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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xBt6HS4SnXWVwJsvcbNBFLB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050051</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Exercise-Dipyridamole Combined Test for Nuclear Cardiology in Insufficient Effort: Appropriate Diagnostic Sensitivity Keeping Exercise Prognosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vidal</surname>
            <given-names>In&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beretta</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mut</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital &#8216;Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola&#8217;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montevideo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="UY">Uruguay</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital &#8216;Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola&#8217;, Br. Artigas 1515, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguay</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: In&#233;s Vidal Cortinas,</bold> Presidente Gir&#243;, 2540, La Blanqueada. Postal Code 11600, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguay. E-mail: <email>invi@montevideo.com.uy</email>, <email>gonmavi@montevideo.com.uy</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Vidal I. Acquisition of data:Vidal I, Beretta M. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Vidal I, Mut F. Statistical analysis: Alonso O. Writing of the manuscript:Vidal I, Mut F. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mut F. Supervision / as the major investigador:Vidal I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>123</fpage>
      <lpage>129</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in patients not reaching 85% of the maximum predicted heart rate (MPHR) has reduced sensitivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>In an attempt to maintain diagnostic sensitivity without losing functional exercise data, a new exercise and dipyridamole combined protocol (EDCP) was developed. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this protocol and to compare its diagnostic sensitivity against standard exercise and dipyridamole protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In patients not reaching a sufficient exercise (SE) test and with no contraindications, 0.56 mg/kg of dipyridamole were IV administered over 1 minute simultaneously with exercise, followed by 99mTc-MIBI injection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 155 patients, 41 had MPS with EDCP, 47 had a SE test (&#8805; 85% MPHR) and 67 underwent the dipyridamole alone test (DIP). They all underwent coronary angiography within 3 months. The three stress methods for diagnosis of coronary lesions had their sensitivity compared. For stenosis &#8805; 70%, EDCP yielded 97% sensitivity, SE 90% and DIP 95% (p = 0.43). For lesions &#8805; 50%, the sensitivities were 94%, 88% and 95%, respectively (p = 0.35). Side effects of EDCP were present in only 12% of the patients, significantly less than with DIP (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The proposed combined protocol is a valid and safe method that yields adequate diagnostic sensitivity, keeping exercise prognostic information in patients unable to reach target heart rate, with fewer side effects than the DIP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipyridamole / diagnostic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The reduced diagnostic sensitivity of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in patients not achieving a sufficient exercise (SE) test is well recognized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Many laboratories, in the absence of contraindications, usually perform a vasodilator test in these patients, either on the same session or on a separate one. However, this procedure is time consuming and cost-inefficient, since the stress laboratory personnel needs to perform and monitor a full second stress test.</p>
      <p>Knowing the functional capacity is important for prognosis in patients evaluated for coronary artery disease (CAD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The same can be said of the chronotropic response to exercise and the speed of heart rate recovery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Therefore, in order to improve diagnostic sensitivity without losing functional ergometric data, patients with insufficient exercise tests could benefit from a combined protocol that uses vasodilators in addition to physical stress. Another advantage would be the fact that patients would not be transferred from the treadmill or bicycle to a stretcher, where they would wait for recovery before receiving the pharmacologic stimulus.</p>
      <p>Adequate diagnostic sensitivity has been reported in patients with insufficient exercise tests and limited exercise capacity by using a combined protocol of exercise and dipyridamole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Also,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
				</xref>the side effects of dipyridamole are less serious in patients who exercise at the same time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Further consideration must be given to the improved diagnostic quality of the scintigraphic images achieved with the simultaneous injection of the vasodilator. This is due to a diminished hepatic and intestinal uptake of the radiotracer, which is usually high after dipyridamole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The objectives of our investigation were:</bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>To establish the safety and sensitivity for CAD diagnosis of a new protocol combining exercise and dipyridamole given over the course of 1 minute;</p>
          <p>To validate that protocol use for patients performing insufficient exercise test by comparing its diagnostic sensitivity with those of conventional tests: SE test and dipyridamole alone test (DIP).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Since March 2004, every patient submitted to stress MPS, who performed an insufficient exercise test [who did not reach at least 85% of the maximum predicted heart rate (MPHR) for their age, calculated as 220 - age in years] and had no contraindication for vasodilators, was injected with 0.56 mg/kg of dipyridamole over 1 minute while maintaining the physical stress. One minute after the completion of dipyridamole infusion, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI) was intravenously (IV) administered at the dose of 14 MBq/kg. If the patient was unable to keep exercising at the maximum effort achieved, the workload was lowered during the dipyridamole infusion. This allowed all patients to keep at least some level of exercise until test completion. One minute after the tracer injection, 240 mg of aminophylline were IV administered, and upon completion, exercise was stopped (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Schematic representation of the proposed combined protocol</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0123-50051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Due to the incorporation of this protocol, all patients were instructed to fast for at least 2 hours prior to the test and to abstain from caffeine and other xanthines for at least 24 hours. Informed consent was obtained in all cases. Exercise was performed on a cycle-ergometer placed vertically, adding weights of 150 or 300 kgm/min at each stage.</p>
      <p>The protocol included the acquisition of a post-stress gated SPECT scan, approximately 30-45 minutes after the injection of the radiotracer, and of a rest gated SPECT on a separate day. Studies were obtained using a dual-head camera equipped with high-resolution collimators, 180&#176; rotation, 32 projections, 40 s/projection, 8 frames/cycle, no arrhythmia rejection and a 64&#215;64 matrix with 1.5 zoom. These studies were reconstructed using iterative algorithm (OSEM) without attenuation or scatter correction, and realigned along the heart axis. Image interpretation was performed by one or more members of our medical staff. Diagnostic criteria were based on the presence of reversible perfusion defects (considered as ischemia), fixed perfusion defects (considered as infarction), or partially reversible defects (considered as infarction plus ischemia). No quantitative analysis was used, but rather the visual analysis of experienced observers.</p>
      <p>We included patients studied with MPS using our exercise-dipyridamole combined protocol (EDCP), patients having SE tests, and patients undergoing conventional DIP (0.56 mg/kg over 4 minutes). All patients included in this investigation were studied during the first half of 2012, and the selection criterion was that they should have a coronary angiography performed no later than 3 months after the MPS.</p>
      <p>Side effects of the new protocol were recorded and compared with those of the conventional DIP.</p>
      <p>The diagnostic sensitivity of the proposed protocol for severe coronary lesions (stenosis of &#8805; 70%, and &#8805; 50% in case of left main coronary artery involvement) as well as for moderate ones (stenosis of &#8805; 50%) was determined. Sensitivity was calculated with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> Test was used for the comparison of sample means, and the Chi&#8209;square Test was used for categorical data comparison among different subsamples. Group differences were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05, and calculations were performed using GraphPad Prism software, version 6.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 155 patients recruited, the EDCP was followed in 41 [73% male, mean age 62.26 (SD = 9.4) years]. Forty-seven patients [72% male, mean age 59.8 (SD = 9.2) years] underwent a SE test, while the DIP was performed in 67 patients [51% male, mean age 64 (SD = 9.2) years]. There were no significant differences in the mean age of the three groups of patients. Risk factors resulted similar among groups, except for overweight, which was less prevalent in the SE group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). There were no significant differences regarding the presence of previous myocardial infarction: 15 patients in the EDCP group; 14 patients in the SE group; and 22 patients in the DIP group (p = 0.79).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk factors in the three groups of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Risk factor</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EDCP (n = 41)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SE (n = 47)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>DIP (n = 67)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">13 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (66%)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (78%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (57%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI &#8805; 25</td>
              <td align="center">25 (61%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history</td>
              <td align="center">15 (37%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (51%)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (51%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>EDCP: Exercise-Dipyridamole Combined Protocol; SE: Sufficient exercise test; DIP: Dipyridamole only; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients undergoing SE test reached a higher mean heart rate and developed a higher metabolic output than those following the combined protocol: 87% vs. 70% of MPHR, and 5.8 (SD = 1.56) vs. 5.1 (SD = 1.57) METs, respectively, each with p = 0.03. In patients undergoing EDCP, mean systolic blood pressure was 180 (SD = 27) mm Hg at maximum effort and decreased to 152 (SD = 24) mm Hg after dipyridamole injection (p &lt; 0.001), while mean diastolic blood pressure values were 103 (SD = 13) mm Hg and 88 (SD = 13) mm Hg, respectively (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences in CAD prevalence among the three groups of patients, either regarding the severity of the lesions or the number of affected vessels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). In 83% of the patients, severe coronary lesions were found (76% of those following the EDCP, 83% with SE, and 87% with DIP). In 42%, one vessel was affected, in 24%, two vessels, and in 17%, three vessels or its equivalent (left main and right coronary artery). The combined protocol had 97% diagnostic sensitivity for severe coronary lesions (95% CI: 83.2% to 99.5%), while the SE test showed 90% (95% CI: 75.8% to 97.1%) and the DIP protocol, 95% (95% CI: 85.8% to 98.9%), with no significant difference among them (p = 0.43) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). At least moderate coronary lesions were present in 88% of the total population (85% of patients following the EDCP, 87% of those with SE test, and 91% of those with DIP). The EDCP showed 94% sensitivity for moderate coronary lesions (95% CI: 80.8% to 99.1%); the ES test showed 88% (95% CI: 73.8% to 95.9%), and the DIP protocol, 95% (95% CI: 86.3% to 98.9%). These differences in sensitivity between the different types of protocols showed no statistical significance (p = 0.35) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Prevalence of CAD among the three groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Angiography</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EDCP (n = 41)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SE (n = 47)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>DIP (n = 67)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Total (n = 155)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Lesions &#8805; 70%</td>
              <td align="center">31(76%)</td>
              <td align="center">39(83%)</td>
              <td align="center">58(87%)</td>
              <td align="center">128(83%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3V</td>
              <td align="center">8(20%)</td>
              <td align="center">6(15%)</td>
              <td align="center">12(18%)</td>
              <td align="center">26(17%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2V</td>
              <td align="center">8(20%)</td>
              <td align="center">10(21%)</td>
              <td align="center">19(28%)</td>
              <td align="center">37(24%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1V</td>
              <td align="center">15(37%)</td>
              <td align="center">23(49%)</td>
              <td align="center">27(40%)</td>
              <td align="center">65(42%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Lesions &#8805; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">35(85%)</td>
              <td align="center">41(87%)</td>
              <td align="center">61(91%)</td>
              <td align="center">137(88%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3V</td>
              <td align="center">12(29%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(23%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(22%)</td>
              <td align="center">38(25%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2V</td>
              <td align="center">9(22%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(17%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(27%)</td>
              <td align="center">35(23%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1V</td>
              <td align="center">14(34%)</td>
              <td align="center">22(47%)</td>
              <td align="center">28(42%)</td>
              <td align="center">64(41%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>EDCP: Exercise-Dipyridamole Combined Protocol; SE: Sufficient exercise test; DIP: Dipyridamole only; V: Vessel.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity of the three protocols for coronary stenosis &#8805; 70% and &#8805; 50%.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>EDCP: Exercise-Dipyridamole Combined Protocol; SE: Sufficient exercise test; DIP: Dipyridamole only; V: Vessel</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0123-50051-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding side effects, 49 patients in the DIP group (73%) showed one or more. Headache was present in 40% of the patients, flushing in 30%, weakness in 22%, gastric discomfort in 10%, and dizziness in 6%. Conversely, dizziness was the only side effect present with the EDCP (5 patients), usually in connection to a drop in blood pressure. These results establish a difference of statistical significance between both groups (p &lt; 0.001). Dizziness was present in 5 patients (12%) of the EDCP and in 4 patients of the DIP group (6%) (p = 0.25). A mean drop of 26 (SD = 13.6) mm Hg in systolic blood pressure was found in patients who did not experience symptoms, while the decrease was 37 (SD = 15) mm Hg in patients with dizziness (p = 0.14).</p>
      <p>No change in the PR interval was found with either the DIP protocol or the EDCP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The idea of combining an insufficient exercise test with a dipyridamole stimulus in order to reach adequate diagnostic sensitivity without losing functional capacity data seems to be theoretically correct and to have achieved positive practical results. Candell-Riera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have shown that the diagnostic sensitivity for 50% coronary stenosis of their combined protocol (89%) was significantly higher than that of the insufficient effort test (71%) and comparable to that of the SE test (93%). We achieved similar results: the difference between the diagnostic sensitivity of our combined protocol and that of the SE for coronary lesions &#8805; 50% was not significant. We also compared it to the DIP protocol alone and found no diagnostic difference either. However, we made no comparison with the diagnostic sensitivity of the insufficient exercise test alone. As a rule, no insufficient effort scintigraphy is performed in our laboratory except when it is specifically required by the attending physician. Before the EDCP was adopted, any patient who failed to reach at least 85% of the MPHR was laid in a stretcher and, after 10-15 minutes, underwent conventional dipyridamole test. With EDCP, adequate diagnostic sensitivity is achieved without losing information from the exercise test about functional capacity and chronotropic response. Furthermore, the total time required for completion of the full procedure is shortened.</p>
      <p>Candell-Riera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have administered IV 0.56 mg/kg of dipyridamole over 4 minutes during the exercise test. The major differences with our protocol are that we give the dose in only 1 minute and that it is used in all patients not reaching sufficient effort, not only those achieving less than 5 METs. We chose to shorten the infusion time because most patients with insufficient exercise tests showed difficulties in maintaining the effort further. Unlike the investigation by the abovementioned authors, heart rate alone was taken into account and not METs; whenever 85% of MPHR was not reached &#8211; and no contraindications were present &#8211; dipyridamole was always administered. Our results seem to validate the followed criteria, since the diagnostic sensitivity of the EDCP was not significantly different from that of the SE test, even though some patients with a mean metabolic output higher than 5 METs (5.1, SD = 1.57) were included.</p>
      <p>It could be argued that full vasodilation effect of dipyridamole might not have been reached in every case at the time of the radiotracer injection due to the short time allowed for the pharmacologic action. However, no difference in sensitivity was demonstrated compared to conventional protocols. This fact permits the assumption that vasodilation was adequate enough for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, even if pharmacologic vasodilation was not optimal, it should be taken into account that some vasodilation was already present with exercise, and that myocardial extraction of the radiotracer is not linear with flow, especially at high values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, so a marginal increase with time might not be reflected in imaging.</p>
      <p>We also confirmed the previously demonstrated fact that the combination of exercise with dipyridamole produces fewer side effects than the use of dipyridamole alone. Patients studied with the new combined protocol only presented dizziness in 12%, which can be associated with a decrease in blood pressure. This decline (rapidly compensated laying the patient down) could be explained by the vasodilatation effect of dipyridamole, as well as by the physiologic decrease resulting from exercise cessation or reduction. In fact, patients presenting dizziness underwent a more pronounced yet non-significant decrease in systolic blood pressure. Conversely, most patients (73%) studied with the DIP protocol experienced some kind of discomfort, mostly headache. The usual supine position during conventional pharmacologic stress allows better tolerance to hypotension than the upright position. Nevertheless, we did not find a statistical significant difference regarding the presence of dizziness for both groups.</p>
      <p>At the beginning of the implementation of the combined protocol, we usually asked the patient to stop exercising after MIBI injection. Afterwards, aminophylline administration was started. We frequently observed a sudden drop in blood pressure, caused by the vasodilatation effect of dipyridamole added to the abrupt cessation of the physical effort. This was resolved by quickly positioning the patient in the decubitus position. In consequence, we decided thereafter to ask the patients to keep pedaling at a lower level until the aminophylline infusion was completed. As a result, the prevalence of dizziness as a side effect was reduced significantly, as described in the study.</p>
      <p>The association of exercise with dipyridamole has also proved to increase image quality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Even though image characteristics in the various protocols considered in our investigation were not specifically evaluated, all the images were adequate for diagnostic purposes according to standard criteria of interpretation.</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, with the exception of our protocol and of that described by Candell-Riera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, all others combining exercise with dipyridamole start first with the vasodilator drug, being then complemented with exercise, either at a low&#8209;level or limited by symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. However, this sequence does not allow clinical monitoring, which is more relevant in patients with exercise-related symptoms, or proper evaluation of functional capacity.</p>
      <p>Ahlberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> reported that almost one third of patients referred for MPS reached 85% of their MPHR. If this had been known in advance, the stimulation with dipyridamole before the exercise would have been unnecessary. These authors proved the prognostic value of their protocol combining dipyridamole with symptom-limited exercise, but they recognized limitations by not comparing with a similar group of patients reaching suboptimal effort or using dipyridamole alone. An editorial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> written about their work mentions the need of a control group, such as dipyridamole with low-level exercise, dipyridamole alone, or exercise alone. In addition, the lack of coronary angiography to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the test is highlighted. Therefore, it is not known whether the dipyridamole/exercise test limited by symptoms improves the diagnostic sensitivity for CAD when compared to other protocols. The same conclusions could be drawn from the analysis of adenosine/exercise protocols.</p>
      <p>An approach similar to ours has been possible with regadenoson, a vasodilating drug, which specifically stimulates the A2a receptors. In recent works by Parker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and Ross et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, regadenoson was administered at peak exercise in bolus injection if the patient had not reached 85% of the MPHR. However, the subjects studied were submitted to a pharmacologic stress and agreed to undergo an exercise test as an additional procedure. They were not patients directly assigned to an exercise MPS who did not reach the target heart rate. Parker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> reported that 50% of their patients were able to reach 85% of the target heart rate, while this was the case in 62.5% of the patients in the series by Ross et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Hence, at least half of their patients did not formally require the administration of a vasodilator stimulus since the exercise was adequate. This highlights a frequently mistaken medical perception of the patient&#8217;s exercise capacity when perfusion tests are indicated. It also supports the design of a protocol geared towards complementing an insufficient exercise test while at the same time saving the prognostic functional data of physical stress.</p>
      <p>Therefore, every patient referred to our department for an exercise MPS is instructed to abstain from xanthines for 24 hours previous to the test, just in case dipyridamole has to be administered in a combined protocol. In regard to this, we share the idea of administering a vasodilator when necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Both Parker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and Ross et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have demonstrated that their respective protocols are feasible and safe, and are associated with fewer side effects compared to the administration of regadenoson only. However, their patients underwent no coronary angiography, so the diagnostic sensitivity was not determined.</p>
      <p>The current work proves that our EDCP is feasible, safe, and, more importantly, has a diagnostic sensitivity at least similar to that provided by a SE test or a DIP test alone. Together with the evaluation of exercise-induced symptoms, ECG changes, functional capacity and chronotropic response, we could say that, paraphrasing Hendel and Frost<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, with our combined protocol, we work off-label, on target and with diagnostic accuracy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>The coronary anatomy of only a few dozens of the hundreds of patients undergoing the EDCP was established, because the indication of a coronary angiography depended mainly on a positive nuclear test result, producing a strong referral bias that explains the high prevalence of CAD. This was an obvious obstacle to evaluate specificity, accuracy, as well as positive and negative predictive values of the technique.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We demonstrated that our combined protocol for MPS is well tolerated and yields at least similar diagnostic sensitivity as compared to a SE test or a DIP test alone. It preserves prognostic information from the exercise even when the test is insufficient. Additionally, it can be safely completed in a shorter time than other proposed combined protocols with dipyridamole, and close to that using regadenoson.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Erratum</bold>
        </p>
        <p>In the original article &#8220;New Exercise-Dipyridamole Combined Test for Nuclear Cardiology in Insufficient Effort: Appropriate Diagnostic Sensitivity Keeping Exercise Prognosis&#8221;, consider Vidal I as the correct form for the name of the author In&#233;s Vidal Cortinas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novo Teste Combinado Exerc&#237;cio-Dipiridamol para Cardiologia Nuclear no Esfor&#231;o Insuficiente: Adequada Sensibilidade Diagn&#243;stica Mantendo Progn&#243;stico do Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vidal</surname>
            <given-names>In&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beretta</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mut</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital &#8216;Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola&#8217;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montevideo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="UY">Uruguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital &#8216;Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola&#8217;, Br. Artigas 1515, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguai</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: In&#233;s Vidal Cortinas,</bold> Presidente Gir&#243;, 2540, La Blanqueada. Postal Code 11600, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguay. E-mail: <email>invi@montevideo.com.uy</email>, <email>gonmavi@montevideo.com.uy</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vidal I. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vidal I, Beretta M. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Vidal I, Mut F. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Alonso O. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vidal I, Mut F. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Mut F. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Vidal I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) em pacientes que n&#227;o alcan&#231;am 85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista (FCMP) no teste de esfor&#231;o apresenta reduzida sensibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Na tentativa de manter a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica sem perder os dados funcionais ergom&#233;tricos, desenvolveu&#8209;se um novo protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol (PCED). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade e seguran&#231;a desse protocolo e comparar sua sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica com os de protocolos convencionais de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram um teste de esfor&#231;o suficiente (TES) e sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es receberam por via intravenosa 0,56 mg/kg de dipiridamol por 1 minuto ao mesmo tempo em que se exercitavam. Seguiu-se inje&#231;&#227;o de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 155 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 41 foram submetidos a CPM com PCED, 47 a TES (&#8805; 85% FCMP) e 67 ao teste convencional apenas com dipiridamol (DIP). Todos foram submetidos a coronariografia at&#233; tr&#234;s meses depois. Compararam-se as sensibilidades dos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos para diagnosticar les&#245;es coronarianas. Para estenose &#8805; 70%, as sensibilidades foram: no PCED 97%; no TES, 90%; e no DIP, 95% (p = 0,43). Para les&#245;es &#8805; 50%, as sensibilidades foram 94%, 88% e 95%, respectivamente (p = 0,35). Efeitos colaterais foram observados em apenas 12% dos pacientes submetidos ao PCED, significativamente menos do que no DIP (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O PCED &#233; um m&#233;todo v&#225;lido e seguro, com adequada sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica, que mant&#233;m a informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do teste de esfor&#231;o nos pacientes que n&#227;o conseguem atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alvo, com menos efeitos colaterais do que o DIP</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipiridamol / uso diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A reduzida sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) em pacientes com teste de esfor&#231;o (TE) insuficiente &#233; bem conhecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Muitos laborat&#243;rios, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, em geral realizam um teste vasodilatador nesses pacientes na mesma ou em outra sess&#227;o. Tal procedimento, no entanto, consome tempo e n&#227;o &#233; eficiente no que se refere a custo, pois envolve a realiza&#231;&#227;o e monitora&#231;&#227;o de um segundo teste de estresse completo.</p>
        <p>Conhecer a capacidade funcional &#233; importante para o progn&#243;stico de pacientes avaliados para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O mesmo pode ser dito da resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio e da velocidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Portanto, para melhorar a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica sem perder os dados funcionais ergom&#233;tricos, os pacientes com TE insuficiente poderiam se beneficiar de um protocolo que combine o uso de vasodilatadores e estresse f&#237;sico. Outra vantagem seria a n&#227;o transfer&#234;ncia dos pacientes da esteira ou bicicleta para uma maca, para se recuperar antes de receber o est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Observou-se sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica adequada em pacientes com TE insuficiente e limitada capacidade funcional usando-se o protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol (PCED)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos colaterais do dipiridamol s&#227;o menos graves em pacientes que se exercitam ao mesmo tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Deve-se considerar a melhoria da qualidade diagn&#243;stica das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas obtidas com a inje&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de vasodilatador. Isso se deve ao aumento da reduzida capta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e intestinal de radiotra&#231;ador ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Os objetivos deste estudo foram:</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p> estabelecer a seguran&#231;a e a sensibilidade de um novo PCED para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC, sendo o dipiridamol administrado ao longo de 1 minuto;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>validar o uso do PCED em pacientes que realizam um TE insuficiente, comparando sua sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica com a dos testes convencionais: TE suficiente (TES) e teste com dipiridamol apenas (DIP).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Desde mar&#231;o de 2004, todo paciente submetido a CPM de estresse, com TE insuficiente [que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou 85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista (FCMP) para a idade, calculada como 220 - idade em anos] e sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de vasodilatadores, recebeu 0,56 mg/kg de dipiridamol durante 1 minuto ao mesmo tempo em que se manteve o estresse f&#237;sico. Um minuto ap&#243;s terminar a infus&#227;o de dipiridamol, administrou-se por via intravenosa (IV) <sup>99m</sup>Tc-metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI) na dose de 14 MBq/kg. Caso o paciente n&#227;o conseguisse continuar se exercitando no n&#237;vel de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo atingido, diminu&#237;a&#8209;se a carga durante a infus&#227;o de dipiridamol. Isso permitia ao paciente manter algum n&#237;vel de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do teste. Um minuto ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, 240 mg de aminofilina eram administrados por via IV, sendo o exerc&#237;cio interrompido ao final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do protocolo combinado proposto</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0123-50051-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Devido &#224; incorpora&#231;&#227;o deste protocolo, todos os pacientes foram orientados a jejuar por pelo menos 2 horas antes do teste e ainda a abster-se de cafe&#237;na e outras xantinas por pelo menos 24 horas. O termo de consentimento livre e informado foi obtido em todos os casos. O exerc&#237;cio foi realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro posicionado verticalmente, com adi&#231;&#227;o de cargas de 150 ou 300 kgm/min em cada etapa.</p>
        <p>O protocolo incluiu a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) sincronizada p&#243;s-estresse, cerca de 30-45 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, sendo uma SPECT sincronizada de repouso adquirida em outro dia. Utilizou-se uma c&#226;mara de dois detectores equipada com colimadores de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, rota&#231;&#227;o de 180&#176;, 32 proje&#231;&#245;es, 40 s/proje&#231;&#227;o, 8 <italic>frames</italic> /ciclo, sem rejei&#231;&#227;o de arritmia, e com matriz 64&#215;64 e magnifica&#231;&#227;o de 1,5. Esses estudos foram reconstru&#237;dos usando-se algoritmo iterativo (OSEM) sem corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o ou dispers&#227;o, com realinhamento ao longo do eixo do cora&#231;&#227;o. As imagens foram interpretadas por um ou mais membros da equipe m&#233;dica. Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos basearam-se na presen&#231;a de defeitos de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;veis (considerados como isquemia), defeitos de perfus&#227;o fixos (considerados como infarto), ou defeitos de perfus&#227;o parcialmente revers&#237;veis (considerados como infarto mais isquemia). N&#227;o se usou an&#225;lise quantitativa, mas an&#225;lise visual de observadores experientes.</p>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu pacientes avaliados por CPM usando-se o PCED, pacientes com TES, e pacientes submetidos ao DIP convencional (0,56 mg/kg por 4 minutos). Todos os inclu&#237;dos foram avaliados na primeira metade de 2012, sendo o crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a CPM.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos colaterais do novo protocolo foram registrados e comparados &#224;queles do protocolo DIP.</p>
        <p>Determinou-se a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do protocolo proposto para les&#245;es coronarianas graves (estenose &#8805; 70%, e &#8805; 50% nos casos de envolvimento do tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda) e para as moderadas (estenose &#8805; 50%). Calculou&#8209;se a sensibilidade com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Usou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da amostra, e o teste do qui&#8209;quadrado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os diferentes grupos. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas para p &lt; 0,05. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com o programa GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 6.00 para Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 155 pacientes recrutados, 41 [73% homens, idade m&#233;dia 62,26 (DP = 9,4) anos] foram submetidos ao PCED, 47 [72% homens, idade m&#233;dia 59,8 (DP = 9,2) anos] ao TES e 67 [51% homens, idade m&#233;dia 64 (DP = 9,2) anos] ao DIP. A idade m&#233;dia n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes. Os fatores de risco resultaram semelhantes nos tr&#234;s grupos, exceto o sobrepeso, menos prevalente no grupo de TES (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve significativa diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio: 15 pacientes no grupo PCED; 14 no grupo TES; e 22 no grupo DIP (p = 0,79).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco nos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>PCED (n = 41)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TES (n = 47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIP (n = 67)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">13 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC &#8805; 25</td>
                <td align="center">25 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">15 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>PCED: protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol; TES: teste de esfor&#231;o suficiente; DIP: protocolo com dipiridamol apenas; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes submetidos ao TES alcan&#231;aram uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia mais elevada e desenvolveram um maior equivalente metab&#243;lico do que aqueles submetidos ao PCED: 87% vs. 70% da FCMP e 5,8 (DP = 1,56) vs. 5,1 (DP = 1,57) METs, respectivamente (p = 0,03 para cada). Os pacientes submetidos ao PCED apresentaram press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia de 180 (DP = 27) mmHg no pico do esfor&#231;o, que diminuiu para 152 (DP = 24) mmHg ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol (p &lt; 0,001), enquanto os n&#237;veis da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia foram 103 (DP = 13) mmHg e 88 (DP = 13) mmHg, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve significativa diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de DAC, quer quanto &#224; gravidade das les&#245;es, quer quanto ao n&#250;mero de vasos afetados, entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Em 83% dos pacientes, identificaram&#8209;se les&#245;es coronarianas graves (76% daqueles submetidos ao PCED, 83% daqueles submetidos ao TES e 87% daqueles submetidos ao DIP). O n&#250;mero de vasos afetados variou como se segue: um vaso, em 42% dos pacientes; dois vasos, em 24%; e tr&#234;s vasos, em 17% ou seu equivalente (tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda e coron&#225;ria direita). O PCED apresentou sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica de 97% para les&#245;es coronarianas graves (IC 95%: 83,2% - 99,5%), enquanto o TES teve 90% (IC 95%: 75,8% - 97,1%) e o DIP, 95% (IC 95%: 85,8% -98,9%), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles (p = 0,43) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Les&#245;es coronarianas pelo menos moderadas foram identificadas em 88% da popula&#231;&#227;o total (85% dos pacientes submetidos ao PCED, 87% do grupo TES e 91% do grupo DIP). A sensibilidade para les&#245;es coronarianas moderadas foi a seguinte: PCED, 94% (IC 95%: 80,8% - 99,1%); TES, 88% (IC 95%: 73,8% - 95,9%); e DIP, 95% (IC 95%: 86,3% - 98,9%). Essas diferen&#231;as de sensibilidade entre os diferentes tipos de protocolos n&#227;o apresentaram significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0.35) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos tr&#234;s grupos </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Angiografia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>PCED (n = 41)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TES (n = 47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIP (n = 67)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total (n = 155)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#245;es &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">31 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">58(87%)</td>
                <td align="center">128(83%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3V</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">12(18%)</td>
                <td align="center">26(17%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2V</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">19(28%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(24%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1V</td>
                <td align="center">15 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">27(40%)</td>
                <td align="center">65(42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#245;es &#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">35 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (87%)</td>
                <td align="center">61(91%)</td>
                <td align="center">137(88%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3V</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(22%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2V</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">18(27%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(23%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1V</td>
                <td align="center">14 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(42%)</td>
                <td align="center">64(41%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>PCED: protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol; TES: teste de esfor&#231;o suficiente; DIP: protocolo com dipiridamol apenas; V: vaso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica dos tr&#234;s protocolos para estenose coronariana &#8805; 70% e &#8805; 50%</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>PCED: protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio e dipiridamol; TES: teste de esfor&#231;o suficiente; DIP: protocolo com dipiridamol apenas</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0123-50051-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos colaterais, 49 pacientes do grupo DIP (73%) apresentaram pelo menos um. Cefaleia foi identificada em 40% dos pacientes, rubor, em 30%, fraqueza, em 22%, desconforto g&#225;strico, em 10%, e tontura em 6%. Por outro lado, tontura foi o &#250;nico efeito colateral observado com o uso do PCED (5 pacientes), em geral relacionada &#224; queda na press&#227;o arterial. Esses resultados estabelecem uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Tontura esteve presente em 5 pacientes (12%) do grupo PCED e em 4 do grupo DIP (6%) (p = 0,25). Observou&#8209;se uma queda m&#233;dia de 26 (DP = 13,6) mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram sintomas, enquanto que a queda foi de 37 (DP = 15) mmHg naqueles com tontura (p = 0,14).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#227;o no intervalo PR com os protocolos DIP ou PCED.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ideia de combinar um TE insuficiente com est&#237;mulo com dipiridamol para obter adequada sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica sem perder dados de capacidade funcional parece ser correta do ponto de vista te&#243;rico e ter alcan&#231;ado resultados pr&#225;ticos positivos. Candell-Riera e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstraram que a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica para estenose coronariana de 50% de seu protocolo combinado (89%) era significativamente mais alta do que aquela do TE insuficiente (71%) e compar&#225;vel &#224;quela do TES (93%). Obtivemos resultados similares: a diferen&#231;a entre a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do nosso protocolo combinado e aquela do TES para les&#245;es coronarianas &#8805; 50% n&#227;o foi significativa. Comparou-se ainda aquela sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica com a do protocolo DIP, e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a. No entanto, n&#227;o se comparou com a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do TE insuficiente apenas. Em geral, n&#227;o se realiza cintilografia para TE insuficiente em nosso laborat&#243;rio, a n&#227;o ser que haja uma solicita&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel. Antes da ado&#231;&#227;o do PCED, qualquer paciente que n&#227;o conseguisse atingir pelo menos 85% da FCMP era deitado em uma maca e, ap&#243;s 10-15 minutos, era submetido ao DIP convencional. Com o PCED, alcan&#231;a-se adequada sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica sem perda de informa&#231;&#227;o do TE sobre capacidade funcional e resposta cronotr&#243;pica. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo total necess&#225;rio para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de todo o procedimento &#233; encurtado.</p>
        <p>Candell-Riera e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> administraram uma dose IV de 0,56 mg/kg de dipiridamol por 4 minutos durante o TE. A principal diferen&#231;a com rela&#231;&#227;o ao nosso protocolo &#233; que administramos a dose em apenas 1 minuto, sendo essa usada em todos os pacientes que n&#227;o alcan&#231;am esfor&#231;o suficiente, e n&#227;o apenas naqueles que alcan&#231;am menos de 5 METs. Optamos por encurtar o tempo de infus&#227;o, pois a maioria dos pacientes com TE insuficiente apresentaram dificuldades para manter o esfor&#231;o por mais tempo. Diferentemente do estudo antes mencionado, apenas a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi considerada e n&#227;o os METs; sempre que 85% da FCMP n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada &#8211; e em n&#227;o havendo contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#8211; dipiridamol foi administrado. Nossos resultados parecem validar os crit&#233;rios seguidos, uma vez que a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do PCED n&#227;o diferiu significativamente daquela do TES, a despeito da inclus&#227;o de alguns pacientes com um equivalente metab&#243;lico superior a 5 METs [5,1 (DP = 1,57)].</p>
        <p>Pode-se argumentar que o efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o completa do dipiridamol possa n&#227;o ter sido alcan&#231;ado em todos os casos no momento da inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, devido ao curto tempo permitido para a a&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. Entretanto, n&#227;o se demonstrou diferen&#231;a na sensibilidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos protocolos convencionais. Esse fato permite supor que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o tenha sido adequada o suficiente para fim de diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, ainda que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica n&#227;o tenha sido &#243;tima, deve-se considerar a presen&#231;a de alguma vasodilata&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio, e a extra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do radiotra&#231;ador n&#227;o linear com o fluxo, especialmente em altos valores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, de modo que um aumento marginal com o tempo possa n&#227;o se refletir em imagem.</p>
        <p>Confirmamos ainda o fato previamente demonstrado de que a combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio com dipiridamol produz menos efeitos colaterais do que o uso s&#243; de dipiridamol. Apenas 12% dos pacientes estudados com o novo protocolo combinado apresentaram tontura, que pode estar associada com queda da press&#227;o arterial. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o (rapidamente compensada ao se colocar o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina) poderia ser explicada n&#227;o s&#243; pelo efeito vasodilatador do dipiridamol, mas tamb&#233;m pelo efeito fisiol&#243;gico da cessa&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. Os pacientes com tontura apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada, ainda que n&#227;o significativa, da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Ao contr&#225;rio, a maioria dos pacientes (73%) estudados com o protocolo DIP experimentou algum tipo de desconforto, principalmente cefaleia. A posi&#231;&#227;o supina usual durante o estresse farmacol&#243;gico convencional proporciona melhor toler&#226;ncia &#224; hipotens&#227;o do que a posi&#231;&#227;o ereta. Entretanto, os dois grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de tontura.</p>
        <p>No in&#237;cio da implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo combinado, pedia-se ao paciente para parar o exerc&#237;cio depois da inje&#231;&#227;o de MIBI. Em seguida, administrava-se aminofilina. Com frequ&#234;ncia, ocorria uma s&#250;bita queda na press&#227;o arterial, causada pelo efeito vasodilatador do dipiridamol somado &#224; abrupta cessa&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Isso era resolvido pelo r&#225;pido posicionamento do paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Os pacientes, ent&#227;o, foram instru&#237;dos a continuar pedalando em uma intensidade mais baixa at&#233; que se completasse a infus&#227;o de aminofilina. Como resultado, reduziu-se significativamente a preval&#234;ncia de tontura como efeito colateral, como descrito no estudo.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio com dipiridamol melhorou a qualidade da imagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Ainda que as caracter&#237;sticas da imagem nos v&#225;rios protocolos considerados neste estudo n&#227;o tenham sido especificamente avaliadas, todas foram adequadas para fim de diagn&#243;stico de acordo com crit&#233;rios padronizados de interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, com exce&#231;&#227;o do nosso protocolo e daquele descrito por Candell-Riera e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, todos os outros combinando exerc&#237;cio com dipiridamol come&#231;am com a administra&#231;&#227;o do vasodilatador, sendo ent&#227;o complementados com exerc&#237;cio, em intensidade baixa ou limitado por sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Essa sequ&#234;ncia, entretanto, n&#227;o permite monitora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, que &#233; mais relevante em pacientes com sintomas relacionados ao exerc&#237;cio, nem adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional.</p>
        <p>Ahlberg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram que quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes encaminhados para CPM alcan&#231;ou 85% de sua FCMP. Se isso fosse previamente conhecido, a estimula&#231;&#227;o com dipiridamol antes do exerc&#237;cio seria desnecess&#225;ria. Esses autores provaram o valor progn&#243;stico de seu protocolo combinando dipiridamol com exerc&#237;cio limitado por sintoma, mas reconheceram as limita&#231;&#245;es ao n&#227;o comparar com um grupo similar de pacientes alcan&#231;ando esfor&#231;o sub-&#243;timo ou usando apenas dipiridamol. Um editorial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> escrito sobre o trabalho deles menciona a necessidade de um grupo controle, como dipiridamol com exerc&#237;cio de baixa intensidade, apenas dipiridamol, ou apenas exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, a falta de coronariografia para avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste &#233; enfatizada. Logo, n&#227;o se sabe se o teste dipiridamol/exerc&#237;cio limitado por sintomas melhora a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica para CAD quando comparado a outros protocolos. As mesmas conclus&#245;es poderiam ser extra&#237;das da an&#225;lise de protocolos adenosina/exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Uma abordagem similar &#224; nossa foi poss&#237;vel com regadenoson, um vasodilatador que estimula especificamente os receptores A2a. Em estudos recentes, Parker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e Ross e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> administraram regadenoson no pico do exerc&#237;cio em inje&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bolus</italic> se o paciente n&#227;o atingisse 85% da FCMP. Entretanto, os indiv&#237;duos estudados foram submetidos a estresse farmacol&#243;gico e concordaram em se submeter a TE como procedimento adicional. N&#227;o se tratava de pacientes encaminhados diretamente para uma CPM com estresse f&#237;sico que n&#227;o atingiram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca prevista. Parker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> relataram que 50% de seus pacientes conseguiram alcan&#231;ar 85% da FCMP, o que aconteceu em 62,5% dos pacientes da s&#233;rie de Ross e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Logo, pelo menos metade dos seus pacientes n&#227;o precisou formalmente da administra&#231;&#227;o de um est&#237;mulo vasodilatador, pois o exerc&#237;cio foi adequado. Isso refor&#231;a uma percep&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica frequentemente equivocada da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio do paciente quando da indica&#231;&#227;o dos testes de perfus&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m refor&#231;a o desenho de um protocolo destinado a complementar um TE insuficiente, ao mesmo tempo em que preserva os dados funcionais de progn&#243;stico do estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>Portanto, todo paciente encaminhado ao nosso servi&#231;o para realizar CPM com estresse f&#237;sico &#233; orientado a se abster de xantinas nas 24 horas anteriores ao teste, para o caso de ser necess&#225;ria a administra&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol em um protocolo combinado. Somos favor&#225;veis &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de um vasodilatador quando necess&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Tanto Parker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> quanto Ross e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstraram que seus protocolos s&#227;o realiz&#225;veis e seguros, associando-se com menos efeitos colaterais quando comparados &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de apenas regadenoson. Entretanto, seus pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos a coronariografia, de modo que a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o foi determinada.</p>
        <p>Este estudo prova que nosso PCED &#233; realiz&#225;vel e seguro, e, ainda mais importante, apresenta sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica pelo menos similar &#224;quelas do TES e do teste DIP. Juntamente com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas induzidos por exerc&#237;cio, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, capacidade funcional e resposta cronotr&#243;pica, pode-se dizer, parafraseando Hendel e Frost<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, que com nosso protocolo combinado, trabalhamos sem indica&#231;&#227;o consagrada, mas no alvo e com e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Estabeleceu-se apenas a anatomia coronariana de poucas dezenas dos 155 pacientes submetidos ao PCED, pois a indica&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia dependeu principalmente de um resultado positivo da CPM, produzindo um forte vi&#233;s de refer&#234;ncia que explica a alta preval&#234;ncia de DAC. Esse foi um &#243;bvio obst&#225;culo para avaliar a especificidade, a acur&#225;cia, assim como os valores preditivos positivo e negativo da t&#233;cnica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que nosso protocolo combinado para CPM &#233; bem tolerado e fornece sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica pelo menos similar &#224;quelas do TES e do teste DIP. Preserva a informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do exerc&#237;cio mesmo na presen&#231;a de TE insuficiente. Al&#233;m disso, pode ser completado com seguran&#231;a em um per&#237;odo mais curto do que outros protocolos combinados propostos com dipiridamol, e pr&#243;ximo &#224;quele que utiliza regadenoson.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Errata</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No artigo original &#8220;Novo Teste Combinado Exerc&#237;cio- Dipiridamol para Cardiologia Nuclear no Esfor&#231;o Insuficiente: Adequada Sensibilidade Diagn&#243;stica Mantendo Progn&#243;stico do Exerc&#237;cio&#8221;, considerar correta a grafia Vidal I para o nome da autora In&#233;s Vidal Cortinas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
