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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DBTnmNbjznR3JyQrHsgwYYf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100197</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sudden Death in Brazil: Epilepsy Should be in Horizon</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorza</surname>
            <given-names>Fulvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unifesp</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Unifesp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP. Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94, Vila Clementino. Postal Code 04022-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ptucci@cardiol.br</email>, <email>paulotucci@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Scorza F, Tucci PJF. Acquisition of data:Scorza F. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scorza F, Tucci PJF. Statistical analysis: Scorza F. Writing of the manuscript:Scorza F, Tucci PJF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tucci PJF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>197</fpage>
      <lpage>198</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsy / mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>To date, a considerable amount of valuable information about the problem of sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been described. The incidence of SCD in the United States ranges between 180000-400000 cases per year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Martinelli et al demonstrated an incidence of 21270 cases of SCD per year in the Metropolitan Area of S&#227;o Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Recently, Braggion-Santos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> described the characteristics of SCD in Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brazil, according to autopsy reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Revising 4501 autopsies, they identified 899 cases of SCD (20%); the rate was 30/100000 residents/year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The vast majority of SCD cases involved coronary artery disease (64%). Based on available scientific knowledge related to SCD, it is extremely important to identify new areas of research that might improve understanding of this problem and to establish effective preventive measures to minimize or even control the occurrence of SCD.</p>
    <p>Although studies have shown that the increase in the number of SCD caused by a combination of factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, an equally important risk factor for SCD which is not reported and not explored in cardiologic research is epilepsy. Indeed, a series of data could be put forward to explain it.</p>
    <p>Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million individuals worldwide and is one of the most common, chronic and severe neurological diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In developing and poor countries, the incidence of epilepsy is higher when compared with that of developed countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The prognostic evolution has clearly shown that seizures are successfully controlled with currently available antiepileptic drugs in approximately two-thirds of individuals with epilepsy, which results in one-third with refractory epilepsy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. For these patients with uncontrolled seizures, epilepsy should be considered a malignant condition, as it carries a mortality rate that is 2&#8209;3 times higher than that in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Therefore, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most frequent cause of epilepsy-related death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. By definition, SUDEP is a sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, non&#8209;traumatic and non-drowning death in individuals with epilepsy, with or without evidence of seizures, in which post-mortem examination does not reveal a toxicological or anatomical cause of death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Epidemiological studies indicate that SUDEP is responsible for 7.5% to 17% of all deaths in epilepsy and has an incidence among adults between 1:500 and 1:1000 patient/year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The main risk factors for SUDEP include the number of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, nocturnal seizures, young age at epilepsy onset, longer duration of epilepsy, dementia, absence of cerebrovascular disease, asthma, male gender, symptomatic etiology of epilepsy and alcohol abuse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The cause or causes of SUDEP are still unknown, but one of the main proposed mechanisms is related to autonomic dysregulation, promoting cardiac abnormalities during and between seizures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
    <p>In this line of reasoning, our experimental data clarified some possibilities. Using the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy, we evaluated heart rate in rats with epilepsy <italic>in vivo</italic> and in an isolated <italic>ex vivo</italic> preparation (Langendorff preparation)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Baseline heart rate <italic>in vivo</italic> in animals with chronic epilepsy (346 &#177; 7 bpm) was higher than in control rats (307 &#177; 9 bpm)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Incidentally, no difference was observed in the isolated <italic>ex vivo</italic> situation (control animals: 175 &#177; 7 bpm; chronic epilepsy: 176 &#177; 6 bpm), suggesting that autonomic modulation of the heart is altered in epileptic animals, explaining the maintenance of an increased basal heart rate in these animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In addition, we also evaluated heart rate responses during stage 5 of amygdala kindling model, the phase when animals develop generalized seizures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Animals did not show significant differences in basal heart rate; however, basal heart rate was higher during stage 5 of kindling, possibly resulting from sympathetic activation caused by the chronic epileptic condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. As demonstrated in previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, intense bradycardia at the beginning of seizure was followed by rebound tachycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Moreover, the intensity of tachycardia was directly related to the number of generalized seizures, suggesting that repeated generalized tonic-clonic seizures affect sympathetic outflow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. For that reason, a plausible explanation is that continuous and intermittent sympathetic activation due to uncontrolled seizures is capable of maintaining cardiac rhythm, modulating the heart in accelerated-state permanently.</p>
    <p>Considering all these translational information, it is clear that epilepsy-related mortality, particularly SCD, is a significant public health concern. Thus, it is crucial that a concerted and collaborative approach be implemented to solve this problem. In order to do so, it is extremely necessary to attain a real convergence between cardiologists and neurologists to carefully evaluate and discuss the electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic recordings, the cardiac and cerebral imaging findings and refined histopathological studies in order to detect or prevent the occurrence of a tragic fatal event among individuals with epilepsy.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP, CNPq, Capes e Unifesp.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This study has been supported by: UNIFESP, FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo); CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico); CEPID/FAPESP; FAPESP/PRONEX and FAPESP/CNPq/MCT (Instituto Nacional de Neuroci&#234;ncia Translacional).</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte S&#250;bita no Brasil: A Epilepsia deve ser Lembrada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorza</surname>
            <given-names>Fulvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unifesp</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Unifesp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP. Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94, Vila Clementino. CEP 04022-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ptucci@cardiol.br</email>, <email>paulotucci@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Scorza F, Tucci PJF. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scorza F. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scorza F, Tucci PJF. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scorza F. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scorza F, Tucci PJF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Tucci PJF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle; Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsia/mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atualmente, uma quantidade consider&#225;vel de informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre o problema da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) tem sido descrita. A incid&#234;ncia de MSC nos Estados Unidos varia entre 180000-400000 casos por ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Martinelli e cols. demonstraram uma incid&#234;ncia de 21270 casos de MSC por ano na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Recentemente, Braggion-Santos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> descreveram as caracter&#237;sticas da MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brasil, de acordo com relat&#243;rios de aut&#243;psia. Na revis&#227;o de 4501 aut&#243;psias eles identificaram 899 casos de MSC (20%); a taxa foi de 30/100000 residentes/ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A grande maioria dos casos de MSC envolveu doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (64%). Com base nos conhecimentos cient&#237;ficos dispon&#237;veis relacionados com a MSC, &#233; extremamente importante identificar novas &#225;reas de investiga&#231;&#227;o que possam melhorar a compreens&#227;o do problema e estabelecer medidas preventivas eficazes para minimizar ou at&#233; mesmo controlar a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC.</p>
      <p>Embora estudos tenham mostrado que o aumento no n&#250;mero de casos de MSC &#233; causado por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, um fator de risco igualmente importante para MSC n&#227;o relatado e n&#227;o explorado em cardiologia &#233; a epilepsia. De fato, uma s&#233;rie de dados poderiam ser propostos para explicar esse fato.</p>
      <p>A epilepsia afeta aproximadamente 65 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos em todo o mundo e &#233; uma das doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas mais graves, cr&#244;nicas e comuns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e pa&#237;ses pobres, a incid&#234;ncia da epilepsia &#233; maior quando comparada com a de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica tem mostrado claramente que as convuls&#245;es s&#227;o controladas com sucesso por medicamentos antiepil&#233;pticos dispon&#237;veis atualmente em cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos indiv&#237;duos com epilepsia, o que resulta em um ter&#231;o com epilepsia refrat&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Para esses pacientes, com convuls&#245;es descontroladas, a epilepsia deve ser considerada como uma condi&#231;&#227;o maligna, uma vez que acarreta uma taxa de mortalidade 2 a 3 vezes mais elevada do que na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Assim, a morte s&#250;bita em epilepsia (SUDEP) &#233; a causa mais frequente de morte relacionada com a epilepsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Por defini&#231;&#227;o, SUDEP &#233; uma morte s&#250;bita, inesperada, com ou sem testemunhas, n&#227;o traum&#225;tica e sem afogamento, em pessoas com epilepsia, com ou sem evid&#234;ncia de convuls&#227;o, nas quais o exame necrosc&#243;pico n&#227;o revela uma causa toxicol&#243;gica ou anat&#244;mica da morte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos indicam que a SUDEP &#233; respons&#225;vel por 7,5% a 17% de todas as mortes na epilepsia, e tem uma incid&#234;ncia entre adultos entre 1:500 e 1:1000 pacientes/ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Os principais fatores de risco para a SUDEP incluem o n&#250;mero de convuls&#245;es t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas generalizadas, convuls&#245;es noturnas, pouca idade no in&#237;cio da epilepsia, longa dura&#231;&#227;o da epilepsia, dem&#234;ncia, aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, asma, sexo masculino, etiologia sintom&#225;tica da epilepsia e abuso do &#225;lcool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A causa ou causas da SUDEP ainda s&#227;o desconhecidas, mas um dos principais mecanismos propostos est&#225; relacionado com a desregula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, promovendo altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante e entre as convuls&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nessa linha de racioc&#237;nio, os nossos dados experimentais esclareceram algumas possibilidades. Usando o modelo de pilocarpina de epilepsia do lobo temporal, avaliamos a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de ratos com epilepsia <italic>in vivo</italic> e em uma prepara&#231;&#227;o isolada <italic>ex vivo</italic> (prepara&#231;&#227;o de Langendorff)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal <italic>in vivo</italic> em animais com epilepsia cr&#244;nica (346 &#177; 7 bpm) foi mais alta do que em ratos controle (307 &#177; 9 bpm) 17. De qualquer forma, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na situa&#231;&#227;o isolada <italic>ex vivo</italic> (animais controle: 175 &#177; 7 bpm; epilepsia cr&#244;nica: 176 &#177; 6 bpm), sugerindo que a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; alterada em animais com epilepsia, explicando a perman&#234;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal aumentada nesses animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m avaliamos as respostas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o est&#225;gio 5 do modelo de kindling da am&#237;gdala, o est&#225;gio em que os animais desenvolvem convuls&#245;es generalizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Os animais n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal; no entanto, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal foi maior durante a fase 5 de kindling, possivelmente como resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica causada pela condi&#231;&#227;o epil&#233;tica cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Como demonstrado em estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, a intensa bradicardia no in&#237;cio de convuls&#227;o foi seguida por taquicardia de rebote<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a intensidade da taquicardia estava diretamente relacionada com o n&#250;mero de convuls&#245;es generalizadas, sugerindo que as convuls&#245;es t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas generalizadas repetidas afetam o fluxo simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Por essa raz&#227;o, uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel &#233; que a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica cont&#237;nua e intermitente devido a convuls&#245;es sem controle &#233; capaz de manter o ritmo card&#237;aco, modulando o cora&#231;&#227;o no estado acelerado de forma permanente.</p>
      <p>Considerando todas essas informa&#231;&#245;es translacionais, torna-se claro que a mortalidade relacionada &#224; epilepsia, particularmente a MSC, &#233; uma quest&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Assim, &#233; fundamental que uma abordagem combinada e colaborativa seja implementada para resolver esse problema. Para isso, &#233; extremamente necess&#225;ria a exist&#234;ncia de uma converg&#234;ncia real entre cardiologistas e neurologistas para avaliar e discutir cuidadosamente os registros do eletroencefalograma e eletrocardiograma, os resultados das imagem card&#237;acas e cerebrais e estudos histopatol&#243;gicos detalhados, a fim de detectar ou prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento fatal tr&#225;gico entre os indiv&#237;duos com epilepsia.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP, CNPq, Capes e Unifesp.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi apoiado por: UNIFESP, FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo); CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico); CEPID/FAPESP; FAPESP/PRONEX e FAPESP/CNPq/MCT (Instituto Nacional de Neuroci&#234;ncia Translacional).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
