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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SyQCm8hQsFGdxp8jgkzx77B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050074</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150074</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Cardiac Events in Patients without Typical Symptoms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela Poggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Horie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Holtz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ueda</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Carlindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Paola Emanuela Poggio Smanio</bold>, Jo&#227;o Louren&#231;o,763 Vila Nova Concei&#231;&#227;o. Postal Code 045080-31. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>pgmsmanio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Smanio PEP. Acquisition of data:Smanio PEP, Silva JH, Holtz JV, Ueda L, Abreu M, Marques C. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva JH, Holtz JV, Machado L. Writing of the manuscript:Smanio PEP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Smanio PEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>112</fpage>
      <lpage>122</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil. Myocardial scintigraphy is an important noninvasive method for detecting ischemia in symptomatic patients, but its use in asymptomatic ones or those with atypical symptoms is yet to be defined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify the presence of major cardiac events in asymptomatic patients or those with atypical symptoms (atypical chest pain or dyspnea) that underwent myocardial scintigraphy (MS), over a period of 8 years. Secondary objectives were to identify cardiac risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities and possible predictors for major cardiac events in this group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective, observational study using the medical records of 892 patients that underwent myocardial scintigraphy between 2005 and 2011 and who were followed until 2013 for assessment of major cardiac events and risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher&#8217;s exact test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with statistical significance being set at p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the total sample, 52.1% were men, 86.9% were hypertensive, 72.4% had hyperlipidemia, 33.6% were diabetic, and 12.2% were smokers; 44.5% had known coronary artery disease; and 70% had high Framingham score, 21.8% had moderate and 8% had low risk. Of the myocardial scintigraphies, 58.6% were normal, 26.1% suggestive of fibrosis and 15.3% suggestive of ischemia. At evolution, 13 patients (1.5%) had non-fatal myocardial infarction and six individuals (0.7%) died. The group with normal myocardial scintigraphy showed longer period of time free of major cardiac events, non-fatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.036) and death. Fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy determined a 2.4-fold increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and five-fold higher risk of death (odds ratio: 2.4 and 5.7, respectively; p = 0.043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The occurrence of major cardiac events in 8 years was small. Patients with fibrosis at MS had more major events, whereas patients with normal MS result had fewer major cardiac events, with higher survival.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Scintigraphy</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Atypical Symptoms</kwd>
        <kwd>Hard events</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) being the most frequent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is increasing worldwide, being the second leading cause of death in Brazil, with a mean of 80,000 deaths per year. Its prevalence in the adult population is estimated at 5-8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. According to the Department Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS), in 2010, ischemic heart disease accounted for 210,046 hospital admissions in Brazil and 29% of deaths (99,408 deaths or 55.11 deaths/100,000 inhabitants)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, corresponding to a burden of R$ $ 1.9 billion, or 19% of the total cost with hospitalizations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Due to the epidemiological importance of CAD, appropriate risk stratification strategies are needed to establish better cost-effectiveness and safety of preventive treatments, as well as request for additional tests.</p>
      <p>The clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease is the result of the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and consumption. The subjective description of angina may make symptom interpretation difficult and, therefore, the clinical diagnosis. Thus, objective ischemia tests can confirm the diagnostic hypothesis and assess CAD severity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Myocardial scintigraphy (MS) is a cornerstone in the evaluation of patients with suspected CAD due to its high diagnostic accuracy, as well as being able to define the extent, severity and location of myocardial perfusion abnormalities, greatly assisting in clinical management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The technique uses electromagnetic gamma radiation to obtain images. Radioactive isotopes are injected into the patient and, due to affinity for the myocardium, they bring perfusion and/or metabolic information. After the radiotracer injection, it is possible to indirectly assess blood flow and myocardial flow reserve in a non-invasive manner<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Currently, there is strong evidence for using MS in the diagnosis, follow-up, risk stratification and prognosis of symptomatic patients with known or suspected CAD. However, MS indication in asymptomatic patients or patients with atypical symptoms, even with known CAD, is yet to be defined, since in addition to the fact that benefits in this population are not fully established, the examination involves the inherent risks of physical or pharmacological stress, as well as exposure to ionizing radiation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to identify, in asymptomatic patients or patients with atypical symptoms submitted to MS, the occurrence of events such as death and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), occurring in up to 8 years. Secondary objectives were to define the time free of events such as death and AMI after normal MS in asymptomatic patients or patients with atypical symptoms; to identify risk factors associated with alterations in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy; to identify risk factors that are independent predictors of death and nonfatal AMI in this group of patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Retrospective, observational study carried out by the data analysis of medical records in a group of asymptomatic patients with cardiovascular symptoms or those considered to be atypical, with previously known CAD or not.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent MS at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia from December 2005 to June 2011. Patients were followed for the period from the date of the examination until July 2013, to verify the occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction or death. All patients were analyzed for the presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia, smoking status, Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease (OPAD) and / or carotid disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure (CRF), ischemic cerebrovascular accident (iCVA), previously known CAD, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) &lt; 50%, family history of coronary heart disease, type of stress used at the MS (exercise stress or pharmacological stress test with dipyridamole), and presence of alteration suggestive of ischemia in the exercise test performed prior to the MS.</p>
      <p>Patients were also classified as having high, intermediate and low cardiovascular risk, according to the Framingham score. A patient was considered hypertensive if he/she required the use of one or more antihypertensive drugs and through the criteria used in the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; and was considered dyslipidemic according to the criteria of the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention of the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A patient was considered diabetic when he or she required the use of one or more oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin and no patients with metabolic syndrome were included. The presence of CRF was defined if the patient had creatinine clearance &lt; 90 mL/min; LVEF was determined by Doppler echocardiogram performed at most three months before the MS with no procedures between the methods.</p>
      <p>MS was performed using<sup>99m</sup> Tc-sestamibi as the radiotracer and according to the standard protocol of 1 or 2 days, with the stress test (exercise or pharmacological test) being the basal stage, being performed on the same day or on subsequent days.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were patients submitted to MS that did not show any cardiac symptom from the date of the examination request by the requesting clinician to the date when the MS was performed; and those with symptoms considered atypical by the clinician that requested the examination, as they did not meet the classic characteristics described, such as angina (retrosternal pain, triggered by exertional or emotional stress, with relief at rest or nitrate) or that had symptoms suggestive of ischemic equivalent (dyspnea). Most of the patients had other cardiac symptoms that were poorly characterized and uncharacteristic for ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were patients with chest pain suggestive of ischemic heart disease, dyspnea or symptoms suggestive of ischemic equivalent, or electrocardiogram suggestive of ischemia from the date of the MS request until its performance; and patients with incomplete data during the review of medical records.</p>
      <p>The MS were analyzed by two specialists in nuclear medicine and a third expert was called in to analyze the images, when there was disagreement. The images were analyzed qualitatively only by the presence or absence of low radiotracer uptake in the myocardium in the 17 analyzed segments.</p>
      <p>The equipment used for image acquisition was the Millennium VG gamma camera (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, United States), with two scintillation detectors, angled at 90&#176;, with parallel hole collimators, high resolution and low energy. Information acquired was processed in a Xeleris workstation.</p>
      <p>MS was performed associated with physical exertion with exercise testing or pharmacological stimulation through dipyridamole infusion, according to clinical indication. Bruce and modified Bruce protocols were used at the exercise testing, with anti-ischemic medications being withdrawn according to standardized recommendations from the nuclear medicine department.</p>
      <p>The clinicians of the institution were aware of the drug withdrawal for the test and, when they did not wish the medication to be withdrawn they requested that the evaluation should be performed while on medication, in the medical request form. The following were considered as ischemic myocardial response criteria to the physical stress test, as standardized in the literature: the presence of ST&#8209;segment depression &#8805; 1.5 mm during or after exercise, when compared to baseline, with slow ascending morphologies (analyzed at point Y), horizontal (analyzed at point J) or descending (analyzed at point J), or the presence of clinical signs/symptoms suggestive of ischemia, according to the known classical and standardized criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>For the pharmacological test, dipyridamole was infused at a dose of 0.56 mg /kg/ min during a total time of 4 minutes. A dose of 20 mCi or 740 MBq of 99mTc-MIBI was administered in the second minute after the dipyridamole infusion was finished, considered as the moment of maximum hyperemia. As interpretation criteria of electrocardiographic response to dipyridamole, used for the characterization of the ischemic response, the presence of horizontal depression, slowly ascending or descending ST segment &#8805; 1.0 mm (or intensification of depression = 1.0 mm) was considered suggestive of ischemia, measured at the J point in the horizontal and descending morphologies, and at the Y point, in the slow ascending morphology. Typical chest pain and/or other clinical manifestations suggestive of coronary heart disease were also considered suggestive of ischemia, according to known classical and standardized criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study only analyzed the presence or absence of alterations in the functional tests that were suggestive of ischemia and prognostic scores were not calculated.</p>
      <p>The images were processed using the dedicated software QGS, also known as Cedars-Sinai software, obtaining tomographic cuts in the vertical plane, according to the smallest cardiac axis, in the vertical plane, according to the greatest axis and in the horizontal plane, according to the greatest axis. The cuts of the two phases were paired to allow a cut-to-cut comparison of the radioactive concentration at stress and at baseline.</p>
      <p>Image processing synchronized with the ECG provided the reproduction of cardiac wall contractions, in addition to indices of systolic and diastolic volumes and LVEF; it was possible to visualize the heart dynamics in both views, as well as of a three-dimensional representation of the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>According to the department routine, the criteria for the analysis of myocardial perfusion images were visual and qualitative evaluations of the radiotracer concentration in the different myocardial segments (17 segments), comparing cut&#8209;by-cut the images of the stress phase with the corresponding baseline ones. The following factors were considered in the qualitative analysis of myocardial perfusion: homogeneity or heterogeneity of the radiotracer concentration in myocardial segments; extension of radiotracer concentration defects in the myocardial segments; and intensity of the relative low uptake of the radiotracer in the myocardial segments. However, for this study, we took into account only the presence or absence of perfusion abnormalities.</p>
      <p>MS was considered normal if the radiotracer concentration was homogeneous in both phases (basal and stress); suggestive of ischemia, if the low uptake was reversible after stress; suggestive of fibrosis, if the low uptake was fixed after the stress phase in relation to baseline; and suggestive of ischemia and fibrosis, if there was fixed and reversible low uptake of the radiotracer in one or more myocardial segments at the baseline and stress phases.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s test were used, with statistical significance being set at p &lt; 0.05. Moreover, logistic regression analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and risk factors was performed and the event-free survival Kaplan&#8209;Meier curve was constructed.</p>
      <p>This study was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee, with Certificate Presentation for Ethics Appreciation (CAAE: 20702313500005462).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 892 patients were analyzed, characterized as asymptomatic or with atypical cardiac symptoms, who were submitted to MS from December 2005 to June 2011. Twenty-one patients were excluded due to inconclusive information in medical records or loss to follow-up during the study period, thus totaling 871 patients.</p>
      <p>Of patients without known CAD (483 patients), 449 patients were completely asymptomatic since the consultation when MS was requested and 34 patients had symptoms considered atypical for CAD. Of the patients with known CAD (388 patients), 368 were totally asymptomatic since the consultation when MS was requested and 20 had atypical symptoms (p = 0.059).</p>
      <p>After statistical analysis of the collected data, it was observed equivalence between the genders, with a prevalence of 454 (52.1%) male patients.</p>
      <p>The Framingham score was applied to all assessed patients, with 611 (70.1%) being classified as having high cardiovascular risk, 190 (21.8%) as intermediate risk and 70 (8%) as low risk.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of all analyzed variables with their respective percentages is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, depicting a large number of hypertensive (86.9%) and dyslipidemic (72.4%) patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Yes n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td>757 (86.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">631 (72.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">106 (12.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OPAD/ carotid disease</td>
              <td align="center">58 (6.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">293 (33.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">37 (4.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iCVA</td>
              <td align="center">48 (5.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">388 (44.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">86 (9.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">101 (11.6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>OPAD: occlusive peripheral arterial disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When evaluating the MS characteristics, it was observed that of the examinations performed, 385 (44.2%) were submitted to physical stress through exercise test and 486 (55.8%) were performed with pharmacological stimulation, through dipyridamole administration. At the ischemia-inducing tests for the MS, of the 871 tests analyzed, 189 (21.7%) showed abnormalities suggestive of ischemia due to the presence of ECG alterations and / or symptoms suggestive of ischemia.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of normal MS, fixed low uptake suggestive of fibrosis and reversible low uptake suggestive of ischemia in the assessed patients was 511 individuals (58.6%), 227 (26.1%) and 133 (15.3%), respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the prevalence of the results obtained by scintigraphy, including the ischemia-inducing test.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of the results of altered ischemia-inducing tests and results of myocardial scintigraphy (MS)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Result</th>
              <th align="center">Yes n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered ischemia-inducing test</td>
              <td align="center">189 (21.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal MS</td>
              <td align="center">511 (58.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fixed low uptake</td>
              <td align="center">227 (26.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reversible low uptake</td>
              <td align="center">133 (15.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>Altered ischemia-inducing test: suggestive of ischemia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Statistical analysis of the association between the clinical and epidemiological variables and the result of the MS was performed, which were described as normal, with fixed or reversible low uptake. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis on the association between clinical variables, risk factors, functional test results, events at the follow-up and normal myocardial scintigraphy (MS)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Normal MS n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">463 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.757</td>
              <td align="center">0.919</td>
              <td align="center">0.611-1.381</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">377 (70.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
              <td align="center">0.770</td>
              <td align="center">0.565-1.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">61 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.396</td>
              <td align="center">0.832</td>
              <td align="center">0.551-1.256</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OPAD/ carotid disease</td>
              <td align="center">35 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.889</td>
              <td align="center">0.953</td>
              <td align="center">0.553-1.642</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">173 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
              <td align="center">0.860</td>
              <td align="center">0.649-1.147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">16 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.250</td>
              <td align="center">0.462</td>
              <td align="center">0.238-0.899</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iCVA</td>
              <td align="center">13 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.214</td>
              <td align="center">0.112-0.411</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">147 (27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
              <td align="center">0.110-0.202</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">15 (2.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
              <td align="center">0.061-0.192</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">74 (13.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">1.841</td>
              <td align="center">1.158-2.927</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered ischemia-inducing test</td>
              <td align="center">102 (19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">0.674</td>
              <td align="center">0.487-0.934</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AMI</td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.274</td>
              <td align="center">0.840-0.896</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
              <td align="center">0.014-1.066</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; OPAD: occlusive peripheral arterial disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of association between clinical variables, risk factors, functional test result, events at the follow-up and myocardial scintigraphy (MS) with fixed low uptake suggestive of fibrosis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">MS fibrosis n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">194 (85.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.492</td>
              <td align="center">0.846</td>
              <td align="center">0.547-1.309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">168 (74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.604</td>
              <td align="center">1.113</td>
              <td align="center">0.790-1.568</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">30 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.557</td>
              <td align="center">1.138</td>
              <td align="center">0.724-1.790</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OPAD/ carotid disease</td>
              <td align="center">20 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.162</td>
              <td align="center">1.541</td>
              <td align="center">0.877-2.208</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">75 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">0.964</td>
              <td align="center">0.699-1.329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">17 (7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">2.526</td>
              <td align="center">1.299-4.912</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iCVA</td>
              <td align="center">29 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">4.818</td>
              <td align="center">2.644-8.786</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">181 (79.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">8.307</td>
              <td align="center">5.776-11.947</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">60 (26.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">8.540</td>
              <td align="center">5.227-13.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">17 (7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0290</td>
              <td align="center">0.539</td>
              <td align="center">0.312-0.929</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered ischemia-inducing test</td>
              <td align="center">40 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
              <td align="center">0.771</td>
              <td align="center">0.482-1.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AMI</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.113</td>
              <td align="center">2.471</td>
              <td align="center">0.821-7.430</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
              <td align="center">5.758</td>
              <td align="center">1.047-31.651</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; OPAD: occlusive peripheral arterial disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of the association between clinical variables, risk factors, functional test result, events in the follow-up and myocardial scintigraphy (MS) with reversible low uptake suggestive of ischemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Ischemia MS n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">122 (91,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,093</td>
              <td align="center">1,799</td>
              <td align="center">0,938-3,450</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">103 (77,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,172</td>
              <td align="center">1,366</td>
              <td align="center">0,882-2,114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">16 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">1,000</td>
              <td align="center">0,985</td>
              <td align="center">0,558-1,736</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OPAD/ carotid disease</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,574</td>
              <td align="center">0,748</td>
              <td align="center">0,332-1,686</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">55 (41,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,046</td>
              <td align="center">1,481</td>
              <td align="center">1,015-2,162</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,487</td>
              <td align="center">1,311</td>
              <td align="center">0,564-3,050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iCVA</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,534</td>
              <td align="center">1,303</td>
              <td align="center">0,615-2,2753</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">84 (63,2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">2,447</td>
              <td align="center">1,671-3,584</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">18 (13,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,153</td>
              <td align="center">1,542</td>
              <td align="center">0,885-2,689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">13 (9,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,557</td>
              <td align="center">0,799</td>
              <td align="center">0,432-1,476</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered ischemia-inducing test</td>
              <td align="center">51 (38,3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">2,704</td>
              <td align="center">1,821-4,016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AMI</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,432</td>
              <td align="center">1,680</td>
              <td align="center">0,456-6,187</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
              <td align="center">1,000</td>
              <td align="center">1,111</td>
              <td align="center">0,124-9,582</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; OPAD: occlusive peripheral arterial disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with CRF, ischemic CVA, previous known CAD and LVEF &lt; 50% showed a greater association with MS suggestive of fibrosis, with statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>When assessing the primary endpoint, patients with fixed low uptake had an increased chance of developing AMI during the analyzed period that was 2.4-fold higher than patients with normal MS, but without statistical significance. When evaluating the occurrence of death, of the six recorded deaths, four had MS with fixed low uptake, with a more than 5-fold higher chance of having this outcome, with statistical significance (odds ratio - OR: 5.958; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 1.047 to 31.651; p = 0.043) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the group of patients that had MS with reversible low uptake suggestive of ischemia, the analysis of the variables showed that diabetes mellitus, previous known CAD and altered ischemia-inducing test (suggestive of ischemia) were associated with the development of reversible low uptake, which was statistically significant, with p &lt; 0.05. The incidence of death and AMI was not statistically significant for this group of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the independent analysis of variables, for the occurrence of death and AMI it was observed that CRF and LVEF &lt; 50% were predictors for the occurrence of death was statistically significant, with p = 0.001 and 0.031, respectively. The presence of factors such as smoking and LVEF &lt; 50% was an independent predictor for the occurrence of AMI, with p = 0.037 and 0.039, respectively.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curve for the presence of CRF and LVEF &lt; 50% for the outcome of death. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curve for the presence of smoking and LVEF &lt; 50% for the occurrence of AMI.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kaplan-Meier curves for the occurrence of death vs. chronic renal failure (CRF) and vs. left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 50%</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kaplan-Meier curves for the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and vs. smoking (SMK) vs. left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;50%</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the study period, 13 cases of AMI were obtained, of which four (30.8%) in the normal MS group, six (46.2%) in the MS group with fixed low uptake and three (23.1%) in MS group with reversible low uptake.</p>
      <p>Six deaths were recorded, of which three were of cardiac origin. Of these three, two (33.3%) belonged to the fixed low uptake and one (16.7%) to the reversible low uptake group. The other three deaths were of noncardiac origin, with two (33.3%) in the fixed low uptake group and one (16.7%) in the normal scintigraphy group.</p>
      <p>During the mean follow-up of nearly 8 years, patients with normal MS showed better survival rates free of events such as death and AMI, when compared to that of patients with altered MS, with statistical significance, as demonstrated by the Kaplan-Meier curves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Event curves (acute myocardial infarction and death) in patients with normal or abnormal myocardial scintigraphy (MS)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Recent publications have sought to identify subgroups of asymptomatic patients that could benefit from the MS for the detection of ischemia, such as those with early CAD family history and patients with anginal equivalent, OPAD, erectile dysfunction, chronic renal failure and type 2 diabetes. However, the evidence for MS indication in these subgroups is still scarce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASCN)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> recommends the performance of MS when screening for coronary disease in the following asymptomatic patient subgroups: those with high cardiovascular risk by the ATP III criteria; those with Agatston calcium score &gt; 400; diabetics; patients with CRF; patients with incomplete myocardial revascularization; and as follow-up in patients with myocardial revascularization, 5 years after the surgery.</p>
      <p>The results obtained in our study showed that MS should be performed in patients with high pretest probability, even without symptoms considered typical of ischemia, whether they have known coronary disease or not, as their outcome, when normal, is associated with low prevalence of major events in the follow-up.</p>
      <p>The safety period after the performance of MS with normal result was well evaluated in a meta-analysis that included 17 studies with 8,008 patients, which showed that a normal MS result had a high negative predictive value for cardiac events for 3 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>A study published by Ottenhouf et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> evaluated 261 patients with known CAD and normal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, who were followed for a mean period of 12 years, assessing as primary endpoint of death from all causes, cardiac death and AMI and / or cardiac death. They also analyzed independent predictors for the occurrence of events during this period. The results showed 94 (36%) deaths, 26 (10%) due to cardiac causes and 15 (6%) due to AMI; of the risk factors, age and diabetes were predictors for the event death from all causes, with statistical significance (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.07; p &lt; 0.05; and OR: 2.13; 95%CI: 1.23 to 3.71; p &lt; 0.05, respectively).</p>
      <p>Age and male gender were predictors for cardiac death, also with statistical significance (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01-1.10; p &lt; 0.05; and OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.07 to 5.64; p &lt; 0.05, respectively). Diabetes was associated with the occurrence of cardiac death and / or AMI, also with statistical significance (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.03 to 5.30; p &lt; 0.05). In the same study, the normal MS was associated with a lower probability of death from all causes, cardiac death and AMI and/or cardiac death, with annual event rates of 3.2, 0.9 and 1.2%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Schinkel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, in another recent study, evaluated 233 patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent MS with<sup>99m</sup> Tc-setamibi and had normal myocardial perfusion. They were followed for a mean of 15.5 years for the occurrence of death from all causes, cardiac death, AMI, and major cardiac events, defined as the occurrence of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and need for myocardial revascularization. Among the 233 patients, there were 41 (18%) deaths from all causes, of which 13 were cardiac deaths; 18 (8%) had AMI; and 47 (20%) required myocardial revascularization, of which 7% were submitted to cardiac surgery and 13% to PCI. The event annual rates for death from all causes, cardiac death and / or AMI and the presence of major cardiac events were 1.1, 0.3, 0.7 and 1.8%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Factors such as age, male gender and diabetes were independent predictors for the occurrence of death from all causes, with statistical significance (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04-1.09; p &lt; 0.001; OR; 2.70; 95% CI: 1.45 to 5.03; p = 0.002; and OR: 3.06; 95% CI, 1.22 to 7.65; p = 0.02, respectively). Factors such as male gender and diabetes were also independent predictors for the occurrence of major cardiac events with statistical significance (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.11 to 6.14; p = 0.03; and OR: 6.93; 95% CI: 2.18 to 22.04, p = 0.01, respectively). It was concluded that patients with known or suspected CAD showed a favorable outcome during the analyzed period, especially during the first 5 years.</p>
      <p>In comparison, this study showed normal MS in 511 patients (58.6%); 388 (44.5%) of them had known CAD, 293 (33.6%) patients had diabetes mellitus and 611 (70%) were classified as high risk by the Framingham score. Nevertheless, the group with normal MS showed lower probability of events such as death (p = 0.019) and AMI (p = 0.036) during the analyzed period with statistical significance, suggesting that patients with normal MS, even though they are at high cardiovascular risk, are less likely to have major events in the follow-up over a mean period up to 8 years.</p>
      <p>In this study, when analyzing which variables were independent predictors of events such as death and AMI, it was verified that the presence of CRF and LVEF &lt; 50% were risk factors associated with death, with statistical significance, with p = 0.001 and p = 0.031, respectively. For the occurrence of AMI, risk factors such as smoking and LVEF &lt; 50% were associated with higher probability of this event, also with statistical significance, with p = 0.037 and 0.039, respectively.</p>
      <p>It was also observed that patients with fixed low uptake in the MS showed higher probability of death outcome, with p = 0.043. Risk factors such as CRF, previous CVA, known CAD and LVEF &lt; 50%, were, in turn, associated with the occurrence of fixed low uptake, suggestive of fibrosis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>In this group of patients that was totally asymptomatic or without typical symptoms of ischemia since the medical consultation when the scintigraphy was requested, 44.5% had known coronary disease. In fact, the aim of this study was to evaluate events in patients without typical symptoms, and not in individuals without typical symptoms and without known CAD; therefore, the group with known CAD was not excluded. The idea for this study appeared when we discovered that, unlike what is recommended by the appropriate use criteria, many patients in our institution undergo scintigraphy even when they are asymptomatic and we tried to retrospectively determine whether the method discriminated events in asymptomatic patients, with most of them being considered as high risk according to the Framingham score. We observed that the method is of great value to discriminate major events in the follow-up.</p>
        <p>Scintigraphy was analyzed qualitatively and magnitude (intensity and extent of perfusion findings) was not evaluated. The exercise test was interpreted as suggestive of ischemia due to the presence of suggestive clinical signs and symptoms and the presence of ECG alterations, whereas prognostic scores, such as the Duke score, was not analyzed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results obtained suggest that in the group of patients without typical symptoms (asymptomatic or with atypical symptoms), submitted to myocardial scintigraphy, the occurrence of major cardiac events such as death and acute myocardial infarction was small. The event-free period after normal myocardial scintigraphy in this group was 7.5 years. The presence of perfusion alterations suggestive of fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy was associated with an increased number of deaths at follow-up and might, therefore, be considered an adjunctive risk factor for more detailed patient assessment and monitoring. The occurrence of acute nonfatal myocardial infarction showed no statistically significant difference between the groups of patients with normal perfusion, suggestive of fibrosis or ischemia.</p>
      <p>Risk factors associated with perfusion abnormalities suggestive of fibrosis in the assessed group were chronic renal failure, ischemic stroke, known prior coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%. Diabetes, previous coronary artery disease and ischemic test (exercise or dipyridamole test) showed to be associated with myocardial scintigraphy suggestive of ischemia, but patients with this alteration in the myocardial scintigraphy showed no statistical significance for death or acute myocardial infarction, probably because they were submitted to therapeutic optimization and/or some type of therapeutic intervention.</p>
      <p>Risk factors considered to be independent predictors of death were chronic renal failure and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%. Smoking and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;50% were independent predictors of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, regardless of the myocardial scintigraphy result.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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          <bold>Study Association</bold>
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        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paola Emanuela Poggio Smanio</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Louren&#231;o, 763 Vila Nova Concei&#231;&#227;o. CEP 045080-31. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>pgmsmanio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Smanio PEP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Smanio PEP, Silva JH, Holtz JV, Ueda L, Abreu M, Marques C. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva JH, Holtz JV, Machado L. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Smanio PEP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Smanio PEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; uma das principais causas de &#243;bito no Brasil e no mundo. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica tem papel estabelecido na detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, mas sua indica&#231;&#227;o em assintom&#225;ticos ou naqueles com sintomas at&#237;picos ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar eventos maiores em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas at&#237;picos (dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica ou dispneia) que realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, em at&#233; 8 anos. Como objetivos secund&#225;rios, citamos identificar os fatores de risco associados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e os poss&#237;veis preditores para eventos maiores nesse grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, por revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio, de 892 pacientes que realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica entre 2005 e 2011, com seguimento at&#233; 2013, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores e an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco associados &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica alterada. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por testes de Fisher, regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com p significativo se &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Do total dos pacientes da amostra, 52,1% eram homens, 86,9% hipertensos, 72,4% dislipid&#234;micos, 33,6% diab&#233;ticos, e 12,2% tabagistas; 44,5% tinham doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria conhecida; e 70% apresentavam escore de Framingham alto, 21,8% moderado e 8% baixo risco. Das cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas, 58,6% foram normais; 26,1%, sugestivas de fibrose; e 15,3%, de isquemia. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, 13 pacientes (1,5%) apresentaram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e 6 pacientes (0,7%) foram a &#243;bito. O grupo com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica normal apresentou maior tempo livre de eventos maiores, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal (p = 0,036) e morte (p = 0,019). A fibrose determinou risco 2,4 vezes maior de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e cinco vezes maior de morte (<italic>odds ratio</italic>: 2,4 e 5,7, respectivamente; p = 0,043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores em at&#233; 8 anos no grupo estudado foi pequena. Pacientes com fibrose na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica apresentaram mais eventos maiores. Pacientes com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica normal apresentaram menos eventos maiores, com sobrevida maior.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aus&#234;ncia de sintomas t&#237;picos e Eventos card&#237;acos maiores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem a maior causa de &#243;bito no mundo, sendo a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e o Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) as mais frequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (DAC) na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial vem aumentando, sendo a segunda causa de morte no Brasil, com m&#233;dia de 80 mil mortes por ano. Sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta est&#225; estimada em 5 a 8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Segundo dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS), no ano de 2010, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o foi respons&#225;vel por 210.046 interna&#231;&#245;es no Brasil e por 29% das mortes (99.408 &#243;bitos ou 55,11 &#243;bitos/100 mil habitantes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, correspondendo a um &#244;nus de R$ 1,9 bilh&#227;o, ou 19% do custo total com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica da DAC, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias adequadas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, para se estabelecerem melhores custo-efetividade e seguran&#231;a de tratamentos preventivos, e para a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares.</p>
        <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; resultante do desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico. A descri&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da angina pode dificultar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e, consequentemente, o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. Assim, testes objetivos de isquemia podem confirmar a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica e avaliar a gravidade da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CM) &#233; um dos pilares na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de DAC, devido &#224; sua alta acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, sendo tamb&#233;m capaz de delinear a extens&#227;o, a gravidade e a localiza&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, auxiliando sobremaneira o manejo cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica utiliza a radia&#231;&#227;o eletromagn&#233;tica gama para a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens. Is&#243;topos radioativos s&#227;o injetados no paciente e, devido &#224; afinidade pelo mioc&#225;rdio, trazem informa&#231;&#245;es perfusionais e/ou metab&#243;licas. Ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco, &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar indiretamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e a reserva de fluxo do mioc&#225;rdio de forma n&#227;o invasiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, existem evid&#234;ncias robustas para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CM no diagn&#243;stico, acompanhamento evolutivo, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e progn&#243;stico de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAC conhecida ou suspeita. No entanto, a indica&#231;&#227;o da CM em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas at&#237;picos, mesmo que com DAC conhecida, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definida, uma vez que, al&#233;m de os benef&#237;cios nessa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estarem totalmente estabelecidos, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame implica riscos inerentes do estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico, bem como exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas at&#237;picos que realizaram CM, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos como morte e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), ocorridos em at&#233; 8 anos. Foram objetivos secund&#225;rios: definir o per&#237;odo livre de eventos, como morte e IAM, ap&#243;s CM normal em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas at&#237;picos; identificar os fatores de risco associados com altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; identificar fatores de risco preditores independentes para morte e IAM n&#227;o fatal nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, realizado pela an&#225;lise de dados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos em grupo de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas cardiovasculares considerados at&#237;picos, sendo estes portadores de DAC pr&#233;via, conhecida ou n&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Todos realizaram CM no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia no per&#237;odo entre dezembro de 2005 e junho de 2011. Os pacientes foram seguidos pelo per&#237;odo compreendido entre a data da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame at&#233; julho de 2013, para verificar ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM n&#227;o fatal ou &#243;bito. Todos foram analisados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemia, tabagismo, Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica (DAOP) e/ou doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, diabetes melito, Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica (IRC), AVC Isqu&#234;mico (AVCi), DAC pr&#233;via conhecida, Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 50%, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana, tipo de estresse utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CM (teste ergom&#233;trico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol), e presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o sugestiva de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico realizado previamente &#224; CM. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram classificados como de alto, intermedi&#225;rio e baixo risco cardiovascular, conforme o escore de Framingham. Foi considerado como paciente hipertenso se este fizesse uso de uma ou mais medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas e por meio de crit&#233;rios utilizados na VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; e considerado dislipid&#234;mico por meio de crit&#233;rios usados pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemia e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade de Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Foi considerado como paciente diab&#233;tico se o mesmo fizesse uso de um ou mais hipoglicemiantes orais e/ou de insulina, n&#227;o tendo sido inclu&#237;dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. A presen&#231;a de IRC foi definida se o paciente apresentasse <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt; 90 mL/minuto; a FEVE foi determinada pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de um Ecocardiograma Doppler com proximidade m&#225;xima de 3 meses antes da CM, sem procedimentos entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
        <p>A CM foi realizada por protocolos j&#225; padronizados de 1 ou 2 dias e com o radiof&#225;rmaco <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes que realizaram CM e que n&#227;o apresentavam qualquer sintoma cardiol&#243;gico desde a data da solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame pelo cl&#237;nico solicitante at&#233; a data da CM; e aqueles que apresentavam sintomas considerados at&#237;picos pelo cl&#237;nico que solicitou o exame, por n&#227;o preencherem as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#225;ssicas descritas, como angina (dor retroesternal, desencadeada pelo esfor&#231;o ou estresse emocional, com al&#237;vio em repouso ou com nitrato) ou que apresentaram sintomas sugestivos de equivalente isqu&#234;mico (dispneia). Em sua maioria, os pacientes apresentavam outros sintomas cardiol&#243;gicos mal caracterizados e incaracter&#237;sticos para doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica que sugerisse doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, dispneia ou sintomas sugestivos de equivalente isqu&#234;mico, ou com eletrocardiograma sugestivo de isquemia desde a data da solicita&#231;&#227;o da CM at&#233; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o; e pacientes com dados incompletos durante a revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>As CM foram analisadas por dois especialistas em medicina nuclear, sendo convocado um terceiro especialista para analisar as imagens, quando houvesse discord&#226;ncia. As imagens foram analisadas de forma qualitativa apenas pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco no mioc&#225;rdio, nos 17 segmentos analisados.</p>
        <p>O equipamento utilizado para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi a c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o Millennium VG (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Estados Unidos), dotada de dois detectores de cintila&#231;&#227;o, angulados a 90&#186;, com colimadores de furos paralelos, de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e para baixa energia. As informa&#231;&#245;es adquiridas foram processadas na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho Xeleris.</p>
        <p>A CM foi realizada associada ao estresse f&#237;sico com teste ergom&#233;trico ou com est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico realizado pela infus&#227;o de dipiridamol, de acordo com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Para o teste ergom&#233;trico, foram utilizados protocolos de Bruce e Bruce modificado, sendo as medica&#231;&#245;es anti-isqu&#234;micas suspensas de acordo com a orienta&#231;&#227;o padronizada pela se&#231;&#227;o de medicina nuclear. Os cl&#237;nicos da institui&#231;&#227;o estavam cientes da suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o para o exame e, quando n&#227;o desejavam que a medica&#231;&#227;o fosse suspensa, mencionavam no pedido m&#233;dico para que o exame fosse realizado na vig&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o. Como crit&#233;rios de resposta isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio ao teste de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, consideraram-se, conforme padronizado na literatura, presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST &#8805; 1,5 mm durante ou ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, com morfologias ascendente lenta (analisado no ponto Y), horizontal (analisado no ponto J) ou descendente (analisado no ponto J), ou presen&#231;a de sintomas/sinais cl&#237;nicos sugestivos de isquemia, segundo os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos conhecidos e padronizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para a prova farmacol&#243;gica, o dipiridamol foi infundido na dose de 0,56 mg/kg/minutos no tempo total de 4 minutos. Administrava-se a dose de 20 mCi ou 740 MBq do radiof&#225;rmaco no segundo minuto do t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o de dipiridamol, considerado como o momento de hiperemia m&#225;xima. Como crit&#233;rios de interpreta&#231;&#227;o da resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ao dipiridamol, utilizados para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de resposta isqu&#234;mica, considerou-se sugestiva de isquemia a presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento horizontal, ascendente lento ou descendente, do segmento ST &#8805; 1,0 mm (ou de intensifica&#231;&#227;o do infradesnivelamento igual a 1,0 mm), medido no ponto J, nas morfologias horizontal e descendente, e no ponto Y, na morfologia ascendente lenta. Tamb&#233;m foi considerado sugestivo de isquemia dor precordial t&#237;pica ou e outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sugestivas de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, segundo crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos conhecidos e padronizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi analisada apenas a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es nas provas funcionais sugestivas de isquemia, n&#227;o tendo sido calculados escores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
        <p>As imagens foram processadas pelo <italic>software</italic> dedicado QGS, tamb&#233;m conhecido como <italic>software</italic> Cedars-Sinai, obtendo-se cortes tomogr&#225;ficos pelo plano vertical, segundo o eixo menor card&#237;aco, pelo plano vertical, segundo o eixo maior, e pelo plano horizontal, segundo o eixo maior. Os cortes das duas etapas foram pareados de modo a permitirem a compara&#231;&#227;o corte a corte da concentra&#231;&#227;o radioativa no estresse e na fase basal. O processamento das imagens sincronizadas com o eletrocardiograma forneceu reprodu&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o das paredes card&#237;acas, al&#233;m de &#237;ndices de volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, e de FEVE, sendo poss&#237;vel obter a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da din&#226;mica card&#237;aca tanto de cada um dos cortes como de uma representa&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Conforme a rotina da se&#231;&#227;o, os crit&#233;rios para a an&#225;lise das imagens de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram as avalia&#231;&#245;es visual e qualitativa da concentra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco nos diversos segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio (17 segmentos), comparando&#8209;se, corte a corte, as imagens da fase de estresse com as correspondentes da fase basal. Consideraram-se os seguintes fatores na an&#225;lise qualitativa da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: homogeneidade ou heterogeneidade de concentra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco nos segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio; extens&#227;o dos defeitos de concentra&#231;&#227;o do indicador nos segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio; e intensidade da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o relativa do indicador nos segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, para este estudo, levou-se em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais.</p>
        <p>Considerou-se CM normal, se a concentra&#231;&#227;o do marcador fosse homog&#234;nea em ambas as fases (estresse e basal); sugestiva de isquemia, se a hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fosse revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s o estresse; sugestiva de fibrose, se a hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fosse fixa em ambas as fases; e sugestiva de isquemia e fibrose, se houvesse hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa e revers&#237;vel do indicador em um ou mais segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio na etapa de estresse.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), sendo empregado o teste qui quadrado de Pearson e o de Fisher, considerando significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05. Ainda, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico&#8209;epidemiol&#243;gicas e dos fatores de risco, e foi constru&#237;da a curva de sobrevida livre de eventos de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho foi submetido ao Conselho de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, com Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o para Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica (CAAE: 20702313500005462).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram analisados 892 pacientes caracterizados como assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas cardiol&#243;gicos at&#237;picos submetidos a CM no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a junho de 2011. Foram exclu&#237;dos 21 pacientes, devido a informa&#231;&#245;es inconclusivas nos prontu&#225;rios ou por perda de seguimento durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, totalizando 871 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Dos pacientes sem DAC pr&#233;via conhecida (483 pacientes), 449 pacientes estavam totalmente assintom&#225;ticos desde a consulta m&#233;dica de solicita&#231;&#227;o da CM. Dos pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via conhecida (388 pacientes), 368 estavam totalmente assintom&#225;ticos desde a consulta cl&#237;nica at&#233; a CM (p = 0,059).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados coletados, foi observada equival&#234;ncia entre os sexos, com preval&#234;ncia de 454 (52,1%) pacientes do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>O escore de Framingham foi aplicado em todos os pacientes analisados, sendo 611 (70,1%) classificados como de alto risco cardiovascular, 190 (21,8%) como de risco intermedi&#225;rio e 70 (8%) como baixo.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas, com suas respectivas percentagens, &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela 1</xref>, podendo ser observado um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes hipertensos (86,9%) e dislipid&#234;micos (72,4%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Sim n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">757 (86,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">631 (72,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">106 (12,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAOP/doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">58 (6,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">293 (33,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">37 (4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">48 (5,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">388 (44,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">86 (9,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">101 (11,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da CM, foram observados que, dos exames realizados, 385 (44,2%) foram submetidos ao estresse f&#237;sico por meio de teste ergom&#233;trico e 486 (55,8%) foram realizados sob est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico, por meio da administra&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol. Nos testes indutores de isquemia para a CM, dos 871 exames analisados, 189 (21,7%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o sugestiva de isquemia devido &#224; presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou sintomas sugestivos de isquemia.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de CM normal, hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa sugestiva de fibrose e hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel sugestiva de isquemia nos pacientes avaliados foi de 511 indiv&#237;duos (58,6%), 227 (26,1%) e 133 (15,3%), respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">tabela 2</xref> mostra a preval&#234;ncia dos resultados obtidos pela cintilografia, incluindo o do teste indutor de isquemia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise dos resultados dos testes indutores de isquemia alterados e resultados da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Resultado</th>
                <th align="center">Sim n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste indutor de isquemia alterado</td>
                <td align="center">189 (21,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CM normal</td>
                <td align="center">511 (58,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa</td>
                <td align="center">227 (26,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">133 (15,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>Teste indutor de isquemia alterado: sugestivo de isquemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas e o resultado das CM, sendo estas descritas como normal, com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa ou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel. Os resultados est&#227;o expostos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">tabelas 3</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, fatores de risco, resultado da prova funcional, eventos na evolu&#231;&#227;o e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM) normal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">CM normal n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td>463 (86,5)</td>
                <td>0,757</td>
                <td>0,919</td>
                <td>0,611-1,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">377 (70,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,770</td>
                <td align="center">0,565-1,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">61 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
                <td align="center">0,832</td>
                <td align="center">0,551-1,256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAOP/doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">35 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
                <td align="center">0,553-1,642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">173 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
                <td align="center">0,649-1,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,250</td>
                <td align="center">0,462</td>
                <td align="center">0,238-0,899</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">13 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
                <td align="center">0,112-0,411</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">147 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
                <td align="center">0,110-0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
                <td align="center">0,061-0,192</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">74 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">1,841</td>
                <td align="center">1,158-2,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste indutor de isquemia alterado</td>
                <td align="center">102 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,674</td>
                <td align="center">0,487-0,934</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
                <td align="center">0,840-0,896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
                <td align="center">0,014-1,066</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, fatores de risco, resultado da prova funcional, eventos na evolu&#231;&#227;o e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM) com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa, sugestiva de fibrose</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">CM fibrose n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">194 (85,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,492</td>
                <td align="center">0,846</td>
                <td align="center">0,547-1,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">168 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
                <td align="center">1,113</td>
                <td align="center">0,790-1,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">30 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
                <td align="center">1,138</td>
                <td align="center">0,724-1,790</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAOP/doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">20 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
                <td align="center">1,541</td>
                <td align="center">0,877-2,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">75 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
                <td align="center">0,699-1,329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">2,526</td>
                <td align="center">1,299-4,912</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">29 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,818</td>
                <td align="center">2,644-8,786</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">181 (79,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">8,307</td>
                <td align="center">5,776-11,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">60 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">8,540</td>
                <td align="center">5,227-13,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0290</td>
                <td align="center">0,539</td>
                <td align="center">0,312-0,929</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste indutor de isquemia alterado</td>
                <td align="center">40 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
                <td align="center">0,771</td>
                <td align="center">0,482-1,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
                <td align="center">2,471</td>
                <td align="center">0,821-7,430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">5,758</td>
                <td align="center">1,047-31,651</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, fatores de risco, resultado da prova funcional, eventos na evolu&#231;&#227;o e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM) com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel, sugestiva de isquemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">CM isquemia n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">122 (91,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
                <td align="center">1,799</td>
                <td align="center">0,938-3,450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">103 (77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
                <td align="center">1,366</td>
                <td align="center">0,882-2,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">16 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
                <td align="center">0,558-1,736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAOP/doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
                <td align="center">0,748</td>
                <td align="center">0,332-1,686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">55 (41,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">1,481</td>
                <td align="center">1,015-2,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,487</td>
                <td align="center">1,311</td>
                <td align="center">0,564-3,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,534</td>
                <td align="center">1,303</td>
                <td align="center">0,615-2,2753</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">84 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,447</td>
                <td align="center">1,671-3,584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
                <td align="center">1,542</td>
                <td align="center">0,885-2,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
                <td align="center">0,799</td>
                <td align="center">0,432-1,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste indutor de isquemia alterado</td>
                <td align="center">51 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,704</td>
                <td align="center">1,821-4,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td align="center">1,680</td>
                <td align="center">0,456-6,187</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,124-9,582</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pacientes portadores de IRC, AVCi, DAC pr&#233;via conhecida e FEVE &lt; 50% apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com CM sugestiva de fibrose, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio, pacientes com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa aumentaram sua chance de desenvolver IAM durante o per&#237;odo analisado em 2,4 vezes mais do que pacientes com CM normal, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. J&#225; na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de morte, dos seis &#243;bitos registrados, quatro apresentavam CM com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa, aumentando em mais de cinco vezes o desenvolvimento para esse desfecho com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<italic>odds ratio</italic> - OR: 5,958; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95%: 1, 047-31,651; p = 0,043) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>No grupo de pacientes com CM com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel sugestiva de isquemia, a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis mostrou que diabetes melito, DAC pr&#233;via conhecida e teste indutor de isquemia alterado (sugestivo de isquemia) estiveram associados ao desenvolvimento de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, sendo p &lt; 0,05. J&#225; a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e IAM n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para esse grupo de pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise independente das vari&#225;veis, para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e IAM, foi verificado que IRC e FEVE &lt; 50% eram preditores para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com p = 0,001 e 0,031, respectivamente. A presen&#231;a de fatores como tabagismo e FEVE &lt; 50% foi preditora independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM, com p = 0,037 e 0,039, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 1</xref> mostra a curva de Kaplan-Meier para a presen&#231;a de IRC e FEVE &lt; 50% para o desfecho de &#243;bito. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">figura 2</xref> mostra a curva de Kaplan-Meier para a presen&#231;a de tabagismo e FEVE &lt; 50% para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito vs. insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) e vs. fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 50%</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) vs. tabagismo (TBG) e vs. fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 50%</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Durante a per&#237;odo analisado, foram obtidos 13 casos de IAM, sendo quatro (30,8%) no grupo de CM normal, seis (46,2%) no grupo de CM com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa e tr&#234;s (23,1%) no grupo de CM com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Foram registrados seis &#243;bitos - tr&#234;s deles de origem card&#237;aca. Destes tr&#234;s, dois (33,3%) pertenciam ao grupo da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa e um (16,7%) ao de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel. Os outros tr&#234;s &#243;bitos foram de origem n&#227;o card&#237;aca, sendo dois (33,3%) presentes no grupo da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa e um (16,7%) no grupo de cintilografia normal.</p>
        <p>Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de quase 8 anos, os pacientes que apresentavam CM normal tiveram taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos, como &#243;bito e IAM, melhor comparada &#224; dos pacientes que apresentaram CM alterada, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, conforme visto nas curvas de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de eventos (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e &#243;bito) em pacientes com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM) normal ou anormal</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0112-50074-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Publica&#231;&#245;es recentes buscaram identificar certos subgrupos de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que poderiam se beneficiar com a CM para a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, tais como aqueles com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce, e os portadores de equivalentes anginosos, DAOP, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e diabetes melito tipo 2. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias para a indica&#231;&#227;o de CM nesses subgrupos ainda s&#227;o escassas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A <italic>American Society of Nuclear Cardiology</italic> (ASCN)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> recomenda a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CM no rastreamento de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria nos seguinte subgrupos de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos: naqueles com alto risco cardiovascular pelo crit&#233;rio Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III); com escore de c&#225;lcio Agastone &gt; 400; com diabetes; pacientes com IRC; pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta; e como seguimento em pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s 5 anos da cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos pelo nosso estudo mostraram que a CM deve ser realizada em pacientes com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, mesmo sem sintomas considerados t&#237;picos de isquemia, independente de serem sabidamente coronarianos ou n&#227;o, j&#225; que seu resultado, quando normal, est&#225; associado &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de eventos maiores na evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo de seguran&#231;a ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de CM com resultado normal foi bem avaliado em uma metan&#225;lise, incluindo 17 estudos com 8.008 pacientes mostrando que a CM normal teve alto valor preditivo negativo para eventos card&#237;acos por 3 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudo publicado por Ottenhouf e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> avaliou 261 pacientes com DAC conhecida e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica normal, que foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 12 anos, avaliando como desfecho prim&#225;rio morte por todas as causas, morte de causa card&#237;aca e IAM. Tamb&#233;m foram analisados preditores independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos nesse per&#237;odo. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o observou-se 94 (36%) &#243;bitos, dos quais 26 (10%) de causa card&#237;aca e 15 (6%) IAM, sendo idade e diabetes considerados preditores de &#243;bito por todas as causas. Idade, sexo masculino e diabetes foram preditores para morte de causa card&#237;aca. Diabetes tamb&#233;m foi considerada preditora de IAM. Nesse mesmo trabalho, a CM normal esteve associada a uma menor probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas, morte de causa card&#237;aca e para IAM, com taxas anuais destes eventos iguais a 3,2%, 0,9% e 1,2%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Schinkel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, em outro estudo recente, avaliaram 233 pacientes com suspeita de DAC ou DAC conhecida, que realizaram CM com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-setamibi e que apresentaram perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica normal. Eles foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 15,5 anos para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas, morte de origem card&#237;aca, IAM e eventos card&#237;acos maiores, definidos como a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte de origem card&#237;aca, IAM e necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Dentre os 233 pacientes, foram registradas 41 (18%) mortes por todas as causas, sendo 13 card&#237;aca; 18 (8%) sofreram IAM; e 47 (20%) necessitaram de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sendo 7% por cirurgia card&#237;aca e 13% por interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. As taxas anuais de evento para morte de todas as causas, morte de origem card&#237;aca e/ou IAM e a presen&#231;a de eventos card&#237;acos maiores foram 1,1, 0,3, 0,7 e 1,8%, respectivamente. Fatores como idade, sexo masculino e diabetes foram preditores independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (OR: 1,06; IC95%: 1,04-1,09; p &lt; 0,001; OR; 2,70; IC95%: 1,45&#8209;5,03; p = 0,002; e OR: 3,06; IC95%; 1,22-7,65; p = 0,02, respectivamente). Fatores como sexo masculino e diabetes tamb&#233;m foram preditores independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;acos maiores com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (OR: 2,61; IC95%: 1,11-6,14; p = 0,03; e OR: 6,93; IC95%: 2,18-22,04; p = 0,01, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que pacientes com DAC ou suspeita de DAC apresentaram um desfecho favor&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo analisado, principalmente durante os primeiros 5 anos.</p>
        <p>Comparativamente, este estudo apresentou CM normal em 511 pacientes (58,6%); 388 (44,5%) deles tinham DAC conhecida, 293 (33,6%) eram portadores de diabetes melito e 611 (70%) foram classificados como de alto risco pelo escore de Framingham. Mesmo assim, o grupo com CM normal apresentou menor probabilidade de eventos como morte (p = 0,019) e IAM (p = 0,036) durante o per&#237;odo analisado com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, sugerindo que pacientes com CM normal, mesmo sendo popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular, t&#234;m menor probabilidade de eventos maiores na evolu&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de at&#233; 8 anos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, analisando-se quais vari&#225;veis seriam preditoras independentes de eventos como morte e IAM, foi verificado que a presen&#231;a de IRC e a FEVE &lt; 50% foram fatores de risco associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, sendo p = 0,001 e p = 0,031, respectivamente. Para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM, fatores de risco, como tabagismo e FEVE &lt; 50%, foram associados com maior probabilidade desse evento, tamb&#233;m com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com p = 0,037 e 0,039, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi observado que os pacientes com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa na CM tiveram maior probabilidade para o desfecho &#243;bito, com p = 0,043. Fatores de risco, como IRC, AVC pr&#233;vio, DAC conhecida e FEVE &lt; 50%, foram, por sua vez, associados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o fixa, sugestiva de fibrose.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do trabalho</title>
          <p>Em nosso grupo de pacientes totalmente assintom&#225;ticos ou sem sintomas t&#237;picos de isquemia desde a consulta m&#233;dica que motivou a cintilografia, 44,5% eram sabidamente coronarianos. Na verdade, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar eventos em pacientes sem sintomas t&#237;picos, e n&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos sem sintomas t&#237;picos e sem DAC conhecida; portanto, o grupo com DAC conhecida n&#227;o foi exclu&#237;do. A hip&#243;tese deste trabalho surgiu ao verificarmos que, diferentemente do que recomendam os crit&#233;rios de uso apropriado, muitos pacientes de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o realizam cintilografia mesmo quando assintom&#225;ticos e tentamos verificar, de forma retrospectiva, se o m&#233;todo discriminava eventos em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, considerados, em sua maioria, de alto risco pelo escore de Framingham. Observamos que o m&#233;todo &#233; de grande valor para discriminar eventos maiores na evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A cintilografia foi analisada de forma qualitativa, n&#227;o tendo sido avaliada a magnitude (intensidade e extens&#227;o dos achados perfusionais). O teste ergom&#233;trico foi interpretado como sugestivo de isquemia pela presen&#231;a de sintomas e sinais cl&#237;nicos sugestivos, e pela presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es de eletrocardiograma, n&#227;o tendo sido analisados escores progn&#243;sticos, como o Escore de Duke.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que, no grupo estudado de pacientes sem sintomas t&#237;picos (assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas at&#237;picos), que realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, como morte e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, foi pequena. O per&#237;odo livre desses eventos ap&#243;s a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica normal, nesse grupo, foi de 7,5 anos. A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o perfusional sugestiva de fibrose na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica esteve associada a maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos na evolu&#231;&#227;o, podendo, assim, ser considerada como fator de risco adjuvante para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximos do paciente. A ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de pacientes com perfus&#227;o normal, sugestiva de fibrose ou de isquemia. Os fatores de risco associados a altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais sugestivas de fibrose, no grupo analisado, foram insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via conhecida e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50%. Diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria previa e teste ergom&#233;trico ou dipiridamol sugestivos de isquemia se mostraram associados, &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica sugestiva de isquemia, por&#233;m os pacientes com essa altera&#231;&#227;o na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para morte e nem infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, provavelmente porque foram submetidos a uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e/ou sofreram algum tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Os fatores de risco considerados preditores independentes de &#243;bito foram insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50%. Tabagismo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50% foram preditores independentes de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, independentemente do resultado da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
