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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K6YMkzfPLLS5Qj65wfCgBRH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100168</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Role Of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Resistance to Drug Therapy in Patients with Resistant Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNICAMP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da UNICAMP, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Heleno Guimaraes Lacerda</bold>, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; UFMG. Rua Santa Rita do Sapuca&#237;, 70, Vale das Palmeiras. Postal Code: 35701168, Sete Lagoas, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>leandroguimaraes2011@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. Acquisition of data:Lacerda LHG, Sandrim VC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Faria AP, Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. Statistical analysis: Faria AP, Sandrim VC. Obtaining financing: Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. Writing of the manuscript:Lacerda LHG, Faria AP, Sandrim VC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lacerda LHG, Faria AP, Fontana V, Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>168</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite the increased evidence of the important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP&#8209;2) in the pathophysiology of hypertension, the profile of these molecules in resistant hypertension (RHTN) remains unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the plasma levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and of their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, respectively), as well as their MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios, between patients with controlled RHTN (CRHTN, n=41) and uncontrolled RHTN (UCRHTN, n=35). In addition, the association of those parameters with clinical characteristics, office blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness (determined by pulse wave velocity) was evaluate in those subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included 76 individuals diagnosed with RHTN and submitted to physical examination, electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests to assess biochemical parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Similar values of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were found in the UCRHTN and CRHTN subgroups (P&gt;0.05). A significant correlation was found between diastolic BP (DBP) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (r=0.37; P=0.02) and DPB and MMP-2 (r=-0.40; P=0.02) in the UCRHTN subgroup. On the other hand, no correlation was observed in the CRHTN subgroup. Logistic regression models demonstrated that MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and their ratios were not associated with the lack of BP control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These findings suggest that neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 affect BP control in RHTN subjects.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Matrix Metalllooproteinases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Endopeptidases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperaldosteronism/ physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is a clinical condition characterized by maintenance of blood pressure (BP) levels above goal (140/90 mm Hg), despite the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive agents of different classes. Ideally, one of these drugs should be a diuretic, and all agents should be prescribed at optimal doses [subgroup called uncontrolled RHTN (UCRHTN)]. The subgroup of resistant hypertensive patients whose BP is controlled using four or more drugs is known as controlled RHTN (CRHTN)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases, and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are primarily responsible for stromal matrix remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Currently, some evidence has also suggested that those molecules play a role in hypertensive processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Experimental hypertension studies have reported that the intima and media thickness of conduct vessels was associated with increased expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2, and this event could be prevented with non-selective MMP inhibitor (doxycycline) treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Previous studies have found that MMP-2 is upregulated in response to high intra-luminal pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, and its increased levels have been reported in the mammary arteries of hypertensive subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Evidence has suggested that MMP-2 can degrade big endothelin-1, thus promoting vasoconstrictor effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to suppress the vasodilation induced by &#946;-agonists in hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In hypertensive patients, increased MMP-9 activity may lead to degradation of elastin, while reduced TIMP-1 activity can lead to accumulation of fibrin degradation products, resulting in misdirected deposition of collagen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>These experimental studies have stimulated further investigation of MMPs and TIMPs as potential biomarkers in hypertension. The circulating concentration of these molecules may be associated with hypertension complications and prognosis, being therefore useful in clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In addition, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 may be directly associated with RHTN, playing a role in BP control in those patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although plasma MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels have been measured in hypertensive subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, these concentrations in RHTN patients are unknown. The present study is the first to compare the plasma levels of those molecules, as well as their ratios (MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2) between CRHTN and UCRHTN patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study included all 76 individuals diagnosed with RHTN on regular follow-up at the Resistant Hypertension Outpatient Clinic, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. Patients were classified into two subgroups, UCRHTN (n=35) and CRHTN (n=41), in accordance with the guidelines established by the American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent physical examination, electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests to assess biochemical parameters. Patients with secondary forms of hypertension as well as renal failure, ischemic heart, liver and peripheral vascular diseases, stroke, smoking or any other serious disease were properly identified and excluded from the study. Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed (Spacelabs 90207, Spacelabs Inc, Redmond, WA, USA) to exclude pseudo-resistant hypertension and to characterize CRHTN and UCRHTN patients. Treatment adherence was determined by pill counting (threshold of 80% or greater of the prescribed medication).</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Medical Sciences School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were aware of the nature of the research study and signed an informed consent before enrolling in the study.</p>
        <p>The following patients&#8217; parameters were evaluated: office BP; pulse wave velocity (PWV); plasma concentrations of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2; plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC); and plasma renin activity (PRA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Office BP measurements</title>
        <p>Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively) levels were assessed three times, using a digital sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-711DLX, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Bannockburn, IL, USA) on the right upper arm, in the sitting position, after a 10-minute rest. The mean of two consecutive measurements was used, with a variation lower than 5 mmHg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulse wave velocity assessment</title>
        <p>Pulse wave velocity was measured by using the Sphygmocor System (Atcor Medical, Sydney, Australia) with the patient in the supine position<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The PWVs of the right carotid and femoral arteries were analyzed, estimating the delay with respect to the electrocardiogram wave. Distance measurements were taken between the femoral recording site and the supra-sternal notch minus the distance from the supra-sternal notch to the carotid recording site. Carotid-femoral PWV was calculated by dividing the traveled distance by transit time [PWV = distance(m)/time(s)]. At least two measurements were performed; if they differed by more than 0.5 m/s, a third measurement was taken.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory assessments</title>
        <p>Blood samples for biochemical assessment were collected at 8 AM, after an overnight fasting. PAC and PRA were measured by using radioimmunoassay, with standard techniques. Plasma levels of biomarkers MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&amp;D System&#174;, Minneapolis, USA). Similarly, the plasma biomarkers MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were measured by using ELISA, following the manufacturer&#180;s instructions (RayBiotech&#174;, Georgia, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>The Statistical Analysis System, version 3.02 (GraphPad Prism Inc., 2000), and SigmaPlot version 12.0 (Systat software, Inc.) were used for all statistical analyses of the study.</p>
        <p>All values were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. The normality of distribution was assessed by using Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. The subgroups were compared by using Student&#180;s <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test, according to data distribution. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The correlation of biomarkers with clinical parameters was evaluated by using Pearson&#8217;s or Spearman&#180;s test. Regression models were performed to test the association of variables apart from potential confounders. The level of significance accepted was 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and laboratory data of both subgroups, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the plasma levels of biomarkers. As expected, increased values of SBP, DBP and PWV were found in UCRHTN as compared to CRHTN patients. No significant differences were observed regarding age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and biochemical parameters. Similar values of MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-2, and of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were found in the UCRHTN and CRHTN subgroups (P&gt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the resistant hypertension (RHTN) subgroups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>UCRHTN (n= 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CRHTN (n= 41)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Female gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (Kg/m2)</td>
              <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">158 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">136 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PWV (m/s) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">203 &#177; 50</td>
              <td align="center">202 &#177; 39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">126 &#177; 38</td>
              <td align="center">125 &#177; 35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">48 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">160 &#177; 96</td>
              <td align="center">149 &#177; 66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 7.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">125.4 &#177; 54.1</td>
              <td align="center">106.7 &#177; 34.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 1.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aldosterone (pg/mL) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">109.7 &#177; 82.0</td>
              <td align="center">101.1 &#177; 70.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Renin (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">22.4 &#177; 19.6</td>
              <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 18.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Antihypertensive drugs Total number (daily) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>4.6 &#177; 0.9</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>4.2 &#177; 0.9</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Spironolactone (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretics (%)</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blockers (%)</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARB (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CCB (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Centrally acting anti-hypertensive (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>UCRHTN: uncontrolled resistant hypertension; CRHTN: controlled resistant hypertension; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; LDL low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB; angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or percentage.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt;0.05 between groups.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of biomarkers in resistant hypertension (RHTN) subgroups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Biomarkers</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>UCRHTN (N= 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CRHTN (N= 41)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>MMP-9 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">253 &#177; 134</td>
              <td align="center">225 &#177; 121</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TIMP-1 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">499 &#177; 406</td>
              <td align="center">407 &#177; 249</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MMP-9/TIMP-1 Ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.68 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MMP-2 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">330 &#177; 71</td>
              <td align="center">312 &#177; 69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TIMP-2 (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">306 &#177; 132</td>
              <td align="center">339 &#177; 184</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MMP-2/TIMP-2 Ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.78</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>UCRHTN: uncontrolled resistant hypertension; CRHTN: controlled resistant hypertension; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor MMP-1; MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor MMP-2. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or percentage. * p &lt;0.05 between groups.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding antihypertensive medication, UCRHTN patients were taking a significantly higher number of anti-hypertensive drugs, demonstrated by the use of calcium channel blockers, as compared to controlled subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Correlation analyses for the UCRHTN subgroup indicated that DBP correlated with MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (r=0.37; P=0.02); however, DBP was inversely correlated with MMP-2 levels (r=-0.40; P=0.02). In that subgroup, PAC and age also correlated with MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (r = 0.57, p &lt;0.001 and r = -0.37, P = 0.02, respectively), and, only in that subgroup, MMP-2 correlated with age (r = 0.42, p = 0.01). In addition, these associations remained significant after adjusting for sex and BMI included in the linear regression model [beta coefficient=11.5, standard error (SE)=5.5, p=0.04; beta coefficient=-0.08, SE=0.04, p=0.04, respectively]. Finally, the plasma levels of the biomarkers mentioned above did not correlate with any clinical parameter in CRHTN subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>). Considering the entire RHTN group (n=76), we found that (i) the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was inversely associated with BMI (r=-0.25, p=0.03), but positively with aldosterone levels (r=0.24, p=0.04); and (ii) MMP-2 was inversely associated with DBP (r=-0.26, p=0.02), but positively with age (r=0.40, p&lt;0.001). Finally, logistic regression models demonstrated that MMP-9 and MMP-2, their tissue inhibitors-1 and -2 and ratios were not associated with the lack of BP control (data not shown) in RHTN when adjusting for sex, age and BMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation among clinical parameters and <italic>MMP-9, TIMP-1</italic> and <italic>MMP-9/TIMP-1</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Biomarkers</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SBP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>DBP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWV</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-9</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.23 (0.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (0.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (0.66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CRHTN</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>TIMP-1</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12 (0.44)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06 (0.67)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>r(p-value)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-9/TIMP-1 Ratio</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.07 (0.64)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12 (0.42)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02 (0.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-9</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (0.82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14 (0.41)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (0.82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>UCRHTN</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>TIMP-1</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.23 (0.17)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.33 (0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.07 (0.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>r (p-value)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-9/TIMP-1 Ratio</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.15 (0.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37 (0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02(0.91)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as correlation coefficient (p-value). CRHTN: controlled resistant hypertension; UCRHTN: uncontrolled resistant hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure, PWV: pulse wave velocity.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt;0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation among clinical parameters and MMP-2, TIMP-2 and MMP-2/TIMP-2</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Biomarkers</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SBP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>DBP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWV</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-2</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.01 (0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02 (0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.09 (0.54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CRHTN</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>TIMP-2</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.14 0.25)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (0.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (0.77)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>r (p-value)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-2/TIMP-2 Ratio</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.23 (0.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (0.75)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.24 (0.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-2</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.21 (0.20)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40 (0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 (0.29)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>UCRHTN</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>TIMP-2</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.21 (0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01 (0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (0.85)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>r (p-value)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>MMP-2/TIMP-2 Ratio</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.26 (0.11)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.28 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (0.72)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as correlation coefficient (p-value). CRHTN: controlled resistant hypertension; UCRHTN: uncontrolled resistant hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure, PWV: pulse wave velocity.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt;0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study to analyze the association of the biomarkers MMP-2 and MMP-9 with BP levels in the RHTN population. Interestingly, correlations of DBP and age with the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and DBP and MMP-2 were observed only in the UCRHTN subgroup. Plasma aldosterone levels and age also correlated with the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in UCRHTN. In this context, as previously demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the idea of several important differences in the pathophysiology of the RHTN subgroups should be reinforced. However, no association of the biomarkers with SBP was found, probably because DBP is a more stable variable than the systolic component.</p>
      <p>Under physiological conditions, balance between MMPs and TIMPs exists. On the other hand, in pathological processes, such as hypertension, an MMPs/TIMPs ratio imbalance contributes to the excessive degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, and results in pathological vascular remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> . Therefore, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio might be a better indicator of that process. Taken together, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in association with DBP levels in UCRHTN could strengthen the importance of some different phenotypes in the pathophysiology of uncontrolled patients.</p>
      <p>Inconsistent results have been found about the levels of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in essential hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. However, our study differs from this previous finding in evaluating gelatinases and their inhibitors in RHTN. It is well known that RHTN is associated with increased cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, but uncontrolled hypertensive patients are probably exposed to increased cardiovascular risk, which may reflect in a worse prognosis as compared to controlled subjects. Moreover, our study found an inverse correlation between MMP-2 and DBP in the UCRHTN subgroup, suggesting no association between MMP-2 and BP control in that subgroup.</p>
      <p>Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent endopeptidases, with that ion in the active site. Likewise, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) is also zinc-dependent and inhibited by ACE inhibitors, which are widely used in current antihypertensive treatment. Given this, MMP-9 may also be inhibited by ACE inhibitors by binding with zinc in the active site<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; this suggests that treatment with ACE inhibitors may inhibit MMP-9 activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although high MMP-9 levels were expected in the UCRHTN subgroup, this negative finding may be explained by the fact that all RHTN individuals have the hypertensive disease for a long time and take a great number of antihypertensive drugs, which could cause the decrease in MMP-9 activity, particularly related to the use of ACE inhibitors, as evidenced by several studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>For example, some studies have evaluated the relationship between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in patients with essential hypertension, and have shown that, after antihypertensive treatment, the circulating levels of those molecules were significantly higher in subjects with hypertension than in normotensive controls. In some cases, a reduction in plasma levels of MMP-9 and consequent increased levels of TIMP-1 have occurred after antihypertensive treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Other findings are as follows: MMP changes in TIMP profile, which favor decreased ECM degradation (decreased MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13 and increased TIMP-1), are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction; and increased TIMP-1 predicted the presence of chronic heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>In addition, significantly higher TIMP-1 levels have been reported in hypertensive individuals as compared with normotensive individuals; however, TIMP-1 levels are not elevated in hypertension alone, but only in patients with diastolic dysfunction and fibrosis. This suggests that TIMP-1 synthesis and release are independent of BP and probably dependent on a variety of neurohormonal factors, being a TIMP-1 level higher than 500 ng/mL an accurate indicator of dysfunction diastolic and damage to target organs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>One hypothesis to be raised about the increase of plasma levels of TIMP-1 is to generate a response to modulate or limit collagen degradation, thus contributing to the development of arterial stiffness. Unlike MMP-9, some studies indicate an increase of TIMP-1 after antihypertensive treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>In contrast, some studies have reported that increased TIMP-1 levels were associated with an increased incidence of hypertension and risk of BP progression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Other studies have shown the increase of TIMP-1 in normotensive <italic>vs</italic>. hypertensive subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, as well as unchanged<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> or decreased TIMP-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>In addition, TIMPs play an important role in cardiovascular remodeling processes, regardless of their MMP inhibitory activity, ie, such inhibitors may play an important role in BP, irrespective of the action of MMPs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pulse wave velocity is widely used as an arterial elasticity and stiffness index, and the arterial wall properties, such as thickness and lumen diameter, are the factors that most influence PWV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Pulse wave velocity is the gold standard method to measure arterial stiffness, plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and predicts mortality in patients with hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. The mechanisms involved in arterial stiffness are not completely understood; however, evidence has shown that this process is accompanied by complex mechanisms, including structural alterations of the ECM, including the participation of MMPs. In our study, the levels of gelatinases and TIMPs were not correlated with PWV values. These negative findings may be related to vascular stiffness in RHTN, as previously shown<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In addition, the stiffness of great arteries appears to be an inevitable consequence of aging, ie, this process becomes more pronounced at older ages, which, according to the authors, is the most important determinant of arterial stiffness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In this study, the arterial stiffness process may have been completed or lost, because the individuals were in advanced age, which is directly related to the increase in PWV and pulse pressure (PP), especially in the UCRHTN group. This may be an explanation for the lack of correlation of the biomarkers studied with PWV and PP.</p>
      <p>Primary aldosteronism is the second most common cause of RHTN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. This condition is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal gland, the major forms being the production of adenomas and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that patients with RHTN have increased aldosterone levels, but that is not due to primary aldosteronism. Previous works have shown that UCRHTN individuals have higher PAC as compared to CRHTN individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A study of 88 consecutive patients with RHTN has reported a 20% incidence of primary aldosteronism, defined by measuring two parameters: PRA and urinary aldosterone concentration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Consistent with these findings, other medical centers have reported a 17%&#8211;22% prevalence of primary aldosteronism in RHTN patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. High PAC leads to the remodeling of small and large arteries, causing collagen synthesis, which results in increased arterial stiffness and BP elevation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p> Although we found a positive correlation between PAC and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, hyperaldosteronism is known to be an independent risk factor in arterial hypertension and, thus, in the process of arterial stiffening<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study was the small number of UCRHTN and CRHTN patients enrolled. This study&#8217;s sample size was not calculated, because all 76 subjects on regular follow-up at the Resistant Hypertension Outpatient Clinic were included. Similarly, recent studies have demonstrated important findings, including in CRHTN and UCRHTN, with such a small population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. On the other hand, the lack of association in the main findings may be attributed to low statistical power or type II error. Moreover, antihypertensive drugs can influence the levels of MMP-9, as demonstrated by Fontana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and other studies previously cited. Multiple linear regression analyses was performed to predict biomarkers (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and their ratios) adjusted for antihypertensive drugs. These regression models indicated that only the beta-blocker use was a predictor of TIMP-1 levels and of MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in all RHTN subjects. However, this potential confounding factor did not affect our findings, because both controlled and uncontrolled subgroups had a similar proportion of beta-blocker use. Because of ethical concerns, antihypertensive drugs could not be withdrawn in the RHTN subjects to exclude the influence of those medications on the plasma levels of biomarkers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Briefly, although MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and MMP-2 were associated with DBP levels, aldosterone and age in the UCRHTN subgroup, this does not seem to influence resistance to antihypertensive therapy, because the biomarkers did not predict the lack of BP control in RHTN. Future prospective studies with a larger RHTN population should be carried out to confirm the present study&#8217;s findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This study was supported by the State of Minas Gerais Research Foundation (FAPEMIG), the State of S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG, FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Leandro Heleno Guimar&#227;es Lacerda, from Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel da MMP-2 e MMP-9 na Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Terapia Medicamentosa em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa</institution>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
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        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
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      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNICAMP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da UNICAMP, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Heleno Guimaraes Lacerda</bold>, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; UFMG. Rua Santa Rita do Sapuca&#237;, 70, Vale das Palmeiras. CEP: 35701168, Sete Lagoas, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>leandroguimaraes2011@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lacerda LHG, Sandrim VC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faria AP, Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Faria AP, Sandrim VC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lacerda LHG, Faria AP, Sandrim VC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Lacerda LHG, Faria AP, Fontana V, Moreno J&#250;nior H, Sandrim VC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A despeito da crescente evid&#234;ncia do importante papel das metaloproteinases da matriz extracelular (MMP-9 e MMP-2) na fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o, o perfil dessas mol&#233;culas na hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) permanece desconhecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9 e MMP-2 e seus inibidores teciduais (TIMP-1 e TIMP-2, respectivamente), assim como as suas raz&#245;es MMP-9/TIMP-1 e MMP-2/TIMP-2, entre pacientes com HAR controlada (HARC, n = 41) e HAR n&#227;o controlada (HARNC, n = 35). Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros com as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, press&#227;o arterial (PA) de consult&#243;rio e rigidez arterial (determinada pela velocidade da onda de pulso) foi avaliada nesses subgrupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 76 indiv&#237;duos com HAR submetidos a exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiografia e exames laboratoriais para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Valores semelhantes de MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, e raz&#245;es MMP-9/TIMP-1 e MMP-2/TIMP-2 foram encontrados nos subgrupos HARNC e HARC (p &gt; 0,05). Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 (r = 0,37; p = 0,02) e PAD e MMP-2 (r = -0,40; p = 0,02) no subgrupo HARNC. Por outro lado, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o no subgrupo HARC. Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstraram que MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e suas raz&#245;es n&#227;o se associaram com a falta de controle da PA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Esses achados sugerem que MMP-2 e MMP-9 n&#227;o afetem o controle da PA em indiv&#237;duos com HAR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinases da Matriz</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endopeptidases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperaldosteronismo/ fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica caracterizada pela persist&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) acima da meta (140/90 mmHg), a despeito do uso simult&#226;neo de tr&#234;s ou mais anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes. Idealmente, um desses f&#225;rmacos deve ser um diur&#233;tico, devendo todos ser prescritos em doses &#243;timas [subgrupo denominado HAR n&#227;o controlada (HARNC)]. O subgrupo de pacientes hipertensos resistentes, cuja PA &#233; controlada com quatro ou mais f&#225;rmacos, &#233; denominado HAR controlada (HARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>As metaloproteinases da matriz extracelular (MMPs), um grupo de endopeptidases dependentes de zinco e c&#225;lcio, e seus inibidores teciduais end&#243;genos (TIMPs) s&#227;o primariamente respons&#225;veis pelo remodelamento da matriz estromal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Hoje h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que essas mol&#233;culas desempenham um papel nos processos hipertensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos experimentais sobre hipertens&#227;o relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o da espessura da &#237;ntima e da m&#233;dia de vasos condutores com o aumento da express&#227;o de MMP-9 e MMP-2, podendo tal evento ser evitado com o uso de inibidor n&#227;o seletivo de MMP (doxiciclina)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram que a atividade da MMP-2 &#233; aumentada em resposta &#224; alta press&#227;o intraluminal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, sendo observada a eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis nas art&#233;rias mam&#225;rias de hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que MMP-2 possa degradar <italic>big</italic> endotelina-1, causando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Foi demonstrado que as MMPs suprimem a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por &#946;-agonistas em ratos hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em pacientes hipertensos, aumento da atividade de MMP-9 pode levar &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o de elastina, enquanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade de TIMP-1 pode levar ao ac&#250;mulo de produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina, resultando em deposi&#231;&#227;o desordenada de col&#225;geno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Esses estudos experimentais estimularam investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional de MMPs e TIMPs como potenciais biomarcadores na hipertens&#227;o. A concentra&#231;&#227;o circulante dessas mol&#233;culas pode estar associada com complica&#231;&#245;es e progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o, sendo &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 podem estar diretamente associadas com HAR, desempenhando um papel no controle da PA desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 tenham sido avaliados em hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, desconhecem-se tais concentra&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com HAR. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que compara os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dessas mol&#233;culas, assim como as raz&#245;es MMP-9/TIMP-1 e MMP-2/TIMP-2, entre pacientes com HARC e com HARNC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo transversal incluiu todos os 76 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com HAR em acompanhamento regular no ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Resistente, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois subgrupos, HARNC (n = 35) e HARC (n = 41), de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma e exames laboratoriais para avaliar par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. Os pacientes com formas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o, assim como, insufici&#234;ncia renal, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, hepatopatias, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, tabagismo ou outra doen&#231;a foram identificados e exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Realizou-se monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (Spacelabs 90207, Spacelabs Inc, Redmond, WA, EUA) para excluir hipertens&#227;o pseudo-resistente e caracterizar pacientes com HARC e HARNC. Ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi determinada pela contagem dos comprimidos (limiar de pelo menos 80% da medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita).</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil, tendo sido conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Todos os participantes foram informados da natureza de pesquisa deste estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado antes de serem arrolados neste estudo.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados: PA no consult&#243;rio; velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP); concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2; concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de aldosterona (CPA); e atividade de renina plasm&#225;tica (ARP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da PA no consult&#243;rio</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (PAS e PAD, respectivamente) foram avaliados tr&#234;s vezes, usando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital (Omron HEM-711DLX, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Bannockburn, IL, EUA) no bra&#231;o direito, com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e ap&#243;s descanso de 10 minutos. Utilizou-se a m&#233;dia de duas medidas consecutivas, com uma varia&#231;&#227;o inferior a 5 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso</title>
          <p>A VOP foi medida usando-se o <italic>Sphygmocor System</italic> (Atcor Medical, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia) com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Analisou-se a VOP nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e femoral direitas, estimando-se o retardo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda do eletrocardiograma. As medidas de dist&#226;ncia foram tomadas entre o s&#237;tio de registro femoral e a f&#250;rcula esternal menos a dist&#226;ncia da f&#250;rcula esternal at&#233; o s&#237;tio de registro carot&#237;deo. A VOP car&#243;tida-femoral foi calculada dividindo-se a dist&#226;ncia viajada pelo tempo de tr&#226;nsito [VOP = dist&#226;ncia(m)/tempo(s)]. Realizaram-se pelo menos duas medidas; se elas diferiram em mais de 0,5 m/s, uma terceira medida foi tomada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue pra os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram coletadas &#224;s 8 horas da manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um jejum noturno. As CPA e ARP foram medidas por radioimunoensaio, com as t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dos biomarcadores MMP-9 e TIMP-1 foram medidos usando-se o teste imunoenzim&#225;tico ELISA (<italic>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</italic>) (R&amp;D System&#174;, Minneapolis, EUA). De forma semelhante, os biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos MMP-2 e TIMP-2 foram medidos usando-se ELISA, conforme as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (RayBiotech&#174;, Georgia, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizaram-se a vers&#227;o 3.02 do <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>(GraphPad Prism Inc., 2000) e a vers&#227;o 12.0 do <italic>SigmaPlot</italic> (Systat software, Inc.) para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas deste estudo.</p>
          <p>Todos os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Avaliou-se a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o usando-se o teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. Os subgrupos foram comparados usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou de Mann-Whitney, conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Usou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A correla&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores com os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos foi avaliada com o teste de Pearson ou Spearman. Modelos de regress&#227;o foram realizados para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, corrigidas para os potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos dois subgrupos, e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dos biomarcadores. Como esperado, valores aumentados de PAS, PAD e VOP foram identificados em pacientes com HARNC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com HARC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. Valores similares de MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-2, raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 e raz&#227;o MMP-2/TIMP-2 foram observados nos subgrupos HARNC e HARC (P&gt;0,05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos subgrupos de hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HARNC (n= 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HARC (n= 41)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">158 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">203 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">202 &#177; 39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 96</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177; 66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia de jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">125,4 &#177; 54,1</td>
                <td align="center">106,7 &#177; 34,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aldosterona (pg/ml) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">109,7 &#177; 82,0</td>
                <td align="center">101,1 &#177; 70,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renina (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">22,4 &#177; 19,6</td>
                <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 18,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>Anti-hipertensivos</italic> N&#250;mero total (di&#225;rio) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>4,6 &#177; 0,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>4,2 &#177; 0,9</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores(%)</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anti-hipertensivos de a&#231;&#227;o central (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HARNC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente n&#227;o controlada; HARC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente controlada; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA; bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou percentagem.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 entre os grupos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos blomarcadores nos subgrupos de hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Biomarcadores</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HARNC (n= 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HARC (n= 41)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>MMP-9 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">253&#177; 134</td>
                <td align="center">225&#177;121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TIMP-1 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">499 &#177; 406</td>
                <td align="center">407 &#177; 249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MMP-2 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">330 &#177; 71</td>
                <td align="center">312 &#177; 69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TIMP-2 (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">306&#177; 132</td>
                <td align="center">339&#177;184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o MMP-2/TIMP-2</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,78</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HARNC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente n&#227;o controlada; HARC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente controlada; MMP-9: metaloproteinase da matriz extracelular-9; TIMP-1: inibidor tecidual da MMP-1; MMP-2: metaloproteinase da matriz extracelular-2; TIMP-2: inibidor tecidual da MMP-2. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou percentagem. * p &lt; 0,05 entre os grupos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, os pacientes com HARNC estavam tomando um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, demonstrado pelo uso de bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos controlados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o para o subgrupo HARNC indicaram que a PAD correlacionou-se com a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 (r=0,37; P=0,02); entretanto, a PAD relacionou-se inversamente com os n&#237;veis de MMP-2 (r=-0,40; P=0,02). Naquele subgrupo, CPA e idade tamb&#233;m se correlacionaram com a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 (r = 0,57, p &lt;0,001 e r = -0,37, P = 0,02, respectivamente) e, apenas naquele subgrupo, MMP-2 correlacionou-se com idade (r = 0,42, p = 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, essas associa&#231;&#245;es permaneceram significativas ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e IMC inclu&#237;dos no modelo de regress&#227;o linear [coeficiente beta = 11,5; erro padr&#227;o (EP) = 5,5, p=0,04; coeficiente beta = -0,08, EP = 0,04, p=0,04, respectivamente]. Por fim, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desses biomarcadores n&#227;o se correlacionaram com qualquer par&#226;metro cl&#237;nico nos indiv&#237;duos com HARC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>). Considerando-se todo o grupo HAR (n=76), observou-se que: (i) a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 associou-se inversamente com IMC (r=-0,25, p=0,03), mas positivamente com os n&#237;veis de aldosterona (r=0,24, p=0,04); e (ii) MMP-2 associou-se inversamente com PAD (r=-0,26, p=0,02), mas positivamente com idade (r=0,40, p&lt;0,001). Por fim, os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstraram que MMP-9 e MMP-2, seus inibidores teciduais 1 e 2 e suas raz&#245;es n&#227;o se associaram com a falta de controle da PA (dados n&#227;o mostrados) na HAR quando ajustados para sexo, idade e IMC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e <italic>MMP-9, TIMP-1</italic> e <italic>MMP-9/TIMP-1</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Biomarcadores</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>VOP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>MMP-9</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (0,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (0,66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HARC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>TIMP-1</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 (0,44)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 (0,67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>r(p-valor)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,07 (0,64)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12 (0,42)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02 (0,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>MMP-9</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (0,41)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (0,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HARNC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>TIMP-1</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,23 (0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,33 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,07 (0,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>r (p-valor)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,15 (0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 (0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02(0,91)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (p-valor); HARNC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente n&#227;o controlada; HARC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente controlada; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e <italic>MMP-2, TIMP-2</italic> e <italic>MMP-2/TIMP-2</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Biomarcadores</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>VOP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>MMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,01 (0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09 (0,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HARC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>TIMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,14 0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>r (p-valor)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Raz&#227;o MMP-2/TIMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,75)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,24 (0,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>MMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,21 (0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40 (0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HARNC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>TIMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,21 (0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01 (0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,85)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>r (p-valor)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Raz&#227;o MMP-2/TIMP-2</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,26 (0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (0,72)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (p-valor); HARNC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente n&#227;o controlada; HARC: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente controlada; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores MMP-2 e MMP-9 com os n&#237;veis de PA na popula&#231;&#227;o com HAR. Interessante notar que as correla&#231;&#245;es de PAD e idade com raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 e de PAD com MMP-2 foram observadas apenas no subgrupo HARNC. As CPA e idade tamb&#233;m correlacionaram-se com a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 na HARNC. Nesse contexto, como previamente demonstrado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, refor&#231;amos a ideia de v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as importantes na fisiopatologia dos subgrupos de HAR. Entretanto, n&#227;o se encontrou qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre os biomarcadores e PAS, provavelmente porque a PAD &#233; uma vari&#225;vel mais est&#225;vel do que o componente sist&#243;lico.</p>
        <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, existe equil&#237;brio entre MMPs e TIMPs. Por outro lado, nos processos patol&#243;gicos, como hipertens&#227;o, um desequil&#237;brio na raz&#227;o MMPs/TIMPs contribui para a degrada&#231;&#227;o excessiva das prote&#237;nas da matriz extracelular (MEC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, com consequente remodelamento vascular patol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Logo, a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 pode ser um melhor indicador daquele processo. Em conjunto, a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 em associa&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de PAD em HARNC poderia refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia de alguns fen&#243;tipos diferentes na fisiopatologia dos pacientes n&#227;o controlados.</p>
        <p>Resultados inconsistentes foram obtidos sobre os n&#237;veis das gelatinases (MMP-2 e MMP-9) na hipertens&#227;o essencial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Entretanto, nosso estudo difere desse achado anterior sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o das gelatinases e seus inibidores na HAR. Sabe-se que a HAR est&#225; associada com eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, mas hipertensos n&#227;o controlados est&#227;o provavelmente expostos a risco cardiovascular mais aumentado, o que pode refletir um pior progn&#243;stico quando comparado a indiv&#237;duos controlados. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo encontrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre MMP-2 e PAD no subgrupo HARNC, sugerindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre MMP-2 e controle da PA naquele subgrupo.</p>
        <p>As MMPs s&#227;o endopeptidases zinco-dependentes, com aquele &#237;on no s&#237;tio ativo. Da mesma forma, a enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA) &#233; zinco-dependente e inibida pelos inibidores da ECA, amplamente utilizados no tratamento anti-hipertensivo atual. Portanto, a MMP-9 tamb&#233;m pode ser inibida pelos inibidores da ECA pela sua liga&#231;&#227;o com zinco no s&#237;tio ativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, sugerindo que o tratamento com inibidores da ECA possa inibir a atividade da MMP-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora altos n&#237;veis de MMP-9 fossem esperados no subgrupo HARNC, tal achado negativo pode dever-se ao fato de que todos os indiv&#237;duos com HAR t&#234;m a doen&#231;a hipertensiva por um longo per&#237;odo e tomam um grande n&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos, que poderiam reduzir a atividade da MMP-9, particularmente se relacionada ao uso de inibidores da ECA, como evidenciado em v&#225;rios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por exemplo, alguns estudos avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre MMP-9 e TIMP-1 em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial, tendo demonstrado que, ap&#243;s o tratamento anti-hipertensivo, os n&#237;veis circulantes dessas mol&#233;culas eram significativamente mais altos em hipertensos do que em controles normotensos. Em alguns casos, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9 com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TIMP-1 ap&#243;s tratamento anti-hipertensivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Outros achados incluem: as altera&#231;&#245;es de MMP no perfil de TIMP, favorecendo a diminui&#231;&#227;o da degrada&#231;&#227;o da MEC (diminui&#231;&#227;o de MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-13 e aumento de TIMP-1), est&#227;o associadas com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; e n&#237;veis elevados de TIMP-1 predisseram a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de TIMP-1 foram relatados em hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o a normotensos; no entanto, os n&#237;veis de TIMP-1 n&#227;o est&#227;o elevados na hipertens&#227;o isolada, apenas em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e fibrose. Isso sugere que a s&#237;ntese e libera&#231;&#227;o de TIMP-1 sejam independentes da PA e provavelmente dependentes de uma variedade de fatores neuro-hormonais, sendo um n&#237;vel de TIMP-1 superior a 500 ng/ml um indicador preciso de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma hip&#243;tese a se considerar a respeito da eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TIMP-1 &#233; gerar uma resposta para modular ou limitar a degrada&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, contribuindo, portanto, para o desenvolvimento de rigidez arterial. Diferentemente da MMP-9, alguns estudos indicam um aumento de TIMP-1 ap&#243;s tratamento anti-hipertensivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em contraste, alguns estudos relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de TIMP-1 com um aumento da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e risco de progress&#227;o da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Outros estudos mostraram aumento de TIMP-1 em normotensos <italic>vs</italic>. Hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, e tamb&#233;m TIMP-1 inalterado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> ou diminu&#237;do<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os TIMPs desempenham importante papel nos processos de remodelamento cardiovascular, a despeito de sua atividade inibidora de MMP, i.e., tais inibidores podem ter um importante papel na PA, independente da a&#231;&#227;o das MMPs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>A VOP &#233; amplamente usada como &#237;ndice de elasticidade e rigidez arterial, sendo as propriedades da parede arterial, como espessura e di&#226;metro da luz, os fatores que mais influenciam a VOP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. A VOP &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para medir rigidez arterial, desempenha papel essencial na fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o e prediz mortalidade em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Os mecanismos envolvidos na rigidez arterial n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente entendidos; h&#225; evid&#234;ncia, no entanto, de que s&#227;o complexos, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais da MEC e a participa&#231;&#227;o das MMPs. No nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de gelatinases e TIMPs n&#227;o se correlacionaram com os valores da VOP. Tais achados negativos podem estar relacionados com rigidez vascular na HAR, como j&#225; mostrado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a rigidez das grandes art&#233;rias parece ser uma inevit&#225;vel consequ&#234;ncia do envelhecimento, ie, esse processo torna-se mais pronunciado na idade mais avan&#231;ada, que, segundo alguns autores, &#233; o principal determinante da rigidez arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Nos pacientes deste estudo, o processo de rigidez arterial pode ter sido conclu&#237;do ou perdido, pois esses indiv&#237;duos tinham idade avan&#231;ada, que est&#225; relacionada diretamente ao aumento de VOP e press&#227;o de pulso (PP), em especial no grupo de HARNC. Essa pode ser uma explica&#231;&#227;o para a falta de correla&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores estudados com VOP e PP.</p>
        <p>Aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio &#233; a segunda causa mais comum de HAR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Tal condi&#231;&#227;o caracteriza-se por excessiva secre&#231;&#227;o de aldosterona pelas gl&#226;ndulas adrenais, sendo as formas principais a produ&#231;&#227;o de adenomas e o hiperaldosteronismo idiop&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que pacientes com HAR apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de aldosterona, mas isso n&#227;o se deve a aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio. Estudos anteriores mostraram que indiv&#237;duos com HARNC apresentam CPA mais alta do que aqueles com HARC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Um estudo com 88 pacientes consecutivos com HAR relatou uma incid&#234;ncia de 20% de aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio, definido pela medida de dois par&#226;metros: ARP e concentra&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de aldosterona<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Em conformidade com esses achados, outros centros m&#233;dicos relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de 17%&#8211;22% de aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio em pacientes com HAR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Alta CPA leva a remodelamento de pequenas e grandes art&#233;rias, causando s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, que resulta em aumento da rigidez arterial e da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora este estudo tenha encontrado uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre CPA e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1, o hiperaldosteronismo &#233; um conhecido fator de risco independente na hipertens&#227;o arterial, e, portanto, no processo de rigidez arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com HARNC e HARC arrolados. Neste estudo, o tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi calculado, pois todos os 76 indiv&#237;duos em acompanhamento regular no ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Resistente foram inclu&#237;dos. Estudos recentes demonstraram achados importantes, inclusive em HARC e HARNC, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o assim t&#227;o pequena<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Por outro lado, a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os principais achados pode ser atribu&#237;da ao baixo poder estat&#237;stico ou erro tipo II. Al&#233;m disso, os anti-hipertensivos podem influenciar os n&#237;veis de gelatinases, como demonstrado por Fontana e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e outros estudos. Realizamos an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a predi&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, e suas raz&#245;es) ajustada para os anti-hipertensivos. Tais modelos de regress&#227;o indicaram que apenas o uso de betabloqueadores foi preditor dos n&#237;veis de TIMP-1 e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 em todos os indiv&#237;duos com HAR. No entanto, esse poss&#237;vel fator de confus&#227;o n&#227;o afetou nossos achados, pois os subgrupos HARC e HARNC apresentaram propor&#231;&#227;o similar de uso de betabloqueadores. Devido a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, os anti-hipertensivos n&#227;o foram suspensos nos indiv&#237;duos com HAR para excluir a influ&#234;ncia desses f&#225;rmacos nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dos biomarcadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que, embora a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 e a MMP-2 estejam associadas aos n&#237;veis de PAD, aldosterona e idade no subgrupo de HARNC, n&#227;o parecem influenciar a resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia anti-hipertensiva, uma vez que os biomarcadores n&#227;o se associaram &#224; falta de controle da PA na HAR. Estudos prospectivos adicionais com uma maior popula&#231;&#227;o com HAR devem ser realizados para confirmar os achados deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi apoiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPEMIG, FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Leandro Heleno Guimar&#227;es Lacerda pelo Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
