journal <italic>Science</italic>. As defined by Clancy and Eisenberg, "outcomes research" investigates the effects of medical interventions and policies on the outcomes that directly interest individuals and society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ten years later, when the American Heart Association launched the journal   <italic>Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes</italic>, edited by Krumholz and associates, "outcomes research" was definitely recognized as an important area of cardiovascular investigation, endorsing the emergent field of biomedical research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Examples of studies on the quality of cardiological care in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</title>
      <p>The journal <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> is the major vehicle of Brazilian cardiology and represents the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. We reviewed original articles published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> in the last two years on quality of health care, aiming at providing examples of studies that could contribute to and impact on the Brazilian health care outcomes.</p>
      <p>To make our investigation more comprehensive, we subdivided the theme "quality of health care" into some subthemes that directly interest outcomes research and others that specifically interest Brazil, such as the focus on SUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). We intended to assess neither the quality of the study published nor its potential impact on generating guideline recommendations. Some studies served more than one category.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Original articles on quality of care in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Examples of studies*</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Safety</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a de Stents Eluidores de Drogas no Mundo Real: Acompanhamento de 8 Anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Temporal line of care, access and responsiveness of the system</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Implanta&#231;&#227;o da Linha de Cuidado do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio no Munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte</italic>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Efetividade de um Protocolo Assistencial para Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo Porta-Bal&#227;o da Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variability in health care practice</td>
              <td align="left">None</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Effectiveness</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Estrat&#233;gia Antitromb&#243;tica nos Tr&#234;s Meses Iniciais ap&#243;s Implante de Biopr&#243;tese Valvar Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cost</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Itiner&#225;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Disparity</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o de Indicadores Socioecon&#243;micos e da Mortalidade Cardiovascular em tr&#234;s Estados do Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patient-centered care /autonomy / shared decision making</td>
              <td align="left">None</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Institutional results</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Experi&#234;ncia Inicial de Dois Centros Nacionais no Implante de Pr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica Transcateter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3" align="left">Registries on specific diseases</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Registro Brasileiro das S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas (ACCEPTf</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Estudo BREATHE -1 Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Comportamento da S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Resultados de um Registro Brasileiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Focus on SUS</td>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Itiner&#225;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although no systematic quantitative assessment was performed, we identified a notorious scarcity of investigation directly approaching the theme "quality of the health care" provided by the Brazilian health system.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Challenges and opportunities</title>
      <p>Our search, restricted to the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, suggests that Brazil needs to increase its scientific production capable of guiding public policies in the cardiovascular setting, where the use of imported science has critical limitation and can bias decision making. Systematically knowing the Brazilian health care outcomes is essential to elaborate and prioritize the agenda of regional and national public policies.</p>
      <p>We have a long way to go and at least the following two very well-defined challenges to face if we bet on science to support decision making regarding public policies on health: to produce high-level national science representing the quality of Brazilian health care; and to convince federal, state and municipal authorities that science is a fundamental tool to guide decision making on the implantation of public policies.</p>
      <p>That requires substantial investment: 1) in the intellectual formation of specialized researchers; 2) in improving the quality of DATASUS as a data bank for research in all Brazilian states; 3) in the creation, structuration and consolidation of cooperative research groups; and 4) in the continuous encouragement of the national scientific production.</p>
      <p>For the Brazilian cardiovascular scientific community, especially younger researchers, this gap in the Brazilian science can represent a great opportunity to embrace a research line that can substantially impact on and benefit Brazil and Brazilians.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pol&#237;ticas P&#250;blicas em Sa&#250;de Embasadas em Ci&#234;ncia <italic>&#8220;Made In Brazil&#8221;</italic>: Um desafio para os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jussiely Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Est&#225;cio/Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Est&#225;cio/Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho,</bold> Avenida Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211, sala 202, CEP 49010-410, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>joseaugusto.se@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resultados (Cuidados de Sa&#250;de)</kwd>
        <kwd>Constitui&#231;&#227;o e Estatutos</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Aumentar equanimemente a qualidade assistencial em sa&#250;de, de forma sustent&#225;vel, &#233; um grande desafio do mundo contempor&#226;neo. As governan&#231;as dos pa&#237;ses necessitam buscar continuadamente solu&#231;&#245;es criativas e inteligentes para que os m&#250;ltiplos subsistemas de sa&#250;de se alinhem de forma equilibrada com as necessidades e expectativas dos pacientes e da coletividade, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, sejam vi&#225;veis e sustent&#225;veis. Pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos utilizam ci&#234;ncia para avaliar a qualidade assistencial em sa&#250;de que est&#225; sendo oferecida e gerar informa&#231;&#245;es que sirvam para melhorar os resultados verificados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas embasadas em ci&#234;ncia &#233; o paradigma corrente nesses pa&#237;ses. No Brasil, a vis&#227;o ideol&#243;gica ainda parece prevalecer.</p>
      <p>Pesquisa de resultados (<italic>outcomes research</italic>), pesquisa em sistemas de sa&#250;de (<italic>health service research</italic>) e ci&#234;ncia de implementa&#231;&#227;o (<italic>implementation science</italic>) abrigam parte expressiva das tem&#225;ticas relativas ao estudo cient&#237;fico da qualidade assistencial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o sistema de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, mas ainda necessitam de divulga&#231;&#227;o e incentivos institucionais para frutificarem no Brasil. De maneira geral, tais ramos dedicam-se a avaliar, de forma sistem&#225;tica e met&#243;dica, aspectos variados relativos &#224; estrutura&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas de sa&#250;de, seus resultados final&#237;sticos para pacientes e coletividade, rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente, como tais resultados podem ser melhorados e como inova&#231;&#245;es devem ser implementadas. Desses, a pesquisa de resultados destaca-se por investigar os resultados final&#237;sticos da assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de, focados pela perspectiva e pelo olhar dos resultados que interessam diretamente aos pacientes e &#224; sociedade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escrutiniza&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro</title>
        <p>A partir da Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal de 1998 (Constitui&#231;&#227;o Cidad&#227;) e da cria&#231;&#227;o do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), em 1990, ficou garantido, em Carta Magna, que todos os brasileiros teriam direito ao acesso integral, universal e igualit&#225;rio, al&#233;m de gratuito, a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de de qualidade. A partir daquela data, o Estado teria o dever de financiar, prover e operacionalizar a infraestrutura necess&#225;ria para o cumprimento da Lei n&#186;. 8.080/1990. O reconhecimento constitucional de que sa&#250;de &#233; um direito universal foi um avan&#231;o ideol&#243;gico substancial. No papel, o modelo de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica idealizado para o Brasil passou a ser um exemplo para o mundo. Estima-se que aproximadamente 75% de brasileiros sejam dependentes do SUS e o restante possui cobertura complementar privada.</p>
        <p>Se o objetivo &#233; o de gerar informa&#231;&#227;o relevante para iluminar a tomada de decis&#227;o referente &#224;s pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas em sa&#250;de, devemos nos dedicar de forma sistem&#225;tica a avaliar, pelo m&#233;todo cient&#237;fico, os resultados assistenciais do SUS. Entretanto, passados 25 anos da implanta&#231;&#227;o do SUS, temos poucas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, especialmente que representem o pa&#237;s continental que somos, quais s&#227;o os resultados assistenciais final&#237;sticos do SUS. Por exemplo, n&#227;o dispomos de dados representativos sobre a mortalidade p&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, a taxa de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a tratamento de reperfus&#227;o ou a taxa de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em 30 dias. Mais ainda, sabemos muito pouco sobre o grau de disparidade existente entre os resultados assistenciais do SUS e da rede privada.</p>
        <p>Escrutinizar o SUS e tamb&#233;m o sistema complementar brasileiro, em n&#237;vel nacional, pela &#243;tica cient&#237;fica, ser&#225; fundamental para a consolida&#231;&#227;o e constru&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de sa&#250;de equ&#226;nime, seguro, responsivo, acess&#237;vel e eficiente. As iniciativas recentes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia em incentivar os registros nacionais devem ser aplaudidas, mas ainda s&#227;o t&#237;midas para transformar a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O DATASUS poderia muito bem se prestar ao papel de vigil&#226;ncia da qualidade dos resultados assistenciais dos principais problemas nacionais de sa&#250;de. Contudo, de maneira generalizada, a insatisfat&#243;ria qualidade na alimenta&#231;&#227;o de dados e a falta de estudos que tenham validado o DATASUS, em n&#237;vel nacional, como banco de dados fidedigno, s&#227;o fatores que ainda limitam seu uso cient&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>Nos EUA, dados administrativos do Medicare t&#234;m sido utilizados em in&#250;meros estudos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e vigil&#226;ncia dos macro-indicadores assistenciais nas principais entidades nosol&#243;gicas cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e prestado grande servi&#231;o para o conhecimento dos resultados assistenciais oferecidos aos americanos com idade &#8805; 65 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados assistenciais como tem&#225;tica cient&#237;fica</title>
        <p>O conceito da necessidade imperativa de se avaliar constantemente os desfechos da pr&#225;tica assistencial no mundo real para promover melhoria cont&#237;nua do sistema de sa&#250;de foi cristalizado na ideia do resultado final (<italic>end-result idea</italic>) por Ernst Codman (1910)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Segundo Codman: <italic>"A ideia do resultado final exige que os resultados sejam constantemente analisados e que poss&#237;veis solu&#231;&#245;es para melhor&#225;-los sejam constantemente consideradas".</italic></p>
        <p>A base te&#243;rica da "<italic>outcomes research</italic>" foi posteriormente refinada por Donabedian quando prop&#244;s um modelo conceitual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> no qual a qualidade do sistema de sa&#250;de poderia ser inferida pela abordagem de tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios: estrutura, processo e resultados. O dom&#237;nio "resultado" &#233; aquele que mais captura a qualidade assistencial que interessa aos pacientes e &#224; sociedade.</p>
        <p>Em 1998, o termo <italic>"outcomes research</italic>" entrou na terminologia cient&#237;fica em publica&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica na revista <italic>Science</italic>. Como definido por Clancy e Eisenberg, "<italic>outcomes research</italic>" investiga os efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e das pol&#237;ticas sobre os resultados que interessam diretamente aos indiv&#237;duos e &#224; sociedade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dez anos mais tarde (2008), "<italic>outcomes research</italic>" foi definitivamente reconhecida como uma &#225;rea importante de investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, quando a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> lan&#231;ou a revista <italic>Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes</italic>, editada por Krumholz e associados, endossando o emergente campo de pesquisa biom&#233;dica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exemplos de estudos sobre qualidade assistencial cardiol&#243;gica nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</title>
        <p>A revista <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> &#233; o principal ve&#237;culo da ci&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica brasileira e representa a &#250;nica sociedade de cardiologia nacional. Revisamos artigos originais publicados nos   <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> nos &#250;ltimos dois anos que abordaram o tema qualidade assistencial, com o intuito de apresentar exemplos de estudos com o potencial de contribuir e impactar os resultados assistenciais brasileiros.</p>
        <p>Para tornar nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o mais compreensiva, subdividimos o tema qualidade assistencial em alguns subtemas que interessam diretamente &#224; pesquisa de resultados e outros que interessam especificamente ao Brasil, como por exemplo, foco no SUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve pretens&#227;o em se avaliar a qualidade do estudo publicado e nem seu potencial impacto em gerar recomenda&#231;&#227;o de diretriz. Alguns estudos serviram de exemplo a mais de uma categoria.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Artigos originais sobre qualidade assistencial nos ABC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Exemplos de estudos*</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Seguran&#231;a</td>
                <td align="left">Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a de Stents Eluidores de Drogas no Mundo Real: Acompanhamento de 8 Anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Linha temporal do cuidado, acesso, responsividade do sistema</td>
                <td align="left">Implanta&#231;&#227;o da Linha de Cuidado do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio no Munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Efetividade de um Protocolo Assistencial para Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo Porta-Bal&#227;o da Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Variabilidade na pr&#225;tica assistencial</td>
                <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Efetividade</td>
                <td align="left">Estrat&#233;gia Antitromb&#243;tica nos Tr&#234;s Meses Iniciais ap&#243;s Implante de Biopr&#243;tese Valvar Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Custo</td>
                <td align="left">Itiner&#225;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disparidade</td>
                <td align="left">Evolu&#231;&#227;o de Indicadores Socioecon&#243;micos e da Mortalidade Cardiovascular em tr&#234;s Estados do Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assist&#234;ncia Centrada no Paciente /Autonomia / Decis&#227;o Compartilhada</td>
                <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resultados institucionais</td>
                <td align="left">Experi&#234;ncia Inicial de Dois Centros Nacionais no Implante de Pr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica Transcateter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="left">Registros sobre doen&#231;a espec&#237;fica</td>
                <td align="left">Registro Brasileiro das S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas (ACCEPT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estudo BREATHE - I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comportamento da S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Resultados de um Registro Brasileiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Foco no SUS</td>
                <td align="left">Itiner&#225;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos realizado avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa sistem&#225;tica, de maneira geral, percebemos que h&#225; uma not&#243;ria escassez de investiga&#231;&#245;es que abordem diretamente o tema qualidade assistencial do sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desafios e oportunidades</title>
        <p>Nosso levantamento, restrito aos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, sugere que o pa&#237;s necessita aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica capaz de nortear pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas na &#225;rea cardiovascular. Nessa tem&#225;tica, o uso de ci&#234;ncia importada tem limita&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e pode enviesar a tomada de decis&#227;o. Conhecer, de forma sist&#234;mica, os resultados assistenciais brasileiros ser&#225; essencial na elabora&#231;&#227;o e prioriza&#231;&#227;o da agenda de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas regionais e nacionais.</p>
        <p>Temos um longo caminho &#224; frente e ao menos dois desafios muito bem definidos se apostarmos no papel da ci&#234;ncia como lastro da tomada de decis&#227;o referente &#224;s pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas em sa&#250;de, a saber: 1) produzir ci&#234;ncia nacional de alto n&#237;vel que represente a qualidade assistencial brasileira; e 2) convencer as governan&#231;as em n&#237;vel federal, estadual e municipal de que a ci&#234;ncia &#233; uma ferramenta fundamental para iluminar as tomadas de decis&#227;o referentes &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas.</p>
        <p>Isso exigir&#225; investimentos substanciais: 1) na forma&#231;&#227;o intelectual de pesquisadores especializados; 2) na melhoria da qualidade do DATASUS como banco de dados para pesquisas em todos os estados brasileiros; 3) na cria&#231;&#227;o, estrutura&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o de grupos cooperativos de pesquisa; e 4) no fomento cont&#237;nuo da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional.</p>
        <p>Para a comunidade cient&#237;fica cardiovascular brasileira, especialmente os pesquisadores mais jovens, essa lacuna da ci&#234;ncia brasileira pode representar uma grande oportunidade de abra&#231;ar uma linha de pesquisa que tem todo o potencial de impactar e beneficiar substancialmente o Brasil e os brasileiros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
