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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wrXRwQ55YwxrdMRJBzMbKKj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000093</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140202</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Early After Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebocho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o Madeira</bold>,Avenida Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide. Postal Code 2700, Lisboa - Portugal. Email:<email>serg.lou.madeira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Madeira SL; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Madeira SL, Raposo LF, Madeira M, Marques M, Rebocho MJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>93</fpage>
      <lpage>96</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation/ mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Amines/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiration Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclosporine/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship (Public Health)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart transplantation is the last option to improve survival in end-stage heart failure. Unfortunately, the increased need for organs far outweighs the availability of donors. To overcome this situation and to increase the number of available hearts for transplantation, donor selection criteria were made less stringent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Nowadays, the one-year survival rate after transplantation is close to 90%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, with 50% of the patients surviving for more than 10 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The main factor limiting survival is allograft vasculopathy (AV), which occurs in up to 10% and 50% of the patients at 1-year and 5-year after transplantation, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is rare in these patients and is even more uncommon shortly after transplantation. Despite being an uncommon manifestation of AV, STEMI is usually related to AV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>We describe the case of a 65-year-old man, former smoker with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and end-stage ischaemic cardiomyopathy who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. He received the organ from a 55 year-old obese male with hypertension and dyslipidaemia. The cold ischemic time was approximately 1 hour; the donor was under dopamine perfusion (8mg/kg/min) for 12 hours. The donor heart had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. The heart was harvested without angiographic screening (not mandatory according to the local policy) and was therefore not tested for the presence of coronary heart disease (CAD).</p>
      <p>After transplantation, the patient remained under amine support for 36 hours and mechanical ventilation for 12 hours. He was maintained on a regimen of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone.</p>
      <p>At the fourth day after transplantation without any clinical signs or symptoms (namely chest pain), a rise in the ST segment was monitored, associated with an elevation in myocardial lesion markers. Subsequently, an ECG was performed in the emergency setting and showed an ST elevation from V2 to V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed moderate left ventricular dysfunction associated with akinesia of the anterior wall, septum, and apex. The patient underwent urgent cardiac catheterization that revealed an occluded left anterior descendent (LAD) in the mid segment, without significant lesions in the remaining vessels. Angioplasty with implantation of a bare metal stent was successfully performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The patient evolved in Killip Kimball class II with a peak troponin of 86 &#181;g/L (normal range, &lt; 0.5 &#181;g/L) and an early post-infarct left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%. Despite being under optimal medical therapy (including dual antiplatelet therapy, ACE inhibitors, spironolactone and statins) he experienced several medical complications during his hospital stay, including progressive heart failure (NYHA III), multiple infections and sudden death after three months. The autopsy showed areas of infarct of different evolution stages in the anterior wall and septum, including areas of recent infarct, which was assumed as the cause of death.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG durante a fase aguda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0093-40202-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria. A) angiograma mostrando oclus&#227;o no segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente esquerda (ADE), B) angioplastia de bal&#227;o, C) reperfus&#227;o da ADE revelando o vaso distal, D) implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent, E) fluxo TIMI 3.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0093-40202-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>This is a very rare case of an early STEMI in a transplanted heart not associated with AV, but probably due to "traditional" coronary artery disease of the donor's heart.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>There are only few epidemiologic and clinical data on MI following heart transplantation. This lack of data is likely due to the rarity of the event and due to the fact that the diagnosis is missed in the case of asymptomatic MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Moreover, data come from different types of sources such as autopsy registries, clinical trials of percutaneous intervention, and imaging cohort studies, making the estimation of the overall incidence and the characterization of the event difficult<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The clinical manifestations include typical angina symptoms (in those 10-30% who have nerve regrowth), fatigue, heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. However, most patients are asymptomatic or have an atypical presentation as a result of cardiac denervation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, these patients can experience multiple silent MIs at any time after transplantation, resulting in loss of allograft function, heart failure, or sudden death.</p>
      <p>STEMI in heart transplant bearers can occur early or late after the transplantation, probably reflecting different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Intravascular ultrasonography of the coronary circulation of transplanted hearts showed the presence of two types of lesions: 1) focal, non-circumferencial and proximal, donor-transmitted or <italic>de novo</italic> lesions and 2) a diffuse, concentric pattern that is related to AV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Late STEMI is more often related to AV, an accelerated arteriosclerosis characterized by diffuse, longitudinal, and concentric proliferation of intimal smooth muscle and extracellular matrix<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Early STEMI is very rare and can be related to procedural features like prolonged organ cold ischemia time, tissue embolization, postsurgical coronary air embolus, and thrombosis. It can also be associated with CAD of the donor's heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. An autopsy registry of patients who died within 2 months after transplantation showed a 30% prevalence of atherosclerosis of the native coronary arteries in early allografts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>All transplanted patients have an increased risk of MI. Thrombosis can result from surgery/immune related inflammation and immunosuppressive therapy associated metabolic and hemostasis imbalance. In addition, patients with history of MI may have an underlying basal propensity for thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This effect can also be more pronounced in patients who are already at higher risk, like those with established atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>The widening gap between waiting recipients and donors has given rise to ethical issues concerning the allocation of the organs. The awaiting population includes patients with different orders of priority and borderline candidates (elderly patients, younger patients with significant comorbidities, and patients requiring re-transplantation). In order to satisfy the needs of these borderline candidates, a policy of extending the criteria and acceptance of marginal donors has been adopted.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that survival with marginal hearts can be similar to that with standard donors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Other studies however showed increased early or late postoperative mortality and morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Some of these unfavorable results may be due to the fact that older donor hearts traditionally have been allocated to older or high-risk patients or are used as a biological bridge to transplantation until a younger allograft becomes available<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Some surgeons transplant borderline hearts to high-risk recipients because they feel that these patients may have the greater marginal benefit from these hearts. Others transplant these organs in low-risk recipients to reduce the overall risk as the recipient risk is the overriding determinant of immediate post-transplant survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Either way, this strategy should be an option only when the survival benefit for the recipient unequivocally exceeds the decrement in early survival due to transplantation of a high-risk cardiac allograft. Conversely, a risk stratification policy with widespread CAD exclusion is still lacking and high-risk allografts are harvested and allocated, contributing to worse outcomes. Therefore, only if properly selected, older donor hearts with negative cardiac history, normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, low inotropic support, normal coronary angiogram, and an expected short ischemic time, will fill the void of organs and better outcomes can be expected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>This case is an example of the issues that can emerge after transplantation of an organ from a marginal donor to a borderline recipient, and illustrates the need for correct stratification of the potential donors and recipients.</p>
      <p>Currently, invasive coronary angiography is not mandatory; however, other non-invasive tests (with or without use of contrast dye) may be used to exclude CAD, and to estimate the functional reserve of the donor heart. Cardiac CT using calcium score with or without angiography could be useful to evaluate the presence of significant CAD. Stress echocardiography can as well diagnose significant CAD and appraise cardiac reserve.</p>
      <p>Because we are dealing with such priceless resources, it is important to use all the means we have available to select and allocate properly the transplanted hearts.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This is a case of a very early STEMI after transplantation, which highlights the need for special and continuous attention to clinical, laboratory, and electrocardiographic features in the early perioperative period, as manifestations are frequently atypical.</p>
      <p>The proper selection and allocation of organs is fundamental for the success of transplantation. Therefore risk should be estimated for all possible matches with the appropriate tests according to institutional resources.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accelerated coronary vascular disease in the heart transplant patient: coronary arteriographic findings</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
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          <fpage>334</fpage>
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      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Loebe M, Potapov EV, Hummel M, Weng Y, Bocksch W, Hetzer R. Medium-term results of heart transplantation using older donor organs. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19(10):957-63.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Potapov</surname>
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              <surname>Hummel</surname>
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              <surname>Bocksch</surname>
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            <name>
              <surname>Hetzer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
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          <article-title>Medium-term results of heart transplantation using older donor organs</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
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        <mixed-citation>. Topkara VK, Cheema FH, Kesavaramanujam S, Mercando ML, Forster CS, Argenziano M, et al. Effect of donor age on long-term survival following cardiac transplantation. J Card Surg. 2006;21(2):125-9.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Cheema</surname>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST logo ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebocho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o Madeira</bold>, Avenida Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide. CEP 2700, Lisboa - Portugal. Email:<email>serg.lou.madeira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</label>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Madeira SL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Madeira SL, Raposo LF, Madeira M, Marques M, Rebocho MJ, Neves JP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Mioc&#225;rdio/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aminas/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Respira&#231;&#227;o Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ciclosporina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; o &#250;ltimo recurso dispon&#237;vel para aumentar a sobrevida de pacientes com cardiopatias terminais. Infelizmente, a disponibilidade de &#243;rgaos &#233; escassa e a crescente procura por &#243;rg&#227;os supera o aumento do n&#250;mero de doadores. Para driblar esta situa&#231;&#227;o, os crit&#233;rios para sele&#231;&#227;o de doadores t&#234;m sido alargados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Atualmente, 90% dos transplantados sobrevivem um ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e 50% dos pacientes sobrevivem por mais de dez anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O principal fator determinante da sobrevida &#233; a doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto (DVE), a qual ocorre em 10% a 50% dos pacientes em 1 a 5 anos ap&#243;s o transplante, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCS) &#233; raro nestes pacientes, principalmente logo ap&#243;s o transplante. Entretanto, apesar de ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o rara da DVE, o IAMCS geralmente est&#225; relacionado a este processo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Descrevemos aqui o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino com 65 anos de idade, ex-fumante e portador de diabetis, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica terminal, submetido ao transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico. Este recebeu o &#243;rg&#227;o de um doador do sexo masculino com 55 anos de idade, obeso, hipertenso e dislipid&#234;mico. O tempo de isquemia fria foi de 1 hora e o doador foi perfundido com dopamina (8mg/kg/min) por 12 horas. O cora&#231;&#227;o do doador apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal. O &#243;rg&#227;o foi coletado sem exame angiogr&#225;fico (facultativo pelas regras locais), portanto a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana (DC) n&#227;o foi investigada.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o tranplante, o paciente permaneceu sob tratamento com aminas vasoativas e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por 36 e 12 horas, respectivamente. Tamb&#233;m foi mantido sob um regime de ciclosporina, azatioprina e prednisolona.</p>
        <p>No quarto dia p&#243;s-transplante, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de qualquer sinal cl&#237;nico (nomeadamente, dor no peito), foi observado um supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST associado a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores indicativos de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Subsequentemente, um ECG foi executado em condi&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia, o qual mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST do V2 ao V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada associada a acinesia da parede anterior, septo e &#225;pice. O paciente foi submetido a cateterismo card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia, o qual revelou uma oclus&#227;o do segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda. Uma angioplastia para implanta&#231;&#227;o de um stent met&#225;lico foi realizada com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). O paciente evoluiu para Killip Kimball classe II com um pico de Troponina de 86 &#181;g/L (Ref. &lt; 0.5 &#181;g/L) e uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda p&#243;s-infarto de 40%. Apesar de terapia m&#233;dica adequada (incluindo terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla, inibidores de ECA, espironolactona e estatinas) o restante da estadia hospitalar foi marcada por v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, incluindo falha card&#237;aca progressiva (NYHA III), infec&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas e morte s&#250;bita ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses. A aut&#243;psia revelou &#225;reas de infarto na parede anterior e septo em est&#225;gios diferentes de evolu&#231;&#227;o, incluindo &#225;reas com infarto recente, assumidas como causa prov&#225;vel da morte.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG durante a fase aguda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0093-40202-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria. A) angiograma mostrando oclus&#227;o no segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente esquerda (ADE), B) angioplastia de bal&#227;o, C) reperfus&#227;o da ADE revelando o vaso distal, D) implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent, E) fluxo TIMI 3.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0093-40202-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Este &#233; um caso raro de IAMCS em um cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, n&#227;o associado com doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto, por&#233;m provavelmente devido &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana "tradicional" presente no doador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Existem poucos dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos acerca de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco, visto que &#233; um evento raro e de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico por ser assintom&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, estes dados v&#234;m de fontes diferentes, como: registros de aut&#243;psia, ensaios de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e estudos de cohort de imagem, fato que dificulta a estimativa da incid&#234;ncia e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do evento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluem aquelas t&#237;picas de angina (nestas, 10-30% apresentam re-inerva&#231;&#227;o), fadiga, falha card&#237;aca, arritmias e morte. Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos ou mostram sintomas at&#237;picos como resultado da desenerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Portanto, estes pacientes podem sofrer, a qualquer momento p&#243;s-transplante, m&#250;ltiplos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio silenciosos, resultando em perda da fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, falha card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes transplantados, o IAMCS pode ocorrer logo depois ou mais tardiamente ap&#243;s o transplante, provavelmente refletindo mecanismos patofisiol&#243;gicos distintos. A ultrassonografia intravascular da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana em cora&#231;&#245;es transplantados mostrou a presen&#231;a de dois tipos de les&#245;es: 1) focal, n&#227;o-circunferencial e proximal, provavelmente origin&#225;ria do doador ou les&#245;es<italic>de novo</italic> e 2) com padr&#227;o difuso e conc&#234;ntrico, relacionada a doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>O IAMCS tardio est&#225; geralmente mais associado &#224; doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto, uma arteriosclerose caracterizada pela prolifera&#231;&#227;o difusa, longitudinal e conc&#234;ntrica da camada &#237;ntima e da matriz extracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce do IAMCS &#233; muito rara e pode estar relacionada com caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento como tempo prolongado de isquemia fria, embolia gasosa coron&#225;ria p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e trombose. Tamb&#233;m pode estar associada com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana do cora&#231;&#227;o do doador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Um registro de aut&#243;psia de pacientes que morreram em um prazo de dois meses ap&#243;s transplante mostrou uma prevalencia de 30% de arteriosclerose nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas dos enxertos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes transplantados geralmente apresentam um maior risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio como resultado da cirurgia/ inflama&#231;&#227;o e terapia imunossupressora associados ao desbalan&#231;o metab&#243;lico e hemost&#225;tico, os quais favorecem a trombose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Este efeito pode ser mais pronunciado em pacientes que j&#225; possuem risco elevado, como aqueles com arteriosclerose j&#225; estabelecida.</p>
        <p>A crescente discrep&#226;ncia entre o n&#250;mero de recipientes e doadores da origem a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas envolvendo a aloca&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os. A popula&#231;&#227;o que espera por um &#243;rg&#227;o possui pacientes em diferentes est&#225;gios de prioridade e incluem candidatos n&#227;o ideais (idosos, jovens com comorbidades significantes e pacientes que requerem re-transplanta&#231;&#227;o). Para satisfazer as necessidades destes pacientes, foi adotada uma pol&#237;tica de exten&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios e aceita&#231;&#227;o de doadores "marginais" (n&#227;o ideais).</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes transplantados com cora&#231;&#245;es de doadores "marginais" &#233; similar &#224; obtida com &#243;rg&#227;os ideais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Outros estudos, entretanto, mostraram aumento da mortalidade e morbidade p&#243;s-tranplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Alguns destes resultados desfavor&#225;veis podem resultar do fato de que cora&#231;&#245;es de doadores mais velhos t&#234;m sido alocados para pacientes mais velhos e de alto-risco, e usados como ponte biol&#243;gica para o transplante at&#233; que um cora&#231;&#227;o mais jovem esteja dispon&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Alguns cirurgi&#245;es transplantam cora&#231;&#245;es "marginais" em recipintes de alto-risco, considerando que estes pacientes ter&#227;o maior benef&#237;cio destes cora&#231;&#245;es. Enquanto outros transplantam estes &#243;rg&#227;os em pacientes de baixo risco para reduzir o risco total, j&#225; que o risco do paciente &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o determinate da sobreviv&#234;ncia imediata p&#243;s-transplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>De qualquer modo, esta estrat&#233;gia deve ser considerada somente quando o benef&#237;cio de sobreviv&#234;ncia para o recipiente inequivocadamente excede os riscos devido ao transplante de um enxerto card&#237;aco de alto risco. Uma pol&#237;tica de classifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos com ampla exclus&#227;o de DAC ainda n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel e enxertos de alto risco continuam sendo coletados e alocados, contribuindo para resultados negativos. Assim, cora&#231;&#245;es de doadores mais velhos, se selecionados apropriadamente, com hist&#243;ria card&#237;aca negativa, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normal, baixo suporte ionotr&#243;pico, angiograma coronariano normal e tempo de isquemia baixo, poder&#227;o contribuir contra a escassez de &#243;rg&#227;os e gerar bons resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este caso &#233; um exemplo de problemas que podem surgir do transplante de um &#243;rg&#227;o de um doador "marginal" para um recipiente problem&#225;tico, e refor&#231;a a necessidade de correta classifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais doadores e recipientes.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a angiografia coronariana invasiva n&#227;o &#233; obrigat&#243;ria, entretanto outros testes n&#227;o invasivos com ou sem o uso de contraste podem ter um papel na exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), assim como estimar a reserva funcional card&#237;aca do doador. A tomografia card&#237;aca usando score de c&#225;lcio com ou sem angiografia pode ser &#250;til em avaliar a presen&#231;a de DAC significante e o ecocardiograma de stress tamb&#233;m pode diagnosticar DAC e avaliar a reserva card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Como estamos lidando com bens inestim&#225;veis, &#233; importante utilizarmos de todos os meios dispon&#237;veis para selecionar e alocar os cora&#231;&#245;es a serem transplantados apropriadamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Aqui descrevemos o caso de um IAMCS precoce ap&#243;s transplante que destaca a necessidade de aten&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e especial para caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas logo no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, j&#225; que as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem ser at&#237;picas.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o apropriada e aloca&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os s&#227;o fundamentais para o sucesso do transplante. Portanto o risco deve ser estimado para todos os pareamentos poss&#237;veis com testes adequados de acordo com os recursos da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
