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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GGByJ5XN6BzprcBJM8ycNSv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Low-Flow Aortic Stenosis and Reduced Ejection Fraction: New Insights</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold>, InCor. Rua Dr. Cristiano Viana, Cerqueira Cesar. Postal Code 05411-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rosa VEE, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>01</issue>
      <fpage>82</fpage>
      <lpage>85</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>With the aging of the population, the incidence of degenerative cardiovascular diseases has steadily increased, especially aortic stenosis (AS), present in 3%-5% of the population older than 75 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the last decade, severe AS is characterized taking into account several functional aspects between the left ventricle and the aorta, especially by echocardiography, such as mean transvalvular gradient &gt; 40 mmHg, transvalvular jet velocity &gt; 4 m/s and aortic valve area &lt; 1 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, as well as anatomical aspects such as the degree of the aortic valve calcification. Studies carried out in the 70s <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
			<sup>-</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> describing the hemodynamic parameters and ventricular function characterized the diagnosis of severe AS only by aortic valve gradient peak &gt; 50 mmHg by hemodynamic analysis and &gt; 70 mmHg by echocardiography. At that time, they questioned the real benefit of surgery in the correction of severe AS and left ventricular dysfunction due to the fact that these exams showed difficulties identifying patients that could benefit from such treatment. In the 80s and 90s, still with limitations in ventricular function assessment, the intervention indication was only feasible in patients with severe AS (aortic transvalvular gradient peak &gt; 70 mmHg by echocardiography), regardless of the degree of left ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
    <p>It is noteworthy that in the last two decades, with the incessant search for answers to these questions and the advent of pharmacological stress echocardiography, emphasis has been given to these peculiar forms of AS, particularly to severe AS with low-flow low-gradient and reduced ejection fraction, with or without contractile reserve. The latter has been the subject of great scientific interest due to the difficulty in diagnosing it and evaluating the real benefits of surgical intervention.</p>
    <p>The low-flow low-gradient AS and reduced ejection fraction is found in approximately 5%-10% of these patients with severe AS, and diagnosis occurs in the presence of classic symptoms of AS, such as dyspnea, chest pain and/or syncope, associated with aortic valve area &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> (or &#8804; 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>), mean LV-Ao gradient &#8804; 40 mmHg and reduced ejection fraction (&#8804; 40%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
			<sup>-</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The ventricular dysfunction, in these cases, may be secondary to ventricular maladjustment caused by afterload mismatch - truly severe m<sup>2</sup>AS - or secondary to a myocardial phenomenon concomitant to the mild/moderate valvular disease - anatomically non-severe AS. In the latter, the reduction in ventricular strength would lead to incomplete valve opening, justifying the low transvalvular aortic gradient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The differentiation between these two groups is of utmost importance, as patients with anatomically severe m<sup>2</sup>AS benefit from the valvular defect correction, whereas treatment for those with anatomically non-severe AS should be directed to the cause of the myocardial disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Therefore, the first question that arises for the clinical cardiologist is: how must one monitor and investigate the patient with a diagnostic hypothesis of low-flow low-gradient AS and reduced ejection fraction?</p>
    <p>The initial assessment should be performed by dobutamine stress echocardiography (up to a dose of 20 mcg/kg/min), analyzing myocardial contractile reserve which, when present, allows us to define the anatomical severity of AS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<sup>-</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. If the valve area increase after stress is &#8804; 0.3 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and/or remains &lt; 1.0 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and/or mean LV-Ao gradient is &#8805; 40 mm Hg, the anatomically severe AS diagnosis is attained. On the other hand, further increases in the valvular area establish the diagnosis of anatomically non-severe AS. Among the measures described to define contractile reserve during dobutamine stress, Systolic Volume is the most often used index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The absence of contractile reserve is defined by an increase in Systolic Volume after pharmacological stress &lt; 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, and this situation creates a new question for the clinical cardiologist: Is there any benefit in the interventional treatment of those who do not have myocardial contractile reserve?</p>
    <p>These patients have high surgical mortality (22%-33%); however, this rate is still lower than the mortality observed in patients with AS that remain in clinical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Therefore, alternative procedures such as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) m<sup>2</sup>can be indicated with lower morbimortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. However, as stress echocardiography may have major limitations in identifying patients with truly severe AS in the absence of contractile reserve, how should we evaluate and what methods can help by providing information about the anatomical severity and prognosis, aiding in the indication of valve surgery for the symptomatic patient?</p>
    <p>Valve calcification is the primary marker of anatomic severity in AS. The echocardiographic assessment using the Rosenhek score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> defines as significant calcification those with grade 3 (multiple calcium deposits) and grade 4 (extensive calcification of all cusps)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In the assessment through CT, a calcium score &gt; 1650 Agatston units (AU) also indicates severe calcification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. However, ongoing studies suggest that the hemodynamic impact of AS may depend not only on the amount of calcium in the aortic valve, but also the topography of valve calcifications, demonstrating that significantly lower calcium score values can generate high gradients if the calcification is predominantly found in the valve commissure, with such data helping in the diagnosis of anatomically severe AS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. It must be emphasized that, although infrequent, aortic valve calcification may extend to the mitral valve annulus, impairing its function and resulting in moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, which can hinder the assessment of AS severity by reducing left intraventricular pressure. Additionally, in our experience, when severe AS is identified, the isolated treatment of the aortic valve can minimize the effect on the mitral apparatus.</p>
    <p>Regarding the operative prognosis, the presence of a mean LV-Ao gradient &#8804; 20 mmHg on echocardiography and high levels of serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are associated with unfavorable outcomes. Patients with low-flow low-gradient AS and reduced ejection fraction with BNP levels &lt; 550 pg/mL, regardless of contractile reserve, have a better surgical prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The presence of coronary lesions with intervention indication in the coronary angiography, usually performed as part of preoperative tests in patients older than 40 years or with risk factors for atherosclerosis, is also a prognostic factor, as the combined surgery of CABG and TAVI increases mortality when compared to isolated valve replacement (53% vs. 10%, p = 0.007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Nishimura et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrated the use of hemodynamic study with dobutamine stress for contractile reserve assessment similar to echocardiography; however, they used high doses of dobutamine (40 mcg/kg/min), which may increase the likelihood of complications and side effects during testing, such as severe arrhythmia, hypertension or hypotension and other symptoms of dobutamine intolerance.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, dobutamine stress echocardiogram is a crucial test for the assessment of patients with low-flow, low-gradient AS and reduced ejection fraction, by differentiating anatomically severe AS patients from those with anatomically non-severe AS. However, when the test is not diagnostic, that is, the patient has no contractile reserve, other parameters can be useful to assess anatomic severity and prognosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). There are many variables that can contribute to such evaluation in patients with low-flow, low-gradient AS and reduced ejection fraction without contractile reserve; however, none of them alone should contraindicate the surgical procedure. One must, above all, individualize the assessment of this subgroup of patients and, for those in which the operative risk is considered unacceptable, TAVI is mandatory.</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Proposed Algorithm for assessment of patients with low-flow, low-gradient Aortic Stenosis and reduced ejection fraction. AS: aortic stenosis; AoA: aortic valve area; Grad: LV-Ao gradient.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0082-50080-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose A&#243;rtica Baixo-Fluxo e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida: Novos Conhecimentos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold> InCor. Rua Dr. Cristiano Viana, Cerqueira Cesar. CEP 05411-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail:   <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</label>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rosa VEE, Accorsi TAD, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Com o envelhecimento populacional, a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares degenerativas tem aumentado progressivamente, destacando-se a Estenose A&#243;rtica (EAo), presente em 3%-5% da popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 75 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a EAo grave &#233; caracterizada levando em considera&#231;&#227;o v&#225;rios aspectos funcionais entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aorta, principalmente pelo ecocardiograma, tais como gradiente transvalvar m&#233;dio maior que 40 mmHg, velocidade do jato transvalvar maior que 4 m/s e &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica menor que 1 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, al&#233;m de aspectos anat&#244;micos como grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica. Estudos da d&#233;cada de 1970<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> descrevendo os dados hemodin&#226;micos e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular caracterizavam o diagn&#243;stico da EAo grave somente pelo gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico de pico maior que 50 mmHg pela hemodin&#226;mica e maior que 70 mmHg pelo ecocardiograma. Na ocasi&#227;o, questionavam o real benef&#237;cio da cirurgia na corre&#231;&#227;o da EAo grave e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pelas dificuldades de esses exames serem capazes de distinguir os pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar de tal tratamento. Nos anos 1980 e 1990, ainda com as limita&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a indica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o s&#243; era vi&#225;vel nos pacientes com EAo grave (gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico de pico maior que 70 mmHg pelo ecocardiograma) sem levar em conta o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Ressalta-se que, nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, com a busca incessante de respostas para essas indaga&#231;&#245;es e com o advento do ecocardiograma com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, tem-se dado &#234;nfase a essas formas peculiares de EAo, com particular evid&#234;ncia a EAo grave com baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, com ou sem reserva contr&#225;til. Esta &#250;ltima tem sido alvo de grande interesse cient&#237;fico pela dificuldade de diagnostic&#225;-la e avaliar o real benef&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <p>EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida &#233; encontrada em cerca de 5%-10% daqueles pacientes com EAo grave, e o diagn&#243;stico ocorre na presen&#231;a dos sintomas cl&#225;ssicos da EAo, como dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica e/ou s&#237;ncope, associado &#224; &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> (ou &#8804; 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>), gradiente VE-Ao m&#233;dio &#8804; 40 mmHg e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&#8804; 40%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, nesses casos, pode ser secund&#225;ria &#224; desadapta&#231;&#227;o ventricular consequente &#224; p&#243;s-carga excessiva (<italic>afterload mismatch</italic>) -   <italic>EAoverdadeiramente grave</italic> -, ou secund&#225;ria a fen&#244;meno mioc&#225;rdico concomitante &#224; valvopatia discreta/moderada - <italic>EAo anatomicamente n&#227;o grave</italic>. Nesta &#250;ltima, a redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a ventricular levaria &#224; abertura valvar incompleta, justificando o baixo gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A distin&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois grupos &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, uma vez que portadores de <italic>EAo anatomicamente grave  </italic>t&#234;m benef&#237;cio com a corre&#231;&#227;o do defeito valvar, ao passo que o tratamento para aqueles com <italic>EAo anatomicamente n&#227;o grave</italic> deve ser direcionado para a causa da doen&#231;a do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Assim sendo, a primeira quest&#227;o que surge para o cardiologista cl&#237;nico &#233;: Como acompanhar e investigar o paciente com hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica com EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida?</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial deve ser realizada atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma com estresse com dobutamina (at&#233; a dose de 20 mcg/kg/min), analisando a reserva contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio que, quando presente, nos permite a defini&#231;&#227;o da gravidade anat&#244;mica da EAo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Caso o aumento da &#225;rea valvar ap&#243;s estresse seja &#8804; 0,3 cm<sup>2</sup> e/ou essa se mantenha &lt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> e/ou gradiente m&#233;dio VE-Ao seja &#8805; 40 mmHg, tem-se o diagn&#243;stico de <italic>EAoanatomicamente grave</italic>. Por outro lado, aumentos maiores da &#225;rea valvar estabelecem o diagn&#243;stico de <italic>EAo anatomicamente n&#227;o grave</italic>. Dentre as medidas descritas para defini&#231;&#227;o de reserva contr&#225;til durante o estresse com dobutamina, o Volume Sist&#243;lico &#233; o &#237;ndice mais utilizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Aus&#234;ncia de reserva contr&#225;til &#233; definida por um aumento do Volume Sist&#243;lico ap&#243;s estresse medicamentoso menor que 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, e tal situa&#231;&#227;o gera nova d&#250;vida para o cardiologista cl&#237;nico: H&#225; benef&#237;cio no tratamento intervencionista daqueles que n&#227;o possuem reserva contr&#225;til mioc&#225;rdica?</p>
      <p>Tais pacientes apresentam alta mortalidade cir&#250;rgica (22%-33%); contudo, essa taxa &#233; ainda menor que a mortalidade dos portadores de EAo importante que permanecem em tratamento cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Dessa forma, procedimentos alternativos, como o Implante Transcateter de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica (TAVI - <italic>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</italic>), podem ser indicados com menor morbimortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Entretanto, como o ecocardiograma com estresse pode apresentar grandes limita&#231;&#245;es na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com <italic>EAo verdadeiramente severa</italic> na aus&#234;ncia de reserva contr&#225;til, como devemos avaliar e quais m&#233;todos podem ajudar nas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a gravidade anat&#244;mica e progn&#243;stico, auxiliando na indica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o valvar no paciente sintom&#225;tico?</p>
      <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar &#233; o principal marcador de gravidade anat&#244;mica na EAo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, atrav&#233;s do escore de <italic>Rosenhek</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, define como calcifica&#231;&#227;o importante aqueles com grau 3 (m&#250;ltiplos dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio) e grau 4 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o extensa de todas as c&#250;spides)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pela tomografia computadorizada, o escore de c&#225;lcio maior que 1650 unidades Agatston (u.A.) tamb&#233;m indica calcifica&#231;&#227;o severa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Entretanto, estudos em andamento sugerem que o impacto hemodin&#226;mico da EAo pode depender n&#227;o somente da quantidade de c&#225;lcio na valva a&#243;rtica, mas tamb&#233;m da topografia da calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar, demonstrando que valores de escore de c&#225;lcio significantemente menores podem gerar gradientes elevados caso a calcifica&#231;&#227;o seja predominantemente nas comissuras valvares, sendo tal dado auxiliar para diagn&#243;stico da <italic>EAo anatomicamente grave</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Devemos ressaltar que, apesar de infrequente, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica pode estender-se at&#233; o anel valvar mitral, comprometendo sua funcionalidade e, como consequ&#234;ncia, gerando uma insufici&#234;ncia mitral com moderada a importante express&#227;o, o que pode atrapalhar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da EAo pela redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intraventricular esquerda. Adicionalmente, dentro de nossa experi&#234;ncia, com a comprova&#231;&#227;o da EAo grave, o tratamento somente da valva a&#243;rtica pode minimizar o efeito sobre o aparato mitral.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico operat&#243;rio, a presen&#231;a de gradiente VE-Ao m&#233;dio &#8804; 20 mmHg pelo ecocardiograma e a dosagem s&#233;rica de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) em n&#237;veis elevados est&#227;o associados a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis. Pacientes com EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida com n&#237;veis menores que 550 pg/mL de BNP, independentemente da reserva contr&#225;til, t&#234;m melhor progn&#243;stico cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas com indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o na cineangiocoronariografia, usualmente realizada como parte dos exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios em pacientes com mais de 40 anos ou com fatores de risco para aterosclerose, tamb&#233;m &#233; fator progn&#243;stico, uma vez que a cirurgia combinada de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e implante de biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica aumenta a mortalidade quando comparada &#224; troca valvar isolada (53% <italic>vs.</italic> 10%, p = 0,007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Nishimura e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstraram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do estudo hemodin&#226;mico com estresse com dobutamina para avalia&#231;&#227;o de reserva contr&#225;til de forma semelhante ao ecocardiograma; contudo, fizeram uso de altas doses desse f&#225;rmaco (40 mcg/kg/min), o que pode aumentar a probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es e efeitos adversos durante o teste, como arritmias graves, hipertens&#227;o ou hipotens&#227;o arterial e outros sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; dobutamina.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o ecocardiograma com estresse com dobutamina &#233; um exame fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o de portadores de EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, por distinguir os portadores de <italic>EAo anatomicamente grave</italic> daqueles com   <italic>EAo anatomicamente n&#227;o grave</italic>. Entretanto, quando o exame n&#227;o &#233; diagn&#243;stico, ou seja, o paciente n&#227;o tem reserva contr&#225;til, outros par&#226;metros para avaliar a gravidade anat&#244;mica e progn&#243;stico podem ser &#250;teis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Muitas s&#227;o as vari&#225;veis que podem contribuir para tal avalia&#231;&#227;o no paciente com EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem reserva contr&#225;til; entretanto, nenhuma delas isoladamente deve contraindicar o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Deve-se, acima de tudo, individualizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o desse subgrupo e, naqueles em que o risco operat&#243;rio demonstra-se inaceit&#225;vel, a proposta de TAVI &#233; mandat&#243;ria.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo proposto para avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com Estenose A&#243;rtica baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente e fra&#231;&#257;o de eje&#231;&#257;o reduzida. EAo: estenose a&#243;rtica; AVAo: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; Grad: gradiente VE-Ao.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0082-50080-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
