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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">B95Vd7RjBbQSSrmWTMmC5wP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100184</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diastolic Function in Paced Children with Cardiac Defects: Septum vs Apex</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Cabrera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez Morejon</surname>
            <given-names>Adel Eladio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benitez Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dunia Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">La Habana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler, La Habana - Cuba</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Michel Cabrera</bold>, Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler. 100 y perla, Boyeros. Postal Code 10800, La Habana - Cuba. E-mail: <email>michel@cardiows.sld.cu</email>, <email>anrossca@yahoo.es</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ortega MC, Morejon AEG; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ortega MC, Morejon AEG, Serrano GR, Ramos DBB; Statistical analysis: Ortega MC, Serrano GR, Ramos DBB; Writing of the manuscript: Ortega MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>184</fpage>
      <lpage>187</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>In children with structural congenital heart disease (CHD), the effects of chronic ventricular pacing on diastolic function are not well known. On the other hand, the beneficial effect of septal pacing over apical pacing is still controversial.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different right ventricular (RV) pacing site on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with cardiac defects.</p>
        <p>Twenty-nine pediatric patients with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) and CHD undergoing permanent pacing were prospectively studied. Pacing sites were RV apex (n = 16) and RV septum (n = 13). Echocardiographic assessment was performed before pacemaker implantation and after it, during a mean follow&#8209;up of 4.9 years.</p>
        <p>Compared to RV septum, transmitral E-wave was significantly affected in RV apical pacing (95.38 &#177; 9.19 vs 83 &#177; 18.75, p = 0.038). Likewise, parameters at the lateral annular tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were significantly affected in children paced at the RV apex. The E&#180; wave correlated inversely with TDI lateral myocardial performance index (Tei index) (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.9849, p &#8804; 0.001). RV apex pacing (<italic>Odds ratio</italic>, 0.648; confidence interval, 0.067-0.652; p = 0.003) and TDI lateral Tei index (<italic>Odds ratio</italic>, 31.21; confidence interval, 54.6-177.4; p = 0.025) predicted significantly decreased LV diastolic function.</p>
        <p>Of the two sites studied, RV septum prevents pacing-induced reduction of LV diastolic function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>RV apical pacing is conventionally performed in pediatric patients with CAVB. However, ventricular pacing induces an abnormal electrical activation pattern, which causes mechanical dyssynchrony, LV structural remodeling and increased risk of heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Most pediatric studies published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>have focused on ventricular systolic function assessment; therefore, the effects of chronic ventricular pacing on diastolic function are not well known, even less in children with CHD.</p>
      <p>Moreover, the benefit of RV septal stimulation is still controversial, with clinical studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> showing promising results, while a recent research did not demonstrate any superiority over RV apical pacing in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>; none of these studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>reported the effects on LV relaxation phase.</p>
      <p>With the hypothetical premise that there are differences between RV septal and RV apical pacing in terms of dynamic alterations in LV filling, we performed the current study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study included all children with CHD and CAVB that underwent pacemaker implantation in a single tertiary pediatric cardiology center, paced from RV septum (n = 13) and from RV apex (n = 16). Patients with clinical or anamnestic evidence of heart failure were excluded. None of the patients were older than 18 years at pacemaker implantation, had &#8804; 95% of ventricular pacing or &#8804; 1 year of permanent cardiac pacing. The study protocol was approved by the institutional research ethics committee and parental written consent was obtained.</p>
      <p>Two experienced observers, blinded for the ventricular pacing site, performed prospective echocardiographic evaluations (Aloka &#945;-10) before pacemaker implantation, immediately after and regularly during a mean period of 4.9 years. Three random measurements were made for every patient by each observer and the average of measurements was used for further analysis. For a comprehensive diastolic evaluation, the following mitral flow parameters were evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography: E and A waves, E/A wave ratio and E-wave deceleration time. Likewise, pulse wave TDI velocities were obtained in the apical four-chamber view, at septal and lateral mitral annulus. In each segment, peak systolic (S&#180;), early (E&#180;) and late (A&#180;) peak diastolic velocities were measured. The E/E&#180; ratio and TDI Tei index were also calculated. All data were prospectively collected.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>According to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the variables that showed a normal distribution were summarized as mean &#177; standard deviation. The differences between two groups were compared by unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test. Independent variables showing significant univariate differences related to the development of LV dysfunction were entered into a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis, where the <italic>Odds ratio</italic> (OR) and Wald statistics for each variable were identified. Significance level was set at 5%. The statistical software Medcalc Version 12 was used for the analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 29 patients (surgical atrioventricular block in 26), with mean age at first implantation of 9.82 &#177; 2.75 years were evaluated. Tetralogy of Fallot (8 cases, 27%) and ventricular septal defect (7 patients, 24.13%) were the main CHD corrected before pacemaker implantation. Anatomic surgical correction was performed in all patients and mild residual atrioventricular regurgitation was present in 10 (34.48%) children. Thirteen (44.82%) cases underwent treatment with angiotensin&#8209;converting enzyme inhibitors at the time of implantation. Twelve children (41.37%) received a single&#8209;chamber pacemaker, while 11 (24.13%) patients underwent DDD/DDDR pacing. Mean pacing duration was 4.9 years.</p>
      <p>Compared to RV septum, transmitral E-wave was significantly affected in RV apical pacing (95.38 &#177; 9.19 vs 83 &#177; 18.75, p = 0.038) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Likewise, the following parameters of the lateral annular TDI were significantly affected in children paced at the RV apex compared with RV septum group: E&#180; wave (12.5 &#177; 4.42 vs 15.3 &#177; 2.1; p = 0.046), A&#180; wave (8.12 &#177; 2.63 vs 6.22 &#177; 2.11; p = 0.045), E/E&#180; ratio (8.2 &#177; 1.29 vs 6.3 &#177; 0.72; p = 0.0001) and Tei index (0.39 &#177; 0.04 vs 0.34 &#177; 0.04; p = 0.002). The E&#180; wave correlated inversely with TDI lateral Tei index (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.9849, p &#8804; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). At the logistic regression, pacing from the RV apex (<italic>OR</italic>, 0.648; confidence interval, 0.067-0.652; Wald, -0.915; p = 0.003) and TDI lateral Tei index (<italic>OR</italic>, 31.21; confidence interval, 54.6-177.4; Wald, 3.046; p = 0.025) predicted significantly decreased LV diastolic function.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of LV function between RV septal and apical pacing</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>RV Septum (n = 13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>RV Apex (n = 16)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p*</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Before PM implantation</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>At last follow-up</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Before PM implantation</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>At lastfollow-up</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>LVEF</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">64.16 &#177; 1.75</td>
              <td align="center">61.43 &#177; 2.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.004 </td>
              <td align="center">65.21 &#177; 2.08</td>
              <td align="center">64.22 &#177; 3.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.352</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Mitral Inflow Doppler indices</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">90.72 &#177; 13.81</td>
              <td align="center">95.38 &#177; 9.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.321</td>
              <td align="center">90.53 &#177; 11.45</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 18.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.181</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">61.46 &#177; 15.19</td>
              <td align="center">56.69 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.316</td>
              <td align="center">65.87 &#177; 18.31</td>
              <td align="center">67.06 &#177; 19.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.860</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.51</td>
              <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.483</td>
              <td align="center">1.51 &#177; 0.54</td>
              <td align="center">1.41 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.639</td>
              <td align="center">0.142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EDT(ms)</td>
              <td align="center">170.38 &#177; 23.54</td>
              <td align="center">172.07 &#177; 17.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.837</td>
              <td align="center">170.68 &#177; 24.06</td>
              <td align="center">172.8 &#177; 25.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.811</td>
              <td align="center">0.931</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Lateral Mitral Valve Annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E&#180;(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 3.41</td>
              <td align="center">15.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.789</td>
              <td align="center">15.6 &#177; 3.31</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 4.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.032</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A&#180;(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">6.41 &#177; 2.13</td>
              <td align="center">6.22 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.820</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 2.11</td>
              <td align="center">8.12 &#177; 2.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.235</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/E&#180;</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 0.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.512</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 1.29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tei index</td>
              <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.529</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Septal Mitral Valve Annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E&#180;(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">15.30 &#177; 4.23</td>
              <td align="center">14.84 &#177; 3.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.765</td>
              <td align="center">15.12 &#177; 3.28</td>
              <td align="center">13.81 &#177; 3.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.317</td>
              <td align="center">0.470</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A&#180;(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">7.23 &#177; 2.35</td>
              <td align="center">7.24 &#177; 2.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.991</td>
              <td align="center">7 &#177; 2.55</td>
              <td align="center">6.56 &#177; 2.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.616</td>
              <td align="center">0.474</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/E&#180;</td>
              <td align="center">6.19 &#177; 1.11</td>
              <td align="center">6.68 &#177; 1.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.294</td>
              <td align="center">6.11 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">6.13 &#177; 0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.931</td>
              <td align="center">0.118</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tei index</td>
              <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.621</td>
              <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
              <td align="center">0.685</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Data expressed by mean &#177; standard error. </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>p*: septum vs. apex at last follow-up. </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>DT: E-wave deceleration time; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; PM: Pacemaker; RV: Right ventricular; TDI: Tissue doppler imaging.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between E&#180;-wave and TDI Tei index at lateral mitral valve annulus.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0184-50077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study confirms that chronic stimulation from RV apex results in diastolic function impairment in pediatric patients with CHD and further demonstrates the superiority of septal stimulation in this context.</p>
      <p>The deterioration of diastolic function after RV pacing has been previously reported in animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and in the adult population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Aoyagi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> showed that wall motion asynchrony prolongs LV isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) in dogs; this impairment correlated with the degree of wall motion asynchrony. In the research performed by Kolettis et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, compared to RV outflow tract pacing, RV apical pacing decreased maximum negative dp/dt and increased the IVRT. These findings were confirmed in an analysis of nine studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, reporting a significant benefit of RV outflow tract over apical pacing. On the other hand, few investigations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>have focused on LV diastolic function in the pediatric population. Forwalt et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> evaluated the effects of acute ventricular pacing in children who underwent ablation therapy; the authors observed that RV apical pacing resulted in acute systolic dyssynchrony with preserved diastolic synchrony. Nevertheless, Koh et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> provided evidence of LV diastolic dysfunction after chronic RV apical stimulation, associated with the presence of LV dyssynchrony. In our study, the impaired diastolic indices in the lateral mitral annulus could be associated with the pattern induced by RV apical pacing, characterized by early activation of the RV and delayed activation of the LV lateral wall.</p>
      <p>The Tei index has been used to assess LV function in a wide variety of diagnoses in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; it is the most accurate for the detection of diastolic and combined dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Considering that the results of our research reflect the high predictive value of this parameter, it could be used as an echocardiographic tool to predict the deterioration of both systolic and diastolic functions in patients with chronic ventricular pacing.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclsuions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Of the two assessed sites, RV septum showed to prevent pacing-induced reduction of LV diastolic function.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Michel Cabrera Ortega, from Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico William Soller.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Janousek J, van Geldorp IE, Kuprikova S, Rosenthal E, Nugent K, Tomaske M, et al; Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology. Permanent cardiac pacing in children: choosing the optimal pacing site: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2013;127(5):613-23. Erratum in: Circulation. 2013;127(15):e550.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janousek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Crian&#231;as com Marca-Passo com Defeitos Card&#237;acos: Septo vs. &#193;pice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Cabrera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morejon</surname>
            <given-names>Adel Eladio Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dunia Barbara Benitez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">La Habana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler, La Habana - Cuba</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Michel Cabrera</bold>, Cardiocentro Pediatrico William Soler. 100 y perla, Boyeros. CEP 10800, La Habana - Cuba. E-mail: <email>michel@cardiows.sld.cu</email>, <email>anrossca@yahoo.es</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ortega MC, Morejon AEG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ortega MC, Morejon AEG, Serrano GR, Ramos DBB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ortega MC, Serrano GR, Ramos DBB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ortega MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Em crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (DCC) estrutural, os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular cr&#244;nica sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o s&#227;o bem conhecidos. Por outro lado, o efeito ben&#233;fico da estimula&#231;&#227;o do septo sobre a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical ainda &#233; controversa.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do local diferente da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em crian&#231;as com defeitos card&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>Vinte e nove pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) e DCC submetidos a marca&#8209;passo permanente foram estudados prospectivamente. Os locais do marca-passo foram o &#225;pice do VD (n = 16) e septo do VD (n = 13). Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada antes e ap&#243;s o implante do marca-passo, durante um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 4,9 anos.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o septo do VD, a onda E transmitral foi significativamente afetada na estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD (95,38 &#177; 9,19 vs. 83 &#177; 18,75, p = 0,038). Da mesma forma, os par&#226;metros no Doppler tecidual (TDI) do anel lateral foram significativamente afetados em crian&#231;as estimuladas no &#225;pice do VD. A onda E&#8217; mostrou-se inversamente correlacionada com o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico lateral do TDI (&#237;ndice de Tei) (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,9849, p &#8804; 0,001). A estimula&#231;&#227;o a partir do &#225;pice do VD (<italic>odds ratio</italic>, OR, 0,648; intervalo de confian&#231;a, 0,067-0,652; p = 0,003) e o &#237;ndice de Tei do TDI lateral (OR, 31,21; intervalo de confian&#231;a, 54,6-177,4; p = 0,025) previu a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE significativamente diminu&#237;da.</p>
        <p>Dos dois locais estudados, o septo do VD impede a redu&#231;&#227;o induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD &#233; convencionalmente realizada em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com BAVT. No entanto, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular induz um padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica anormal, que causa dissincronia mec&#226;nica, remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural do VE e aumento do risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A maioria dos estudos pedi&#225;tricos publicados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> se concentrou na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular; portanto, os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular cr&#244;nica sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o s&#227;o bem conhecidos, menos ainda em crian&#231;as com DCC.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o benef&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do septo do VD ainda &#233; controverso, com estudos cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> mostrando resultados promissores enquanto uma pesquisa recente n&#227;o demonstrou qualquer superioridade sobre a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>; nenhum desses estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> relatou os efeitos sobre a fase de relaxamento do VE.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo foi realizado com a premissa hipot&#233;tica de que existem diferen&#231;as entre a estimula&#231;&#227;o do septo do VD e do &#225;pice do VD em termos de altera&#231;&#245;es da din&#226;mica do enchimento ventricular esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu todas as crian&#231;as com DCC e BAVT submetidas a implante de marca-passo em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica, estimuladas a partir do septo do VD (n = 13) e do &#225;pice do VD (n = 16). Os pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou anamn&#233;sica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram exclu&#237;dos. Nenhum dos pacientes tinha mais que 18 anos de idade no momento do implante do marca-passo, &#8804; 95% da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou &#8804; 1 ano de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial permanente. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e foi obtido o consentimento escrito dos pais.</p>
        <p>Dois observadores experientes, cegos para o local de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas prospectivas (Aloka &#945;-10) antes do implante de marca-passo, imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e regularmente durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 4,9 anos. Foram feitas tr&#234;s medidas aleat&#243;rias em cada paciente por cada observador e a m&#233;dia das medidas foi utilizada para an&#225;lise posterior. Para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica abrangente, os seguintes par&#226;metros de fluxo mitral foram avaliados por ecocardiograma com Doppler pulsado: ondas E e A, raz&#227;o das ondas E/A e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E. Da mesma forma, as velocidades do TDI de onda pulsada foram obtidas no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, no septo e anel mitral lateral. Em cada segmento foram medidos o pico sist&#243;lico (S&#8217;), pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (E&#8217;) e tardia (A&#8217;). A raz&#227;o E/E&#8217; e o &#237;ndice Tei do TDI, tamb&#233;m foram calculados. Todos os dados foram coletados prospectivamente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>De acordo com o teste Kolmorogov-Smirnov, as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;que mostraram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram sumarizadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado. As vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;independentes que apresentaram diferen&#231;as univariadas significativas relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foram inseridas em uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do tipo <italic>backward stepwise</italic>, onde foram identificados o <italic>Odds ratio</italic> (OR) e a estat&#237;stica de Wald para cada vari&#225;vel. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%. O <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico Medcalc Vers&#227;o 12 foi utilizado nas an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados um total de 29 pacientes (26 com bloqueio atrioventricular cir&#250;rgico), com idade m&#233;dia no primeiro implante de 9,82 &#177; 2,75 anos. Tetralogia de Fallot (8 casos, 27%) e defeito septal ventricular (7 pacientes, 24,13%) foram as principais DCCs corrigidas antes do implante de marca&#8209;passo. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica anat&#244;mica foi realizada em todos os pacientes, e insufici&#234;ncia atrioventricular leve residual foi identificada em 10 (34,48%) crian&#231;as. Treze (44,82%) casos receberam tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina no momento do implante. Doze crian&#231;as (41,37%) receberam um marca-passo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, enquanto 11 (24,13%) pacientes foram submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o com marca-passo bicameral ou marca-passo de dupla-c&#226;mara com resposta de frequ&#234;ncia (DDD/DDDR). A m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,9 anos.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o septo do VD, a onda E transmitral foi significativamente afetada na estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD (95,38 &#177; 9,19 vs. 83 &#177; 18,75, p = 0,038) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Da mesma forma, os seguintes par&#226;metros do TDI do anel lateral estavam significativamente afetados em crian&#231;as estimuladas no &#225;pice do VD, comparadas com o grupo do septo do VD: Onda E&#8217; (12,5 &#177; 4,42 vs. 15,3 &#177; 2,1; p = 0,046), onda A&#8217; (8,12 &#177; 2,63 vs. 6,22 &#177; 2,11; p = 0,045), raz&#227;o E/E&#8217; (8,2 &#177; 1,29 vs. 6,3 &#177; 0,72; p = 0,0001) e &#237;ndice de Tei (0,39 &#177; 0,04 vs. 0,34 &#177; 0,04; p = 0,002). A onda E&#8217; foi correlacionada inversamente com &#237;ndice Tei do TDI lateral (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,9849, p &#8804; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice do VD (OR, 0,648; intervalo de confian&#231;a, 0,067-0,652; Wald, -0,915; p = 0,003) e o &#237;ndice de Tei do TDI lateral (<italic>OR</italic>, 31,21; intervalo de confian&#231;a, 54,6-177,4; Wald, 3.046; p = 0,025) previram a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE significativamente diminu&#237;da.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD entre as estimula&#231;&#245;es do VD septal e apical</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Septo VD (n = 13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>&#193;pice VD (n = 16)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p*</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Antes do implante de MP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>No &#250;ltimo seguimento</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Antes do implante de MP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>No &#250;ltimo seguimento</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64,16 &#177; 1,75</td>
                <td align="center">61,43 &#177; 2,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 </td>
                <td align="center">65,21 &#177; 2,08</td>
                <td align="center">64,22 &#177; 3,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndices Doppler do Fluxo Mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">90,72 &#177; 13,81</td>
                <td align="center">95,38 &#177; 9,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
                <td align="center">90,53 &#177; 11,45</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 18,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">61,46 &#177; 15,19</td>
                <td align="center">56,69 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,316</td>
                <td align="center">65,87 &#177; 18,31</td>
                <td align="center">67,06 &#177; 19,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,483</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
                <td align="center">0,142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EDT(ms)</td>
                <td align="center">170,38 &#177; 23,54</td>
                <td align="center">172,07 &#177; 17,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
                <td align="center">170,68 &#177; 24,06</td>
                <td align="center">172,8 &#177; 25,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,811</td>
                <td align="center">0,931</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TDI da V&#225;lvula do Anel Mitral Lateral</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#180;(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 3,41</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 &#177; 3,31</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 4,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A&#180;(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6,41 &#177; 2,13</td>
                <td align="center">6,22 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 2,11</td>
                <td align="center">8,12 &#177; 2,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,235</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#180;</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,512</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 1,29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice Tei</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,529</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TDI da V&#225;lvula do Anel Mitral Septal</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#180;(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">15,30 &#177; 4,23</td>
                <td align="center">14,84 &#177; 3,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,765</td>
                <td align="center">15,12 &#177; 3,28</td>
                <td align="center">13,81 &#177; 3,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
                <td align="center">0,470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A&#180;(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7,23 &#177; 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">7,24 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,991</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2,55</td>
                <td align="center">6,56 &#177; 2,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#180;</td>
                <td align="center">6,19 &#177; 1,11</td>
                <td align="center">6,68 &#177; 1,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,294</td>
                <td align="center">6,11 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">6,13 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,931</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tei index</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>p*: septo vs. &#225;pice no ultimo seguimento.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>DT: E-wave deceleration time; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; PM: Pacemaker; RV: Right ventricular; TDI: Tissue doppler imaging.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a onda E&#8217; e o &#237;ndice Tei do TDI no anel lateral mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0184-50077-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo confirma que a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica a partir do &#225;pice do VD produz diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e demonstra tamb&#233;m a superioridade da estimula&#231;&#227;o septal nesse contexto.</p>
        <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD foi relatada previamente em animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Aoyagi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> mostraram que a assincronia do movimento da parede prolonga o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) do VE em c&#227;es; essa defici&#234;ncia foi correlacionada com o grau de assincronia do movimento da parede. Na pesquisa realizada por Kolettis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estimula&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VD, a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD diminuiu o dp/dt m&#225;ximo negativo e aumentou o TRIV. Estes resultados foram confirmados em uma an&#225;lise de nove estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, relatando um benef&#237;cio significativo da via de sa&#237;da do VD sobre a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical. Por outro lado, algumas investiga&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> concentraram-se na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Forwalt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> avaliaram os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular aguda em crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; terapia de abla&#231;&#227;o; os autores observaram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD resultou em dissincronia sist&#243;lica aguda, com a sincronia diast&#243;lica preservada. No entanto, Koh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> forneceram evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o apical cr&#244;nica do VD, relacionada com a presen&#231;a de dissincronia do VE. Em nosso estudo, os &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos prejudicados no anel mitral lateral poderiam estar associados com o padr&#227;o induzido pela estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD, caracterizada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do VD e ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia da parede lateral do VE.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de Tei foi usado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em uma grande variedade de diagn&#243;sticos em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; ele &#233; o mais preciso para detectar ambas as disfun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e combinada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Considerando-se que os resultados da nossa pesquisa refletem o elevado valor preditivo desse par&#226;metro, ele poderia ser utilizado como uma ferramenta ecocardiogr&#225;fica para prever a deteriora&#231;&#227;o de ambas as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, em pacientes com a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Dos dois locais avaliados, o septo do VD mostrou impedir a redu&#231;&#227;o induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Michel Cabrera Ortega pelo Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico William Soller.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
