<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kMxGRfr4cLrHPvbPht4VmCJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000086</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 02/2015 - A 67 Year-Old Woman with Sudden Cardiogenic Shock in the 7th Day after Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>86</fpage>
      <lpage>92</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases/ complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 67-year-old woman was sent for a coronary angiography seven days after infarction. The patient presented with prolonged chest pain and was admitted to another hospital because of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.</p>
    <p>The first electrocardiogram (ECG) (performed on May 31, 2005 at 4:40 p.m.) revealed no alterations indicating infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>); however, the second ECG (performed on May 31, 2005 at 9:45 p.m.) when a new pain episode occurred revealed alterations indicating infarction.</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: sinus rhythm, likely electrically inactive area of the inferior wall.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The second ECG revealed sinus bradycardia, pathological Q waves in leads II, III, and aVF, with ST elevation and positive T waves in the same leads as well as ST depression in V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>; these findings are compatible with an acute infarction in progress (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: infarction in progress in the inferior wall, ST depression in V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, and aVL.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient reported less pain and was in Killip Class I.</p>
    <p>An ECG (performed on June 7, 2005) revealed pathological Q waves in leads II, III, and avF, with slight ST elevation and T waves that were still positive. The exam also revealed ST depression in V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f03">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: QRS complex parallel to the anatomic base-to-apex axis of the heart, QR waves (II, III, and aVF) with slight ST elevation and positive T waves, and ST depression in V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, I, and aVL.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>This same ECG showed that the aorta was 27 mm in diameter, left atrium was 39 mm in diameter, left ventricular diastole was 61 mm in diameter, ejection fraction was 45%, and septal and posterior wall thickness was 9 mm. The left ventricle exhibited apparent diffuse hypokenesis and impaired ventricular filling (E &lt; A); the valves did not show any abnormalities.</p>
    <p>On physical examination (performed on June 8, 2005) the patient was in a poor condition overall; she was pale and hypotensive, with cold limbs and increased pressure in the jugular vein. The results of pulmonary and cardiac auscultation were normal; there were no signs of deep vein thrombosis in the legs.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests (performed on June 8, 2005) revealed the following values: hemoglobin 10.8 g/dL, hematocrit 33%, MCV 70 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>, leukocytes 9000/mm<sup>3</sup>, platelets 245000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 50 mg/dL, creatinine 1.7 mg/dL, troponin I 32.6 ng/mL (8:00 a.m.) and 27.1 ng/mL (4 p.m.), and CK-MB 3.70 ng/mL (8:00 a.m.) and 4.2 ng/mL (4:00 p.m.).</p>
    <p>A coronary angiography performed on June 8, 2013 revealed proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery, left coronary trunk free of obstructive lesions, left circumflex artery free of lesions, and anterior interventricular artery with 70% obstruction in the mid segment. A right coronary angioplasty was performed and showed thrombi; many stents were inserted between the proximal and distal portions.</p>
    <p>After the coronary angiography, the patient developed severe dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency. Orotracheal intubation was required for respiratory support, and the patient remained in shock.</p>
    <p>The ECG (performed on June 8, 2005) revealed new ST elevation in the inferior wall, with negative T waves and ST depression in V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>3</sub>, aVL, and lead I (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f04">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: ST re-elevation in the inferior wall and repeated ST depression in lead I, aVL, V<sub>1</sub>, and V<sub>2</sub>.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient remained in shock with the use of vasoactive drugs and went into cardiorespiratory arrest. She did not respond to resuscitation efforts and died a few hours later.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical Details</title>
      <p>This is a case of a 67-year-old woman who presented with an initial episode of chest pain with no obvious alterations indicating ischemia in her ECG. Five hours later, she experienced more pain; this time the pain was accompanied with ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF, and was diagnosed to be acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation in the inferior wall.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies show that acute coronary syndrome has high rates (approximately 30%) of overall mortality; half of these deaths occur in the first two hours after the event, and 14% of patients die before receiving medical attention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. According to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, 27,595 deaths resulting from ischemic heart disease in patients older than 40 years were reported in 2011 alone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although infarction of the inferior wall is associated with lower rates of morbidity and mortality, the situation cannot be underestimated as in this case, wherein the patient reached Killip I and eight days after admission presented hypotension with increased pressure in the jugular vein and later died. Reinfarction or delayed complications of infarction (such as left ventricular free wall rupture or rupture of the ventricular septum) should be considered as immediate diagnostic hypotheses.</p>
      <p>A finding that favors the reinfarction hypothesis can be seen in the echocardiogram performed the day before, which did not show hypokinesia or left ventricle dysfunction that would explain the clinical presentation at that time. The absence of hypokinesia suggests that the patient may have experienced spontaneous reperfusion (which can occur in up to 33% of patients), with the right coronary artery reoccluding on the eighth day after infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Inferior infarction can affect the right ventricle in 50% of cases; only 10%-15% of these cases include classic hemodynamic alterations such as hypotension, jugular distention, and pulmonary auscultation with no crackles, as in this case; although the sensitivity of this set of symptoms is less than 25%, it is very specific<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In general, right ventricular infarction occurs in patients with occlusion in the proximal third of the right coronary artery. This condition was found in this patient's coronary angiography, and the ECG revealed a new ST elevation in the inferior wall, a finding suggestive of reinfarction. However, she did not experience more precordial pain or increased troponin or CK-MB levels; these factors allow us to discard the hypothesis.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the most probable hypothesis for the patient would be delayed post-infarction complications such as the rupture of the ventricular septum or left ventricular free wall. The rupture of the ventricular septum has an incidence of 0.2%-0.3%, and is most common between three and seven days after infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Forty-seven percent patients may experience audible murmurs, which are more clearly heard at the lower left sternal border. Patients usually experience a worsened overall condition that can progress to congestive cardiac insufficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The lack of both heart murmur and signs of pulmonary congestion make the hypothesis of interventricular septum rupture less likely. To confirm the diagnosis, another ECG would be needed for visualizing the shunt from the left ventricle right ventricle.</p>
      <p>The incidence of ventricular free wall rupture ranges from 0.8% to 6.2% in cases of infarctions and is present in approximately 10% patients who die during the period of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Most cases are associated with transmural infarction, and they are seven times more frequent in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle. They are also more prevalent in anterior wall infarctions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The rupture can be either complete or incomplete, a variation which results in different clinical presentations. Jugular distention, pulsus paradoxus, and cardiogenic shock may occur.</p>
      <p>The rupture may be acute, subacute, or chronic. Acute ruptures are characterized by hemorrhagic pericardial effusion and result in high mortality rates. In case of subacute rupture, hemorrhagic pericardial effusion may be slow and repetitive, with the formation of thrombi between the epicardium and pericardial cavity, which limits hemorrhaging. Because this event occurs gradually, the patient may survive for hours or days, as seen in this case. Consistent or increased ST elevation in the leads can precede rupture, and an echocardiogram would confirm the location of the rupture or the presence of pericardial effusion, with or without tamponade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In this case, the patient experienced new ST elevation in the inferior wall; however, there was not enough time to perform an ECG because of the quick progression of her case.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent a coronary angiography and died after the procedure, which suggests the possibility of complications during the process. Coronary angiography is suggested in high-risk patients who present acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation or previous infarction, who have initially undergone thrombolysis treatment and experience post-infarction angina. Because this was a case of suspected reinfarction, a coronary angioplasty was performed and stents were implanted from the proximal portion to the distal portion, despite the fact that the right coronary artery was occluded in the coronary angiography. The most common complications of coronary angiography include cardiogenic shock, infarction, coronary artery dissection, stent thrombosis, stroke, the need for dialysis, and death; the latter occurs in 7.3% patients with EF &lt; 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In this case, we considered it unlikely that the patient's death was caused by a complication in the procedure because her condition had already worsened before the procedure was performed.</p>
      <p>We cannot neglect the possibility that death in this case was caused by pulmonary thromboembolism because patients who are hospitalized are often bedridden, which increases the risk of thrombosis. In patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism, there may be an increase in pulmonary artery pressure, which leads to hypokinesia of the right ventricle, a decrease in cardiac deficit, and as a consequence, signs of hyperperfusion and hypotension, as seen in this case. Other findings and exams that can aid in the diagnosis include the presence of hemoptysis, cough, syncope, elevated D-dimer, and multi-detector tomography of the thorax to check for pulmonary emboli. The association between pulmonary thromboembolism and deep venous thrombosis occurs in 90% patients; however, in this case, no signs of thrombosis were present. Therefore, this diagnosis is less likely<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>This patient experienced inferior wall infarction with ST elevation and after eight days displayed hypotension, jugular distention, and normal cardiac and pulmonary auscultation symptoms that then progressed to cardiogenic chock after coronary angiography. The patient did not respond to vasoactive drugs and died hours later. The principal diagnostic hypothesis is the rupture of the ventricular free wall with subacute progression, which is a delayed, post-infarction complication (<bold>Dr. Bruno Aguiar Pinheiro, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>).</p>
      <p>Diagnostic Hypotheses: Acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, based on mechanical complications such as rupture of the left ventricular free wall (<bold>Dr. Bruno Aguiar Pinheiro, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Autopsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 540 g and was found to be slightly dilated in the left chambers. Transverse sections into the ventricles displayed a speckled myocardial appearance in the basal and mid segments of the inferior and septal walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>). Complete rupture of the left posterior papillary muscle at its base was noted; the muscle itself was twisted because were the mitral valve cords in the corresponding commissure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). Left atrial dilation was observed. The lungs were found to be heavier than normal (1050 g both combined), and were yellowish in color.</p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Transverse section into the ventricles showing a speckled myocardial appearance (area shown within the dotted yellow line). AS: anterosuperior; PI: posteroinferior; R: right; L: left.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f06">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Detailed view of the ruptured left posterior papillary muscle, with twisting at its base and of the mitral valve cords in the corresponding commissure.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Histological examination of the heart revealed myocardial infarction approximately 1 week before death in addition to more recent subendocardial infarctions (within 1-2 days; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). After the right coronary stents were removed, the histological study revealed moderate diffuse atherosclerosis in addition to focal rupture and localized dissection of the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figures 8</xref> and   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">9</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f07">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Micrograph of the periphery of the infarcted area showing the initial formation of granulation tissue with rare, newly-formed vessels and numerous histiocytes. The asterisks show preserved areas of the myocardium. H&amp;E stain, 10&#215; objective magnification.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f08">
        <label>Figure 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Micrographs of the right coronary artery at the fifth and seventh centimeters, showing eccentric atheroma plaques and calcification. Yellow arrows show points of compression by stent mesh (previously removed to allow histological sections). H&amp;E stain, 1&#215; objective magnification.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f09">
        <label>Figure 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Micrograph(s) of the two distal segments of the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery, showing rupture (red arrow) and dissection (black arrows) of the wall in addition to fibrous atheroma plaques. H&amp;E stain, 2.5&#215; objective magnification.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There were still signs of cardiogenic shock and acute pulmonary edema. The autopsy revealed bilateral hydronephrosis with signs of chronic pyelonephritis in addition to a simple hepatic subcapsular cyst, and the gallbladder was not present as a result of surgical removal (<bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pathological Diagnoses</title>
      <p>Pathological diagnoses included systemic and coronary atherosclerosis; ischemic heart disease; acute inferoseptal myocardial infarction with left posterior papillary muscle rupture, acute mitral insufficiency, and bilateral chronic pyelonephritis.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:  </bold>Cardiogenic shock with bilateral acute pulmonary edema   <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello).</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Post-infarction myocardial rupture is a serious complication that most frequently occurs within the first week after infarction and mainly affects the free ventricular wall. It results in hemopericardium and death by cardiac tamponade. In most cases, it occurs in the transition between the necrotic and preserved myocardium. Intracardiac rupture can affect the ventricular septum, leading to interventricular communication or even, as in this case, papillary muscle rupture with acute mitral insufficiency.</p>
      <p>Based on our experience at the Cardiology Institute, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, School of Medicine of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (INCOR-USP), we have predominantly seen the rupture of the free ventricular wall (approximately 80% cases) as well as ruptures of the septum and papillary muscle (16% cases)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>We have previously described post-infarction papillary muscle rupture as the cause of death in a case of dilated cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and in a case of infarction resulting from septic emboli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In the presence of generalized infection, the image of the ruptured muscle can be confused with vegetation in the ECG, and differential diagnosis with infective endocarditis becomes necessary.</p>
      <p>The causes of cardiac rupture are not completely clear; however, some authors have reported a reduction in the &#945;E-catenin protein in the myocardium of patients with this type of infarction. &#945;E-catenin is a component of the intercellular adhesion complex of the myocardium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another study also revealed an increase in matrix metalloproteinases-8 and -9 in the ruptured muscle relative to the infarcted but not ruptured cardiac muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (<bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Section Editor:</label>
        <p>Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Associate Editors:</label>
        <p>Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Alice Tatsuko Yamada (<email>alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Pesaro AE, Serrano CV, Nicolau JC. Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):214-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pesaro</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>214</fpage>
          <lpage>220</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Indicadores de mortalidade. [Acesso em 2015 jan 18]. Dispon&#237;vel em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?idb2012/c08.def</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Indicadores de mortalidade</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 jan 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>a Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?idb2012/c08.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?idb2012/c08.def</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Antman EM, Loscalzo J. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento de ST. In: Longo DL, Fauci AD, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson L, Loscalzo J. Medicina interna de Harrison. 18&#170; ed. Porto Alegre: Harrison Brasil; 2013. p. 317-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loscalzo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento de ST</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauci</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasper</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hauser</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jameson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loscalzo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Medicina interna de Harrison</source>
          <edition>18</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Harrison Brasil</publisher-name>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
          <year>2013</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Dell'Italia LJ, Starling MR, O'Rourke RA. Physical examination for exclusion of hemodynamically important right ventricular infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99(5):608-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dell'Italia</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starling</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Rourke</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical examination for exclusion of hemodynamically important right ventricular infarction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>608</fpage>
          <lpage>611</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Weinshel AJ, Isner JM, Salem D, Konstam MS. The coronary anatomy of right ventricular infarction: relationship between the site of right coronary artery occlusion and origin of the right ventricular free wall branches. [abstract]. Circulation. 1983;68(Suppl.III):III351.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weinshel</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isner</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salem</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konstam</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The coronary anatomy of right ventricular infarction: relationship between the site of right coronary artery occlusion and origin of the right ventricular free wall branches</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <supplement>III</supplement>
          <fpage>III351</fpage>
          <lpage>III351</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Birnbaum Y, Fishbein MC, Blanche C, Siegel RJ. Ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(18):1426-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Birnbaum</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1426</fpage>
          <lpage>1432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Tanajura LF, Piegas LS, Mattos LA. Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da rotura do septo interventricular p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1987;2(2):87-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tanajura</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da rotura do septo interventricular p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(supl 4):1-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>III Diretriz sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <supplement>4</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Yoshino H, Yotsukura M, Yano K, Taniuchi M, Kachi E, Shimizu H, et al. Cardiac rupture and admission electrocardiography in acute anterior myocardial infarction: implication of ST elevation in aVL. J Electrocardiol. 2000;33(1):49-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshino</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yotsukura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yano</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taniuchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kachi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac rupture and admission electrocardiography in acute anterior myocardial infarction: implication of ST elevation in aVL</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Vakali H, Sadeghi R, Rezapoor P, Gachkawr L. In-hospital outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention according to left ventricular ejection fraction. ARYA Atheroscler. 2014;10(4):211-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vakali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rezapoor</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gachkawr</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-hospital outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention according to left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>ARYA Atheroscler</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>211</fpage>
          <lpage>217</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Martins HS, Damaceno MC, Awadas SF. Embolia pulmonar. In: Martins HS, Brand&#227;o Neto RA, Scalabrini Neto A, Velasco IT. Emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas: abordagem pr&#225;tica. 10&#170; ed. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora Manole; 2012. p. 563-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damaceno</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Awadas</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Embolia pulmonar</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalabrini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velasco</surname>
              <given-names>IT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas: abordagem pr&#225;tica</source>
          <edition>10</edition>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Editora Manole</publisher-name>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>577</lpage>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Favarato D, Gutierrez PS. Caso 3/2005 - Parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, em homem de 49 anos, no 23o dia ap&#243;s infarto agudo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(6):492-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caso 3/2005 - Parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, em homem de 49 anos, no 23o dia ap&#243;s infarto agudo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>494</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Aiello VD, Mansur AJ, Favarato D. Rupture of posteromedial papillary muscle as a mechanism of death in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 1996;54(1):73-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rupture of posteromedial papillary muscle as a mechanism of death in dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Pasqualucci PL, Aiello VD, Kopel L. Unusual cardiac outcomes of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus infection: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:326.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pasqualucci</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopel</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Unusual cardiac outcomes of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus infection: a case report</article-title>
          <source>J Med Case Rep</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>326</fpage>
          <lpage>326</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Van den Borne SW, Narula J, Voncken JW, Lijnen PM, Vervoort-Peters HT, Dahlmans VE, et al. Defective intercellular adhesion complex in myocardium predisposes to infarct rupture in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(22):2184-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van den Borne</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narula</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voncken</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lijnen</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vervoort-Peters</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlmans</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Defective intercellular adhesion complex in myocardium predisposes to infarct rupture in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2184</fpage>
          <lpage>2192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Van den Borne SW, Cleutjens JP, Hanemaaijer R, Creemers EE, Smits JF, Daemen MJ, et al. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-8 and -9 activity in patients with infarct rupture after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2009;18(1):37-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van den Borne</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleutjens</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanemaaijer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creemers</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smits</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daemen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased matrix metalloproteinase-8 and -9 activity in patients with infarct rupture after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Pathol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 02/2015 - Mulher de 67 Anos com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico Abrupto no S&#233;timo Dia de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias/ complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia/mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mulher de 67 anos foi encaminhada para estudo cineangiogr&#225;fico no s&#233;timo dia ap&#243;s infarto. A paciente havia apresentado dor precordial prolongada e foi internada com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, em outro Hospital.</p>
      <p>O ECG (inicial 31 maio 2005; 16h40min) n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de infarto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 1</xref>), contudo um segundo ECG (21h45min) com novo epis&#243;dio de dor estava alterado.</p>
      <fig id="f10">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG - ritmo sinusal, prov&#225;vel &#225;rea eletricamente inativa parede inferior.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O ECG (31 maio 2005; 21h45min) revelou bradicardia sinusal, ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em II, III e avF, com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST e ondas T positivas nas mesmas deriva&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de infradesnivelamento de ST em V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub>, compat&#237;vel com infarto agudo em evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f11">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG - infarto em evolu&#231;&#227;o em parede inferior, infradesnivelamento de segmento ST em V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub> e aVL.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu com al&#237;vio da dor, e em Killip I.</p>
      <p>O ECG (7 jun. 2005) evoluiu com ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em II, III, e aVF com discreto supradesnivelamento de segmento ST e ondas T ainda positivas. Havia, tamb&#233;m, infradesnivelamento de segmento ST em V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f12">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG - eixo complexo QRS paralelo, evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto em parede inferior, ondas QR (II,III e aVF com pequeno supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e ondas T positivas; infradesnivelamento de segmento ST em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> e I e aVL.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O Ecocardiograma (7 jun. 2005) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta de 27 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo 39 mm, diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 61 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 45%, espessura de septo e parede posterior 9 mm. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava hipocinesia difusa e padr&#227;o de enchimento ventricular E &lt; A; e n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (8 jun. 2005) estava em mau estado geral, descorada, hipotensa, extremidades frias e aumento de press&#227;o venosa jugular. A ausculta pulmonar foi normal, assim como a ausculta card&#237;aca; n&#227;o havia sinais de trombose venosa profunda em membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (8 jun. 2005) revelaram hemoglobina 10,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 33%, VCM 70 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>, leuc&#243;citos 9000/mm<sup>3</sup>, plaquetas 245000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 50 mg/dL, creatinina 1,7 mg/dL, troponina I (8h) 32,6 ng/mL e 16 h - 27,1 ng/mL; CK MB (8 h) 3,70 ng/mL, e &#224;s 16h - 4,2 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>A cineangiografia (8 jun. 2013) revelou oclus&#227;o proximal da coron&#225;ria direita, tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda isento de les&#245;es obstrutivas, ramo circunflexo sem les&#245;es e ramo interventricular anterior com les&#227;o de 70%, segmentar no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio. Foi realizada a angioplastia da coron&#225;ria direita, que apresentava trombos, com coloca&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios   <italic>stents</italic> desde a por&#231;&#227;o proximal at&#233; a por&#231;&#227;o distal.</p>
      <p>Ao final da cineangiografia a paciente apresentou dispneia intensa, com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio, continuando em choque.</p>
      <p>O ECG (8 jun. 2005) revelou nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em parede inferior, com ondas T negativas e ainda infradesnivelamento de segmento ST em V<sub>2</sub> e V<sub>3</sub>, aVL e I (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f13">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG - resupradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede inferior e novamente infradesnivelamento em I, aVL, V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente continuou em choque com uso de drogas vasoativas e apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, sem resposta &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, e faleceu algumas horas ap&#243;s.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O caso &#233; de uma paciente de 67 anos que apresentou um primeiro epis&#243;dio de dor precordial sem altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia no eletrocardiograma. Ap&#243;s 5 horas apresentou novo epis&#243;dio de dor, ent&#227;o com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em DII, DIII e avF, sendo diagnosticado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede inferior.</p>
        <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos revelam que a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda tem taxas de mortalidade geral ao redor de 30%, e metade dos &#243;bitos ocorre nas primeiras duas horas do evento e que 14% dos pacientes morrem antes de receber atendimento m&#233;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Segundo dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, somente no ano 2011 foram registrados 27.595 &#243;bitos por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o em pacientes acima de 40 anos de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de o infarto de parede inferior ter taxas menores de morbimortalidade n&#227;o se pode subestim&#225;-lo, como nesse caso, em que a paciente evoluiu em Killip I e no oitavo dia da interna&#231;&#227;o apresentou hipotens&#227;o com aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular, indo a &#243;bito. Como hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica imediata deve-se pensar em reinfarto ou complica&#231;&#245;es tardias do infarto como ruptura de parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou do septo ventricular.</p>
        <p>A favor da hip&#243;tese de um novo epis&#243;dio de infarto observa-se que o ecocardiograma realizado no dia anterior n&#227;o mostrava &#225;rea de acinesia ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo importante que justificasse o quadro cl&#237;nico atual. A aus&#234;ncia de &#225;rea de acinesia leva a pensar que a paciente pode ter apresentado reperfus&#227;o espont&#226;nea, que pode ocorrer em at&#233; 33% dos pacientes, e ter reoclu&#237;do a coron&#225;ria direita no oitavo dia p&#243;s-infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>No infarto inferior pode ocorrer acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito em 50% dos casos, e somente 10%-15% desses apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas cl&#225;ssicas como hipotens&#227;o, turg&#234;ncia jugular e ausculta pulmonar sem estertores, como no caso em discuss&#227;o; embora a sensibilidade dessa tr&#237;ade seja inferior a 25%, ela &#233; muito especifica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em geral, o infarto de ventr&#237;culo direito ocorre em pacientes com oclus&#227;o em ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria coronariana direita, e esse achado foi evidenciado na cineangiocoronariografia da paciente, e o eletrocardiograma apresentou novo aumento do segmento ST em parede inferior sugerindo reinfarto. Por&#233;m, ela n&#227;o apresentou novo epis&#243;dio de dor precordial ou eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina e da CKMB, o que nos leva a descartar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese mais prov&#225;vel para a paciente seria, ent&#227;o, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias p&#243;s-infarto, como ruptura do septo ventricular ou da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A ruptura de septo ventricular tem uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,2% a 0,3%, e maior frequ&#234;ncia entre o terceiro e o s&#233;timo dias p&#243;s-infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Em 47% dos pacientes pode haver o aparecimento de sopro aud&#237;vel com mais nitidez em regi&#227;o da borda esternal esquerda baixa, geralmente com queda do estado geral, podendo evoluir com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Aus&#234;ncia do sopro card&#237;aco e sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar torna menos prov&#225;vel a hip&#243;tese de ruptura do septo interventricular. Para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico seria necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um novo ecocardiograma para visualizar o   <italic>shunt</italic> do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para o ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <p>J&#225; na ruptura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo, a incid&#234;ncia &#233; de 0,8% a 6,2% dos infartos e est&#225; presente em cerca de 10% dos pacientes que morrem de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio na fase hospitalar, sendo a maioria dos casos associada a infarto transmural, com frequ&#234;ncia sete vezes maior em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que em direito, e com maior preval&#234;ncia em infarto de parede anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A ruptura pode ser total ou incompleta, o que torna a cl&#237;nica vari&#225;vel, podendo haver turg&#234;ncia jugular, pulso paradoxal e choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>Pode ocorrer de forma aguda, subaguda e cr&#244;nica, sendo a primeira caracterizada por hemorragia importante para o saco peric&#225;rdico com alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade. J&#225; na subaguda a hemorragia para o peric&#225;rdio pode ser lenta e repetitiva, com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos entre o epic&#225;rdio e a cavidade peric&#225;rdica, o que restringe a hemorragia. Por essa instala&#231;&#227;o mais lenta o paciente pode sobreviver por horas ou dias como no caso em discuss&#227;o. A manuten&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da eleva&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos de ST em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es pode preceder a ruptura e o ecocardiograma confirmaria o local da ruptura ou a presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico, com ou sem tamponamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No presente caso, a paciente apresentou novo aumento do segmento ST em parede inferior, mas n&#227;o houve tempo h&#225;bil para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma pela evolu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do quadro cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi submetida a cineangiocoronariografia indo a &#243;bito ap&#243;s esse procedimento, o que nos leva a aventar possibilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es desse exame. A cineangiografia &#233; indicada em pacientes de alto risco, que apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, infarto pr&#233;vio, submetidos a tromb&#243;lise no tratamento inicial e angina ap&#243;s infarto. Como a paciente tinha suspeita de reinfarto, apesar de a coron&#225;ria direita estar oclu&#237;da na cineangiocoronariografia foi realizada angioplastia com implanta&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios   <italic>stents</italic> desde a por&#231;&#227;o proximal at&#233; a por&#231;&#227;o distal. As complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns da cineangiocoronariografia s&#227;o: choque cardiog&#234;nico, infarto, dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coronariana, trombose de <italic>stent</italic>, acidente vascular cerebral, necessidade de di&#225;lise e de morte, sendo esse &#250;ltimo de 7,3% em pacientes com FE &lt; 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Nesse caso, consideramos pouco prov&#225;vel o &#243;bito ser decorrente de uma complica&#231;&#227;o associada ao procedimento, pois a paciente j&#225; apresentava piora do quadro cl&#237;nico antes de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o podemos deixar de discutir a possibilidade de o &#243;bito ter sido decorrente de tromboembolismo pulmonar, pois pacientes internados ficam mais restritos ao leito, o que aumenta o risco de trombose. Nos pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o pode haver um aumento da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, levando a uma hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo direito, diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e, consequentemente, sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o e hipotens&#227;o, como apresentado pela paciente. Outros achados e exames que poderiam auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico seriam a presen&#231;a de hemoptise, tosse, s&#237;ncope, D-d&#237;mero aumentado e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tomografia multidetector de t&#243;rax para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de um poss&#237;vel &#234;mbolo pulmonar. A associa&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo pulmonar com trombose venosa profunda ocorre em at&#233; 90% dos casos, mas nesse caso n&#227;o foram evidenciados sinais de trombose, o que torna essa hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica menos prov&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Trata-se de uma paciente que teve infarto de parede inferior com supradesnivelamento de ST, que ap&#243;s oito dias apresentou quadro de hipotens&#227;o, turg&#234;ncia jugular e ausculta pulmonar e card&#237;aca normais, evoluindo com choque cardiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s a cineangiocoronariografia. A paciente n&#227;o apresentou resposta ao uso de drogas vasoativas e faleceu horas depois. A principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica &#233; a ruptura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo com evolu&#231;&#227;o subaguda, uma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia p&#243;s-infarto (<bold>Dr. Bruno Aguiar Pinheiro, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>).</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas.</bold> Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com choque cardiog&#234;nico, por complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica - ruptura da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo (<bold>Dr. Bruno Aguiar Pinheiro, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 540 g e mostrava discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras da esquerda. Cortes transversais no plano dos ventr&#237;culos exibiram aspecto mosqueado do mioc&#225;rdio nas paredes inferior e septal, ter&#231;os m&#233;dio e basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 5</xref>). Notou-se ainda ruptura completa do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial na sua base, com enrolamento sobre seu pr&#243;prio eixo e tamb&#233;m das cordas da valva mitral na comissura correspondente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 6</xref>). Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e os pulm&#245;es mostravam peso aumentado (1050 g no conjunto) e clora&#231;&#227;o avermelhada.</p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sec&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio com aspecto mosqueado (delimitada pela linha amarela). A-S: anterossuperior; P-I: posteroinferior; D: direita; E: esquerda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Detalhe do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial roto, mostrando enrolamento sobre seu pr&#243;prio eixo e das cordas tend&#237;neas comissurais correspondentes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O exame histol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com aproximadamente uma semana de evolu&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de infartos mais recentes subendoc&#225;rdicos (um a dois dias -   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 7</xref>). Ap&#243;s retirados os   <italic>stents</italic> da coron&#225;ria direita, o estudo histol&#243;gico mostrou aterosclerose difusa de grau moderado, al&#233;m de ruptura focal e dissec&#231;&#227;o localizada no ramo interventricular posterior da coron&#225;ria direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figuras 8</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">9</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografia da periferia da &#225;rea infartada mostrando in&#237;cio de forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o com raros vasos neoformados e numerosos histi&#243;citos. Os asteriscos marcam &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio preservado. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumento da objetiva = 10X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias da coron&#225;ria direita no quinto e no s&#233;timo cent&#237;metros, mostrando placas de ateroma exc&#234;ntricas e com calcifica&#231;&#227;o. As setas amarelas mostram os pontos de compress&#227;o pela malha do stent (previamente retirado para permitir os cortes histol&#243;gicos). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumento da objetiva = 1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias de dois segmentos distais do ramo interventricular posterior da coron&#225;ria direita, mostrando ruptura (seta vermelha) e dissec&#231;&#227;o (setas pretas) focais da parede, al&#233;m de placas de ateroma fibrosas. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumento da objetiva = 2,5X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0086-50079-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Havia ainda sinais de choque cardiog&#234;nico e edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Foram achados de necropsia dilata&#231;&#227;o pielocalicial renal bilateral com sinais de pielonefrite cr&#244;nica, al&#233;m de um cisto hep&#225;tico simples subcapsular e aus&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica da ves&#237;cula biliar. (<bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>Aterosclerose sist&#234;mica e coronariana; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio inferosseptal com ruptura do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial e insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda. Adicionalmente, pielonefrite cr&#244;nica bilateral.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa de &#243;bito:  </bold>choque cardiog&#234;nico com edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es. (<bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>A ruptura card&#237;aca p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o grave que acontece mais frequentemente na primeira semana ap&#243;s o infarto e acomete principalmente a parede ventricular livre, com consequente hemoperic&#225;rdio e morte por tamponamento card&#237;aco. Em geral, ocorre na transi&#231;&#227;o entre o mioc&#225;rdio necr&#243;tico e o preservado. Ruptura intracard&#237;aca pode acometer o septo ventricular, ocasionando comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, ou ainda, como no caso aqui descrito, resulta em ruptura de m&#250;sculo papilar com insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda.</p>
        <p>Na experi&#234;ncia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP encontramos predom&#237;nio de ruptura na parede ventricular livre (cerca de 80%), seguida pela ruptura do septo (16%) e de m&#250;sculo papilar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>A ruptura de m&#250;sculo papilar p&#243;s-infarto foi por n&#243;s anteriormente descrita como causa de &#243;bito em cardiomiopatia dilatada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e tamb&#233;m em caso de infarto por &#234;mbolo s&#233;ptico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Na presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o generalizada, a imagem do m&#250;sculo roto pode ser confundida ao ecocardiograma com vegeta&#231;&#227;o, e o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com endocardite infecciosa se imp&#245;e.</p>
        <p>As causas da ruptura card&#237;aca n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidas, por&#233;m alguns autores t&#234;m relatado redu&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na &#945;E-catenina no mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com infarto roto. A &#945;E-catenina &#233; um componente do complexo de ades&#227;o intercelular do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se tamb&#233;m um aumento da quantidade de metaloproteinases 8 e 9 em mioc&#225;rdio roto quando comparado ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco infartado, por&#233;m n&#227;o roto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.<bold> (Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Editores Associados:</label>
          <p>Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
          <p>Alice Tatsuko Yamada (<email>alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
