<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rtcW9HpH7XWCdKGQZpfPVcR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050055</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fava</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesaro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Eduardo Pereira Pesaro,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, Pavilh&#227;o Vicky e Joseph Safra, Bloco A1, 4&#186; andar, Postal Code 05652&#8209;901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>antonio.pesaro@einstein.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Fava AN, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP. Acquisition of data:Antonelli L, Fava AN, Pesaro AEP. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Antonelli L, Katz M, Pesaro AEP. Statistical analysis: Antonelli L, Katz M, Pesaro AEP. Writing of the manuscript:Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Fava AN, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>145</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015 </year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score &gt; 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction &#8805; 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score &gt; 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction &lt; 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 &#177; 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 &#177; 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 &#177; 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35&#8211;6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p &lt; 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diastolic heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of signs and symptoms of HF, preserved left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), and abnormal diastolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It is characterized by an abnormality in ventricular distensibility, relaxation, and filling, all of which can be indirectly measured by echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the absence of echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function, HF with LVEF &#8805; 50% can be termed only &#8220;HF with preserved LVEF.&#8221; Although patients with HF with preserved LVEF generally present a more favorable prognosis than those with systolic dysfunction, there is increasing morbidity related to HF with preserved LVEF due to population aging and therapeutic limitations associated with this pathology.</p>
      <p>In particular, systolic dysfunction is an important marker of poor prognosis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Conversely, the presence of diastolic dysfunction, whether associated with systolic dysfunction, is an aggravating factor that is associated with poor prognosis in this situation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Previous studies have suggested that the development of HF after AMI is related to the infarction size, coronary multivessel disease, reperfusion efficiency, and adjuvant medication use<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Despite the increasing use of early myocardial revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, the prevalence of post-AMI HF is still high (20%&#8211;30%), representing the leading cause of in-hospital mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Systolic ventricular dysfunction after AMI in relation to the development of HF and increased mortality has been extensively studied. Moreover, data relating to the prevalence and prognosis of patients with post-AMI HF with preserved LVEF are still limited<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A few registries have specifically evaluated post-AMI HF with preserved LVEF; however, they generally have not simultaneously assessed AMI patients with and without ST-segment elevation (STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively) and have used heterogenous LVEF cut-off points to establish the diagnosis of HF with preserved LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Here we aim to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes of patients admitted with post-AMI HF with preserved LVEF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Between January 2005 and December 2012, 1,474 patients with AMI (71% men, 73 &#177; 14 years, 39% with STEMI) were consecutively included in a single-center registry of a tertiary hospital. Details regarding the registry design, methods, and quality control have been previously published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. AMI was defined according to the criteria set by international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. LVEF was measured throughout hospitalization at the discretion of the healthcare team. For this analysis, the worst LVEF of each patient during hospitalization was selected. Baseline clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes (length of stay and in-hospital mortality) were compared among the three groups of patients: those without HF at admission (Killip score = 1), those with HF with preserved LVEF at admission (Killip score &gt; 1 and LVEF &#8805; 50%), and those with systolic dysfunction at admission (Killip score &gt; 1 and LVEF &lt; 50%). The diagnosis of AMI and all decisions regarding the treatment administered were made by the responsible medical team based on the institution&#8217;s current guidelines and routine practices. Specific nursing staff was assigned to collect all the variables included in this registry. The Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein approved the present study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>The numerical variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or as median and interquartile range when the distribution was not normal. Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. The comparison between numerical variables was performed using analysis of variance or the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni&#8211;Dunn multiple comparisons test, when required. The chi-squared test was used for categorical variables; Bonferroni multiple comparisons via generalized linear models with logit link function were used when the differences between the groups were significant. A logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, type of AMI, and history of prior stroke/transient ischemic attack was used to test the association between HF and in-hospital mortality. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 11 Special Edition (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, United States).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the 1,474 patients included in the study, 1,256 (85.2%) did not have HF (72% men, 67 &#177; 15 years), 78 (5.3%) had HF with preserved LVEF (59% men, 76 &#177; 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) had systolic HF (69% men, 76 &#177; 14 years). The baseline clinical characteristics of the three groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. It was observed that HF patients with preserved LVEF and those with systolic HF were older and had higher risk for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) than patients without HF. Compared with patients with systolic HF, HF patients with preserved LVEF had higher LVEF and often exhibited NSTEMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Clinical characteristics of the three groups of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without HF (n = 1,256)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HF with preserved LVEF (n = 78)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Systolic HF (n = 140)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">910 (72)</td>
              <td align="center">46(59)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0,028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0,015</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">370 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">30(39)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (36)</td>
              <td align="center">0,130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH,n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">700 (58)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (67)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (63)</td>
              <td align="center">0,157</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stroke/TIA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (11)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0,005</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">195 (16)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (23)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0,050</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,59 &#177;0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,34 &#177;0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TIMI risk (P25/P75)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1/4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2/6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3/6,75)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Troponin ng/mL (P25/P75)</td>
              <td align="center">3.460 (580/16.100)</td>
              <td align="center">3.160 (450/21.200)</td>
              <td align="center">3.300 (420/21.500)</td>
              <td align="center">0,940</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NSTEMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">790 (63)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47 (60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">60 (43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> It was not possible to identify the groups in which the differences occurred.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Statistically significant differences compared with HF patients with preserved LVEF.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Statistically significant differences compared with systolic HF patients.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>****</label>
            <p>Statistically significant differences compared with patients without HF. HF: heart failure. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. SD: standard deviation. BMI: body mass index. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension. TIA: transient ischemic attack. AMI: acute myocardial infarction. TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. NSTEMI: acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients without HF, with HF with preserved LVEF, and with systolic HF presented mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001), and hospital stay (standard deviation) of 6 (5), 9 (14), and 10 (12.5) days, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression revealed that HF with preserved LVEF [odds ratio (OR) = 2.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.35&#8211;6.27, p = 0.006] and systolic dysfunction (OR = 5.38, 95% CI 3.10&#8211;9.32, p &lt; 0.001) were notably and independently associated with in-hospital mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Multivariate logistic regression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Lowest</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Highest</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HF with preserved LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">2,91</td>
              <td align="center">1,35</td>
              <td align="center">6,27</td>
              <td align="center">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic HF</td>
              <td align="center">5,38</td>
              <td align="center">3,10</td>
              <td align="center">9,32</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">1,02</td>
              <td align="center">1,01</td>
              <td align="center">1,03</td>
              <td align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0,84</td>
              <td align="center">0,81</td>
              <td align="center">0,88</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female sex</td>
              <td align="center">1,44</td>
              <td align="center">0,87</td>
              <td align="center">2,41</td>
              <td align="center">0,160</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">0,88</td>
              <td align="center">0,53</td>
              <td align="center">1,45</td>
              <td align="center">0,615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">0,80</td>
              <td align="center">0,42</td>
              <td align="center">1,50</td>
              <td align="center">0,482</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous stroke/TIA</td>
              <td align="center">2,02</td>
              <td align="center">0,91</td>
              <td align="center">4,48</td>
              <td align="center">0,085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Troponin</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">0,996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">0,66</td>
              <td align="center">0,40</td>
              <td align="center">1,07</td>
              <td align="center">0,092</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>OR: odds ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. HF: heart failure. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. BMI: body mass index. AMI: acute myocardial infarction. TIA: transient ischemic attack. NSTEMI: acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>One-third of patients with AMI who had HF at admission presented preserved LVEF (&#8805; 50%). Nevertheless, this subgroup had an extended hospital stay and an almost three-fold higher risk of in-hospital death than those without HF. Patients admitted with systolic HF exhibited even higher mortality rates, with a five-fold greater risk of in-hospital death when compared with patients without HF. </p>
      <p>Diastolic HF is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of signs and symptoms of HF, preserved LVEF, and abnormal diastolic function. The pathophysiology of diastolic HF comprises ventricular relaxation deficit and intraventricular pressure increase, with a consequent increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In general, post-AMI HF is a result of complex and unbalanced structural, hemodynamic, and neurohumoral interactions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Ischemia and myocardial necrosis promote systolic and diastolic contractile dysfunction because ventricular diastole is an active physiological process that consumes oxygen and glucose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Even without extensive necrosis, a stunned or hibernating myocardium also presents contractile and relaxation dysfunction, although this may be transitory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function and filling pressures requires careful data acquisition and proper interpretation by the operating technician. Decreases in the magnitude of the early to late diastolic filling ratio, increases in the deceleration time of early diastolic filling, or increases in the isovolumetric relaxation time indicate worsened ventricular relaxation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. These echocardiographic parameters can aid in diagnosis and assessment of the severity of diastolic dysfunction. A 2007 European consensus suggested that, in addition to the clinical characteristics of HF and LVEF, echocardiographic parameters such as ventricular filling time, diastolic volume, and ventricular mass should be included among the diagnostic criteria for diastolic HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Data on these parameters were not available in our registry; nevertheless, as in the present study, the majority of clinical studies on post-AMI diastolic dysfunction have used only clinical HF associated with preserved LVEF to establish the diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the presence of HF is an important marker for risk of death. Stege et al. evaluated the characteristics and prognosis of post-ACS HF based on the GRACE registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. They observed a 2.2-fold higher risk of death for patients with HF than those without HF. Notably, the GRACE registry did not differentiate according to patients the type of HF (systolic or diastolic) but classified them only based on the Killip score at admission. In addition, patients with Killip class IV AMI were excluded from the analysis, which may justify the lower mortality in these patients compared with the results of our or other registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Conversely, the data available on diastolic dysfunction in patients with ACS are highly limited. Patients with ACS and HF often have preserved LVEF; nevertheless, most clinical studies have only analyzed the outcomes of patients with systolic HF. Recently, an epidemiological study demonstrated that, despite the prevalence of post-AMI systolic HF declining over the past two decades, prevalence for HF with preserved LVEF has remained stable, reaching a rate comparable with systolic HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In general, patients with HF with preserved LVEF are majorly women, the elderly, hypertensive individuals, and those with lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus compared with patients with post-ACS systolic HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In the present study, compared with patients without HF, patients with systolic HF or HF with preserved LVEF were older and had a higher risk of AMI, as assessed by the TIMI score. Compared with patients with systolic HF, HF patients with preserved LVEF had higher LVEF and often exhibited NSTEMI.</p>
      <p>In relation to clinical outcomes, some studies have shown that patients with post-AMI HF and preserved LVEF had higher risk of mortality compared with patients without HF, despite not exhibiting systolic dysfunction. Bennett et al. found results similar to the present study in the CRUSADE registry, specifically in patients with NSTEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In that registry, over half the patients with post&#8209;AMI HF had preserved LVEF. However, the cut-off point used to determine preserved LVEF was 40%. Therefore, patients with mild systolic ventricular dysfunction were considered to have diastolic HF, which may have worsened the prognosis of this subset of patients. Nevertheless, in the CRUSADE registry, mortality in patients with HF with preserved LVEF was lower than that in patients with systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Similarly to the present study, this rate was more than twice the rate in patients without HF. In the same registry, this behavior was also observed in the short- and long-term sub-analysis in patients aged over 65 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Notably, the CRUSADE registry did not include patients with STEMI, who represented 40% of HF patients with preserved LVEF in the study.</p>
      <p>Subsequently, Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> assessed predictors of death including NT-proBNP in 555 patients with AMI and preserved LVEF. Age and NT-proBNP were independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality and rehospitalization for HF. Recently, in a large registry (ACTION) analyzed by Shah et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> 3.8% of patients with AMI admitted without HF developed HF during hospitalization. In this subgroup, 35% of patients exhibited NSTEMI and 22% of those exhibiting STEMI developed HF with LVEF &#8805; 50%. Despite mortality in patients with post-AMI HF being approximately five times greater than in those without HF, they did not observe differences in mortality between patients with systolic HF and those with HF with preserved LVEF. However, the study suggested that preserved LVEF and absence of HF at admission did not guarantee that patients with AMI were free from the risk of developing HF during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The present study had several limitations because this was a retrospective, observational, single-center study with a relatively small population sample. Data on the patients&#8217; Killip score throughout hospitalization was not available but only that upon admission was available; therefore, this study did not include cases of HF that developed during hospitalization. Echocardiographic measurements related to diastolic function other than the LVEF score were also not available in the present registry. Finally, complete data on the medical and interventional treatment of the patients were not available, and as a result, statistical adjustments related to therapeutic aspects were not possible.</p>
      <p>Thus, although post-AMI HF with preserved LVEF is moderately prevalent and presents important prognostic implications, few studies have specifically evaluated the clinical outcomes and therapeutic needs of this subgroup of patients. Despite its limitations, the objective of this study was to describe the clinical features, prevalence, and prognosis of patients with systolic HF or HF with preserved LVEF following AMI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>One-third of patients with AMI with HF at admission presented preserved LVEF. Although outcomes for this subgroup were more favorable than those for the patients with systolic HF, the former had longer hospital stays and a three-fold higher risk of death than the patients without HF. Therefore, HF patients with preserved LVEF after AMI are a subgroup encountering a short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors would like to thank Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto Prado for his support in the statistical analyses.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References </title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation. 2002;105(11):1387-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zile</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brutsaert</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1387</fpage>
          <lpage>1393</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Wang J, Nagueh SF. Current perspectives on cardiac function in patients with diastolic heart failure. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1146-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current perspectives on cardiac function in patients with diastolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1146</fpage>
          <lpage>1157</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):669-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moye</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuddy</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Volpi A, De Vita C, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Maggioni AP, Mauri F, et al. Determinants of 6-month mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction after thrombolysis. Results of the GISSI-2 data base. The Ad hoc Working Group of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-2 Data Base. Circulation. 1993;88(2):416-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Volpi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Vita</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franzosi</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geraci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mauri</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of 6-month mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction after thrombolysis. Results of the GISSI-2 data base. The Ad hoc Working Group of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-2 Data Base</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>416</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Oh JK, Ding ZP, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling identifies patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992;5(5):497-503.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>ZP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling identifies patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>497</fpage>
          <lpage>503</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Nijland F, Kamp O, Karreman AJ, van Eenige MJ, Visser CA. Prognostic implications of restrictive left ventricular filling in acute myocardial infarction: a serial Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(7):1618-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nijland</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamp</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karreman</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Eenige</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visser</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic implications of restrictive left ventricular filling in acute myocardial infarction: a serial Doppler echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1618</fpage>
          <lpage>1624</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Sanz G, Castaner A, Betriu A, Magrina J, Roig E, Coll S, et al. Determinants of prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction: a prospective clinical angiographic study. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(18):1065-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castaner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Betriu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magrina</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roig</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coll</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction: a prospective clinical angiographic study</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>306</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1065</fpage>
          <lpage>1070</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Chappuis F, Ahnve S, Engler R, et al. Influence on prognosis and morbidity of left ventricular ejection fraction with and without signs of left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61(15):1165-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicod</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilpin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dittrich</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chappuis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahnve</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engler</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence on prognosis and morbidity of left ventricular ejection fraction with and without signs of left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1165</fpage>
          <lpage>1171</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Spencer FA, Meyer TE, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Heterogeneity in the management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2002;105(22):2605-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spencer</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gore</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heterogeneity in the management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2605</fpage>
          <lpage>2610</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Greenberg H, McMaster P, Dwyer EM Jr. Left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(5):867-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMaster</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dwyer</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: results of a prospective multicenter study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>867</fpage>
          <lpage>874</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Poulsen SH, Jensen SE, Gotzsche O, Egstrup K. Evaluation and prognostic significance of left ventricular diastolic function assessed by Doppler echocardiography in the early phase of a first acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1997;18(12):1882-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poulsen</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotzsche</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egstrup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation and prognostic significance of left ventricular diastolic function assessed by Doppler echocardiography in the early phase of a first acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1882</fpage>
          <lpage>1889</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Bennett KM, Hernandez AF, Chen AY, Mulgund J, Newby LK, Rumsfeld JS, et al. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function among patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(10):1351-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulgund</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newby</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function among patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>1356</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, Cohen-Solal A, Aumont MC, Lopez-Sendon J, et al. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation. 2004;109(4):494-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dabbous</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aumont</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Sendon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>494</fpage>
          <lpage>499</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1389-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parsons</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Every</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bates</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1389</fpage>
          <lpage>1394</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Makdisse M, Katz M, Correa Ada G, Forlenza LM, Perin MA, de Brito Junior FS, et al. Effect of implementing an acute myocardial infarction guideline on quality indicators. Einstein. 2013;11(3):357-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Makdisse</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correa</surname>
              <given-names>Ada G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forlenza</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>FS de</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of implementing an acute myocardial infarction guideline on quality indicators</article-title>
          <source>Einstein</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>363</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. Myocardial infarction redefined--a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(3):959-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassand</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial infarction redefined--a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>959</fpage>
          <lpage>969</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Velazquez EJ, Pfeffer MA. Acute heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: a deadly intersection. Circulation. 2004;109(4):440-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Velazquez</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: a deadly intersection</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Solomon SD, Glynn RJ, Greaves S, Ajani U, Rouleau JL, Menapace F, et al. Recovery of ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era: the healing and early afterload reducing therapy study. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):451-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glynn</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greaves</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ajani</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouleau</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menapace</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recovery of ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era: the healing and early afterload reducing therapy study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>458</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Braunwald E, Kloner RA. The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1982;66(6):1146-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1146</fpage>
          <lpage>1149</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(20):2539-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tschope</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rademakers</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2539</fpage>
          <lpage>2550</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Shah RV, Holmes D, Anderson M, Wang TY, Kontos MC, Wiviott SD, et al. Risk of heart failure complication during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in a contemporary population: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data ACTION Registry. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(6):693-702.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>TY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kontos</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiviott</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of heart failure complication during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in a contemporary population: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data ACTION Registry</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>693</fpage>
          <lpage>702</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Kim SA, Rhee SJ, Shim CY, Kim JS, Park S, Ko YG, et al. Prognostic value of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide level on admission in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Coron Artery Dis. 2011;22(3):153-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhee</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shim</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>YG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic value of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide level on admission in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Gerber Y, Weston SA, Berardi C, McNallan SM, Jiang R, Redfield MM, et al. Contemporary trends in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction: a community study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(8):1272-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerber</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berardi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNallan</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contemporary trends in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction: a community study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>178</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1272</fpage>
          <lpage>1280</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 van Diepen S, Chen AY, Wang TY, Alexander KP, Ezekowitz JA, Peterson ED, et al. Influence of heart failure symptoms and ejection fraction on short- and long-term outcomes for older patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2014;167(2):267-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Diepen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>TY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of heart failure symptoms and ejection fraction on short- and long-term outcomes for older patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>167</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>273</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo Preservada em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fava</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesaro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Eduardo Pereira Pesaro,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, Pavilh&#227;o Vicky e Joseph Safra, Bloco A1, 4&#186; andar, CEP 05652&#8209;901, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>antonio.pesaro@einstein.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Fava AN, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Antonelli L, Fava AN, Pesaro AEP. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Antonelli L, Katz M, Pesaro AEP. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Antonelli L, Katz M, Pesaro AEP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Antonelli L, Katz M, Bacal F, Makdisse MRP, Correa AG, Pereira C, Franken M, Fava AN, Serrano Junior CV, Pesaro AEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ainda n&#227;o foram bem elucidados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 1.474) foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente. Pacientes admitidos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Killip = 1), com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (Killip &gt; 1 e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 50%) e com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica (Killip &gt; 1 e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50%) foram comparados. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, com a mortalidade hospitalar foi testada em modelos ajustados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dentre os inclu&#237;dos, 1.256 (85,2%) pacientes foram admitidos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (72% homens, 67 &#177; 15 anos), 78 (5,3%) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (59% homens, 76 &#177; 14 anos) e 140 (9,5%) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica (69% homens, 76 &#177; 14 anos), com mortalidade, respectivamente, de 4,3; 17,9 e 27,1% (p &lt; 0,001). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (ajustada para sexo, idade, troponina, diabetes e &#237;ndice de massa corporal) demonstrou que insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (odds ratio de 2,91; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 1,35-6,27; p = 0,006) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica (odds ratio de 5,38; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 3,10-9,32; p &lt; 0,001) se associaram &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio admitidos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada. Apesar de esse subgrupo ter evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, ele apresentou risco de morte tr&#234;s vezes maior do que o grupo sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada apresentaram elevado risco em curto prazo e mereceram especial aten&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) diast&#243;lica consiste em uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica definida pela presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas de IC, Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) preservada e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica anormal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica caracteriza-se por uma anormalidade na distensibilidade, no relaxamento e no enchimento ventricular &#8722; fen&#244;menos que podem ser indiretamente mensurados pelo ecocardiograma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Na aus&#234;ncia de detalhamentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, a IC com FEVE &#8805; 50% pode ser denominada apenas &#8220;IC com FEVE preservada&#8221;. Apesar de, geralmente, pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada apresentarem progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel do que aqueles com IC sist&#243;lica, existe crescente morbidade relacionada &#224; IC com FEVE preservada, em virtude do envelhecimento populacional e das limita&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas associadas a essa patologia.</p>
        <p>Particularmente no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; um importante marcador de pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Por outro lado, a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, associada ou n&#227;o &#224; sist&#243;lica, nesse cen&#225;rio, &#233; um agravante cl&#237;nico e associa-se ao pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Estudos pr&#233;vios sugeriram que o desenvolvimento de IC ap&#243;s o IAM esteja relacionado com o tamanho do infarto, a doen&#231;a multiarterial coronariana, a efici&#234;ncia da reperfus&#227;o e o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es adjuvantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Apesar do emprego crescente da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, a preval&#234;ncia de IC p&#243;s-IAM ainda &#233; elevada (em torno de 20 a 30%), representando a principal causa de morbimortalidade intra-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s o IAM tem sido extensivamente estudada em sua rela&#231;&#227;o com desenvolvimento de IC e aumento da mortalidade. Por outro lado, dados relacionados &#224; preval&#234;ncia e ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada p&#243;s-IAM ainda s&#227;o limitados na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Existem poucos registros pr&#233;vios que avaliaram especificamente a IC com FEVE preservada p&#243;s-IAM, sendo que, em geral, n&#227;o avaliaram simultaneamente pacientes com IAM Com e Sem Supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMCST e IAMSST, respectivamente) e utilizaram crit&#233;rios de corte de FEVE heterog&#234;neos para determinar o diagn&#243;stico de IC com FEVE preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, foi avaliar preval&#234;ncia, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes admitidos com IAM e IC com FEVE preservada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2012, 1.474 pacientes com IAM (71% homens, 73 &#177; 14 anos, 39% com IAMCST) foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos em um registro unic&#234;ntrico de um hospital terci&#225;rio. Detalhes acerca do desenho, da condu&#231;&#227;o e do controle de qualidade do registro foram publicados previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O IAM foi definido de acordo com crit&#233;rios de diretrizes internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A FEVE foi mensurada ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, a crit&#233;rio da equipe assistencial. Para essa an&#225;lise, selecionamos a pior FEVE de cada paciente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais e desfechos intra-hospitalares (tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade hospitalar) foram comparados entre tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes: admitidos sem IC (Killip = 1); admitidos com IC com FEVE preservada (Killip &gt; 1 e FEVE &#8805; 50%); e admitidos com IC sist&#243;lica (Killip &gt; 1 e FEVE &lt; 50%). O diagn&#243;stico de IAM, bem como todas as decis&#245;es acerca do tratamento institu&#237;do, ficaram a cargo da equipe m&#233;dica respons&#225;vel, com base em diretrizes atuais e rotinas da institui&#231;&#227;o. Uma equipe espec&#237;fica de enfermagem foi designada para coletar todas as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das nesse registro. A aprova&#231;&#227;o para o estudo foi fornecida pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas na forma de m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP), ou mediana e varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o era normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas na forma de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi realizada por meio dos testes de An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou Kruskal-Wallis, seguida de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni e Dunn, quando necess&#225;rias. O teste qui quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni via modelos lineares generalizados com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logito quando as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram significativas. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustado para sexo, idade, troponina, diabetes melito, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tipo de IAM e presen&#231;a de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)/Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio (AIT) pr&#233;vio foi utilizado para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IC e mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando STATA 11 Edi&#231;&#227;o Especial (StataCorp LP, CollegeStation, Texas, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre os 1.474 inclu&#237;dos, 1.256 (85,2%) pacientes foram admitidos sem IC (72% homens, 67 &#177; 15 anos), 78 (5,3%) com IC com FEVE preservada (59% homens, 76 &#177; 14 anos), e 140 (9,5%) com IC sist&#243;lica (69% homens, 76 &#177; 14 anos). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais desses tr&#234;s subgrupos podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">tabela 1</xref>. Observamos que, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem IC, pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada e com IC sist&#243;lica eram mais velhos e apresentaram maior risco <italic>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic> (TIMI). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, os pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada apresentaram maior FEVE e, mais frequentemente, IAMSST.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes nos tr&#234;s subgrupos estudados </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem IC (n = 1.256)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC com FEVE preservada (n = 78)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC sist&#243;lica (n=140)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">910(72)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">96(69)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0, 028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 15 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m2) (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">370 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">700(58)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC/AIT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (4) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">195 (16) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (23) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,050</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,12 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,59 &#177; 0,07 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco TIMI (P25/P75)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1/4) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2/6) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3/6,75) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina Ng /mL(P25/P75)</td>
                <td align="center">3.460 (580/16.100)</td>
                <td align="center">3.160 (450/21.200)</td>
                <td align="center">3.300 (420/21.500)</td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSST, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">790 (63) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47 (60) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60 (43) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">****</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar entre quais grupos ocorreram as diferen&#231;as;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>****</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem IC. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AVC/AIT: acidente vascular cerebral/acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pacientes admitidos sem IC, com IC com FEVE preservada e com IC sist&#243;lica apresentaram, respectivamente, mortalidade de 4,3, 17,9 e 27,1% (p &lt; 0,001) e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de 6 (5) , 9 (14) e 10 (12,5) dias (p&lt;0,001). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de IC com FEVE preservada ( <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> &#8722; OR = 2,91; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95% 1,35-6,27; p = 0,006) e de IC sist&#243;lica (OR = 5,38; IC95% = 3,10-9,32; p &lt; 0,001) foi importantemente associada, de forma independente, &#224; morte intra-hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Inferior</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Superior</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IC com FEVE preservada</td>
                <td align="center">2,91</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">6,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">5,38</td>
                <td align="center">3,10</td>
                <td align="center">9,32</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">2,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,160</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">2,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">4,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM S/SST</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC/AIT: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico/acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IAMSST infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com IAM admitidos com IC apresentou FEVE preservada. Apesar de ter FEVE preservada (&#8805; 50%), esse subgrupo apresentou tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado e risco de morte intra-hospitalar quase tr&#234;s vezes maior do que pacientes sem IC. Por outro lado, os pacientes admitidos com IC sist&#243;lica apresentaram taxas de mortalidade ainda maiores, com risco de morte intra-hospitalar cinco vezes maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes sem IC. </p>
        <p>A IC diast&#243;lica &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica caracterizada por sinais e sintomas de IC, FEVE preservada e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica anormal. A fisiopatologia da IC diast&#243;lica consiste no d&#233;fice de relaxamento ventricular e no aumento das press&#245;es intraventriculares, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. De um modo geral, a IC secund&#225;ria ao IAM &#233; resultado de complexas intera&#231;&#245;es estruturais, hemodin&#226;micas e neuro-humorais desadaptadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A isquemia e a necrose mioc&#225;rdica abrupta promovem disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, j&#225; que a di&#225;stole ventricular &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico ativo que consome oxig&#234;nio e glicose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Mesmo que n&#227;o haja necrose extensa, o mioc&#225;rdio atordoado ou hibernado tamb&#233;m apresenta disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e de relaxamento, ainda que transit&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das press&#245;es de enchimento requer aquisi&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa de dados e interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada pelo operador. Diminui&#231;&#245;es na magnitude da rela&#231;&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce e tardio (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A), aumentos no tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do perfil da velocidade de enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce ou aumentos no tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico indicam piora do relaxamento ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Esses par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico e mensurar a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Um consenso europeu de 2007 sugeriu que, al&#233;m do quadro cl&#237;nico de IC e da FEVE, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como o tempo de enchimento ventricular, volume diast&#243;lico e massa ventricular, fossem inclu&#237;dos entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de IC diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em nosso registro. Apesar disso, de modo semelhante ao nosso estudo, na maioria dos estudos cl&#237;nicos com IC diast&#243;lica p&#243;s-infarto, o diagn&#243;stico foi determinado apenas pelo quadro cl&#237;nico de IC associado &#224; FEVE preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas (SCA), a presen&#231;a de IC &#233; um marcador importante de risco de morte. Stege cols., a partir do registro GRACE, avaliaram as caracter&#237;sticas e o progn&#243;stico da IC ap&#243;s SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Seus resultados demonstraram risco de morte 2,2 vezes maior para pacientes com IC vs. pacientes sem IC. Importante ressaltar que o registro GRACE n&#227;o diferenciou quais pacientes possu&#237;am IC sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, classificando-os apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Killip durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com Killip IV foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, o que pode justificar uma menor mortalidade desses pacientes quando comparados aos resultados de nosso registro ou aos de outros j&#225; publicados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, os dados dispon&#237;veis especificamente acerca da IC diast&#243;lica em pacientes com SCA s&#227;o mais limitados. Frequentemente pacientes com SCA e IC apresentam FEVE preservada, entretanto a maioria dos estudos cl&#237;nicos tem analisado somente os desfechos de pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica. Recentemente, um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico demonstrou que, apesar da preval&#234;ncia da IC sist&#243;lica p&#243;s-IAM ter declinado nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, a da IC com FEVE preservada vem se mantendo est&#225;vel, assumindo import&#226;ncia compar&#225;vel &#224; da IC sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. De modo geral, pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada, quando comparados com pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s SCA, s&#227;o, em sua maioria, mulheres, idosos, hipertensos e com menor preval&#234;ncia de diabetes melito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em nosso estudo, quando comparados com pacientes sem IC, os pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada ou sist&#243;lica foram mais idosos e apresentaram infartos de maior risco avaliados pelo escore de TIMI. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, os pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada apresentaram maior FEVE e, mais frequentemente, IAMSST.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, alguns estudos demonstraram que pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada p&#243;s-infarto apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem IC, apesar de n&#227;o apresentarem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Bennett e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verificaram resultados similares aos do nosso no registro CRUSADE, especificamente em pacientes com IAMSST. No registro, mais da metade dos pacientes com IC p&#243;s-IAM apresentaram IC com FEVE preservada. No entanto, o corte aplicado para determinar que a FEVE fosse preservada foi de 40%. Por isso, pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica leve foram considerados portadores de IC diast&#243;lica, o que pode ter desfavorecido o progn&#243;stico desse subgrupo de pacientes. Ainda assim, no registro CRUSADE, a mortalidade de pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada foi inferior &#224; de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mas, de modo semelhante ao nosso estudo, mais do que duas vezes maior do que a de pacientes sem IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No mesmo registro, esse comportamento tamb&#233;m foi verificado em suban&#225;lise de curto e longo prazos em pacientes com mais de 65 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Importante enfatizar que o registro CRUSADE n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com IAMCST, os quais representaram 40% dos pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Posteriormente, pequeno estudo de Kim e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliou os preditores de morte, incluindo o NT-proBNP em 555 pacientes com IAM e FEVE preservada. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade cardiovascular e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC foram idade e NT-proBNP. Mais recentemente, um amplo registro analisado por Shah e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (registro ACTION) demonstrou que, em pacientes com IAM admitidos sem IC, 3,8% desenvolveram IC posteriormente, ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o. Nesse subgrupo, 35% dos pacientes com IAMSST e 22% com IAMCSST desenvolveram IC com FEVE &#8805; 50%. A despeito de descrever a mortalidade nos pacientes com IC p&#243;s-IAM, cerca de cinco vezes mais do que naqueles sem IC, os autores n&#227;o relataram a diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica e IC com FEVE preservada. No entanto, o estudo sugeriu que FEVE preservada e aus&#234;ncia de IC inicialmente n&#227;o garantiam que os pacientes com IAM estivessem livres do risco de IC ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresentou uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es, pois se tratou de um estudo retrospectivo, observacional e unic&#234;ntrico, com uma amostra populacional relativamente pequena. N&#227;o dispusemos de dados acerca do Killip dos pacientes ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas a avalia&#231;&#227;o admissional; portanto, n&#227;o possu&#237;amos casos de IC que se desenvolveram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o dispusemos de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas referentes &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em nosso registro, mas apenas do valor da FEVE. Finalmente, n&#227;o havia dados completos acerca do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e intervencionista dos pacientes analisados, e, por isso, n&#227;o foram poss&#237;veis ajustes estat&#237;sticos relacionados aos aspectos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        <p>Desse modo, apesar da IC com FEVE preservada p&#243;s-IAM ser razoavelmente prevalente e apresentar importantes implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, poucos estudos se dedicaram a avaliar especificamente os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e as necessidades terap&#234;uticas desse subgrupo de pacientes. A despeito das nossas limita&#231;&#245;es, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a preval&#234;ncia e progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com IC com FEVE preservada e sist&#243;lica p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio admitidos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada. Apesar de esse subgrupo ter evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, ele apresentou tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado e risco de morte tr&#234;s vezes maior do que o grupo sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Portanto, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio constituem um subgrupo de risco em curto prazo e merecem especial aten&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto Prado, pelo suporte nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
