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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8J3wKy7T4rmmnds87bHj7Qw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Executive Summary - Guideline on Telecardiology in the Care of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Other Cardiac Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Jorge Cordeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Soriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr.</bold>, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail <email>mucio@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira Jr. MT, Paula LJC, Marcolino MS, Canesin MF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Obtaining financing: Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>105</fpage>
      <lpage>111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine / utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Mobile Health Units</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiology is a very promising field in telemedicine. The transmission of electrocardiograms (ECG) from remote health services or ambulances to a central for analysis is already routine in the approach to acute coronary syndromes (ACS). This approach allows the obtention of expert guidance and referral to appropriate health units, with the potential of saving lives. This impact may be seen in acute myocardial infarction (MI), in which telemedicine has reduced intra-hospital mortality rates from 12.3% to 7.1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Basic concepts</title>
      <p>In a health system geographically distributed like the Brazilian system, in which Basic Health Units (<italic>Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de</italic>, UBSs), Emergency Care Units (<italic>Unidades de Pronto Atendimento</italic>, UPAs), secondary hospitals, and ambulances are scattered throughout the country (often in remote locations), and specialized centers are located in advanced care units in large cities (such as tertiary hospitals), telemedicine offers the opportunity to improve the treatment of emergencies. The clinical ability of specialists in tertiary hospitals may be used to improve the care in Remote Care Units (<italic>Unidades Remotas de Atendimento</italic>, URAs), offering support for early diagnosis and therapy guidance for non&#8209;specialist medical practitioners providing medical care to patients in URAs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Communication channels in telemedicine include telephone lines for voice communication and connection to the internet, and for transmission of test results, ECG tracings, and images. Optionally, a video link may be used for visualization of the patient.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Telemedicine in the approach to ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				</title>
        <p><bold>Situation A</bold>: A patient goes by himself to the nearest URA, or calls the prehospital care service and is taken to the URA in a standard ambulance without an electrocardiograph.</p>
        <p>The professionals at the URA take the clinical history, examine, and obtain serial ECGs from the patient. The ECG tracings are transmitted along with the clinical history to the telecardiology hub where they are interpreted by cardiologists who quickly prepare and send a report, and guide the professionals at the URA on the appropriate therapy.</p>
        <p><bold>Situation B</bold>: A patient connects with the prehospital care service and an ambulance with an electrocardiograph and without a physician answers the call. Based on the patient's history and interpretation of the ECG, if the cardiologist at the telecardiology hub diagnoses the patient as having an ST&#8209;segment elevation MI (STEMI), he guides the medical team to administer the standard therapy (for example, aspirin and other medications) and transport the patient to a hospital that offers percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or to administer fibrinolytic treatment. Even if the diagnosis of STEMI is excluded, the ambulance team is oriented to follow the cardiologist&#8217;s instructions about the path to be followed for that patient.</p>
        <p><bold>Situation C</bold>: A patient calls the prehospital care service, an ambulance with a physician and an electrocardiograph answers the call, and the team obtains an ECG that is transmitted to the telecardiology hub. Based on the clinical history and interpretation of the ECG, if the cardiologist at the telecardiology hub determines that the patient has STEMI, he guides the physician to administer treatment for STEMI, such as antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents, and to follow one of these options:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>If the STEMI patient can be transported to a hospital with PCI capability and the PCI can be performed within 120 minutes, or if the patient has contraindication to fibrinolytic treatment, the patient must be transported to the hospital with PCI. The ambulance physician also alerts the hospital to prepare the catheterization laboratory to treat a STEMI patient with primary PCI.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If the PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes, the ambulance physician is instructed to first administer fibrinolytic agents, preferably within 30 minutes, and then transport the patient to the nearest hospital equipped with a catheterization laboratory to continue the therapy.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If the cardiologist in the telecardiology hub confirms that STEMI is not the diagnosis and the ambulance physician determines that the patient has ACS, after receiving the initial therapy the patient should be transferred preferably to a hospital equipped with a catheterization laboratory. If that is not possible, the patient should be transferred to the nearest hospital equipped with an intensive cardiac care unit. If the cardiologist determines that the chest pain protocol should be initiated for the patient, he or she may direct the ambulance team to transport the patient to the nearest hospital, even if the hospital is not equipped with a catheterization laboratory, for monitoring of clinical parameters, ECG, and markers of myocardial necrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Schematic representation of telemedicine for acute emergency therapy. Treatment strategies using telemedicine are shown for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ECG: surface electrocardiogram.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>To ensure that the transmitted information has good quality and the interaction is valuable, the patient with chest pain should receive a systematic approach, which can be achieved with several methodologies. One of these methodologies takes into account the "4D" for systematization of the diagnosis of ACS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>:</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Care systematization for the establishment of the diagnosis in patients with chest pain. ECG: electrocardiogram; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>First "<bold>D</bold>": classify the chest pain (<bold><italic>d</italic></bold><italic>iscomfort</italic>) into types A (definitely anginal), B (probably anginal), C (probably not anginal), or D (definitely not anginal).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Second "<bold>D</bold>": <bold>d</bold>efine whether an ST-segment elevation is present or not in the ECG.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Third "<bold>D</bold>": if the ECG does not show signs of ischemia, assess the probability of the patient having coronary artery disease (CA<bold>D</bold>) based on the presence of risk factors: age (above 45 years in men and 55 years in women), smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of early CAD (below the age of 55 years in men and 65 years in women).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fourth "<bold>D</bold>": the <bold>d</bold>iagnosis of ACS must be confirmed or excluded, or the chest pain protocol should be initiated.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Requirements in telemedicine for adequate diagnosis and treatment of ACS and other acute cardiac diseases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation grades and levels of evidence of the procedures for management of patients with ACS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Financial requirements, procedures, and clinical and team protocols for deployment of telemedicine for adequate diagnosis and treatment of ACS and other acute cardiac diseases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation grades and levels of evidence for the financial requirements, procedures, and clinical and team protocols in telemedicine for adequate diagnosis and treatment of ACS and other acute cardiac diseases.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Medical equipment, information technology, and services (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation grades and levels of evidence for the medical equipment in telemedicine for adequate diagnosis and treatment of ACS and other acute cardiac diseases.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation grades and levels of evidence for the information technology equipment and services in telemedicine for adequate diagnosis and treatment of ACS and other acute cardiac diseases.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Telecardiology in remote routine diagnosis</title>
        <p>One of the most common applications of telecardiology in remote areas is in the analysis of diagnostic tests, such as ECG, Holter, ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (AMBP), and echocardiography. Other applications include synchronous or asynchronous teleconsulting systems or second opinions, teleauscultation, remote monitoring of blood pressure, vital signs and implantable electronic devices, and educational activities. In addition, telecardiology has important applications in the penitentiary system, in pediatrics, and in fetal cardiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac arrhythmias and syncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</title>
        <p>Since several types of cardiac arrhythmia occur in short and unexpected episodes, its diagnosis depends on an ECG recorded during the paroxysmal episode. A standard 10-second surface ECG may not be able to detect the abnormality in the heart rhythm. In this case, long-term monitoring is recommended, such as 24-hour Holter monitoring or event recording for 2 to 4 weeks. For selected, more difficult cases, an implantable monitoring device named loop recorder may be used to record the ECG patterns during occasional but significant symptoms like syncope.</p>
        <p>The system may be useful in several situations, among others:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Detection of asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation, which may require anticoagulation therapy to reduce the risk of stroke.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Quick recognition of electrode lead failure, allowing fast intervention and avoiding inappropriate shocks.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Reduction in the number of outpatient visits during long-term follow-up of patients with a pacemaker or implanted defibrillator.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart failure (HF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</title>
        <p>Distant monitoring, or telemonitoring, is a promising strategy to improve the outcomes of HF treatment, allowing remote monitoring of patients so physicians can intervene early when evidence of clinical deterioration is present. The approaches vary from computerized systems for decision support to programs managed by nurses or physicians. A dedicated hardware or a smartphone may be used to transmit the patient's data (for example, symptoms, weight, blood pressure, and heart rate). A structured phone support, which can better guide the patient and offer specialized treatment to HF patients, has been shown to reduce the mortality and hospitalizations due to HF, improve quality of life, reduce the cost of treatment of prescriptions based on evidence, and improve the patients&#8217; knowledge and their knowledge about self-treatment.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Philips Healthcare.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resumo Executivo - Diretriz de Telecardiologia no Cuidado de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e Outras Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Jorge Cordeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Soriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr.</bold>, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail <email>mucio@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira Jr. MT, Paula LJC, Marcolino MS, Canesin MF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades M&#243;veis de Sa&#250;de.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A cardiologia &#233; uma &#225;rea muito promissora na telemedicina. A transmiss&#227;o de eletrocardiogramas (ECG) a partir de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de remotos ou ambul&#226;ncias para uma central de an&#225;lise j&#225; &#233; rotina na abordagem das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Essa abordagem possibilita o recebimento de orienta&#231;&#227;o de especialistas e direcionamento a unidades de sa&#250;de apropriadas, podendo salvar vidas. Este impacto pode ser visto no caso do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), no qual a aplica&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina reduziu o &#237;ndice de mortalidade hospitalar de 12,3% para 7,1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Conceitos b&#225;sicos</title>
        <p>Em um sistema de sa&#250;de geograficamente distribu&#237;do, como o brasileiro, no qual as Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de (UBSs), as Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPAs), os hospitais secund&#225;rios e as ambul&#226;ncias est&#227;o espalhados por todo o pa&#237;s (muitas vezes em pontos remotos), e os centros especializados est&#227;o em unidades de atendimento avan&#231;ado localizadas nas grandes cidades (como hospitais terci&#225;rios), a telemedicina oferece a oportunidade de melhorar o tratamento das emerg&#234;ncias. A habilidade cl&#237;nica de especialistas em hospitais terci&#225;rios pode ser utilizada para melhorar o cuidado nas Unidades Remotas de Atendimento (URAs), com suporte ao diagn&#243;stico precoce e orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre terapia a m&#233;dicos n&#227;o especialistas que estejam prestando atendimento a pacientes nas URAs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os canais de comunica&#231;&#227;o na telemedicina incluem linhas telef&#244;nicas para comunica&#231;&#227;o por voz e conex&#227;o com a internet, e para transmiss&#227;o de resultados de exames, tra&#231;ados e imagens. Opcionalmente, um <italic>link</italic> de v&#237;deo pode ser utilizado para permitir a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Telemedicina para abordagem da SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					</title>
          <p><bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o A</bold>: paciente vai at&#233; a URA mais pr&#243;xima por meios pr&#243;prios, ou liga para o servi&#231;o de atendimento pr&#233;&#8209;hospitalar e &#233; levado para a URA por uma ambul&#226;ncia b&#225;sica sem eletrocardi&#243;grafo. Os profissionais da URA avaliam a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, examinam e obt&#233;m ECGs seriados do paciente. Os tra&#231;ados do ECG s&#227;o transmitidos juntamente com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica para a central de telecardiologia onde s&#227;o interpretados por cardiologistas que emitem e enviam rapidamente um laudo e orientam os profissionais da URA sobre a terapia apropriada.</p>
          <p><bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o B</bold>: paciente liga para o servi&#231;o de atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar e uma ambul&#226;ncia com um eletrocardi&#243;grafo e sem m&#233;dico realiza o atendimento. Com base na hist&#243;ria e interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, se o cardiologista da central de telecardiologia diagnosticar o caso como um IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCST) a equipe m&#233;dica &#233; orientada a administrar o tratamento b&#225;sico (por exemplo, aspirina e outras medica&#231;&#245;es) e a transportar o paciente a um hospital que ofere&#231;a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP), ou para administrar um fibrinol&#237;tico. Mesmo se o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o for de IAMCST, a equipe da ambul&#226;ncia &#233; orientada a seguir as instru&#231;&#245;es do cardiologista sobre o caminho que deve ser tomado para o paciente.</p>
          <p><bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o C</bold>: paciente liga para o servi&#231;o de atendimento pr&#233;&#8209;hospitalar, uma ambul&#226;ncia com m&#233;dico e eletrocardi&#243;grafo realiza o atendimento, a equipe faz o ECG e o transmite para a central de telecardiologia. Com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, se o cardiologista da central de telecardiologia diagnosticar o caso como um IAMCST, o m&#233;dico &#233; orientado a administrar tratamento para IAMCST, como antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e anticoagulantes, e a seguir uma das seguintes op&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Se o paciente com IAMCST puder ser transportado a um hospital com ICP e se a ICP puder ser realizada dentro de 120 minutos, ou o paciente apresentar contraindica&#231;&#245;es para fibrinol&#237;ticos, o paciente deve ser transportado ao hospital com ICP. O m&#233;dico na ambul&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m aciona o hospital para preparar o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica para tratar com ICP prim&#225;ria um paciente com IAMCST.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Se a ICP n&#227;o for poss&#237;vel dentro de 120 minutos, o m&#233;dico na ambul&#226;ncia &#233; orientado a administrar fibrinol&#237;ticos inicialmente, preferencialmente dentro de 30 minutos, e ent&#227;o transportar o paciente para o hospital com hemodin&#226;mica mais pr&#243;ximo para a continuidade do tratamento.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Se o cardiologista na central de telecardiologia confirmar que o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233; de IAMCST e o m&#233;dico na ambul&#226;ncia determinar que o paciente tem SCA, ap&#243;s receber a terapia inicial, o paciente deve ser transferido preferencialmente para um hospital com hemodin&#226;mica. Caso isso n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel, o paciente deve ser transferido para o hospital com cuidados cardiol&#243;gicos intensivos mais pr&#243;ximo. Se o cardiologista determinar que o paciente deve ser submetido ao protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica, ele pode orientar a equipe da ambul&#226;ncia a transportar o paciente ao hospital mais pr&#243;ximo, mesmo que esse n&#227;o tenha hemodin&#226;mica, para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, ECG e marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f07">
                  <label>Figura 1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica de telemedicina para tratamento agudo emergencial. Estrat&#233;gias de tratamento utilizando telemedicina s&#227;o mostradas para a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). ECG: eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie; Hub: central.</title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
              </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Para que as informa&#231;&#245;es transmitidas sejam de qualidade e a intera&#231;&#227;o seja valiosa, o paciente com dor tor&#225;cica deve ter sua abordagem sistematizada, podendo-se utilizar diversas metodologias. Uma delas leva em conta os "4D" para sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de SCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>:</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do atendimento para o diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica. ECG: eletrocardiograma; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Primeiro "<bold>D</bold>": classificar a <bold>d</bold>or tor&#225;cica em tipos A (definitivamente anginosa), B (provavelmente anginosa), C (provavelmente n&#227;o anginosa), ou D (definitivamente n&#227;o anginosa).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Segundo "D": definir se h&#225; ou n&#227;o supradesnivelamento no ECG.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Terceiro "<bold>D</bold>": se o ECG n&#227;o demonstrar sinais de isquemia, avaliar a probabilidade do paciente apresentar doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (<bold>D</bold>AC) baseada na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco: idade (acima de 45 anos em homens e 55 anos em mulheres), tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce (abaixo de 55 anos em homens e 65 anos em mulheres).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Quarto "<bold>D</bold>": o <bold>d</bold>iagn&#243;stico de SCA deve ser confirmado ou exclu&#237;do, ou o paciente deve ser encaminhado para o protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Requisitos da telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da SCA e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 3</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia dos procedimentos para manejo do paciente com SCA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Requisitos financeiros, processos e protocolos cl&#237;nicos e da equipe para a implanta&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da SCA e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia dos requisitos financeiros, processos e protocolos cl&#237;nicos e da equipe para a telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da SCA e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Equipamento m&#233;dico, tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o e servi&#231;os (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">6</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia dos equipamentos m&#233;dicos para a telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da SCA e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia dos equipamentos de tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o e servi&#231;os para a telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da SCA e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas agudas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-02-0105-50104-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Telecardiologia para diagn&#243;stico remoto de rotina</title>
          <p>Uma das aplica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns da telecardiologia em &#225;reas remotas &#233; na an&#225;lise de exames diagn&#243;sticos, como ECG, Holter, monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) e ecocardiografia. Outras aplica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o em sistemas de teleconsultoria ou segunda opini&#227;o de forma s&#237;ncrona ou ass&#237;ncrona, teleausculta, monitoramento remoto da press&#227;o arterial, de sinais vitais e de dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis, e atividades educacionais. Al&#233;m disso, a telecardiologia tem aplica&#231;&#245;es importantes no sistema penitenci&#225;rio, na pediatria e na cardiologia fetal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias card&#237;acas e s&#237;ncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</title>
          <p>Como v&#225;rios tipos de arritmia card&#237;aca ocorrem em epis&#243;dios breves e inesperados, seu diagn&#243;stico depende da grava&#231;&#227;o de um ECG durante o epis&#243;dio parox&#237;stico. Um ECG de superf&#237;cie padr&#227;o de 10 segundos pode n&#227;o ser capaz de detectar a anormalidade do ritmo card&#237;aco. Nesse caso, um monitoramento a longo prazo &#233; indicado, como monitora&#231;&#227;o com Holter de 24 horas ou grava&#231;&#245;es de eventos de 2 a 4 semanas. Para seletos casos de maior dificuldade, um dispositivo de monitora&#231;&#227;o implant&#225;vel chamado <italic>loop recorder</italic> pode ser utilizado para registrar os padr&#245;es de ECG durante sintomas ocasionais mas significativos, como s&#237;ncope.</p>
          <p>O sistema pode ser &#250;til em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, entre outras:</p>
          <p>Na detec&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios assintom&#225;ticos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que podem exigir uma terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para reduzir o risco de acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
          <p>No reconhecimento r&#225;pido de defeito dos cabos-eletrodos, permitindo a interven&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e evitando choques inapropriados.</p>
          <p>Na redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de visitas ambulatoriais durante o acompanhamento a longo prazo de pacientes com marca&#8209;passo ou desfibrilador implantado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</title>
          <p>O monitoramento &#224; dist&#226;ncia, ou telemonitoramento, &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para melhorar os desfechos do tratamento da IC, tornando poss&#237;vel o monitoramento remoto de pacientes para que os m&#233;dicos possam intervir precocemente em caso de evid&#234;ncia de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. As abordagens variam desde sistemas computadorizados de suporte &#224; decis&#227;o at&#233; programas gerenciados por enfermeiros ou m&#233;dicos. Um <italic>hardware</italic> dedicado ou um <italic>smartphone</italic> pode ser utilizado para a transmiss&#227;o dos dados do paciente (como por exemplo, sintomas, peso, press&#227;o arterial e ritmo card&#237;aco). O suporte telef&#244;nico estruturado, que pode orientar melhor o paciente e tamb&#233;m oferecer tratamento especializado a pacientes com IC, demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, melhorar a qualidade de vida, reduzir o custo do tratamento na prescri&#231;&#227;o baseada em evid&#234;ncias, e melhorar o conhecimento dos pacientes e do autotratamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Philips Healthcare.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
