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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xfZTRjJDPXKGYmRF6zWcZ4x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100160</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150070</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of One Resistance Exercise Session on Vascular Smooth Muscle of Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eliakim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonjardim</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rigoldi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcio Roberto Viana Santos,</bold> Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Rosa Elze. Postal Code 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>marciorvsantos@bol.com.br</email>, <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Bonjardim LR, Santos MRV. Acquisition of data: Silva TLTB, Ara&#250;jo JES. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Carvalho VO. Statistical analysis: Silva TLTB, Mota MM. Obtaining financing: Santos MRV. Writing of the manuscript: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Carvalho VO. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Bonjardim LR, Santos MRV. Supervision / as the major investigador: Silva TLTB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>160</fpage>
      <lpage>167</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertension is a public health problem and increases the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of a resistance exercise session on the contractile and relaxing mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle in mesenteric arteries of N<sup>G</sup>-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (C), hypertensive (H), and exercised hypertensive (EH). Hypertension was induced by administration of 20 mg/kg of L-NAME for 7 days prior to experimental protocols. The resistance exercise protocol consisted of 10 sets of 10 repetitions and intensity of 40% of one repetition maximum. The reactivity of vascular smooth muscle was evaluated by concentration&#8209;response curves to phenylephrine (PHEN), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Rats treated with L-NAME showed an increase (p &lt; 0.001) in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared to the initial period of induction. No difference in PHEN sensitivity was observed between groups H and EH. Acute resistance exercise reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the contractile response induced by KCl at concentrations of 40 and 60 mM in group EH. Greater (p &lt; 0.01) smooth muscle sensitivity to NPS was observed in group EH as compared to group H.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>One resistance exercise session reduces the contractile response induced by KCl in addition to increasing the sensitivity of smooth muscle to NO in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, Smooth</kwd>
        <kwd>Mesenteric, Artery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is a public health problem worldwide, and is associated with the increasing incidence of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Several hypertension models have been developed within the basic sciences to mimic the pathological effects of hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The experimental hypertension model in rats using inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) determines arterial hypertension, kidney injury, sympathetic overactivity and endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the induction of hypertensive rats depends on the L-NAME dose administered, treatment duration, target organ studied, age and type of the animal used in the study. In association with that hypertension model, studies have shown that aerobic and resistance exercises are beneficial regarding aspects related to blood pressure and vascular function in rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nitric oxide synthase inhibition induces hypertension by increasing blood pressure via an endothelium-dependent response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Our team has recently shown that submitting L-NAME-induced rats to resistance exercise for four weeks can reduce sensitivity to phenylephrine (PHEN) and increase sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) of the superior mesenteric artery smooth muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The study of resistance exercise in animal models mimicking hypertension provides relevant information for clinical studies aimed at disease prevention, treatment and control. Despite our team&#8217;s findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, so far the effects of resistance exercise on the contracting and relaxing parameters related to vascular smooth muscle have not been well established. A study has recently shown that submitting spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to one session of resistance exercise does not change the vascular function of the tail artery in relaxations induced by SNP, an exogenous donor of nitric oxide (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Several variables, such as disease animal model, type of artery studied, type of resistance exercise, and volume, intensity and duration of physical stimulus, can influence the benefits of resistance exercise. The present study aimed at assessing the effects of one resistance exercise session on the contraction and relaxation mechanisms of the mesenteric artery smooth muscle of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Wistar rats (250-300 g) were used in all experiments. The animals were maintained under controlled temperature (22 &#177; 1&#176;C) and 12-hour light-dark cycles, with water and food <italic>ad libitum</italic>. All procedures described in the present study were approved by the Ethics Committee in Research with Animals of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil (Protocol 32/2013). The animals were divided into three groups with ten animals each: sedentary control (C); sedentary control with hypertension (H) and exercised hypertensive (EH). The animals of groups C and H were maintained inside boxes with no exposure to exercise, and only group EH animals underwent one resistance exercise session.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hypertension induction, and blood pressure and body weight measurements</title>
        <p>Before beginning the procedure of experimental hypertension induction, blood pressure was measured by using the non-invasive caudal method (LETICA, LE5002, Barcelona, Spain). After that, only animals of groups H and EH received orally L-NAME (20 mg/kg, daily), through gavage, for seven days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. By the end of the induction period, blood pressure was measured again in all groups. Animals with mean arterial pressure (MAP) greater than 130 mm Hg were categorized as hypertensive. Body weight was daily assessed to adjust the L-NAME dosage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol of resistance exercise</title>
        <p>Resistance exercise was performed in a squatting apparatus according to the model by Tamaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Initially, group EH animals were acquainted with the exercise apparatus for three days, and, then, the one repetition maximum (RM) test was performed. One RM was determined as the maximum weight lifted by each rat, using the exercise apparatus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Two days after the RM test, the animals underwent the resistance exercise protocol adapted from Fontes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The rats underwent ten sessions of ten repetitions, with 60-second rest intervals, and intensity of 40% of the load established by using the RM test. The parameters of electrical stimulation are similar to those described by Barauna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The animals of groups C and H underwent none of those procedures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessing smooth muscle vascular reactivity</title>
        <p>Immediately after the resistance exercise session, all rats of all groups were sacrificed and superior mesenteric artery rings, free from connective tissue, were sectioned (1-2 mm). Endothelium-independent relaxation was assessed by using the superior mesenteric artery rings prepared according to the description by Menezes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The presence or absence of functional endothelium was assessed by the ability, measured as percentage (%), of acetylcholine (ACh; 1 &#181;M) to relax the pre-contracted rings with 1 &#181;M of PHEN. Rings whose relaxations were below 10% were considered not to have a functional endothelium and automatically selected for this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>The changes in vascular reactivity due to the contracting and relaxing agents were assessed through concentration-response curves of the superior mesenteric artery rings of the rats of all groups. After the stabilization period of the isolated rings, curves for the contracting agents were performed: PHEN (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M) (&#945;-1 adrenergic agonist) and KCl (20-80 mM) (unspecific contracting agent). In addition, experiments for the relaxing agent were conducted: SNP (10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M), NO donor, in pre-contracted rings with PHEN (1 &#181;M). All experimental protocols were conducted separately.</p>
        <p>Data from the concentration-response curves were assessed by using the adjustment of a logistic function: E = Rmax/((1+(10c/10x)n) + &#934;), where E is the response; Rmax is the maximal response the agonist can produce; c is the logarithm of EC<sub>50</sub>, which is the concentration at which the agonist produces a response equal to 50% of the maximal response; x is the logarithm of the concentration of the agonist; the exponential term, n, is a parameter of adjustment of the curve that defines the inclination of the concentration-response line; and &#934; is the response observed in the absence of the agonist. Non-linear regression analyses were performed to determine the parameters Rmax, EC<sub>50</sub> and n, with the restriction &#934; = zero. The sensitivity of the superior mesenteric artery rings was assessed by determining the pD<sub>2</sub> value of each agonist. That corresponds to the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the agonist that determines a response equal to 50% of the maximal response (EC<sub>50</sub>), in each experiment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs and reagents</title>
        <p>N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), acetylcholine chloride (ACh), L-phenylephrine chloride (PHEN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), salts and reagents used in the present study were obtained from Sigma (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether the probability distributions of the data were parametric or non-parametric. All data had a normal distribution. The values were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). Student <italic>t</italic> tests paired and analysis of variance (one-way and two-way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-test were used when necessary to assess the significance of the differences between the means. The values were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. The GraphPad Prism program, version 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego-CA, USA), was used in all procedures.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Body weight and blood pressure in response to hypertension induction</title>
        <p>We observed that in the beginning and end of the hypertension induction period, the body weight of the rats was similar in all groups. After seven days of induction, the rats treated with L-NAME showed an increase (p &lt; 0.001) in the levels of MAP, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). When the end of the induction period between the groups was statistically assessed, L-NAME showed to induce an increase in MAP, SBP and DBP (p &lt; 0.001) in the groups H and EH as compared to group C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weight, mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of rats at the beginning and end of systemic hypertension induction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">GROUPS</th>
                <th align="center">PERIOD</th>
                <th align="center">WEIGHT (g)</th>
                <th align="center">MAP (mm Hg)</th>
                <th align="center">SBP (mm Hg)</th>
                <th align="center">DBP (mm Hg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">C (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">INITIAL</td>
                <td align="center">253 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">101.6 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">125.0 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">90.0 &#177; 2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                <td align="center">258 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">106.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">129.0 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">95.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">H (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">INITIAL</td>
                <td align="center">257 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">121.0 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">96.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                <td align="center">263 &#177; 13.6</td>
                <td align="center">134.3 &#177; 2.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">147.0 &#177; 1.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">128.0 &#177; 1.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">EH (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">INITIAL</td>
                <td align="center">252 &#177; 12.6</td>
                <td align="center">104.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">128.0 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">93.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                <td align="center">257 &#177; 14.6</td>
                <td align="center">131.9 &#177; 1.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">145.0 &#177; 1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">124.0 &#177; 1.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">C</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>C: control group; H: hypertensive group; EH: exercised hypertensive group. Data are shown as means &#177; SEM. The statistical differences were determined by Student t tests one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001 initial vs final period;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>C</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs final period of the control group.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular smooth muscle constriction in response to PHEN</title>
        <p>We observed that PHEN (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M) induced concentration-dependent contraction of the isolated rings of the superior mesenteric artery in all groups. However, the maximal contraction response did not differ between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves for phenylephrine (PHEN: 10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M) in isolated superior mesenteric artery rings without functional endothelium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>) obtained from rats of the groups Control (C), Hypertensive (H) and Exercised Hypertensive (EH). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref> indicates means &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM) of pD<sub>2</sub> of the phenylephrine induced contractions (B). Data are expressed as means &#177; SEM for ten experiments in each group. The statistical differences between means were determined by using two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). *p &lt; 0.01 vs C. pD<sub>2</sub>: negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the agonist that produces 50% of maximal response.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>L-NAME could interfere with the arterial sensitivity of PHEN-induced contractions in hypertensive-induced rats, because pD<sub>2</sub> changed (p &lt; 0.05) in group H as compared to group C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). In addition, one resistance exercise session did not interfere with arterial sensitivity, and pD<sub>2</sub> remained unaltered when comparing groups EH and H (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular smooth muscle constriction in response to KCl</title>
        <p>We observed that the increase in extracellular KCl (20-80 mM) produced contractile tension in the isolated rings of the superior mesenteric artery of the rats of all groups. However, the maximal responses induced by KCl did not differ between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The animals induced to hypertension with L-NAME had a higher percentage contraction of vascular smooth muscle at the concentrations of 40 and 60 mM of KCl (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.001, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). On the other hand, group EH animals had a lower percentage contraction of vascular smooth muscle at the concentrations of 40 and 60 mM (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves for potassium chloride (KCl: 20-80 mM) in isolated superior mesenteric artery rings without functional endothelium obtained from rats of the groups Control (C), Hypertensive (H) and Exercised Hypertensive (EH). Data are expressed as means &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM) for ten experiments in each group. The statistical differences between means were determined by using two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test. **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001 vs C; <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs H.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular smooth muscle dilation in response to SNP</title>
        <p>We observed that SNP (10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M) induced endothelium-independent relaxation in the isolated rings of the superior mesenteric artery of the rats of all groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>). The maximal vascular relaxation in response to SNP was similar in the three groups studied (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>). L-NAME reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the arterial sensitivity to SNP in group H animals as compared to those in group C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves for sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M) in isolated superior mesenteric artery rings without functional endothelium and pre-contracted with phenylephrine (1 &#181;M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>). The rings were obtained from rats of the groups Control (C), Hypertensive (H) and Exercised Hypertensive (EH). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref> indicates means &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM) of pD<sub>2</sub> of the SNP-induced relaxations. Data are expressed as means &#177; SEM for ten experiments in each group. The statistical differences between means were determined by using two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). *p &lt; 0.05 vs C; ***p &lt; 0.001 vs H; <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0.01 vs H. pD<sub>2</sub>: negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the agonist that produces 50% of maximal response</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Inversely, we observed that resistance exercise could restore arterial sensitivity to SNP by increasing (p &lt; 0.01) pD<sub>2</sub> of group EH as compared to that of group H (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study show that one resistance exercise session in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats caused a reduction in the KCl-induced contracting mechanisms by increasing the vasodilating sensitivity of the mesenteric artery smooth muscle.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that the reduced levels of NO play an important role in the development of hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The experimental model of hypertension that mimics that effect is the one induced by the inhibition of NOS with a unspecific inhibitor, L-NAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Treatment with L-NAME is associated with structural and functional changes in the kidneys, changes in autonomic modulation and in peripheral vascular resistance, and an increase in blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The present study showed a blood pressure increase of the animals treated with L-NAME for seven days. The hypertensive levels obtained are similar to those previously reported for rats treated with L-NAME for seven days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>The literature describes that the transmission of the signal originated in the plasma membrane for the receptors of the smooth muscle contractile machinery is due to pharmacomechanical and/or electromechanical stimuli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Those mechanisms should not be understood as completely separated systems, but understood as part of a network of signals that interact to maintain vascular physiology. In our study, the rats treated with L-NAME showed higher &#945;-1 adrenergic sensitivity. The modulation of &#945;-1 adrenergic receptors and the reduction in NO production play an important role in the cardiovascular changes of hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. It has already been shown that a reduction in NO shifts the contraction curve of PHEN to the left in the aorta of rats, but not in the tail artery, confirming that the modulation of receptors in response to NO seems to depend on the type of the artery studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Heijenbrok et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have treated <italic>Wistar</italic> rats with L-NAME (15 mg/kg/day) for six weeks and have not observed any change related to PHEN in the vascular reactivity of the carotid and mesenteric arteries. The inconsistence about the modulation of &#945;-1 adrenergic receptors in animals treated with L-NAME can be associated with the administration route, the drug dose, the treatment length and the type of artery studied.</p>
      <p>In our study, immediately after one low-intensity resistance exercise session, there was no change in the sensitivity of &#945;-1 adrenergic receptors of rats treated with L-NAME. In healthy rats, repeated strenuous swimming sessions, rather than only one session, reduced &#945;-1 adrenergic sensitivity in the mesenteric artery with injured endothelium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Our results differ from those by Faria et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, who, after one resistance exercise session (20 x 15, 50% intensity), have shown greater attenuation of the post-exercise responses to PHEN in the tail artery with intact endothelium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The differences in our results can be attributed to the training protocol, the experimental hypertension model, the type of artery studied and the functional endothelium preservation to assess vascular reactivity. On the other hand, a previous study of our group has demonstrated that chronic low-intensity resistance exercise (3 x 10, 50% intensity) controlled blood pressure and reduced the &#945;-1 adrenergic sensitivity of the mesenteric artery without functional endothelium of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. This shows that one low-intensity resistance exercise session in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats does not seem to be sufficient to make a change at the &#945;-1 adrenergic receptor level, but successive resistance exercise sessions can cause a significant reduction in the contractile sensitivity promoted by PHEN.</p>
      <p>In addition, the present study assessed another mechanism that modulates smooth muscle contraction, the contractile coupling through depolarizing KCl solutions. In general, KCl produces smooth muscle vascular contraction via membrane depolarization, causing Ca<sup>2+</sup> inflow via voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. It has been reported that depolarizing KCl concentrations mediate the increase in intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Our results indicate that animals treated with L-NAME increased smooth muscle contraction through membrane depolarization in mesenteric artery rings. Other studies with chronically L-NAME-induced animals have shown abnormal functioning of the voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Bank et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have suggested that the L-NAME-induced hypertension model increases the vascular smooth muscle tonus, and such effect is due to the reduction in NOS availability, which can lead to an increase in Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration or intracellular sensitivity. These findings are in accordance with our results that the increase in smooth muscle contractility found in L-NAME-induced animals can be related to the KCl-induced contractile mechanisms.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, when the rats in our study underwent one resistance exercise session, they had a reduction in contraction in response to depolarizing KCl solutions (20-80 mM). That points to the possibility that resistance exercise alters in a beneficial way the depolarization of the vascular smooth muscle cells of L-NAME-induced hypertensive animals. Similarly, Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> have shown a reduction in the contractile response to KCl (15-60 mM) in mesenteric artery rings of healthy rats after eight weeks of running training. In addition, the aortic rings of rats trained in running (10 to 12 weeks) have shown a lower contractile response to depolarizing KCl concentrations (10-100 mM) by the end of the protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. So far, the effects of resistance exercise on the contractile response of the smooth muscle to depolarizing KCl solutions have not been described. The present study is the first to show the efficacy of one resistance exercise session on the decrease of smooth muscle contractility via independent mechanisms of adrenergic receptors in hypertensive rats. These results suggest that low-intensity resistance exercise, when performed for a long period, can be an important tool to fight cardiovascular disorders originating from smooth muscle contractile mechanisms.</p>
      <p>In addition, we observed that the rats treated with L-NAME had lower vasodilating sensitivity to SNP. When submitted to one resistance exercise session, they showed increased vasodilating sensitivity to NO in the smooth muscle of mesenteric artery rings. A recent study by our group has shown that the NO pathway sensitivity was decreased in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats for eight weeks, and that chronic low-intensity resistance exercise could reverse that effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on the endothelium-independent vasodilating response are beneficial to vascular function in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. It is worth noting that, the study by another group conducting one resistance exercise session in spontaneously hypertensive animals has shown no changes in the SNP-induced relaxations in the vascular bed of the tail artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Those differences can result from the hypertension induction model and the training protocol adopted.</p>
      <p>The present study has some limitations. The first is that the results obtained are specific to hypertensive rats. The second is not having assessed the effect of resistance exercise on other arteries because there already is functional heterogeneity among the arteries of different vascular beds. The third is the lack of a healthy group undergoing exercise, which limits data extrapolation. Another point to be noted is that the resistance exercise protocol adopted in the present study has the characteristic of high volume and low intensity. That exercise characteristic is similar to aerobic exercise protocols indicated to control blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Some studies have shown that moderate-intensity resistance exercise can reduce blood pressure and improve vascular function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Despite those advantages, a recent meta-analysis has indicated that high-intensity resistance exercise is associated with increased arterial stiffness in health young individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. In addition, the physiological mechanisms responsible for the advantages and/or disadvantages of resistance exercise on the vascular health of animals and humans are yet to be established.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The pharmacological evidence of this study showed that one resistance exercise session caused benefits to the vascular function of L-NAME-induced hypertensive animals. Those benefits involve a reduction in the contractile responses via KCl-induced cell depolarization, independent of &#945;-1 adrenergic receptors, and higher vasodilating sensitivity to NO of the mesenteric artery smooth muscle in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. The vascular smooth muscle adjustments resulting from one resistance exercise session seem beneficial to control vascular tonus in hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa e &#224; Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica do Estado de Sergipe (Fapitec-SE).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da Silva from Programa de P&#243;s&#8209;Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank the Brazilian Board of Research and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level-Education Personnel (Capes) and the Foundation of Support to Research and Technological Innovation of the State of Sergipe (Fapitec-SE) for financial support.</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>33 Miyachi M. Effects of resistance training on arterial stiffness: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):393-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyachi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of resistance training on arterial stiffness: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>393</fpage>
          <lpage>396</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos de uma Sess&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Resistido sobre o M&#250;sculo Liso Vascular de Ratos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eliakim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonjardim</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rigoldi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Roberto Viana Santos,</bold> Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Fisiologia. Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Rosa Elze. CEP 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>marciorvsantos@bol.com.br</email>, <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Bonjardim LR, Santos MRV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva TLTB, Ara&#250;jo JES. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Carvalho VO. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva TLTB, Mota MM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Santos MRV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Carvalho VO. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Silva TLTB, Mota MM, Fontes MT, Bonjardim LR, Santos MRV. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Silva TLTB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e faz aumentar a incid&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre os mecanismos contr&#225;teis e relaxantes do m&#250;sculo liso vascular em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Controle (C), Hipertenso (H) e Hipertenso Exercitado (HE). A hipertens&#227;o foi induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de 20 mg/kg de N<sup>G</sup>-nitro L-arginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME) durante sete dias antes dos protocolos experimentais. O protocolo de exerc&#237;cio resistido consistiu em dez s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es e intensidade de 40% de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. A reatividade do m&#250;sculo liso vascular foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para a fenilefrina (FEN), cloreto de pot&#225;ssio (KCl) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os ratos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram aumento (p &lt; 0,001) da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), da Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) e da Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia (PAM) quando comparados ao per&#237;odo inicial da indu&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na sensibilidade da FEN entre os grupos H e HE. O exerc&#237;cio resistido agudo reduziu (p &lt; 0,001) a resposta contr&#225;til induzida pelo KCl nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 40 e 60 mM do grupo HE quando comparado ao grupo H. Foi observado maior (p &lt; 0,01) sensibilidade do m&#250;sculo liso ao NPS no grupo HE quando comparado ao grupo H.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido reduz as respostas contr&#225;teis induzidas pelo KCl, al&#233;m de aumentar a sensibilidade do m&#250;sculo liso ao NO em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de ratos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Liso</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Mesent&#233;rica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de ordem mundial e est&#225; associada com o crescente aumento da incid&#234;ncia das mortes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Diversos modelos de hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o desenvolvidos pelas ci&#234;ncias b&#225;sicas para mimetizar os efeitos patol&#243;gicos da hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Na condi&#231;&#227;o experimental do bloqueio da sintase do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NOS), os ratos induzidos a hipertens&#227;o com o N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginina-metil-&#233;ster (L-NAME) desenvolvem hipertens&#227;o arterial, les&#227;o renal, aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, &#233; importante salientar que a indu&#231;&#227;o de ratos hipertensos depende da dose administrada de L-NAME, da dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, do &#243;rg&#227;o alvo estudado, da idade e do tipo de animal utilizado no estudo. Associado a esse modelo de hipertens&#227;o, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio e resistido age de forma ben&#233;fica nos aspectos relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
        <p>&#201; descrito na literatura que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da NOS para a produ&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o aumenta a press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s de uma resposta dependente do endot&#233;lio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio resistido realizado por quatro semanas em ratos induzidos por L-NAME &#233; capaz de reduzir a sensibilidade a fenilefrina (FEN) e de, curiosamente, aumentar a sensibilidade ao nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) do m&#250;sculo liso da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>O estudo do exerc&#237;cio resistido em modelos animais que mimetizam a hipertens&#227;o oferece informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para os estudos cl&#237;nicos que objetivam a preven&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento e o controle da doen&#231;a. Apesar dos achados do nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, at&#233; o presente momento ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre os par&#226;metros contr&#225;teis e relaxantes que envolvem o m&#250;sculo liso vascular. Recentemente, um estudo demonstrou que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) n&#227;o altera a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular da art&#233;ria caudal nos relaxamentos induzidos pelo NPS, um doador ex&#243;geno de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Diversas s&#227;o as vari&#225;veis que podem influenciar os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio resistido, dentre elas podemos citar o modelo animal de doen&#231;a, o tipo de art&#233;ria estudada, o tipo de exerc&#237;cio resistido, o volume, a intensidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo f&#237;sico. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre os mecanismos contr&#225;teis e relaxantes do m&#250;sculo liso vascular da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de ratos hipertensos induzidos pelo L-NAME.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> (250-300 g) foram utilizados em todos os experimentos. Os animais foram mantidos sob condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura (22 &#177; 1&#176;C) e ciclo claro-escuro de doze horas, tendo livre acesso a alimenta&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua. Todos os procedimentos descritos no presente trabalho foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Animais da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil (Protocolo n&#250;mero 32/2013). Os animais foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos com dez animais cada: Controle Sedent&#225;rio (C); Controle Sedent&#225;rio com Hipertens&#227;o (H) e Hipertenso Exercitado (HE). Os animais dos grupos C e H foram mantidos nas caixas sem exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio e somente o grupo HE foi submetido a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, medida da press&#227;o arterial e peso corporal</title>
          <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento de indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o experimental foi aferida a press&#227;o arterial pelo m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo caudal (LETICA, LE5002, Barcelona, Espanha). Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, somente os animais dos grupos H e HE foram tratados oralmente por gavagem com L-NAME (20 mg/kg, diariamente) por sete dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Ao final do per&#237;odo da indu&#231;&#227;o, a press&#227;o arterial foi aferida novamente em todos os grupos. Os animais com press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &gt; 130 mmHg foram selecionados como hipertensos. O peso corporal foi avaliado diariamente para o ajuste da dose de L-NAME.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio resistido</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio resistido foi realizado em aparelho de agachamento segundo modelo de Tamaki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Inicialmente, os animais do grupo HE foram familiarizados ao aparelho de exerc&#237;cio durante tr&#234;s dias, sendo o teste de uma Repeti&#231;&#227;o M&#225;xima (RM) realizado logo ap&#243;s. Uma RM foi determinada como o peso m&#225;ximo levantado por cada rato, utilizando o aparelho de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Ap&#243;s dois dias do teste de RM, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de exerc&#237;cio resistido adaptado de Fontes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Os ratos foram exercitados atrav&#233;s de dez s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es, com intervalos de repouso de 60 s, e intensidade de 40% da carga estabelecida atrav&#233;s do teste de RM. Os par&#226;metros da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica s&#227;o semelhantes aos descritos por Barauna e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Os grupos C e H n&#227;o foram submetidos a nenhum desses procedimentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo da reatividade vascular do m&#250;sculo liso</title>
          <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido, os ratos de todos os grupos foram sacrificados e tiveram seccionados an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior livre de tecido conjuntivo (1-2 mm). O relaxamento independente de endot&#233;lio foi avaliado utilizando an&#233;is de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de rato preparados conforme descrito em Menezes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio funcional foi verificada pela habilidade, medida em porcentagem (%), da acetilcolina (ACh; 1 &#181;M) em relaxar os an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com 1 &#181;M de FEN. Os an&#233;is com relaxamentos inferiores a 10% foram considerados sem endot&#233;lio funcional e automaticamente selecionados para o estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular para os agentes contr&#225;teis e relaxantes foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta em an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior de ratos de todos os grupos. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is isolados, foram realizadas curvas para agentes contr&#225;teis: FEN (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M), agonista &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgico, e KCl (20-80 mM), um agente contr&#225;til n&#227;o espec&#237;fico. Tamb&#233;m foram realizados experimentos para o agente relaxante: NPS (10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M), doador de NO, em an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com FEN (1 &#181;M). Todos os protocolos experimentais foram executados separadamente.</p>
          <p>Os dados das curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta foram avaliados pelo ajuste de uma fun&#231;&#227;o log&#237;stica: E = Rm&#225;x/((1+(10c/10x) n) + &#934;), onde E &#233; a resposta; Rm&#225;x &#233; a resposta m&#225;xima que o agonista pode produzir; c &#233; o logaritmo da EC<sub>50</sub>, que &#233; a concentra&#231;&#227;o em que o agonista produz uma resposta igual a 50% da resposta m&#225;xima; x &#233; o logaritmo da concentra&#231;&#227;o do agonista; o termo exponencial, n, &#233; um par&#226;metro de ajuste de curva que define a inclina&#231;&#227;o da linha concentra&#231;&#227;o&#8209;resposta; e &#934; &#233; a resposta observada na aus&#234;ncia do agonista adicionado. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o n&#227;o linear foram feitas para determinar os par&#226;metros Rm&#225;x, EC<sub>50</sub> e n, com a restri&#231;&#227;o de que &#934; = zero. A sensibilidade dos an&#233;is de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior foi avaliada pela determina&#231;&#227;o do valor pD<sub>2</sub> de cada agonista. A pD<sub>2</sub> corresponde ao logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o molar do agonista capaz de produzir 50% da resposta m&#225;xima (EC<sub>50</sub>) em cada experimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas e reagentes</title>
          <p>N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginina-metil-&#233;ster (L-NAME), cloridrato de acetilcolina (ACh), cloridrato de L-fenilefrina (FEN), Nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS), sais e reagentes utilizados no presente estudo foram obtidos da Sigma (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, MO, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, com o intuito de determinar se suas distribui&#231;&#245;es de probabilidade apresentavam-se como param&#233;tricas ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Todos os dados apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os valores foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). Os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA de &#8220;uma via&#8221; e &#8220;duas vias&#8221;) seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni foram utilizados quando necess&#225;rio para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias. Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p &lt; 0,05. Em todos esses procedimentos foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego-CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal e press&#227;o arterial em resposta a indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>Observamos que no in&#237;cio e no final do per&#237;odo de indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o o peso corporal dos ratos foi similar em todos os grupos. Ap&#243;s sete dias de indu&#231;&#227;o os ratos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram um aumento (p &lt; 0,001) nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD). Quando avaliado estatisticamente o final do per&#237;odo da indu&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, foi observado que o L-NAME induziu aumento (p &lt; 0,001) de PAM, PAS e PAD nos grupos H e HE quando comparados com o grupo C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores do peso corporal, Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia (PAM), Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Diast&#243;lica (PAD) dos ratos no in&#237;cio e no final do per&#237;odo de indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">GRUPOS</th>
                  <th align="center">PER&#205;ODO</th>
                  <th align="center">PESO (g)</th>
                  <th align="center">PAM (mmHg)</th>
                  <th align="center">PAS (mmHg)</th>
                  <th align="center">PAD (mmHg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">C (n = 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">INICIAL</td>
                  <td align="center">253 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">101,6 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">125,0 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">90,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                  <td>258 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">106,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">129,0 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">95,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">H (n = 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">INICIAL</td>
                  <td align="center">257 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">121,0 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">96,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                  <td>263 &#177; 13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">134,3 &#177; 2,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">147,0 &#177; 1,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">128,0 &#177; 1,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">HE (n = 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">INICIAL</td>
                  <td align="center">252 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">104,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">128,0 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">93,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">FINAL</td>
                  <td>257 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">131,9 &#177; 1,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">145,0 &#177; 1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">124,0 &#177; 1,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">***</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">C</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos grupos C: controle; H: hipertenso; HE: hipertenso exercitado. Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pelo teste t de Student ou ANOVA de uma via seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001 per&#237;odo inicial vs per&#237;odo final;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>C</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs per&#237;odo final do grupo controle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resposta vasoconstritora do m&#250;sculo liso vascular a FEN</title>
          <p>Observamos que a FEN (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M) induziu contra&#231;&#227;o dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o nos an&#233;is isolados da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior em todos os grupos. No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na resposta de contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima em nenhum dos grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para fenilefrina (FEN: 10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M) em an&#233;is isolados de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior sem endot&#233;lio funcional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1A</xref>). Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos grupos Controle (C), Hipertenso (H) e Hipertenso Exercitado (HE). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 1B</xref> indica as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM das pD<sub>2</sub> das contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por fenilefrina (B). Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM para dez experimentos em cada grupo. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as m&#233;dias foram determinadas pela ANOVA de duas vias seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1A</xref>) e pela ANOVA de uma via seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1B</xref>). *p &lt; 0,01 vs C. pD<sub>2</sub>:  logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o molar do agonista capaz de produzir 50% da resposta m&#225;xima; EPM: erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O L-NAME foi capaz de interferir na sensibilidade arterial das contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por FEN nos ratos induzidos a hipertens&#227;o, tendo em vista que a pD<sub>2</sub> foi alterada (p &lt; 0,05) no grupo H quando comparado ao grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido n&#227;o interferiu na sensibilidade arterial e a pD<sub>2</sub> permaneceu inalterada quando comparado o grupo HE com o H (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resposta vasoconstritora do m&#250;sculo liso vascular ao KCl</title>
          <p>Observamos que o crescente aumento extracelular de KCl (20-80 mM) produziu tens&#227;o contr&#225;til nos an&#233;is isolados do m&#250;sculo liso da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica dos ratos de todos os grupos. No entanto, as respostas m&#225;ximas induzidas pelo KCl n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Os animais induzidos a hipertens&#227;o com L-NAME apresentaram um maior porcentagem de contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 40 e 60 mM de KCl (p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Por outro lado, os animais hipertensos exercitados apresentaram uma menor porcentagem de contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 40 e 60 mM (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para cloreto de pot&#225;ssio (KCl: 20-80 mM) em an&#233;is isolados de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior sem endot&#233;lio funcional. Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos grupos Controle (C), Hipertenso (H) e Hipertenso Exercitado (HE). Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM para dez experimentos em cada grupo. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as m&#233;dias foram determinadas pela ANOVA de duas vias seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. **p &lt; 0,01 e ***p &lt; 0,001 vs C; <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs H. EPM: erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resposta vasodilatadora do m&#250;sculo liso vascular ao NPS</title>
          <p>Observamos que o NPS (10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M) induziu relaxamento independente do endot&#233;lio nos an&#233;is isolados da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica em todos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3A</xref>). As respostas vasculares m&#225;ximas de relaxamento ao NPS foram semelhantes nos tr&#234;s grupos do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3A</xref>). O L-NAME reduziu (p &lt; 0,05) a sensibilidade arterial dos animais ao NPS no grupo H quando comparado ao grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS: 10<sup>-11</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup> M) em an&#233;is isolados de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior sem endot&#233;lio funcional e pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (1 &#181;M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3A</xref>). Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos grupos Controle (C), Hipertenso (H) e Hipertenso Exercitado (HE). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">figura 3B</xref> indica as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM das pD<sub>2</sub> dos relaxamentos induzidos por NPS. Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; EPM para dez experimentos em cada grupo. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as m&#233;dias foram determinadas pela ANOVA de duas vias seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3A</xref>) e pela ANOVA de uma via seguido do p&#243;s&#8209;teste de Bonferroni (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3B</xref>). *p &lt; 0,05 vs C; ***p &lt; 0,001 vs H; <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,01 vs H. pD<sub>2</sub>: logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o molar do agonista capaz de produzir 50% da resposta m&#225;xima; EPM: erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0160-50070-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Inversamente, observamos que o exerc&#237;cio resistido foi capaz de restaurar a sensibilidade arterial ao NPS aumentando (p &lt; 0,01) a pD<sub>2</sub> do grupo HE quando comparado ao grupo H (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME foi capaz de promover uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos contr&#225;teis induzidos pelo KCl e aumentar a sensibilidade vasodilatadora no m&#250;sculo liso da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias apontam que os n&#237;veis reduzidos de NO possuem um importante papel no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. O modelo de hipertens&#227;o experimental que mimetiza esse efeito &#233; o induzido pelo bloqueio da NOS com um inibidor n&#227;o espec&#237;fico, o L-NAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O tratamento com L-NAME est&#225; associado a modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais dos rins, da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, bem como ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No presente estudo, foi observado um aumento da press&#227;o arterial nos animais tratados durante sete dias com L-NAME. Esses dados demonstram que os n&#237;veis hipertensivos obtidos s&#227;o semelhantes aos previamente observados em ratos tratados por sete dias com L-NAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>A literatura descreve que a transmiss&#227;o do sinal originado na membrana plasm&#225;tica para os receptores da maquinaria contr&#225;til do m&#250;sculo liso ocorre por est&#237;mulos farmacomec&#226;nicos e/ou eletromec&#226;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Esses mecanismos n&#227;o devem ser entendidos como sistemas inteiramente separados, e sim, compreendidos como parte de uma rede de sinaliza&#231;&#245;es que interagem para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da fisiologia vascular. Os ratos tratados com L-NAME em nosso estudo apresentaram uma maior sensibilidade &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgica. A modula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgicos e a redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO possuem um importante papel para as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em ratos hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. De forma curiosa, j&#225; foi demonstrado que a diminui&#231;&#227;o de NO desloca para a esquerda a curva de contra&#231;&#227;o da FEN em aorta de ratos, mas n&#227;o na art&#233;ria caudal, isso confirma que a modula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgicos em resposta ao NO parece depender do tipo de art&#233;ria estudada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Heijenbrok e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> trataram ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> com L-NAME (15 mg/Kg/dia) durante seis semanas e n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#227;o para a FEN na reatividade vascular das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e mesent&#233;rica. As inconsist&#234;ncias das evid&#234;ncias sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgicos em animais tratados com L-NAME podem estar associadas &#224; forma de administra&#231;&#227;o, a dose da subst&#226;ncia, o per&#237;odo de tratamento e o tipo de art&#233;ria estudada.</p>
        <p>Observamos no nosso estudo que imediatamente ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido com baixa intensidade de treinamento n&#227;o ocorreu modifica&#231;&#227;o na sensibilidade dos receptores &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgicos nos ratos tratados com L-NAME. Em ratos saud&#225;veis, sess&#245;es repetidas e n&#227;o uma sess&#227;o de nata&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada foi capaz de reduzir a sensibilidade &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgica na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica com endot&#233;lio danificado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nossos resultados divergem dos obtidos por Faria e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que, ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido (20 x 15, intensidade de 50%) demonstraram uma maior atenua&#231;&#227;o das respostas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio &#224; FEN na art&#233;ria caudal com endot&#233;lio intacto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. As diferen&#231;as em nossos resultados podem ser atribu&#237;das ao protocolo de treinamento, ao modelo experimental de hipertens&#227;o, tipo de art&#233;ria estudada e a preserva&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio funcional para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular. Por outro lado, um estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio resistido cr&#244;nico com baixa intensidade (3 x 10, intensidade de 50%) foi capaz de controlar a press&#227;o arterial e reduzir a sensibilidade &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgica em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica sem endot&#233;lio funcional de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Isso indica que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido de baixa intensidade nos ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME n&#227;o parece ser suficiente para causar modifica&#231;&#245;es em n&#237;vel de receptor &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgico, mas sess&#245;es sucessivas de exerc&#237;cio resistido podem promover uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade contr&#225;til promovida pela FEN.</p>
        <p>Outro mecanismo que tamb&#233;m modula a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso e foi avaliado no presente estudo &#233; o acoplamento contr&#225;til atrav&#233;s das solu&#231;&#245;es despolarizantes de KCl. De um modo geral, o KCl produz a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular por despolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana, causando influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelos canais para Ca<sup>2+</sup> operados por voltagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. &#201; demonstrado tamb&#233;m na literatura que as concentra&#231;&#245;es despolarizantes de KCl medeiam o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Nossos resultados indicam que os animais tratados com L-NAME aumentaram a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso atrav&#233;s da despolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana nos an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica. Outros estudos com animais induzidos por L-NAME cronicamente demonstram uma fun&#231;&#227;o anormal dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> operados por voltagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Bank e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sugerem que o modelo de hipertens&#227;o induzido por L-NAME promove um aumento da tonicidade do m&#250;sculo liso vascular e esse efeito ocorre devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da disponibilidade de NOS, que pode levar a um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o ou na sensibilidade intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Esses achados d&#227;o suporte aos nossos resultados de que o aumento da contratilidade do m&#250;sculo liso encontrado nos animais induzidos por L-NAME pode estar relacionado aos mecanismos contr&#225;teis induzidos pelo KCl.</p>
        <p>Interessantemente, quando os ratos do nosso estudo foram submetidos a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido eles apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta contr&#225;til &#224;s solu&#231;&#245;es despolarizantes de KCl (20-80 mM). Esse resultado indica a possibilidade de que o exerc&#237;cio resistido altere de forma ben&#233;fica a despolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular dos animais hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. Da mesma forma, Chen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta contr&#225;til ao KCl (15 - 60 mM) em an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica ap&#243;s oito semanas de corrida em ratos saud&#225;veis. Tamb&#233;m em an&#233;is da aorta de ratos treinados em corrida (dez a doze semanas) foi observada, ao final do protocolo, uma menor resposta contr&#225;til &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es despolarizantes de KCl (10-100 mM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o foram descritos na literatura os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre a resposta contr&#225;til do m&#250;sculo liso atrav&#233;s das solu&#231;&#245;es despolarizantes de KCl. O presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar a efic&#225;cia de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do m&#250;sculo liso atrav&#233;s de mecanismos independentes de receptores adren&#233;rgicos em ratos hipertensos. Esses resultados sugerem a hip&#243;tese de que o exerc&#237;cio resistido de baixa intensidade quando realizado em um longo per&#237;odo possa ser uma importante ferramenta para combater as desordens cardiovasculares provenientes dos mecanismos contr&#225;teis do m&#250;sculo liso.</p>
        <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o a esses resultados, observamos que os ratos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram menor sensibilidade vasodilatadora ao NPS. Quando submetidos a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido, aumentaram a sensibilidade vasodilatadora ao NO no m&#250;sculo liso dos an&#233;is da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica. Em um estudo recente realizado pelo nosso grupo foi demonstrado que a sensibilidade da via NO foi diminu&#237;da em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME durante oito semanas, e que o exerc&#237;cio resistido cr&#244;nico e de baixa intensidade foi capaz de reverter esse efeito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Dentro dessa perspectiva, parece que os efeitos agudos e cr&#244;nicos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre a resposta vasodilatadora independente do endot&#233;lio s&#227;o ben&#233;ficos para a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. Devemos salientar que, em um estudo de outro grupo que realizou uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido em animais espontaneamente hipertensos, n&#227;o foram observadas modifica&#231;&#245;es nos relaxamentos induzidos por NPS em leito vascular da art&#233;ria caudal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Essas diferen&#231;as podem ser explicadas pelo modelo de indu&#231;&#227;o a hipertens&#227;o e pelo protocolo de treinamento adotado. </p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es podem ser observadas no presente estudo. A primeira &#233; que os resultados obtidos s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para ratos hipertensos. A segunda, n&#227;o ter avaliado o efeito do exerc&#237;cio resistido em outras art&#233;rias, j&#225; que existe uma heterogeneidade funcional entre as art&#233;rias de diferentes leitos vasculares. A terceira foi a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo exercitado saud&#225;vel, o que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses dados. Outro ponto a ser destacado &#233; que o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio resistido adotado no presente estudo possui uma caracter&#237;stica de alto volume e baixa intensidade. Essa caracter&#237;stica de exerc&#237;cio se assemelha aos protocolos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos indicados para o controle da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Alguns estudos demonstram que o exerc&#237;cio resistido de intensidade moderada &#233; capaz de reduzir a press&#227;o arterial e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Apesar dessas vantagens, uma recente meta-an&#225;lise indicou que o exerc&#237;cio resistido de alta intensidade est&#225; associado ao aumento da rigidez arterial em jovens saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pelas vantagens e/ou desvantagens do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre a sa&#250;de vascular em animais e humanos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias farmacol&#243;gicas deste estudo demonstraram que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu ajustes ben&#233;ficos na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de animais hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. Esses ajustes envolvem uma redu&#231;&#227;o das respostas contr&#225;teis atrav&#233;s da despolariza&#231;&#227;o celular induzida pelo KCl, independentes de receptores &#945;-1 adren&#233;rgicos, e uma maior sensibilidade vasodilatadora ao NO do m&#250;sculo liso da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. Os ajustes vasculares do m&#250;sculo liso promovidos ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido parecem ben&#233;ficos para o controle do t&#244;nus vascular na hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa e &#224; Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica do Estado de Sergipe (Fapitec-SE).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da Silva pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa e &#224; Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica do Estado de Sergipe (Fapitec-SE) o apoio financeiro.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
