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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JsMkmqB5qJrXfshCZ4zLTPD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100176</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduced Progression of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy with Routine Use of Induction Therapy with Basiliximab</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura,</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Diniz Affonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Newton Fernando Stadler</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salvatti</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Boing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Wang,</bold> Avenida Francisco Sales 1111, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Postal Code 30150-221, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rwang@cardiol.br</email>; <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Wang R, Moura LAZ, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Faria-Neto JR. Acquisition of data:Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR. Statistical analysis: Wang R, Faria-Neto JR. Obtaining financing: Wang R, Lopes SV, Souza Filho NS, Faria-Neto JR. Writing of the manuscript:Wang R, Moura LAZ, Faria-Neto JR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>176</fpage>
      <lpage>183</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major limitation for long-term survival of patients undergoing heart transplantation (HT). Some immunosuppressants can reduce the risk of CAV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The primary objective was to evaluate the variation in the volumetric growth of the intimal layer measured by intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) after 1 year in patients who received basiliximab compared with that in a control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirteen patients treated at a single center between 2007 and 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluations were performed with IVUS, measuring the volume of a coronary segment within the first 30 days and 1 year after HT. Vasculopathy was characterized by the volume of the intima of the vessel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Thirteen patients included (7 in the basiliximab group and 6 in the control group). On IVUS assessment, the control group was found to have greater vessel volume (120&#8211;185.43 mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 127.77&#8211;131.32 mm3; p = 0.051). Intimal layer growth (i.e., CAV) was also higher in the control group (27.30&#8211;49.15 mm<sup>3</sup> [&#8710;80%] vs. 20.23&#8211;26.69 mm<sup>3</sup> [&#8710;33%]; p = 0.015). Univariate regression analysis revealed that plaque volume and prior atherosclerosis of the donor were not related to intima growth (r = 0.15, p = 0.96), whereas positive remodeling was directly proportional to the volumetric growth of the intima (r = 0.85, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Routine induction therapy with basiliximab was associated with reduced growth of the intima of the vessel during the first year after HT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / admininstration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunosuppressive Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>With increased survival among heart transplantation (HT) patients, mainly due to improvements in immunosuppression, the incidence of late complications, including cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, has increased. CAV is characterized by progressive obliteration of vessels due to intimal proliferation and is considered a major cause of graft dysfunction in the first year after HT and the second most common cause of long-term death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Lymphocytes play an important role in both acute and chronic graft rejection. The immunological and non-immunological factors implicated in the pathogenesis of CAV converge by activating T lymphocytes (TL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, as demonstrated by Nagano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Animal models in which these cells were blocked did not develop vasculopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Thus, T lymphocyte blockade has been the objective of therapies for the prevention of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Basiliximab is a chimeric antibody receptor antagonist of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and is indicated in induction therapy for patients at high risk of rejection after organ transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. IL-2 is a potent immunomodulator that plays an important role in the activation and maintenance of the immune response and lymphocyte proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; furthermore, it is a key step in the development of acute rejection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Blockage of TL proliferation and reduced acute rejection can delay the onset of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The aim of this study was to determine whether blockage of IL-2 with basiliximab early in the transplantation process has an effect superior to placebo in decreasing the growth of the vessel intima during the first year following HT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of the database from a single center, including patients who underwent HT from September 2007 through March 2009. The patients were separated in two groups according to the induction therapy: those treated with basiliximab (Simulect&#174;; Novartis, NJ, USA) and those who received no induction therapy (control group). In our institution the use of basiliximab became routine in July 2008; therefore, a comparison was made to a series of cases before and after this period. In this period, there was no difference regarding surgical technique, preservation, or other adjuvant medications. We included only patients who had clinical and ultrasound follow-up for at least 1 year. We excluded patients who did not comply with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) follow-up or whose images in the database were inadequate to allow such analysis. The study was approved by local Ethics Committee (protocol 0005154/11).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Endpoints</title>
        <p>The primary objective was to compare the two groups with regard to volumetric growth of the intimal layer measured by IVUS after 1 year. The secondary objective was to evaluate the remodeling of the vessel and lumen volume and donor atherosclerosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunosuppression protocol</title>
        <p>Immunosuppression was performed in the basiliximab group at a dose of 20 mg IV, together with 500 mg methylprednisolone in three daily doses and 150 mg mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in two doses on the day of transplantation; on the fifth day, another dose of 20 mg IV basiliximab was administered; on that day, therapy with cyclosporine was initiated. In the control group, immunosuppression was conducted with methylprednisolone and MMF at the same dosage; in addition, cyclosporine was initiated on the day of transplantation at the same dosage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of vasculopathy</title>
        <p>As part of the HT protocol, patients are routinely evaluated with angiography and intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) only at the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. This evaluation is performed 30 days after HT and then repeated annually.</p>
        <p>Coronary angiography and IUVS were performed concurrently with an endomyocardial biopsy. To perform the procedure, a 6F introducer was introduced into the femoral artery, followed by catheterization of the left coronary artery. Unfractionated heparin (100 IU/kg) was instilled intravenously together with an intracoronary dose of isosorbide mononitrate (10 mg). The ultrasound examination was performed with an Atlantis&#174; catheter (Boston Scientific Scimed Inc., Maple Grove, Minn.) and a 4.3 Fr catheter with a 40-MHz transducer. The IVUS catheter was positioned in the distal LAD artery; automatic pullback was performed with a velocity of 1 mm/s and an acquisition rate of 30 frames/s. The images were stored on a compact disk and analyzed using ILab&#174; software (Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IVUS Analysis</title>
        <p>To provide monitoring of the same segment, a 10-mm segment was selected just after the output of the first diagonal. Segment analysis was methodologically validated in a manner similar to that previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Analysis was performed on the first computed tomography (CT) slice after the departure of the diagonal branch, marking the beginning of the segment; then each image is evaluated every 30 cuts (1-mm interval between analyses), until 10 segment images (10 mm) are completed. The analysis consists of a manual outlining of the lumen and external elastic membrane (EEM), calculating the lumen area and EEM area. Measurements were performed as standardized by the American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The intimal area was calculated by subtracting the area of the lumen minus EEM. Calculation of the volume of the vessel lumen and intima was carried out using the method described by Simpson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The volume percent was calculated according the following formula: {&#8721; (EEM area &#8722; lumen area)/&#8721; EEem area &#215; 100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous data were expressed as median plus 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Categorical data were expressed as absolute numbers. Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate differences in continuous data, and due to the small sample size, we used Mann&#8211;Whitney test for evaluation of the differences in IVUS findings. A simple linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between previous atherosclerosis and intimal growth as well as the relationship between intimal and vessel growth after 1 year, using Pearson correlation coefficients. For categorical data, the differences were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. A two sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was required for statistical significance. Analyses were performed with SPSS 12.0 software (Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the period from 2007&#8211;2009, 23 HTs were performed in our institution. Two patients died during the perioperative period, and three during the first year of follow-up. Two patients were excluded from the present study due to inadequate IVUS images, and 3 patients only underwent IVUS study beyond 13 months of follow-up. We evaluated 13 patients, of whom 7 received basiliximab (basiliximab group) and 6 did not (control group). Demographic data are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The patients were predominantly male (n = 10); the median age was 55 years in the basiliximab group and 47.5 years in the control group. Three patients in the control group developed acute renal failure in the postoperative period, characterized by a serum creatinine &gt; 0.5 mg/dL, whereas no patients in the basiliximab group developed this complication. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and angiotensin receptors were similar between the groups (p = NS), and creatinine levels were somewhat higher in the control group. The use of inhibitors and statins was higher in the basiliximab group. Only a few patients received everolimus/sirolimus during follow-up: one in the basiliximab group and two in the control group. However, all patients received mycophenolate mofetil. No patient received a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus confirmed by serology. The number of rejection episodes was similar in both groups. Two patients in the basiliximab group and three in the control group underwent a biopsy with 2R; they required hospitalization and underwent pulse therapy with intravenous corticosteroids.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient demographics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="left">Basiliximab group (n = 7)</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 6)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (n)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">N.S. <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">55 [40-65]</td>
              <td align="center">47.5 [40-59]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure after transplantation</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rejection</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Biopsy (during first year after transplantation)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0R</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1R</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2R</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Coronary angiography</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ISHLT CAV<sub>0</sub><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">229 [179-243]</td>
              <td align="center">180[152-249]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">223 [176-450]</td>
              <td align="center">150 [129.2-232]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL (md/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">48 [36-52]</td>
              <td align="center">38 [28-44]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">85 [83-98]</td>
              <td align="center">93 [82-105]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 [1.2-1,4]</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 [1.4;-1.6]</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Imunossupressor:</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prednisone</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Micophenolate mofetil</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cyclosporine</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Everolimus/rapamicin</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Other medications</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">N.S.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>N.S.: Not significant;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>ISHLT CAV<sub>0</sub>: International Society of Heart Lung Transplantation definition of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (reference: JHLT 2010;29(7):717-727.)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Coronary angiography performed during the first year following HT did not detect the presence of significant vascular disease (e.g., CAV), based on the new classification of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The data obtained by IVUS are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>. In the control group, vessel volume (delineated by the EEM) exhibited positive remodeling (increase in volume growth of 49.39 mm<sup>3</sup>), whereas in the basiliximab group, the effect was reversed (negative remodeling: &#8211;4.17 mm<sup>3</sup>), with a trend toward statistical significance (p = 0.051). The findings were similar with regard to luminal volume (-11.53 &#215; 17.3 mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0.051). Regarding the intimal layer (plate), a higher rate of growth (follow-up volume minus baseline volume) occurred in the control group (baseline value: 27.3 mm<sup>3</sup>; control group: 49.15 mm<sup>3</sup>; basiliximab group: 20.23&#8211;26.69 mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0.015; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Graphs 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of volumes obtained with IVUS</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Vessel Previous</th>
              <th align="center">Vessel after</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Lumen previous</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">Lumen after</th>
              <th align="center">Intima previous</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Intima after</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Basiliximab group</td>
              <td align="center">131.32 [101.69;202,06]</td>
              <td align="center">127.77 [110.39;174,05]</td>
              <td align="center">113.22 [82.67;144,70]</td>
              <td align="center">99.23 [87.86;123,36]</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">20.23 [9.65;29,11]</td>
              <td align="center">26.69 [14.65;39,24]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Control group</td>
              <td align="center">120.77 [111.92;191,57]</td>
              <td align="center">185.43 [142.23;229,76]</td>
              <td align="center">103.31 [86.52;149,16]</td>
              <td align="center">134.96 [105.50;158,79]</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">27.30 [13.65;42,41]</td>
              <td align="center">4915 [39.76;82,89]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p value</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">0,042</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">0,05</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">0,62</td>
              <td align="center">0,05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f01">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of the volume change at 1 year after transplantation. A: Variation in the vessel. B: Variation in the lumen. C: Variation in the intima</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f02">
        <label>Graph 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Growth of plaque volume in patients undergoing induction therapy with basiliximab</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f03">
        <label>Graph 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Plaque volume in patients who received no induction therapy</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In simple linear regression analysis assessment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Graph 4B</xref>), previous atherosclerosis was not associated with increased growth of the intima (r = 0.15; p = 0.96). Positive remodeling (increase in EEM) was associated with a greater increase in intimal volume (r = 0.85; p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Graph 4A</xref>).</p>
      <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f04">
        <label>Graff 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A. Vessel growth according to intimal growth. B. Impact of previous plaque atherosclerosis on CAV growth</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study revealed the following findings. (1) The use of induction therapy with basiliximab was associated with less intimal tissue growth in the first year after HT. (2) In the control group, we observed greater positive remodeling, which was probably related to increased intimal growth observed in this group. (3) With simple linear regression analysis, vessel growth was proportional to the increase of the plaque regardless of induction therapy. (4) Atherosclerosis in the donor was not associated with increased growth of the intima.</p>
      <p>Graft vascular disease begins with endothelial injury, followed by a repair process, cell proliferation, and accumulation of extracellular matrix<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The degree of organ preservation, ischemia/reperfusion injury, acute rejection, and viral infection (particularly cytomegalovirus) are cited as the main non-immunological factors that affect the endothelium in the first year after HT. In response to injury, endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule, intercellular cell adhesion molecule, and selectins); furthermore, recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines occur. This results in a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation, culminating in the obliteration of the lumen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Growth inhibition by basiliximab, which exhibits its action 4&#8211;6 weeks after infusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, reinforces the relationship between early recruitment of lymphocytes and the appearance of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tori et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and Young et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observed that the infiltration and activation of lymphocytes in the first days after HT are already sufficient for the appearance of CAV. The specific activation pathway of major histocompatibility complex II and proliferation of Th1 lymphocytes are considered to be the primary route of CAV formation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Blocking various parts of this pathway has been proven effective in reducing the appearance of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. IL-2 also plays a major role in the activation pathway of T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes, and this could explain the benefit of the use of basiliximab in the first weeks after HT to interrupt the cycle of injury and repair, thus preventing the chronic inflammatory process.</p>
      <p>The reduction of intimal growth induction therapy is not a new finding<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observed that induction therapy with antithymocyte antibody (antithymocyte globulin, ATG) delays the onset of CAV. However, the effect did not translate into increased long-term survival. In addition, a higher incidence of cancer is observed in patients treated with ATG, which may explain the higher late mortality rate in this group. Long-term follow-up is indicated to determine the benefit and/or clinical harm of this therapy. As basiliximab is not associated with increased infection or neoplasia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, we expect a clinical benefit.</p>
      <p>In the global registry of the ISHLT, the use of basiliximab for induction therapy has a neutral effect on CAV (relative risk [RR]: 1.16; confidence interval [CI]: 0.99&#8211;1.37); however, CAV increased with the use of muromonab-CD3 (OKT3; RR: 1.17; p = 0.038)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This effect is probably due to selection bias. Patients with a higher risk of acute rejection in the post-transplantation period and those who have higher levels of a reactor panel of antibodies (PRA) are at greatest risk of developing CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Another example of selection bias occurs with induction therapy, correlates with IL-2 receptor antagonists, and a risk of renal dysfunction, and this medication is indicated for patients at high risk for renal failure after transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>As in atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, we observed positive remodeling to accommodate the increase of the intima, thus avoiding involvement of the arterial lumen. In previous studies, most intimal tissue growth and positive remodeling occurred during the first year post-HT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. From the second year onward, despite a lower growth of the intima, there is greater involvement of the arterial lumen due to negative vessel remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. We found variation in the natural history of the process in patients treated with basiliximab. We also found a slight decrease in vessel remodeling and luminal volume reduction; however, to date, we do not know how it will progress following the second year.</p>
      <p>In our institution, induction therapy with basiliximab is routinely performed with the goal of delaying the onset of the need for caucineurin inhibitors and minimizing the nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Candidates for HT have a high prevalence of renal dysfunction; furthermore, after HT, renal function may deteriorate, particularly because of the use of nephrotoxic drugs, low cardiac output, and impaired cardiopulmonary bypass. Moreover, acute renal failure is associated with a poor outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Due to low sensitivity of coronary angiography in detecting early CAV, IVUS is used in our institution for CAV research, because its high sensitivity and specificity provide an earlier diagnosis of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Clinically, IVUS has a good correlation with angiography; thus, it is a good prognostic tool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Some evidence exists that early diagnosis of CAV, together with the adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy is associated with growth control. Furthermore, some studies have reported regression of CAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The volumetric measurement of the plate by IVUS has been previously validated by experimental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and clinical studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. This methodology has a strong correlation with histomorphometry. Moreover, it is a robust method and requires a smaller sample to demonstrate the effectiveness of strategies that have an impact on reducing the intima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of this study is its small sample size, possible bias in patient selection, and retrospective nature. Thus, a prospective, multicenter, randomized study with a larger sample size, which extends clinical follow-up to assess the long-term benefit, is indicated. Furthermore, our control group had greater plaque volume, probably due to atherosclerosis of the donor; this may have affected the outcome, as suggested by a recent study by Yamasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. However, in our study, plaque volume did not correlate with higher growth of the intima (r = 024; p = 0.94), a finding that is consistent with those of previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this retrospective analysis, induction therapy with basiliximab was associated with less volumetric growth of intimal tissue (graft vasculopathy) in the first year after HT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ricardo Wang, from Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o da Progress&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Vascular do Enxerto Card&#237;aco com o Uso Rotineiro da Terapia de Indu&#231;&#227;o com Basiliximab</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Wang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Diniz Affonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Newton Fernando Stadler</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salvatti</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Boing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Wang,</bold> Avenida Francisco Sales 1111, Santa Efig&#234;nia, CEP 30150-221, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rwang@cardiol.br</email>; <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Wang R, Moura LAZ, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Faria-Neto JR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Wang R, Faria-Neto JR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Wang R, Lopes SV, Souza Filho NS, Faria-Neto JR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wang R, Moura LAZ, Faria-Neto JR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Wang R, Moura LAZ, Lopes SV, Costa FA, Souza Filho NS, Fernandes TL, Salvatti NB, Faria-Neto JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto (DVE) constitui uma grande limita&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco (TxC). Alguns imunossupressores diminuem o aparecimento da DVE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O principal objetivo foi avaliar, atrav&#233;s de ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (USIC), a varia&#231;&#227;o do crescimento volum&#233;trico da camada &#237;ntima e comparar, ap&#243;s um ano, o grupo que recebeu basiliximab com um grupo de controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Treze pacientes de um &#250;nico centro foram analisados retrospectivamente de 2007 a 2009. As an&#225;lises foram feitas atrav&#233;s de USIC, medindo-se o volume de um segmento coronariano nos primeiros 30 dias e um ano ap&#243;s o TxC. A vasculopatia foi caracterizada pelo volume da camada &#237;ntima do vaso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 13 pacientes (7 no grupo com o basiliximab e 6 no grupo de controle). A an&#225;lise por USIC revelou que o grupo de controle apresentou maior crescimento volum&#233;trico do vaso (131,32 a 127,77 mm<sup>3</sup> x 120 a 185,43 mm<sup>3</sup> p = 0,051). O crescimento da camada &#237;ntima (CCI) tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo de controle [Basiliximab: 20,23 a 26,69 mm<sup>3</sup> (&#8710; 33%); Controle: 27,30 a 49,15 mm<sup>3</sup> (&#8710; 80% p = 0,015)]. De acordo com a regress&#227;o univariada, o volume da placa ateroscler&#243;tica pr&#233;via do doador n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com o crescimento da &#237;ntima (r = 0,15, p = 0,96), enquanto que o remodelamento positivo do vaso foi diretamente proporcional ao crescimento da &#237;ntima (r = 0,85, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o de rotina com basiliximab est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do crescimento da camada &#237;ntima do vaso no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Vasculares / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupressores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com o aumento da sobrevida no transplante card&#237;aco (TxC), principalmente devido a uma melhor imunossupress&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, inclusive a doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto (DVE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, torna-se mais frequente. A DVE caracteriza-se por uma oblitera&#231;&#227;o progressiva dos vasos devido &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e &#233; considerada a principal causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto ap&#243;s o primeiro ano do TxC e a segunda causa mais comum de morte a longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os linf&#243;citos desempenham um papel importante na rejei&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ou aguda de enxertos. Fatores imunol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o-imunol&#243;gicos envolvidos na patog&#234;nese da DVEc concorrem para a ativa&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos T (LT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, conforme demonstrado por Nagano e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. N&#227;o houve desenvolvimento de vasculopatia em modelos animais nos quais os LT foram bloqueados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Portanto, o bloqueio de linf&#243;citos T tem sido tema de novas terapias para a preven&#231;&#227;o da DVEc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>O basiliximab &#233; um anticorpo quim&#233;rico antagonista do receptor da interleucina 2 (IL2), indicado na terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o em pacientes de alto risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s transplantes de &#243;rg&#227;os<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A IL2 &#233; um potente imunomodulador que desempenha um papel importante na ativa&#231;&#227;o, manuten&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; al&#233;m de ser o mediador de um passo fundamental no desenvolvimento da rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O bloqueio da prolifera&#231;&#227;o de LT e a redu&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda podem retardar o aparecimento da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o bloqueio precoce da IL2 (basiliximab) ap&#243;s o transplante foi superior ao do placebo na redu&#231;&#227;o do crescimento da camada &#237;ntima do vaso, durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Conduzimos uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva do banco de dados de um &#250;nico centro, incluindo pacientes que foram submetidos a TxC entre setembro de 2007 e mar&#231;o de 2009. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o: com basiliximab (Simulect&#174;; Novartis, New Jersey, USA)- Grupo 1 ou sem terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o&#8211;Grupo 2. Considerando que o uso de basiliximab se tornou rotineiro em julho de 2008 em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a compara&#231;&#227;o foi feita entre s&#233;ries de casos anteriores e posteriores a esse per&#237;odo. No per&#237;odo anterior n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, preserva&#231;&#227;o ou outras medica&#231;&#245;es adjuvantes. Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os pacientes que tiveram acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e por ultrassonografia por pelo menos um ano. Pacientes que n&#227;o cumpriram o acompanhamento com USIC ou cujas imagens no banco de dados eram inadequadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. O estudo teve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (protocolo 0005154/11).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros</title>
          <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi comparar, atrav&#233;s de USIC, o crescimento volum&#233;trico da camada &#237;ntima dos dois grupos ap&#243;s um ano. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar o remodelamento do vaso, o volume do l&#250;men e a aterosclerose do doador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de Imunossupress&#227;o</title>
          <p>A imunossupress&#227;o realizada no Grupo 1 foi feita com basiliximab na dose de 20 mg IV, juntamente com 500 mg de metilpredinisolona, em 3 doses di&#225;rias, e 150 mg de micofenolato mofetil (MMF), em duas doses no dia do transplante; no quinto dia, administrou-se outra dose de 20 mg de basimiximab; nesse dia, iniciou-se a terapia com ciclosporina. No Grupo 2, a imunossupress&#227;o foi realizada com metilpredinisolona e mmF na mesma dosagem; e a terapia com ciclosporina teve in&#237;cio no dia do transplante na mesma dosagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da vasculopatia</title>
          <p>Como parte do protocolo de TxC, os pacientes s&#227;o avaliados rotineiramente atrav&#233;s de angiografia e de ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (USIC)&#8211;realizada apenas na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA). Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada 30 dias ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco e repetida anualmente.</p>
          <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria e a ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria foram realizadas concomitantemente com uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o de um introdutor 6F na art&#233;ria femoral, realizou-se a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Heparina n&#227;o fracionada (100 UI/kg) foi instilada por via intravenosa, juntamente com uma dose intracoron&#225;ria de mononitrato de isossorbida (10 mg). O exame ultrassonogr&#225;fico foi realizado com um cateter Atlantis&#174; (Boston Scientific Scimed Inc., Maple Grove, Minn.) &#233; um cateter 4,3 Fr com um transdutor de 40 MHz. O cateter de USIC foi posicionado na ADA distal; o recuo autom&#225;tico foi realizado a uma velocidade de 1 mm/seg e a taxa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi de 30 quadros/sec. As imagens foram armazenadas em um <italic>compact disc</italic> (CD) e analisadas com o programa ILab (Boston Scientific Scimed Inc.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise do USCI</title>
          <p>A fim de permitir o monitoramento de um mesmo segmento, selecionou-se uma amostra de 10 mm logo ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da da primeira diagonal. A an&#225;lise do segmento foi validada metodologicamente de forma semelhante a descri&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A an&#225;lise foi feita no primeiro corte tomogr&#225;fico (CT) ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da do ramo diagonal, demarcando o in&#237;cio do segmento; uma imagem foi ent&#227;o avaliada a cada 30 cortes (1 mm de intervalo entre as an&#225;lises), at&#233; que se completassem 10 imagens do segmento (10 mm). A an&#225;lise consiste de um delineamento manual do l&#250;men e da membrana el&#225;stica externa (MEE) e do c&#225;lculo das &#225;reas do l&#250;men e da MEE; as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas conforme padroniza&#231;&#227;o do American College of Cardiology / European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A &#225;rea intimal foi calculada subtraindo-se a MEE da &#225;rea luminal. O c&#225;lculo do volume do l&#250;men do vaso e da &#237;ntima foi feito de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Simpson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O volume percentual foi calculado de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: {&#8721; (&#225;rea da MEE&#8211;&#225;rea do l&#250;men) / &#8721; &#225;rea MEE x 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como mediana e percentis de 25 e 75. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos como n&#250;meros absolutos. Devido ao tamanho reduzido da amostra, utilizou-se o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as dos achados da USIC. Modelos de regress&#227;o linear simples, atrav&#233;s de coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, foram utilizados para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose pr&#233;via e crescimento intimal, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre crescimento intimal e crescimento do vaso ap&#243;s um ano. Para dados categ&#243;ricos, as diferen&#231;as foram analisadas atrav&#233;s do teste exato de Fisher. Adotou-se um valor bilateral de p &lt; 0,05 para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. As an&#225;lises foram feitas utilizando-se o programa SPSS 12.0 (Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre 2007 e 2009, 23 transplantes card&#237;acos foram realizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o; dois pacientes foram a &#243;bito durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio e tr&#234;s durante o acompanhamento de um ano. Dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a imagens de USIC inadequadas e tr&#234;s pacientes por terem se submetido ao estudo de USIC depois de 13 meses. Avaliamos 13 pacientes, dos quais 7 foram tratados com basiliximab (Grupo 1) e 6 n&#227;o (Grupo 2). Os dados demogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo masculino (n = 10); com idade m&#233;dia de 55 anos no Grupo 1, e de 47,5 anos no Grupo 2. Tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo de controle desenvolveram, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, caracterizada por creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 0,5 mg/dL; nenhum dos pacientes do grupo tratado com basiliximab desenvolveu essa complica&#231;&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides e receptores de angiotensina foram similares (p = NS); os n&#237;veis de creatinina foram ligeiramente mais elevados no grupo de controle. O uso de inibidores e estatinas foi tamb&#233;m mais elevado no Grupo 1. Poucos pacientes receberam everolimus / sirolimus durante o acompanhamento: um do Grupo 1 e dois do Grupo 2. Entretanto, todos os pacientes receberam micofenolato mofetil. Nenhum paciente teve diagn&#243;stico de citomegalovirus confirmado por sorologia. O n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o foi similar em ambos os grupos. Dois pacientes do Grupo 1 e tr&#234;s do Grupo 2 submeteram-se &#224; bi&#243;psia 2R; eles necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e passaram por terapia de pulso com corticosteroides intravenosos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil Demogr&#225;fico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 (n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (n)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N.S. <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">55 [40-65]</td>
                <td align="center">47,5 [40-59]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal p&#243;s-transplante</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rejei&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Bi&#243;psia (no primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0R</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1R</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2R</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ISHLT CAV0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">229 [179-243]</td>
                <td align="center">180[152-249]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">223 [176-450]</td>
                <td align="center">150 [129.2-232]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (md/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48 [36-52]</td>
                <td align="center">38 [28-44]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">85 [83-98]</td>
                <td align="center">93 [82-105]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 [1,2-1,4]</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 [1,4;-1,6]</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Imunossupressor:</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prednisona</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Micofenolato mofetil</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ciclosporina</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Everolimus/rapamicina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Outras medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N.S.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>N.S.: N&#227;o significante;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>ISHLT CAV0: Defini&#231;&#227;o da International Society Heart Lung Transplantation para a doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto card&#237;aco (reference: JHLT 2010;29(7):717-727.)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com base na nova classifica&#231;&#227;o do IHLST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, a angiografia coron&#225;ria realizada durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco n&#227;o detectou presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular (DVE) significativa. Os dados de medi&#231;&#227;o do USIC est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>. No Grupo 2, o volume do vaso (delimitado pela MEE) exibiu remodelamento positivo (aumento volum&#233;trico de 49,39 mm<sup>3</sup>). No grupo 1 o efeito foi inverso (remodelamento negativo: - 4,17 mm<sup>3</sup>), com uma tend&#234;ncia para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,051). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume luminal, os achados foram similares (-11,53 x 17,3 mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0,051). Quanto &#224; camada &#237;ntima (placa), uma maior taxa de crescimento (volume ap&#243;s um ano menos o volume basal) ocorreu no Grupo 2 (valor basal: 27,3 mm<sup>3</sup>; Grupo 2: 49,15 mm<sup>3</sup>; Grupo 1: 20,23 a 26,69 mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0,015 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">gr&#225;ficos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da altera&#231;&#227;o do volume um ano ap&#243;s o transplante. A: Varia&#231;&#227;o do vaso. B: Varia&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men. C: Varia&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crescimento do volume da placa em pacientes em terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com basiliximab</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Volume da placa em pacientes sem terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise dos Volumes Obtidos no Ultrassom Intracoron&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Vaso pr&#233;vio</th>
                <th align="center">Vaso ap&#243;s</th>
                <th align="center">L&#250;men pr&#233;vio</th>
                <th align="center">L&#250;men ap&#243;s</th>
                <th align="center">&#205;ntima pr&#233;vio</th>
                <th align="center">&#205;ntima ap&#243;s</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basiliximab</td>
                <td align="center">131.32 [101.69;202,06]</td>
                <td align="center">127.77 [110.39;174,05]</td>
                <td align="center">113.22 [82.67;144,70]</td>
                <td align="center">99.23 [87.86;123,36]</td>
                <td align="center">20.23 [9.65;29,11]</td>
                <td align="center">26.69 [14.65;39,24]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">120.77 [111.92;191,57]</td>
                <td align="center">185.43 [142.23;229,76]</td>
                <td align="center">103.31 [86.52;149,16]</td>
                <td align="center">134.96 [105.50;158,79]</td>
                <td align="center">27.30 [13.65;42,41]</td>
                <td align="center">4915 [39.76;82,89]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valor de P</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">gr&#225;fico 4B</xref>), a aterosclerose pr&#233;via n&#227;o foi associada ao aumento de crescimento da &#237;ntima (r = 0,15; p = 0,96). Um remodelamento positivo (aumento da MEE) foi associado a um maior aumento do volume intimal (r = 0,85; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">gr&#225;fico 4A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A. Crescimento do vaso em fun&#231;&#227;o do crescimento intimal. B. Impacto da placa ateroscler&#243;tica pr&#233;via no crescimento da DVEc</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0176-50063-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#226;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou os seguintes achados: (1) O uso da terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com basiliximab foi associado a um menor crescimento do tecido intimal no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco; (2) No grupo de controle observou-se um remodelamento positivo maior, provavelmente relacionado ao aumento do crescimento intimal observado nesse grupo; (3) Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples, o crescimento do vaso foi proporcional ao aumento da placa, independentemente da terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o; (4) A aterosclerose do doador n&#227;o foi associada a um maior crescimento da &#237;ntima.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto tem in&#237;cio com uma les&#227;o endotelial, seguida por um processo de repara&#231;&#227;o, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e ac&#250;mulo de matriz extracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O grau de preserva&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o, les&#245;es por isquemia ou reperfus&#227;o, rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda e infec&#231;&#245;es virais (particularmente por citomegalovirus) s&#227;o citados como os principais fatores n&#227;o imunol&#243;gicos que afetam o endot&#233;lio no primeiro ano. Em resposta a uma les&#227;o, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais expressam mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular (VCAM, ICAM, e selectinas); al&#233;m disso, ocorre um recrutamento de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pro-inflamat&#243;rias. Isso resulta um c&#237;rculo vicioso com inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, culminando com a oblitera&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o de crescimento promovida pelo basiliximab, cuja a&#231;&#227;o &#233; exibida de quatro a seis semanas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, refor&#231;a a rela&#231;&#227;o de recrutamento precoce de LT com o aparecimento da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tori e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e Young e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observaram que a infiltra&#231;&#227;o e a ativa&#231;&#227;o de LT nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s um TxC j&#225; s&#227;o suficientes para o aparecimento da DVE. A ativa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica do MHC II e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos Th1 s&#227;o consideradas a via prim&#225;ria da forma&#231;&#227;o da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O bloqueio de v&#225;rias partes desse processo tem sido efetivo na redu&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A IL-2 tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante no mecanismo de ativa&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos Th1; isso pode explicar o benef&#237;cio do uso do basiliximab na interrup&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de les&#227;o e repara&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras semanas ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, prevenindo assim o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o do crescimento intimal na terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o constitui um achado novo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Zhang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observaram que a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo antitim&#243;cito (ATG) retarda o in&#237;cio da DVE; entretanto, o efeito n&#227;o significou um aumento de sobrevida de longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, observa-se uma maior incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer no grupo tratado com ATG; isso pode explicar a alta taxa de mortalidade nesse grupo. Indica-se um acompanhamento de longo prazo para determina&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio e/ou dano cl&#237;nico dessa terapia. Como o basiliximab n&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; neoplasia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, a expectativa &#233; de um benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>No registro mundial da International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation, o uso do basiliximab para a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o teve efeito neutro na DVE (RR: 1,16; CI: 0,99 a 1,37); entretanto, a DVE aumentou com o uso de OKT3 (RR: 1,17; p = 0,038)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse efeito deve-se, provavelmente, a um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com alto risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda p&#243;s-transplante e pacientes com n&#237;veis altos contra o painel de reatividade de anticorpos (PRA) t&#234;m o maior risco de desenvolver DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Outro exemplo de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o ocorre com a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o relacionada a receptores antagonistas da IL-2 e um risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal; essa medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; indicada para pacientes com alto risco de insufici&#234;ncia renal p&#243;s-transplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como na aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, observamos remodelamento positivo para acomodar o aumento da &#237;ntima, evitando assim o comprometimento do l&#250;men arterial. Em estudos pr&#233;vios, o maior crescimento do tecido intimal e o remodelamento positivo ocorreram durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. A partir do segundo ano, apesar do menor crescimento da &#237;ntima, ocorre maior comprometimento do l&#250;men arterial devido ao remodelamento negativo do vaso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Observou-se varia&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural do processo no grupo tratado com basiliximab. Observou-se tamb&#233;m um leve decr&#233;scimo do remodelamento do vaso e redu&#231;&#227;o do volume luminal. Entretanto, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o se sabe qual ser&#225; a evolu&#231;&#227;o desse processo a partir do segundo ano.</p>
        <p>Na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, fazemos rotineiramente a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o objetivando retardar o in&#237;cio dos inibidores de calcineurina e minimizar os efeitos nefrot&#243;xicos da ciclosporina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Candidatos ao transplante card&#237;aco t&#234;m uma alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal; al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal pode deteriorar-se ap&#243;s um transplante card&#237;aco, principalmente devido ao uso de drogas nefrot&#243;xicas, ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco comprometido e a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Adicionalmente, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda est&#225; associada a mau progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; baixa sensibilidade da angiografia coronariana para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da DVE, utilizamos a USIC em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o para investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre DVE. Devido &#224; sua alta sensibilidade e especificidade, essa t&#233;cnica permite um diagn&#243;stico precoce da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Clinicamente, a USIC apresenta uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a angiografia, sendo portanto uma boa ferramenta progn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que o diagn&#243;stico precoce da DVE, juntamente com ajustes na terapia imunossupressiva, esteja associado ao controle do seu crescimento. Existem, ainda, alguns relatos de regress&#227;o da DVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. A determina&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica da placa por USIC est&#225; validada atrav&#233;s de estudos experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Essa metodologia tem forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a histomorfometria; &#233; um m&#233;todo robusto, e requer uma pequena amostra para demonstrar a efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias impactantes na redu&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>As grandes limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo constituem o tamanho reduzido da amostra, um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e sua natureza retrospectiva. Assim, o indicado seria um estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e randomizado, com uma amostra maior, abrangendo acompanhamento cl&#237;nico para avalia&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios de longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, nosso grupo de controle apresentava volume da placa elevado, provavelmente devido &#224; aterosclerose do doador; isso pode ter influenciado os resultados, conforme sugerido em um estudo recente feito por Yamasaki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. No nosso estudo, por&#233;m, o volume da placa n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com maior crescimento da &#237;ntima (r = 024; p = 0,94); esse achado &#233; consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nessa an&#225;lise, a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com basiliximab apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com um menor crescimento volum&#233;trico do tecido intimal (doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto) no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p> Fontes de Financiamento </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p> Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ricardo Wang pela Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
