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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6rf8NMNgsJdrTSyDNbBs33q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002100103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Editorial Considerations on the New Clinical and Surgical Perspectives of Brazilian Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil Mailing</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Roberto B. Evora</bold>, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP. Rua Rui Barbosa 367/15, Centro. Postal Code 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@cardiol.br</email>; <email>prbevora@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>104</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Case-Control Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Evidence Based Practice/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) has been the official publication of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for more than 60 years, and has proved to be one of the most prestigious scientific journals in Latin America, approaching all aspects of cardiology, including the surgical ones. In August 1986, the <italic>Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</italic> (RBCCV), specifically directed to the surgical aspects of heart diseases, began to be published. Thus, the editorial policy of the ABC has progressively privileged publications focused on the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases over surgical publications of common interest to cardiologists and cardiac surgeons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Despite the substantial changes in the treatment of heart diseases, deriving from the appearance of new drugs and percutaneous devices, cardiac surgeries are still the treatment of choice to a substantial number of heart diseases, mainly the congenital, valvular and even coronary ones, whose onus of surgery indication is invariably on cardiologists. Thus, those specialists should be aware of several aspects of cardiac surgery, mainly those concerning their risks and results, so that they can base their indications on evidence.</p>
    <p>The great majority of cardiologists might know that the use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) for coronary artery bypass grafting improves survival as compared to the use of only one single internal thoracic artery (ITA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Thus, the optimization of arterial grafts has been widespread with the use of the radial artery (RA) and composite grafts. However, only few professionals are aware of the controversies involving risky situations, possible limitations to the use of BITA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, the patency index of RA grafts and their influencing factors. The RA was the second arterial graft introduced in the clinical practice for coronary artery bypass grafting, and has drawn the interest of Brazilian surgeons since the 1990s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Skeletonization of the left ITA (LITA) can favorably change the flow capacity of the graft, leading to the assumption that the behavior of the RA, as a coronary graft, is similar to that of the skeletonized LITA. Considering the potential role of the RA as a second option of coronary grafting and the concept of complete coronary artery bypass grafting with the exclusive use of arterial grafts, Bonini et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have carried out a prospective randomized study comparing 40 patients distributed into two groups. In group I, skeletonized RA was used in 20 patients, and, in group II, RA with adjacent tissues was used in 20 patients. After the surgical procedure, flow velocity was measured. The results showed that the morphological and pathological characteristics, as well as the hemodynamic performance of the free RA grafts, regardless of being skeletonized or having adjacent tissues, were similar. However, a larger number of non-obstructive lesions was observed in the group with the RA graft preserving the adjacent tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>In addition, small is the number of cardiologists aware of the models to calculate the perioperative risk for morbidity and mortality available and popular among cardiac surgeons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, as well as of their limitations, mainly regarding the most recent options of percutaneous therapies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The applicability of risk scores to cardiac surgery is another relevant international matter, but not well defined in centers outside North America and Europe. Garoffalo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have assessed the ability of the Parsonnet-Bernstein 2000 score and EuroSCORE to predict the in-hospital mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a reference hospital in Brazil, and have identified risk predictors. The use of those scores has underestimated in-hospital mortality, suggesting inadequate preoperative assessment of the patients undergoing cardiac surgery. That study has stressed the need to develop local scores based on the reality of the populations to better assess the risk of cardiac surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    <p>Considering the controversies about the ideal method of coronary artery bypass grafting for patients on dialysis, Herzog et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, in the United States, have compared long-term survival of patients on dialysis after angioplasty, coronary stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting. That retrospective study has reported better long-term survival of patients on dialysis after coronary artery bypass grafting than after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary stenting, emphasizing the relatively poorer results of patients with diabetes. That study has supported the need to develop large clinical registries and prospective studies on coronary revascularization procedures for patients on dialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Miranda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have approached that important question, analyzing retrospectively 50 consecutive and non-selected patients on dialysis, undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at a tertiary university-affiliated hospital between 2007 and 2012. Those authors have shown that coronary artery bypass grafting is feasible in patients on dialysis, although followed by high morbidity and in-hospital mortality. In addition, they have emphasized the frequent exclusion of that group of patients from large cardiac studies. That detail might even contribute to the difficulty in selecting a better approach and to the still modest surgical results as compared to those of patients with preserved kidney function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
    <p>It is therefore evident that, although the ABC prioritizes articles on clinical therapies and their guidelines, the restriction upon articles with a surgical bias can deprive cardiologists from essential information to support their clinical decision-making, especially regarding the case-to-case analysis in daily practice. It is worth noting the publication in the ABC of several articles of common interest to both cardiac surgeons and cardiologists in recent years, therefore providing a relevant service to cardiology and cardiovascular surgery.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Editoriais sobre as Novas Perspectivas Cl&#237;nico-Cir&#250;rgicas da Cardiologia Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto B. Evora</bold>, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP. Rua Rui Barbosa 367/15, Centro. CEP 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@cardiol.br</email>; <email>prbevora@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Casos e Controles</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>H&#225; mais de 60 anos os <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) s&#227;o a publica&#231;&#227;o oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, e provaram ser uma das revistas cient&#237;ficas de maior prest&#237;gio na Am&#233;rica Latina, abordando todos os aspectos da cardiologia, inclusive os cir&#250;rgicos. Em agosto de 1986 teve in&#237;cio a publica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</italic> (RBCCV), dirigida expressamente aos aspectos cir&#250;rgicos da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. A pol&#237;tica editorial dos ABC passou progressivamente a privilegiar publica&#231;&#245;es cuja &#234;nfase fosse o tratamento cl&#237;nico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em detrimento daquelas com vi&#233;s cir&#250;rgico, mas de interesse comum a cardiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. N&#227;o obstante as mudan&#231;as substanciais no tratamento das cardiopatias, resultantes do advento de novos f&#225;rmacos e dispositivos percut&#226;neos, h&#225; de se considerar que as opera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ainda s&#227;o o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o para uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias, sobretudo as cong&#234;nitas, as valvares e mesmo as coronarianas, cujo &#244;nus da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica invariavelmente recai sobre o cardiologista. &#201; indispens&#225;vel que esse especialista esteja ciente dos v&#225;rios aspectos das opera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, sobretudo no que se refere a riscos e resultados, para que possa fazer indica&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Provavelmente a imensa maioria dos cardiologistas tem ci&#234;ncia de que o uso de ambas as art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio melhora a sobrevida, comparado ao uso de apenas uma art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Assim, popularizou-se a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos arteriais com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial (AR) e enxertos compostos. Todavia, poucos devem ter ci&#234;ncia das controv&#233;rsias envolvendo as situa&#231;&#245;es de risco, poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ambas as art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, do &#237;ndice de permeabilidade dos enxertos da AR e dos fatores que o influenciam. A AR foi o segundo enxerto arterial introduzido na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e tem atra&#237;do o interesse do cirurgi&#227;o brasileiro a partir da d&#233;cada de 90<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A t&#233;cnica de esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o da ATI esquerda pode alterar a capacidade de fluxo do enxerto com potencial vantagem, levando &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de que o comportamento da AR como enxerto coronariano seja semelhante ao da ATI esquerda quando esqueletizada. Considerando-se o potencial papel da AR como segunda op&#231;&#227;o de enxerto coronariano e o conceito de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio com uso exclusivo de enxertos arteriais, Bonini e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> realizaram um estudo prospectivo randomizado comparando 40 pacientes distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos. No grupo I, utilizou-se AR esqueletizada (20 pacientes) e, no grupo II, utilizou-se AR com tecidos adjacentes (20 pacientes). Ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, os pacientes foram submetidos a medi&#231;&#245;es de velocidade de fluxo. Os resultados mostraram que as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas, bem como o desempenho hemodin&#226;mico, dos enxertos livres de AR, quando preparados de uma maneira esqueletizada ou com os tecidos adjacentes, s&#227;o semelhantes. No entanto, observou&#8209;se um maior n&#250;mero de les&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas quando a AR &#233; preparada preservando-se os tecidos adjacentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o deve ser grande a propor&#231;&#227;o de cardiologistas cientes dos modelos para o c&#225;lculo do risco perioperat&#243;rio de morbimortalidade dispon&#237;veis e populares entre os cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, bem como de suas limita&#231;&#245;es, sobretudo frente &#224;s op&#231;&#245;es mais recentes de terapias percut&#226;neas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A aplicabilidade de escores de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; outro assunto internacional relevante, mas n&#227;o bem definido em centros fora da Am&#233;rica do Norte e da Europa. Garoffalo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> avaliaram a capacidade dos escores Parsonnet&#8209;Bernstein 2000 e EuroSCORE na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia no Brasil, tendo identificado preditores de risco. O uso daqueles escores subestimou a mortalidade hospitalar, sugerindo avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria inadequada dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. O estudo refor&#231;a a necessidade do desenvolvimento de escores locais, com base na realidade das popula&#231;&#245;es, para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considerando as controv&#233;rsias sobre o m&#233;todo ideal de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria em pacientes em di&#225;lise, Herzog e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, nos Estados Unidos, compararam a sobrevida em longo prazo de pacientes em di&#225;lise ap&#243;s angioplastia, implante de <italic>stent</italic> coronariano ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio. Nesse estudo retrospectivo, pacientes em di&#225;lise nos Estados Unidos tiveram melhor sobrevida em longo prazo ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio do que ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e implante de <italic>stent</italic>, ressaltando-se relativamente piores resultados em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Essa publica&#231;&#227;o apoiou a necessidade do desenvolvimento de grandes registros cl&#237;nicos e estudos prospectivos de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana em pacientes dial&#237;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Miranda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> abordaram essa importante quest&#227;o, analisando retrospectivamente 50 pacientes dial&#237;ticos consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados, que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio entre 2007 e 2012. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; vi&#225;vel em pacientes dial&#237;ticos, embora se acompanhe de elevada morbidade e mortalidade hospitalar. Os autores enfatizaram a exclus&#227;o frequente desse grupo de pacientes a partir de grandes estudos card&#237;acos. Esse detalhe talvez at&#233; mesmo possa colaborar para a dificuldade de se selecionar uma melhor abordagem, e contribuir para resultados cir&#250;rgicos ainda modestos, quando comparados aos de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Assim sendo, fica evidente que, n&#227;o obstante os ABC priorizarem artigos que enfoquem as terap&#234;uticas cl&#237;nicas e suas diretrizes, a restri&#231;&#227;o aos artigos com vi&#233;s cir&#250;rgico pode privar os cardiologistas de informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais para a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sobretudo na an&#225;lise caso a caso na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. H&#225; de se salientar que, nos &#250;ltimos anos, diversos artigos de interesse comum ao cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco e ao cardiologista t&#234;m sido publicados nos ABC, que assim prestam um servi&#231;o relevante &#224; cardiologia e &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular.</p>
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