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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hFhQwg4R6fjkYBYpnBY9QQy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100139</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Screening for Fabry Disease in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Documentation of a Novel Mutation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mateus</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Il&#237;dio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Vila Real</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Unidade de Vila Real - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Baptista</bold>, CHTMAD. Avenida da Noruega, Vila Real. Postal Code 5000, Vila Real - Portugal. E-mail: <email>baptista_ana@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Baptista A, Mateus P; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baptista A, Magalh&#227;es P, Le&#227;o S, Carvalho S, Mateus P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Baptista A, Magalh&#227;es P; Statistical analysis: Baptista A, Le&#227;o S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>139</fpage>
      <lpage>144</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by enzyme &#945;-galactosidase A deficiency as a result of mutations in the GLA gene. Cardiac involvement is characterized by progressive left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate the prevalence of Fabry disease in a population with left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The patients were assessed for the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy defined as a left ventricular mass index &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women or &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men. Severe aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension with mild left ventricular hypertrophy were exclusion criteria. All patients included were assessed for enzyme &#945;-galactosidase A activity using dry spot testing. Genetic study was performed whenever the enzyme activity was decreased.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 47 patients with a mean left ventricular mass index of 141.1 g/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177; 28.5; 99.2 to 228.5 g/m<sup>2</sup>] were included. Most of the patients were females (51.1%). Nine (19.1%) showed decreased &#945;-galactosidase A activity, but only one positive genetic test &#8722; [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5), a mutation not previously described in the literature. This clinical investigation was able to establish the association between the mutation and the clinical presentation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In a population of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, we documented a Fabry disease prevalence of 2.1%. This novel case was defined in the sequence of a mutation of unknown meaning in the GLA gene with further pathogenicity study. Thus, this study permitted the definition of a novel causal mutation for Fabry disease - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Fabry disease / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Alpha-Galactosidase / genetics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Establishing the cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common challenge in clinical practice, given its high prevalence and the variety of diseases with which it may be associated. This is particularly relevant from the clinical standpoint because of the therapeutic implications regarding the different differential diagnoses.</p>
      <p>Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked disease caused by enzyme &#945;-Galactosidase A (Gal A) deficiency as a result of GLA gene mutations. Most families present with a "private" mutation found only in that family and, thus, hundreds of causal mutations are currently known. This multiplicity of mutations may contribute to variations in the residual enzyme activity and the different clinical presentations. Enzyme Gal-A deficiency leads to a progressive tissue accumulation of glycosphingolipids, especially of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), resulting in organ failure. The organs more frequently involved are the kidneys, heart, skin, central and autonomic nervous systems, eyes and auditory system. As regards the cardiac manifestations, Gb3 accumulation leads to LVH, whose etiology is difficult to distinguish from others using the common cardiac imaging methods, especially echocardiography. Currently, suspecting lysosomal storage diseases, namely FD, is key given the availability of enzyme replacement therapy, which brings an impact on disease progression. Thus, innumerable studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of FD in risk populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of FD in a population of patients with LVH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study was conducted between October 2010 and February 2011 in a hospital center in the region of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, northern Portugal, after approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. All patients with age &gt; 18 years referred for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were considered eligible for the FD screening program. They were included if there was evidence of LVH, defined as a left ventricular (LV) mass / body surface area (BSA) &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup>, for women, and &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup>, for men. LV mass was calculated using the formula:</p>
      <disp-formula id="e01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      <p>Linear measurements during diastole obtained from two-dimensional echocardiography were used for the calculation. The exclusion criteria were presence of severe aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension when associated with mild LVH - LV mass/BSA &lt; 109 g/m<sup>2</sup> (women) and &lt; 132 g/m<sup>2</sup> (men), regardless of the hypertension stage. All patients enrolled gave written informed consent prior to undergoing clinical assessment, investigation of multiorgan involvement, and determination of enzyme Gal-A activity.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment</title>
        <p>After the inclusion criteria were defined, brief history taking focused on the investigation of symptoms suggestive of FD and multiorgan involvement, especially cardiac, was performed. Thus, the questionnaire included the assessment of history of bouts of pain in extremities; gastrointestinal transit or sweating abnormalities; history of stroke; and presence of shortness of breath/orthopnea or chest pain. Next, blood pressure (BP), height and weight measurements were taken, and angiokeratomas were investigated. Clinical assessment did not include family history for cardiovascular or renal diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investigation of multiorgan involvement</title>
        <p>The cardiac investigation was complemented by electrocardiogram (ECG) - assessment of rhythm, heart rate (HR), PR interval, conduction disturbances, and voltage criteria for LHV (Sokolow-Lyon criteria). For the investigation of renal involvement, BUN and serum creatinine levels were determined, with further estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the MDRD formula (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease). Random urine specimens were also collected to rule out albuminuria, using the microalbuminuria/urine creatinine ratio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Enzyme Gal-A activity determination</title>
        <p>Screening for FD was based on the dried blood spot (DBS) test, with four blood spots placed in a filter paper and allowed to dry at room temperature. Enzyme Gal-A activity was determined in an outside laboratory (laboratory of metabolism, Hamburg University Medical Center). Values between 200 and 2000 pmol/spot*20 h were considered normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic screening</title>
        <p>Whenever enzyme Gal-A activity was reduced, genetic screening was performed using 10 mL of blood collected in an EDTA tube with further GLA gene sequencing in the Center of Medical Genetics Doctor Jacinto de Magalhaes.</p>
        <p>Data were submitted to descriptive analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 19.0 (SPSS Statistics IBM&#174;), and were expressed as numbers or percentages or mean values &#177; standard deviation (SD). 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used when applicable.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the study period, 75 patients had inclusion criteria; of these, 28 (37.3%) were excluded for showing arterial hypertension with mild LVH (21 patients), or severe aortic stenosis (7 patients). Screening for FD was then performed in 47 patients, of whom 24 were women (51.1%). The mean age of patients was 65.6 &#177; 14.5 years (ranging from 25 to 90 years). As regards their ventricular mass, the mean LV mass/BSA was 141.1 &#177; 28.5 g/m<sup>2</sup> (99.2 to 228.5 g/m<sup>2</sup>) and the mean septal and posterior wall thickness was 15.3 &#177; 3.4 mm (10 to 24 mm) and 12.9 &#177; 2.1 mm (9 to 20 mm), respectively.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characterization of the study population</title>
        <p>Most of the study population assessed had a known history of arterial hypertension (n = 35; 74.5%), with a mean systolic BP recorded on the day of assessment of 144.2 &#177; 30.3 mmHg (96 to 216 mmHg). The summary review of the clinical history suggested the presence of bouts of pain in the extremities in 27.7% of patients, sweating abnormalities in 4.3%, and gastrointestinal transit abnormalities in 29.8%. No skin lesions suggestive of angiokeratoma were found in any of the patients. Eight patients (17.0%) had history of stroke, 66.0% presented with dyspnea, and 40.4% with chest pain.</p>
        <p>Of the patients assessed, three (6.4%) were on a regular dialysis program, with the population showing a mean GFR of 81.7 &#177; 50.2 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> (3.9 to 232.6 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>), as estimated from mean creatinine values of 1.4 &#177; 2.1 mg/dL (0.4 to 14.6 mg/dL). The prevalences of microalbuminuria and proteinuria were of 25.5% and 55.4%, respectively. Electrocardiographic assessment showed normal sinus rhythm in most of the patients (63.8%), with the remaining showing atrial fibrillation (19.1%) or pacemaker rhythm (17.1%). Their mean HR was 71 &#177; 15 bpm (45 to 110 bpm), PR interval of 169 &#177; 34 miliseconds (108 to 250 miliseconds), prevalence of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbance of 8.5% and 23.4%, respectively, with 40.4% of patients with criteria for LVH.</p>
        <p>Nine patients, all females, showed reduced enzyme Gal-A activity (19.1%), and were therefore referred for genetic screening. Only one of the genetic studies was able to document a GLA gene mutation. Thus, the incidence of false positives using the enzymatic test with DBS was 88.9%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of the case showing GLA gene mutation</title>
        <p>The single positive genetic test showed heterozygosis for [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5) mutation, which had never been previously described in the literature as the cause of FD. The patient was a 46-year-old female recently diagnosed with arterial hypertension, who had been referred for TTE because of a brain stem stroke. In the clinical assessment, she had history of frequent episodes of bouts of pain in the extremities, especially in hands, and gastrointestinal transit abnormalities, but no angiokeratoma. The ECG revealed normal sinus rhythm, HR of 76 bpm and voltage criteria for LVH with an overload pattern. The echocardiogram showed moderate concentric LVH with grade-II diastolic dysfunction. Renal assessment revealed the presence of microalbuminuria with preserved renal function (creatinine level of 0.6 mg/dL).</p>
        <p>Although the manifestations were suggestive of FD (microalbuminuria and LVH), they could also be explained by the history of hypertension and, therefore, the pathogenicity of this novel mutation had to be documented. This process involved three key steps: genetic information, demonstration of accumulation of Gb3 deposits, and family screening. Regarding the study of the mutation, the bioinformatics tools showed that it was causal, and the hypothesis of polymorphism was ruled out when it was not found in the study of 100 individuals from the population. Another aspect corroborating causality was the fact that other causal mutations had already been described in its proximity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Tissue accumulation of Gb3 was demonstrated by cutaneous biopsy, which showed rare lysosomal inclusions with characteristics typical of Gb3 deposits in smooth muscle fibers and increased blood concentrations of lysoGb3. As regards the family study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), it was negative for all her siblings, but positive for her daughter, who, at the age of 30 years, also presented with manifestations suggestive of FD: cornea verticilatta, peripheral neuropathic pain, and slightly increased proteins in the 24-hour urine, thus confirming the association of the mutation with the manifestations suggestive of FD. The investigation also included ruling out the involvement of other organs not defined by the study algorithm (dermatological, ophthalmological, ENT and pulmonary assessments were normal) and additional characterization by MRI of cardiac involvement, which demonstrated LVH with no late enhancement, and brain involvement, which demonstrated white matter damage. Blood pressure was also documented by ambulatory BP monitoring under medication. Thus, in a study on FD screening in patients with LVH, one case of FD was documented in association with a causal mutation - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5), which had not been previously described in the literature and is associated with neurological, cardiac and renal involvement. The Organizing Committee of Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders approved enzyme replacement therapy for the patient.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Screening for Fabry Disease in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Documentation of a Novel Mutation</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In a population of patients with LVH, after exclusion of cases with severe aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension associated with mild LVH, we documented a FD prevalence of 2.1% (95%CI: 0.1-11.3%). This prevalence is similar to that found in other screening studies in high-risk populations (populations selected with LVH, stroke and patients undergoing dialysis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, which reported prevalence rates much higher than that estimated in the general population of 0.02 to 0.09 per 10 thousand individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. However, the prevalence found should be carefully interpreted taking into consideration the small number of patients analyzed in this study. The importance of screening studies lies on two major factors. First, they seek to increase awareness on FD in target groups, in which there is a higher probability of detecting cases, and thus contribute for the definition of disease prevalence. Second, these studies also provide the opportunity to detect the disease at earlier stages, at which enzyme replacement therapy is more effective.</p>
      <p>The available studies on the prevalence of FD in populations with LVH used different criteria for patient inclusion, whether because of different forms of assessing LVH, or because of the cutoff values defined. Most of the studies used the maximum ventricular wall thickness threshold of 13 or 15mm<sup>4</sup> as an inclusion criterion, unlike in the present study, in which patient selection was based on the ventricular mass index. Although the typical manifestation of the cardiac involvement in FD is concentric LVH, several cases of asymmetrical LVH have already been documented<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. To corroborate this fact, there are studies demonstrating a FD incidence of approximately 1.0% in populations diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, in which asymmetrical LVH is the most frequent form of presentation. Thus, in the present study, patients with possible FD may have been excluded because increased thickness of a single ventricular wall - usually the ventricular septum, may be not associated with increased LV mass. However, this variable -left ventricular mass index, is one of the main criteria for monitoring the effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy in the reduction of LVH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, and this is why it was used as a criterion for patient selection.</p>
      <p>In this study, enzyme Gal-A activity as assessed by DBS was the method used for FD screening, whose result may be normal in up to 40% of women with FD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Interpretation of the enzymatic assay is more complicated in females, because the enzyme activity may be normal or at borderline lower limits because of the phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation (i.e., the permanent epigenetical silencing of one X chromosome creating cellular mosaicism, which explains the disease presentation in women - of delayed onset and with a higher probability of a single-organ involvement)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This leads to a study limitation: the possibility of underestimating FD prevalence because of false negatives among women although, interestingly, the only positive result occurred in a female patient. The use of the DBS test was based on the fact that it is an easily-accessible screening method in the clinical practice and has advantages over enzyme activity assessment in leukocytes or fibroblasts. First, it requires only a few blood spots for dose determination and, second, it permits easy and quick specimen shipping to specialized laboratories, an important aspect in our study center, where there is no laboratory dedicated to lysosomal storage diseases. Thus, we were interested in analyzing the DBS behavior to determine its further inclusion in the assessment of female patients with suspected FD. In addition to the known false negatives - a reality for which clinicians are aware of, given documentation from multiple studies, as previously mentioned, this screening showed another limitation of the DBS test: a high incidence of false positives, which has been infrequently reported in studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Only one in nine of the patients with reduced enzyme activity (all females) had FD confirmed by genetic testing, thus resulting in 88.9% of false positives. Therefore, in the current scenario in which costs are weighted in clinical investigation, this study questions the usefulness of DBS in female patients with suspected FD (high rate of false negatives and false positives).</p>
      <p>We observed a low incidence of unspecific manifestations, namely sweating disorders; however, gastrointestinal abnormalities and bouts of pain had an incidence of approximately 30%. This is probably explained by the fact that these are common manifestations of more prevalent diseases such as musculoskeletal and digestive disorders. On the other hand, manifestations of possible multiorgan involvement such as albuminuria had a high incidence, since they are also possible manifestations of hypertensive disease - a common finding in the study population. The assessment of these clinical and laboratory factors, which are common manifestations of FD, is a distinguishing feature of this study. Its inclusion in the screening study, unlike the usual genetic study alone in risk populations, was motivated by the interest in the definition of associations of factors with a higher probability of FD. Thus, the study results could be applied to the clinical practice, such as in the integration of findings in algorithms of etiologic studies on LVH. This way, we could limit genetic studies to certain groups selected according to criteria corroborated by a clinical trial. However, this was not possible because the sample size and the low incidence of FD limited the study power to draw conclusions on the improvement of pre-test probability. These findings were ultimately useful in the assessment of the significance of <italic>de novo</italic> mutations, as explained bellow.</p>
      <p>To date, more than 600 GLA gene variants have been described and most of them is unique for each family. However, as more studies on FD screening started to be conducted, an unexpected high number of individuals with mutations of unknown significance was observed, with a prevalence rate estimated at 0.6% in high-risk populations, although only 0.12% have typical clinical manifestations or decreased enzyme activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Thus, the significance of these mutations is not easy to define, because many of the screening studies involve high-risk populations that express one single specific symptom - the inclusion criteria, LVH in the case of this study and, thus, the symptom may be not related to the GLA gene variant detected or may be an FD manifestation in its non-classic form. In this study on FD screening in a predominantly hypertensive population (74.5%) with LVH, this became a clear issue. We found a GLA gene mutation not previously described in the literature - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5), whose significance could not be defined based on the finding of LVH on TTE. The patient had been diagnosed with hypertension and, thus, the LVH findings along with the presence of microalbuminuria and history of stroke could be explained either by FD or by arterial hypertension with target-organ involvement, given that the manifestations can overlap in both situations. This led to a clinical investigation focused on proving the pathogenicity associated with the mutation, which involved three key steps: bioinformatics techniques, histological diagnosis, and family screening. The assessment of the occasional pathogenicity of the mutation involved the documentation of its absence in the study of 100 chromosomes of individuals from the general population, thus excluding the hypothesis of polymorphism. Then, we proceeded to a literature review in the search for mutations described in its proximity, which also increases the probability of pathogenicity, and found the p. W262C (c.786G&gt;C) mutation documented by Schafer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, and the p. W262X (c.785G&gt;A) mutation described by Shabbeer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The use of bioinformatics tools defined the mutation as causal. We used the PolyPhen-2&#174; (Polymorphism Phenotyping v2) program, which predicts the possible impact of the replacement of one amino acid on the structure and function of human proteins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Accumulation of Gb3 deposits - histological diagnosis of FD, was demonstrated by cutaneous biopsy, which showed sparse lysosomal inclusions with characteristics typical of Gb3 deposits exclusively in smooth muscle fibers thus corroborating the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The process was concluded with family screening focused on confirming the association of the mutation with clinical manifestations in multiple patients. Documentation of the mutation in a normotensive first-degree relative (daughter) associated with early manifestations of FD (cornea verticillata, peripheral neuropathic pain, and increased 24-hour urine proteins) also helped to establish a causal relationship between the mutation found - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5), and FD.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Use of bioinformatics tools to estimate the causality of the mutation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In a population of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, after exclusion of severe aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension associated with mild left ventricular hypertrophy, we documented a Fabry disease prevalence of 2.1%. This stresses the importance of including this disease among the differential diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy. This screening study also documented an issue regarding these research methods that is not related to Fabry disease - the occurrence of a mutation of unknown significance in GLA gene, and showed the clinical management required to define the role of the mutation on the development of the clinical presentation. Thus, this study allowed the definition of a novel causal mutation for Fabry disease - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (exon 5).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Sch&#228;fer E, Baron K, Widmer U, Deegan P, Neumann HP, Sunder-Plassmann G, et al. Thirty-four novel mutations of the GLA gene in 121 patients with Fabry disease. Hum Mutat. 2005;25(4):412.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rastreio de Doen&#231;a de Fabry na Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda: Documenta&#231;&#227;o de uma Nova Muta&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mateus</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Il&#237;dio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Vila Real</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Unidade de Vila Real - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Baptista</bold>, CHTMAD. Avenida da Noruega, Vila Real. CEP 5000, Vila Real - Portugal. E-mail: <email>baptista_ana@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baptista A, Mateus P; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baptista A, Magalh&#227;es P, Le&#227;o S, Carvalho S, Mateus P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Baptista A, Magalh&#227;es P; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Baptista A, Le&#227;o S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Fabry &#233; uma doen&#231;a lisossomal de sobrecarga provocada pela defici&#234;ncia da enzima &#945;-galactosidase A como resultado de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene GLA. O envolvimento card&#237;aco carateriza-se por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda progressiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Fabry numa popula&#231;&#227;o com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os doentes foram avaliados para a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda definida por massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada como &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres ou &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens. Estenose a&#243;rtica severa e hipertens&#227;o arterial, com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda discreta, foram crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Todos os doentes inclu&#237;dos foram avaliados para a atividade da enzima &#945;-galactosidase A com testes de gota seca. No caso de atividade enzim&#225;tica diminu&#237;da, realizava-se estudo gen&#233;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 47 doentes com uma m&#233;dia de massa indexada de 141,1 g/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177; 28,5; 99,2 a 228,5 g/m<sup>2</sup>]. A maioria (51,1%) dos doentes era do sexo feminino. Nove deles (19,1%) tinham diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da &#945;-galactosidase A, mas apenas um teste gen&#233;tico foi positivo &#8722; [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5), uma muta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o descrita na literatura. O trabalho de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica permitiu estabelecer uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a muta&#231;&#227;o e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, documentamos uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Fabry de 2,1%. O novo caso foi definido na sequ&#234;ncia de uma muta&#231;&#227;o de significado indeterminado no gene GLA com posterior estudo de patogenicidade. Este estudo permitiu, assim, definir uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o causal para doen&#231;a de Fabry - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Alfa-Galactosidase / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo etiol&#243;gico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) &#233; um desafio comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, dada &#224; sua elevada frequ&#234;ncia e &#224; multiplicidade de patologias que podem se manifestar. Esse aspecto &#233; de particular relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, em raz&#227;o das implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas associadas aos diferentes diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.</p>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a de Fabry (DF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara ligada ao X, que &#233; provocada pela defici&#234;ncia da enzima &#945;-Galactosidase A (Gal A) como resultado de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene GLA. A maioria das fam&#237;lias apresenta um muta&#231;&#227;o "privada", encontrada apenas naquela fam&#237;lia e, assim, s&#227;o conhecidas atualmente centenas de muta&#231;&#245;es causais. Essa multiplicidade de muta&#231;&#245;es pode contribuir para varia&#231;&#245;es na atividade enzim&#225;tica residual e para as diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A defici&#234;ncia da enzima Gal A leva ao ac&#250;mulo progressivo nos tecidos de glicoesfingol&#237;pidos, principalmente de Globotriosilceramido (Gb3), conduzindo &#224; fal&#234;ncia de &#243;rg&#227;os. Os &#243;rg&#227;os mais frequentemente envolvidos s&#227;o os rins, o cora&#231;&#227;o, a pele, o sistema nervoso central e o aut&#244;nomo, os olhos e o aparelho auditivo. A n&#237;vel card&#237;aco, a acumula&#231;&#227;o de Gb3 conduz &#224; HVE, que &#233; dif&#237;cil de distinguir das restantes etiologias com os m&#233;todos comuns de imagem card&#237;aca, especialmente por ecocardiografia. Atualmente, a suspeita de doen&#231;as de sobrecarga lisossomais, nomeadamente a DF, &#233; fundamental pela disponibilidade de terap&#234;utica de substitui&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, com impacto na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Assim, come&#231;aram a surgir in&#250;meros estudos para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da DF em popula&#231;&#245;es de risco. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da DF numa popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com HVE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo decorreu entre outubro de 2010 e fevereiro de 2011 num centro hospitalar da regi&#227;o de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, no interior norte de Portugal, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica Hospitalar. Todos os doentes com mais de 18 anos referenciados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico (ETT) foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o programa de rastreio de DF, sendo inclu&#237;dos se houvesse evid&#234;ncia de HVE definida por massa do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE)/ &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup>, para o sexo feminino, e de 116 g/m<sup>2</sup>, para o masculino. O c&#225;lculo da massa do VE efetuou-se com a f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e02">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-e01-pt.jpg"/></disp-formula>
        <p>Para tal, foram usadas medi&#231;&#245;es lineares em di&#225;stole obtidas a partir da ecografia bidimensional. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o a presen&#231;a de estenose a&#243;rtica severa e a hipertens&#227;o arterial, quando associada a HVE discreta - massa VE/ASC &lt; 109 g/m<sup>2</sup> (mulher) e &lt; 132 g/m<sup>2</sup> (homem), independentemente do est&#225;dio de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Todos os doentes inclu&#237;dos assinaram um consentimento informado previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, pesquisa de envolvimento multiorg&#226;nico e determina&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica Gal A.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, os doentes foram submetidos a uma hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sum&#225;ria dirigida &#224; pesquisa de sintomas sugestivos de manifesta&#231;&#245;es da DF e de envolvimento multiorg&#226;nico, nomeadamente card&#237;aco. Assim, o inqu&#233;rito incluiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de hist&#243;ria de crises &#225;lgicas nas extremidades, altera&#231;&#245;es do tr&#226;nsito gastrintestinal ou da sudorese, hist&#243;ria de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e presen&#231;a de dispneia/ortopneia ou dor tor&#225;cica, seguida de pesquisa de angioqueratomas e medi&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA), peso e altura. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o incluiu a hist&#243;ria familiar cardiovascular ou renal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pesquisa de envolvimento multiorg&#226;nico</title>
          <p>Os doentes complementavam o estudo card&#237;aco com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de Eletrocardiograma (ECG) - avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo, Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC), intervalo PR, altera&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE (crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon). O envolvimento renal foi avaliado por meio de uma coleta de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e ureia s&#233;ricas, com posterior estimativa da Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) pela f&#243;rmula MDRD (sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic>) e de amostra de urina ocasional para avalia&#231;&#227;o de albumin&#250;ria por meio do uso do <italic>ratio</italic> microalbumin&#250;ria/creatinina urin&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica Gal A</title>
          <p>O rastreio de DF baseou-se no Teste de Gota Seca (DBS, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Dried Blood Spot</italic>), com transfer&#234;ncia de quatro gotas de sangue para um papel de filtro, deixado para secar em temperatura ambiente, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica Gal A realizada em laborat&#243;rio externo (laborat&#243;rio metab&#243;lico do <italic>Hamburg University Medical Center</italic>). Valores entre 200 e 2000 pmol/spot*20 h foram considerados normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rastreio gen&#233;tico</title>
          <p>Quando a atividade enzim&#225;tica Gal A estava reduzida, procedia-se ao estudo gen&#233;tico por meio de uma coleta de 10 mL de sangue para tubo de EDTA com posterior sequencia&#231;&#227;o do gene GLA no Centro de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica Doutor Jacinto de Magalh&#227;es.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram submetidos a uma an&#225;lise descritiva com recurso ao programa de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 19.0 (SPSS Statistics IBM&#174;), e foram apresentados como n&#250;mero ou percentagem, ou como valores m&#233;dios &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP). Quando aplic&#225;vel, foram usados Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, 75 doentes apresentaram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, dos quais foram exclu&#237;dos 28 doentes (37,3%): 21 por hipertens&#227;o arterial com HVE discreta e sete por estenose a&#243;rtica severa. O rastreio de DF realizou-se ent&#227;o num total de 47 doentes, dos quais 24 eram mulheres (51,1%). A idade m&#233;dia dos doentes foi de 65,6 &#177; 14,5 anos (intervalo de 25 a 90 anos). Quanto &#224; massa ventricular, apresentavam uma m&#233;dia de massa VE/ASC de 141,1 &#177; 28,5 g/m<sup>2</sup> (99,2 a 228,5 g/m<sup>2</sup>) e de espessura de septo e parede posterior de 15,3 &#177; 3,4 mm (10 a 24 mm) e 12,9 &#177; 2,1 mm (9 a 20 mm), respectivamente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada tinha hist&#243;ria conhecida de hipertens&#227;o arterial (n = 35; 74,5%), com um registo de PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia no dia da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 144,2 &#177; 30,3 mmHg (96 a 216 mmHg). A revis&#227;o sum&#225;ria da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sugeria a presen&#231;a de crises &#225;lgicas nas extremidades em 27,7% dos doentes, altera&#231;&#245;es da sudorese em 4,3% e altera&#231;&#245;es do tr&#226;nsito gastrintestinal em 29,8%. N&#227;o foram encontradas les&#245;es cut&#226;neas sugestivas de angioqueratomas em nenhum dos doentes. Oito pacientes (17,0%) tinham hist&#243;ria de AVC, 66,0% apresentavam cl&#237;nica de dispneia e 40,4% de dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
          <p>Dos doentes avaliados, tr&#234;s estavam em programa regular de di&#225;lise (6,4%), com a popula&#231;&#227;o apresentando m&#233;dia de TFG de 81,7 &#177; 50,2 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> (3,9 a 232,6 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>), estimada a partir de valores m&#233;dios de creatinina de 1,4 &#177; 2,1 mg/dL (0,4 a 14,6 mg/dL). A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria foi de 25,5% e de protein&#250;ria de 55,4%. A avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou ritmo sinusal na maioria dos doentes (63,8%), com os restantes a apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular (19,1%) ou ritmo de marca-passo (17,1%). Apresentavam tamb&#233;m uma FC m&#233;dia de 71 &#177; 15 bpm (45 a 110 bpm), intervalo PR de 169 &#177; 34 milissegundos (108 a 250 milissegundos), preval&#234;ncia de perturba&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o auriculoventricular de 8,5% e intraventricular de 23,4%, com 40,4% dos doentes com crit&#233;rios de HVE.</p>
          <p>Nove doentes, todos do sexo feminino, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica gal A (19,1%), sendo, por isso, referenciados para rastreio gen&#233;tico. Apenas um dos testes gen&#233;ticos apresentou documenta&#231;&#227;o de uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA. Assim, a incid&#234;ncia de falsos-positivos com o uso do teste enzim&#225;tico por DBS foi de 88,9%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso com muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA</title>
          <p>O &#250;nico teste gen&#233;tico positivo revelou heterozigotia para a muta&#231;&#227;o [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5), muta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o descrita na literatura como causal para DF. Tratava-se de uma doente do sexo feminino, de 46 anos e diagn&#243;stico recente de hipertens&#227;o arterial, que foi referenciada para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT no contexto de AVC do tronco encef&#225;lico. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, apresentava hist&#243;ria de epis&#243;dios frequentes de crises &#225;lgicas nas extremidades, principalmente nas m&#227;os, e altera&#231;&#245;es do tr&#226;nsito intestinal, sem angioqueratomas. No ECG, apresentou ritmo sinusal, FC de 76 bpm e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE com padr&#227;o de sobrecarga e ecocardiograma, que mostravam HVE conc&#234;ntrica de grau moderado com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau II. A avalia&#231;&#227;o renal revelou presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada (creatinina de 0,6 mg/dL).</p>
          <p>Apesar das manifesta&#231;&#245;es serem sugestivas de DF (microalbumin&#250;ria e HVE), estas podiam ser tamb&#233;m explicadas pela hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial e, por isso, foi necess&#225;rio documentar a patogenicidade da nova muta&#231;&#227;o. Esse processo envolveu tr&#234;s passos fundamentais: informa&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, demonstra&#231;&#227;o de acumula&#231;&#227;o de dep&#243;sitos de Gb3 e rastreio familiar. Relativamente ao estudo da muta&#231;&#227;o, as ferramentas bioinform&#225;ticas estimaram-na como causal, sendo exclu&#237;da a hip&#243;tese de polimorfismo ao n&#227;o ser encontrada no estudo de cem indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o. Outro aspecto a favor da causalidade da muta&#231;&#227;o encontrada, &#233; o facto de j&#225; estarem descritas muta&#231;&#245;es causais na sua proximidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Foi demonstrada a acumula&#231;&#227;o tecidular de Gb3 por bi&#243;psia cut&#226;nea, que mostrou inclus&#245;es lisossomais escassas de caracter&#237;sticas t&#237;picas de dep&#243;sitos de Gb3 ao n&#237;vel das fibras musculares lisas e aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de lysoGB3. Quanto ao estudo familiar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>), foi negativo para todos os irm&#227;os, mas positivo para a filha, que, aos 30 anos, apresentava tamb&#233;m manifesta&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de DF: c&#243;rnea verticilata, dor neurop&#225;tica perif&#233;rica e prote&#237;nas discretamente aumentadas na urina de 24 horas, confirmando a associa&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o com manifesta&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de DF. O estudo da doente foi ainda complementado com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento de outros &#243;rg&#227;os n&#227;o definidos pelo algoritmo do estudo (as avalia&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gica, oftalmol&#243;gica, otorrino e respirat&#243;ria foram normais) e pela caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adicional por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do atingimento card&#237;aco, que mostrou HVE sem realce tardio, e do atingimento cerebral, que demonstrou les&#227;o da subst&#226;ncia branca. Foi ainda documentado controle tensional por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria de PA sob medica&#231;&#227;o. Assim, num estudo de rastreio de DF em doentes com HVE foi documentado um caso de DF associado a uma muta&#231;&#227;o causal: [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5), n&#227;o descrita previamente na literatura e que se associa a envolvimento neurol&#243;gico, card&#237;aco e renal. A doente foi aprovada para in&#237;cio de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica pela Comiss&#227;o Organizadora do Tratamento de Doen&#231;as Lisossomais de Sobrecarga.</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;rvore geneal&#243;gica. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Numa popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com HVE, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica severa e hipertens&#227;o arterial associada &#224; HVE discreta, documentamos uma preval&#234;ncia de DF de 2,1% (IC95%: 0,1-11,3%). Essa preval&#234;ncia aproximou-se da de outros estudos de rastreio em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas com HVE, AVC e com doentes em di&#225;lise)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, que documentaram frequ&#234;ncias muito superiores &#224; preval&#234;ncia estimada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de 0,02 a 0,09 por 10 mil pessoas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia encontrada deve ser cautelosa, tendo em conta o baixo n&#250;mero de doentes analisados neste estudo. A import&#226;ncia dos estudos de rastreio adv&#233;m de dois fatores principais: al&#233;m de procurarem aumentar o grau de alerta para a DF em grupos-alvo, onde h&#225; maior probabilidade de detectar doentes e, assim, contribuir para a defini&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, oferecem tamb&#233;m uma oportunidade para detectar a doen&#231;a em fases mais precoces, altura em que o in&#237;cio de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica oferece mais benef&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Os estudos existentes sobre a preval&#234;ncia de DF em popula&#231;&#245;es com HVE utilizaram diferentes crit&#233;rios para a inclus&#227;o de doentes, quer por diferen&#231;as na forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o de HVE, quer nos valores definidos. A maioria dos estudos utilizou como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o a espessura m&#225;xima das paredes ventriculares com defini&#231;&#227;o de um limiar de 13 ou 15 mm<sup>4</sup>, ao contr&#225;rio deste estudo, em que a sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes se baseou na massa ventricular indexada. Apesar da manifesta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica de envolvimento card&#237;aco na DF ser a HVE conc&#234;ntrica, est&#227;o j&#225; documentados m&#250;ltiplos casos de HVE assim&#233;trica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e, para refor&#231;ar esse aspecto, existem os estudos que demonstram uma incid&#234;ncia de DF de cerca de 1,0% em popula&#231;&#245;es com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, em que a HVE assim&#233;trica &#233; a forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais frequente. Assim, neste estudo, podem ter sido exclu&#237;dos doentes com poss&#237;vel DF, pois o aumento da espessura de uma s&#243; parede ventricular, habitualmente o septo interventricular, poder n&#227;o se associar ao aumento da massa do VE. No entanto, essa vari&#225;vel, a massa ventricular esquerda indexada, &#233; um dos principais crit&#233;rios para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica na redu&#231;&#227;o da HVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, o que motivou seu uso como crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o de doentes.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a atividade enzim&#225;tica Gal A por teste de DBS foi o m&#233;todo utilizado para rastreio de DF, cujo resultado pode ser normal em at&#233; 40% das mulheres com DF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ensaio enzim&#225;tico &#233; mais complicada no sexo feminino, pois a atividade enzim&#225;tica pode ser normal ou nos limites inferiores do normal fruto do fen&#244;meno de inativa&#231;&#227;o do cromossomo X (isto &#233;, o silenciar epigen&#233;tico permanente de um dos cromossomos X criando um mosaicismo celular, que explica a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a nas mulheres - mais tardia e com maior probabilidade de envolvimento de um &#250;nico &#243;rg&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Da&#237; resulta uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo: a possibilidade de subestimar a preval&#234;ncia de DF por falsos-negativos nas mulheres, apesar de curiosamente o &#250;nico resultado positivo ter sido numa doente do sexo feminino. O uso do teste de DBS prendeu-se com o fato de que &#233; um m&#233;todo de rastreio acess&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e que apresenta vantagens sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica nos leuc&#243;citos ou fibroblastos. Primeiro, requer apenas algumas gotas de sangue para o doseamento e, em segundo, possibilita o envio f&#225;cil e r&#225;pido das amostras para laborat&#243;rios especializados, aspecto importante no centro de realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo onde n&#227;o existe um laborat&#243;rio dedicado &#224;s doen&#231;as de sobrecarga lisossomais. Assim, interessava avaliar o comportamento do DBS para determina&#231;&#227;o de sua inclus&#227;o futura na avalia&#231;&#227;o de doentes do sexo feminino com suspeita de DF. Al&#233;m dos reconhecidos falsos-negativos, uma realidade para a qual os cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o j&#225; em alerta, pela documenta&#231;&#227;o em m&#250;ltiplos estudos, como referido anteriormente, este rastreio mostrou um outro aspecto limitador do teste de DBS - uma elevada incid&#234;ncia de falsos-positivos, aspecto pouco ilustrado em estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Apenas um em nove dos doentes com redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica (todos do sexo feminino) obteve confirma&#231;&#227;o de DF por teste gen&#233;tico, do que resultam 88,9% de falsos-positivos. Dessa forma, na situa&#231;&#227;o atual em que os custos s&#227;o ponderados na investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, este estudo questiona ainda mais a utilidade do DBS nos doentes do sexo feminino com suspeita de DF (elevada taxa de falsos-negativos e positivos).</p>
        <p>Verificamos uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas, nomeadamente altera&#231;&#245;es da sudorese, por&#233;m as altera&#231;&#245;es gastrintestinais e crises &#225;lgicas manifestaram incid&#234;ncia perto dos 30%, aspecto explicado provavelmente por estas serem altera&#231;&#245;es comuns em doen&#231;as de incid&#234;ncia mais elevada, como as patologias osteoarticulares e do foro digestivo. Pelo contr&#225;rio, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es de poss&#237;vel envolvimento multiorg&#226;nico, como a albumin&#250;ria, apresentaram incid&#234;ncia elevada, dado serem tamb&#233;m manifesta&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis de doen&#231;a hipertensiva &#8722; um achado comum na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o desses fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, que s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es habituais da DF, constituiu um aspecto diferenciador deste estudo. Sua inclus&#227;o no estudo de rastreio, ao contr&#225;rio do habitual estudo gen&#233;tico isolado em popula&#231;&#245;es de risco, foi motivada pelo interesse na defini&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#245;es de fatores com maior probabilidade de DF. Dessa forma os resultados do estudo poderiam ser transportados para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como, por exemplo, na integra&#231;&#227;o dos achados em algoritmos de estudo etiol&#243;gico da HVE. Assim, conseguir&#237;amos limitar o estudo gen&#233;tico a determinados grupos, com sele&#231;&#227;o fundamentada num estudo cl&#237;nico. No entanto, isso n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, pois o tamanho da amostra e a baixa incid&#234;ncia de DF limita o poder do estudo para retirar conclus&#245;es sobre a melhoria da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste. Estes dados acabaram por ser &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o do significado de muta&#231;&#245;es <italic>de novo</italic>, como se explica de seguida.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, est&#227;o descritas mais de 600 variantes do gene GLA, e a maioria das muta&#231;&#245;es &#233; &#250;nica para cada fam&#237;lia, mas com o aumento dos estudos de rastreio de DF surgiu inesperadamente um elevado n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com muta&#231;&#245;es de significado indeterminado com uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de 0,6% em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, embora apenas 0,12% apresente manifesta&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas ou atividade enzim&#225;tica diminu&#237;da<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Assim, o significado dessas muta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil de definir, pois muitos dos estudos de rastreio envolvem popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, que expressam um &#250;nico sintoma espec&#237;fico, o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, como no caso deste estudo, a HVE, e, assim, o sintoma pode n&#227;o estar relacionado com a variante do gene GLA detectada ou pode constituir uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o de DF na forma n&#227;o cl&#225;ssica. Neste estudo de rastreio de DF numa popula&#231;&#227;o maioritariamente hipertensa (74,5%) com HVE, esse problema tornou-se claro. Foi encontrada uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA n&#227;o descrita previamente na literatura &#8722; [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5), cujo significado n&#227;o podia ser definido com base no achado de HVE no ETT. Tratava-se de uma doente com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e, assim, os achados de HVE, juntamente da presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria e hist&#243;ria de AVC, poderiam ser explicados quer por DF quer por hipertens&#227;o arterial com atingimento de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, em raz&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es serem sobrepon&#237;veis nos dois quadros. Esse aspecto conduziu a uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica orientada para a comprova&#231;&#227;o de patogenicidade associada &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o, que envolveu tr&#234;s passos fundamentais: t&#233;cnicas de bioinform&#225;tica, diagn&#243;stico histol&#243;gico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de rastreio familiar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da patogenicidade eventual da muta&#231;&#227;o passou por documentar sua aus&#234;ncia no estudo de cem cromossomos de indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, excluindo a hip&#243;tese de um polimorfismo. Em seguida, foi efetuada uma revis&#227;o da literatura procurando muta&#231;&#245;es descritas em sua proximidade, o que tamb&#233;m aumenta a probabilidade de patogenicidade, encontrando-se a muta&#231;&#227;o p. W262C (c.786G&gt;C), documentada por Schafer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, e a muta&#231;&#227;o p. W262X (c.785G&gt;A), documentada por Shabbeer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A aplica&#231;&#227;o das ferramentas bioinform&#225;ticas considerou a muta&#231;&#227;o como causal; foi usado o programa PolyPhen-2&#174; (Polymorphism Phenotyping v2), que prediz o poss&#237;vel impacto da substitui&#231;&#227;o de um amino&#225;cido na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas humanas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de acumula&#231;&#227;o de dep&#243;sitos de Gb3, diagn&#243;stico histol&#243;gico de DF, foi realizada por bi&#243;psia cut&#226;nea, que mostrou inclus&#245;es lisossomais escassas de caracter&#237;sticas t&#237;picas de dep&#243;sitos de Gb3, exclusivamente ao n&#237;vel das fibras musculares lisas, corroborando, assim, a rela&#231;&#227;o gen&#243;tipo com fen&#243;tipo. O processo foi finalizado com o rastreio familiar com objetivo de confirmar a associa&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em m&#250;ltiplos doentes. A documenta&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o em familiar de primeiro grau normotenso (filha) associada a manifesta&#231;&#245;es precoces de DF (c&#243;rnea verticilata, dor neurop&#225;tica perif&#233;rica e prote&#237;nas aumentadas na urina de 24 horas) ajudou tamb&#233;m na formaliza&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a muta&#231;&#227;o encontrada, [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5), e DF.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas bioinform&#225;ticas na estimativa da causalidade da muta&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0139-50090-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Numa popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica severa e hipertens&#227;o arterial associada a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda discreta, documentamos a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Fabry em 2,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o, o que alerta para a necessidade de incluir essa doen&#231;a nos diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Este estudo de rastreio documentou ainda um problema desses m&#233;todos de pesquisa n&#227;o selecionado de doen&#231;a de Fabry - aparecimento de uma muta&#231;&#227;o de significado indeterminado no gene GLA e mostrou a orienta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica necess&#225;ria para definir o papel da muta&#231;&#227;o na contribui&#231;&#227;o para o quadro cl&#237;nico. Este estudo permitiu, desse modo, definir uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o causal para doen&#231;a de Fabry - [GLA] c.785G&gt;T; p.W262L (&#233;xon 5).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
