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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">r3KrCpsWHFBScN76sn9tRXv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000065</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050042</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Volume Determinants in Patients with Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poyares</surname>
            <given-names>Dalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Storti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>W&#233;rcules Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia &#8211; EPM/UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Sono - EPM/UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM/UNIFESP. R. Domiciano Leite Ribeiro, 51 ap. 13 - bloco 2, Vila Guarani. Postal Code 04317000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:<email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email>;<email>frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Poyares D, Oliveira WA, Campos O. Acquisition of data:Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Storti LJ, Brito FS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Oliveira WA, Campos O. Statistical analysis:Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA. Writing of the manuscript:Mancuso FJN, Storti LJ, Campos O. Critical</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>65</fpage>
      <lpage>70</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left atrial volume (LAV) is a predictor of prognosis in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate the determinants of LAV in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Ninety patients with DCM and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction &#8804; 0.50 were included. LAV was measured with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (eco3D). The variables evaluated were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, LV end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume and ejection fraction (eco3D), mitral inflow E wave, tissue Doppler e&#180; wave, E/e&#180; ratio, intraventricular dyssynchrony, 3D dyssynchrony index and mitral regurgitation vena contracta. Pearson&#180;s coefficient was used to identify the correlation of the LAV with the assessed variables. A multiple linear regression model was developed that included LAV as the dependent variable and the variables correlated with it as the predictive variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 52 &#177; 11 years-old, LV ejection fraction: 31.5 &#177; 8.0% (16-50%) and LAV: 39.2&#177;15.7 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. The variables that correlated with the LAV were LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.38; p &lt; 0.01), LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.43; p &lt; 0.001), LV ejection fraction (r = -0.36; p &lt; 0.01), E wave (r = 0.50; p &lt; 0.01), E/e&#180; ratio (r = 0.51; p &lt; 0.01) and mitral regurgitation (r = 0.53; p &lt; 0.01). A multivariate analysis identified the E/e&#180; ratio (p = 0.02) and mitral regurgitation (p = 0.02) as the only independent variables associated with LAV increase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The LAV is independently determined by LV filling pressures (E/e&#180; ratio) and mitral regurgitation in DCM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Organ Size</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Left Atrial Volume (LAV) is a predictor of cardiovascular events in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and in patients with cardiac failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Moreover, LAV is associated with the presence of symptoms in these patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although left atrial dilatation is a marker of left ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> (LV) diastolic dysfunction and can occur secondarily to mitral regurgitation, it is not clear what are the determinants of left atrial enlargement in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the determinants of LAV in patients with non-ischemic DCM and LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>The study included 90 outpatients with DCM; 60 patients with idiopathic DCM (idiopathic defined as dilated cardiomyopathy in the absence of known causes that reslt in this condition; coronary artery disease was excluded by coronary angiography or epidemiology; primary valve disease was excluded by two-dimensional echocardiography; other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy were excluded according to epidemiological and clinical data), and 30 patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (two positive tests for antibodies to <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>). Patients were consecutively recruited from a tertiary care center for patients with heart failure and cardiomyopathies. Inclusion criteria were age &#8805; 18 years, functional class I, II or III (New York Heart Association), optimal medical treatment for heart failure, sinus rhythm, LV ejection fraction &#8804; 0.50 (modified Simpson method) and echocardiography good image quality. Patients with primary valvular disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, end-stage kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded. All patients signed an informed consent form and the study was approved by the ethics committee of the institution.</p>
        <p>The height and weight were obtained to calculate the body surface area. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also recorded before the echocardiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler</title>
        <p>All subjects underwent a two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler in an IE33 device (Philips, Andover, Massachusetts) with a 1-5 MHz transducer under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. The patients were studied in the left lateral decubitus position by the same echocardiographist. LV ejection fraction was estimated by the modified Simpson's method.</p>
        <p>Mitral regurgitation was quantified by the vena contracta. LV diastolic function was assessed by analyzing the velocities of initial (E) and final (A) waves of the mitral inflow obtained from pulsed Doppler and by the velocity of the initial wave (e') of the septal mitral annulus obtained by tissue Doppler. These data were used to calculate the E/e' ratio as an estimate of filling pressures of LV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>The intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony of the LV was assessed by color tissue Doppler (color-TD). The volume sample was positioned in the LV six basal segments. The time interval between the beginning of the QRS of the electrocardiographic tracing to the systolic velocity peak of each segment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was measured. The intraventricular delay was calculated by the maximum difference between the intervals of all segments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography</title>
        <p>The real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (eco3D) was used to obtain the LAV and 3D dyssynchrony index of the LV. The same IE33 echocardiography device, with a X3 (1-3 MHz) matrix transducer, was used to acquire the full volume, real-time pyramidal volumetric data for four consecutive cardiac cycles. To ensure the inclusion of the entire volume of the LA and LV inside the pyramidal volume, data were acquired using the wide-angle mode, thus acquiring four wedge-shaped sub-volumes for a period of 5 seconds of apnea. The eco3D data were digitally stored and analyzed using the QLAB-Philips <italic>software</italic>(version 5.0; Philips Medical Systems). The three-dimensional echocardiographic images analysis was based on the apical window and semi-automatic tracing of the endocardial borders.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the left atrium was performed by marking four points on the atrial surface of the mitral annulus: septal, lateral, anterior and inferior, and a fifth point in the left atrial roof. Subsequently, the endocardial surface was automatically outlined and could be visualized from different views. Manual modifications were made to correct the automatic tracing when necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and then the software generate a variation curve of the LAV throughout the cardiac cycle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The LAV was considered the peak of the curve and the value was indexed by the body surface area (LAVi).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left atrium volume. The figure shows the variation of the left atrium volume during the cardiac cycle. The arrow indicates the maximum volume of the left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0065-50042-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The LV analysis was performed by marking four points on the surface of the mitral annulus: anterior, inferior, lateral and septal, and a fifth point in the LV apex. Subsequently, the endocardial surface was automatically outlined and could be visualized from different views. Manual modifications were made to correct the automatic tracing when necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The LV 3D dyssynchrony index was calculated from the standard deviation of the cardiac cycle fraction that each LV segment took to reach its minimum volume. The index is expressed as a percentage of the cardiac cycle duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 13.0 <italic>software</italic> (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Continuous data are reported as mean &#177; SD and categorical data as percentage. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the sample had normal distribution. Pearson&#180;s correlation coefficient was used to identify the correlation of LAVi with heart rate, systolic blood pressure, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, LV ejection fraction, mitral inflow E wave velocity, e&#180; wave velocity, E/e&#180; ratio, intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony of the LV, 3D dyssynchrony index and mitral regurgitation vena contracta.</p>
        <p>A multiple linear regression model was performed, including LAVi as the dependent numerical variable and the variables correlated with it as predictive variables. The p-value was considered significant when &lt; 0.05. The coefficient of variation was used to assess inter and intra-variability of the LAV measurement in a random sample of 20 patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical data</title>
        <p>The baseline clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 53 &#177; 11 years and 63 (70%) patients were males. The etiology of the dilated cardiomyopathy was idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 60 (67%) patients and Chagas cardiomyopathy in 30 (33%) patients. The functional class was I in 7 (8%) patients, II in 55 (61%) patients and III in 28 (31%) patients. All patients were receiving beta-blockers (76% carvedilol, 48 &#177; 6 mg/day, and 24% metoprolol, 178 &#177; 43 mg/day), ACE inhibitors (62% captopril, 133&#177;24 mg/day, and 38 % enalapril 31 &#177; 10 mg/day) and furosemide (97 &#177; 62 mg/day). Of the 90 patients, 81 (90%) were using spironolactone and 20 (22%) used digoxin.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 90 patients</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (70%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BSA (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (67%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagas cardiomyopathy (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC I</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC II</td>
                <td align="center">55 (61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC III</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (%). BSA: body surface area; FC: NYHA functional class; HR: heart rate; NYHA: New York Heart Association; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography data</title>
        <p>Data from the two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. The mean LV ejection fraction was 31.5 &#177; 8.0 % and the restrictive filling pattern was present in 24 (27%) patients. The mean E/e&#180; ratio was 17.3 &#177; 8.2, and the mean systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was 43 &#177; 13 mmHg. Functional mitral regurgitation was present in 80 (89%) patients; the mean mitral regurgitation vena contracta was 0.43 &#177; 0.16; 18 (20%) patients had mild, 54 (60%), moderate and only 8 (9%) patients had severe mitral regurgitation. The intraventricular mechanical delay was 67 &#177; 43 ms and the 3D dyssynchrony index was 5.6 &#177; 5.3%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 90 patients</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LA Diameter</td>
                <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 5.6 mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAV - 3D</td>
                <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 27.3 ml/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVi - 3D</td>
                <td align="center">39.2 &#177; 15.7 ml/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDV</td>
                <td align="center">267 &#177; 103 ml</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVESV</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 86 ml</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 8.0 %</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E wave</td>
                <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 30.9 cm/s</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A wave</td>
                <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 31.7 cm/s</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 1.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Restrictive filling pattern</td>
                <td align="center">27%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e' wave</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 1.8 cm/s</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">17.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MR-VC</td>
                <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.16 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 13 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intraventricular mechanical delay</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 43 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3D dyssynchrony index</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 5.3%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (%). LA; left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; LAV; left atrium volume; LAVi; left atrial volume indexed for body surface; MR-VC; mitral regurgitation vena contracta; LVEDV; end-diastolic volume of the left ventricle; LVESV; end-systolic volume of the left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic data of the left atrium</title>
        <p>The anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium was 46.2 &#177; 5.6 mm. The LAV evaluated by eco3D was 67.9 &#177; 27.3 ml and LAVi was 39.2 &#177; 15.7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlations of the left atrium</title>
        <p>The LAVi showed a weak to moderate correlation with the LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.38; p &lt; 0.01), with the LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.427; p &lt; 0.001) and the LV ejection fraction (r = -0.362; p &lt; 0.01), and moderate correlation with the E wave (r = 0.50; p &lt; 0.01), E/e&#180; ratio (r = 0.51; p &lt; 0.01) and mitral regurgitation vena contracta (r = 0.528; p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left atrial volume correlation with clinical and echocardiographic variables</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>R</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HR</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDV</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVESV</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">-0.36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E wave</td>
                <td align="center">0.50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e' wave</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intraventricular mechanical delay</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MR-VC</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3D dyssynchrony index</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; MR-VC: mitral regurgitation vena contracta; LVEDV: end-diastolic volume of the left ventricle; LVESV: end-systolic volume of the left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The multivariate analysis showed the E/e&#180; ratio (p = 0.02) and the mitral regurgitation vena contracta (p = 0.02) as the only variables independently associated with LAVi increase.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inter and intra-observer variability</title>
        <p>The inter and intra-observer variability coefficients for LAV were 8.9% and 3.7%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Increased LAVi is independently associated with LV filling pressures (E/e&#180; ratio) and mitral regurgitation. As far as we know, this is the first study to use eco3D to assess the determinants of LAV in patients with DCM and heart failure.</p>
      <p>The eco3D is a more reliable method than the two-dimensional echocardiography to estimate LAV, and its accuracy is similar to that of nuclear magnetic resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is well established that left atrial dilation is associated with poor prognosis and symptoms in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Furthermore, it is known that diastolic dysfunction is a marker of disease severity and is associated with symptoms and prognosis in patients with DCM and heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Left atrium and diastolic dysfunction</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic dysfunction by mitral inflow and tissue Doppler reflects the instantaneous diastolic function. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that LAV reflects the diastolic function in the long-term<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In our study, it was demonstrated that LAV is strongly related to LV filling pressures (E/e&#180; ratio) in patients with DCM. Thus, the dilation of the left atrium and the diastolic dysfunction are also closely related in this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left atrium and mitral regurgitation</title>
        <p>The present study showed that the LAV is associated with mitral regurgitation. As the mitral regurgitation intensity increases, the LA dilates. This phenomenon is well known in primary mitral valve disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, but the study was able to demonstrate that this phenomenon also occurs with functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other causes of the left atrial dilation</title>
        <p>Other mechanisms may be involved in left atrial dilation in patients with DCM. Atrial myopathy has been reported in a series of autopsies of idiopathic DCM, as well as in Chagas cardiomyopathy. Previous study showed that the left atrium is more affected in Chagas cardiomyopathy than in idiopathic DCM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, which shows greater impairment than ischemic cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, in this study, the diastolic and systolic volumes and LV ejection fraction showed weak to moderate correlation with left atrial dilation, but were not independently associated with left atrial dilatation in the multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that the myopathic process in the LV, which causes the dilation, does not have the same intensity in the left atrium.</p>
        <p>Another mechanism possibly involved in left atrial dilatation is the inflammatory process that may be present in the DCM. Previous studies in patients with normal left ventricular function have demonstrated an association between inflammation and increased LAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>It was not possible to perform the magnetic resonance imaging or autopsy in these patients, which could have provided other left atrial parameters, such as fibrosis extension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, which could also be related to the LAV increase.</p>
        <p>It is important to remember that the initial velocity (E wave) of the transmitral diastolic flow is influenced by the degree of mitral regurgitation. Unfortunately, it is not possible to differentiate how much of the E-wave velocity is due to increased filling pressures and how much is due to mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <p>The study also did not assess whether an inflammatory process was associated with the LAV increase, as it occurs in patients with preserved LV function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Although it is important to remember that blood biomarkers show the instant inflammatory state, while the left atrium dilation is a continuous process.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The left atrial volume is independently determined by the left ventricular filling pressures (E/e&#180; ratio) and by mitral regurgitation in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinantes do Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada N&#227;o Isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
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            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves</given-names>
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      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia - EPM/UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Sono</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Sono - EPM/UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM/UNIFESP. R. Domiciano Leite Ribeiro, 51 ap. 13 - bloco 2, Vila Guarani. CEP: 04317000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:<email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email>;<email>frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Poyares D, Oliveira WA, Campos O. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Storti LJ, Brito FS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Oliveira WA, Campos O. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mancuso FJN, Storti LJ, Campos O. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Mois&#233;s VA, Paola AAV, Carvalho ACC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo (VAE) &#233; preditor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os determinantes do VAE em pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;dos 90 pacientes com CMD e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) &#8804; 0,50. O VAE foi medido pela ecocardiografia tridimensional (eco3D). Foram avaliados frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, onda E mitral, onda e&#180; do anel mitral (Doppler tecidual), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;, dissincronia intraventricular, &#237;ndice de dissincronia tridimensional e insufici&#234;ncia mitral. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson analisou a correla&#231;&#227;o do VAE com as vari&#225;veis avaliadas e a regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla as vari&#225;veis independentes associadas ao VAE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 53 &#177; 11 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE: 31,5 &#177; 8,0% e VAE: 39,2 &#177; 15,7 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. As vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram com o VAE foram: volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (r = 0,38; p &lt; 0,01), volume sist&#243;lico final do VE (r = 0,43; p &lt; 0,001), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (r = -0,36; p v 0,01), onda E (r = 0,50; p &lt; 0,01), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; (r = 0,51; p &lt; 0,01) e insufici&#234;ncia mitral (r = 0,53; p &lt; 0,01). A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; (p = 0,02) e insufici&#234;ncia mitral (p = 0,02) como os &#250;nicos preditores independentes do aumento do VAE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O VAE na CMD &#233; determinado independentemente pelas press&#245;es de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;) e insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Atrios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Tamanho do Org&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo (VAE) &#233; um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o geral <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Ainda, o VAE se associa com a presen&#231;a de sintomas nesses pacientes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.  </p>
        <p>Embora a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo seja um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. VE) e possa ocorrer secundariamente &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral, n&#227;o est&#227;o claros quais os determinantes do aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo nos pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD). Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar quais os determinantes do VAE em pacientes com CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 90 pacientes ambulatoriais com CMD; 60 pacientes com CMD idiop&#225;tica (idiop&#225;tica definida como cardiomiopatia dilatada na aus&#234;ncia de causas conhecidas que causem essa condi&#231;&#227;o; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi exclu&#237;da por cinecoronariografia ou epidemiologia; valvopatia prim&#225;ria foi exclu&#237;da pela ecocardiografia bidimensional; outras causas de cardiomiopatia dilatada foram exclu&#237;das de acordo com dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos), e 30 pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (duas sorologias positivas para anticorpos contra o <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ). Os pacientes foram recrutados consecutivamente em um centro terci&#225;rio de atendimento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiomiopatias. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade &#8805; 18 anos, classe funcional I, II ou III (New York Heart Association), tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ritmo sinusal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &#8804; 0,50 (m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado) e boa qualidade de imagem &#224; ecocardiografia. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento e o estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A altura e o peso foram obtidos para calcular a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foram registradas antes da ecocardiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia e Doppler Tecidual</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional com Doppler em um aparelho IE33 (Philips, Andover, Massachusetts) com um transdutor 1-5 mHz sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua. Os pacientes foram estudados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo pelo mesmo m&#233;dico ecocardiografista. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado.</p>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi quantificada pela vena contracta. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela an&#225;lise das velocidades das ondas inicial (E) e final (A) do influxo mitral obtidas do Doppler pulsado e pela velocidade da onda inicial (e&#180;) do anel septal mitral obtida pelo Doppler tecidual. Esses dados foram utilizados para calcular a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;, como estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>A dissincronia mec&#226;nica intraventricular do VE foi avaliada pelo Doppler tecidual colorido (color-DT). A amostra de volume foi posicionada nos seis segmentos basais do VE. Foi medido o intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio do QRS do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico at&#233; o pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica de cada segmento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O atraso intraventricular foi calculado pela m&#225;xima diferen&#231;a entre os intervalos de todos os segmentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real (eco3D) foi utilizada para obter o VAE e o &#237;ndice de dissincronia 3D do VE. O mesmo aparelho de ecocardiografia IE33 com um transdutor matricial X3 (1-3 mHz) foi utilizado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o do &#8220;<italic>full volume</italic>&#8221;, dados volum&#233;tricos piramidais em tempo real por quatro ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. Para garantir a inclus&#227;o de todo o volume do AE e do VE dentro do volume piramidal, os dados foram adquiridos usando o modo de &#226;ngulo amplo, adquirindo, assim, quatro subvolumes em formato de cunha durante per&#237;odo de apneia de 5 segundos. Os dados da eco3D foram armazenados digitalmente a analisados pelo <italic>software</italic> QLab-Philips (vers&#227;o 5,0; Philips Medical Systems). A an&#225;lise das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tridimensionais foi baseada na janela apical e no tra&#231;ado semiautom&#225;tico das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise do &#225;trio esquerdo foi realizada marcando quatro pontos na superf&#237;cie atrial do anel mitral: septal, lateral, anterior e inferior e um quinto ponto no teto do &#225;trio esquerdo. Ap&#243;s, a superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica foi delineada automaticamente e p&#244;de ser visualizada a partir de diferentes vis&#245;es. Modifica&#231;&#245;es manuais foram realizadas para corrigir o tra&#231;ado autom&#225;tico quando necess&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, ent&#227;o, o <italic>software</italic> gera uma curva de varia&#231;&#227;o do VAE ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). O VAE foi considerado o ponto m&#225;ximo da curva e o valor foi indexa pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (VAEi).</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. A figura mostra a varia&#231;&#227;o do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. A seta indica o volume m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0065-50042-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A an&#225;lise do VE foi realizada marcando quatro pontos na superf&#237;cie do anel mitral: anterior, inferior, lateral e septal e um quinto ponto no &#225;pice do VE. Ap&#243;s, a superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica foi delineada automaticamente e p&#244;de ser visualizada a partir de diferentes vis&#245;es. Modifica&#231;&#245;es manuais foram realizadas para corrigir o tra&#231;ado autom&#225;tico quando necess&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O &#237;ndice de dissincronia 3D do VE foi calculado a partir do desvio padr&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco que cada segmento do VE levou para atingir o seu volume m&#237;nimo. O &#237;ndice &#233; expresso como porcentagem da dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 13,0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Os dados cont&#237;nuos est&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e dos dados categ&#243;ricos como porcentagem. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov mostrou que a amostra estudada apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para identificar a correla&#231;&#227;o do VAEi com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lica final do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, velocidade da onda E do influxo mitral, velocidade da onda e&#180;, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;, dissincronia mec&#226;nica intraventricular do VE, &#237;ndice de dissincronia 3D e vena contracta da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Um modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi realizado, incluindo o VAEi como vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica dependente e as vari&#225;veis correlacionadas a ele como vari&#225;veis preditivas. O p-valor foi considerado significativo quando abaixo de 0,05. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado para avaliar a variabilidade inter e intraobservador da medida do VAE em uma amostra aleat&#243;ria de 20 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi 53 &#177; 11 anos de idade e 63 (70%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A etiologia da cardiomiopatia dilatada foi cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em 60 (67%) pacientes e cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em 30 (33%) pacientes. A classe funcional foi I em 7 (8%) pacientes, II em 55 (61%) pacientes e III em 28 (31%) pacientes. Todos os pacientes estavam em uso de betabloqueador (76% carvedilol, 48 &#177; 6 mg/dia, e 24% metoprolol, 178 &#177; 43 mg/dia), inibidores da ECA (62% captopril, 133 &#177; 24 mg/dia, e 38% enalapril, 31 &#177; 10 mg/dia) e furosemida (97 &#177; 62 mg/dia). Dos 90 pacientes, 81 (90%) estavam em uso de espironolactona e 20 (22%) em uso de digoxina.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela  </label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N = 90 pacientes</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopatica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (67%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia chagasica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (33%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF I</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF II</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (61%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF III</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; CF: classe funcional NYHA; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados da ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os dados da ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler est&#227;o demonstrados na<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 2</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE m&#233;dia foi 31,5 &#177; 8,0% e o padr&#227;o de enchimento restritivo esteve presente em 24 (27%) pacientes. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; m&#233;dia foi de 17,3 &#177; 8,2, e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar m&#233;dia foi de 43 &#177; 13 mmHg. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional esteve presente em 80 (89%) pacientes; a vena contracta m&#233;dia da insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi de 0,43 &#177; 0,16; 18 (20%) paciente apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia leve, 54 (60%), insufici&#234;ncia moderada e apenas 8 (9%) pacientes apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante. O atraso mec&#226;nico intraventricular foi de 67 &#177; 43 ms e o &#237;ndice de dissincronia 3D foi de 5,6 &#177; 5,3%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N = 90 pacientes</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 5,6 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAE - 3D</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 27,3 ml/m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAEi - 3D</td>
                  <td align="center">39,2 &#177; 15,7 ml/m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV</td>
                  <td align="center">267 &#177; 103 ml</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">187 &#177; 86 ml</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 8,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E</td>
                  <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 30,9 cm/s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda A</td>
                  <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 31,7 cm/s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 1,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o de enchimento restritivo</td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda e&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 1,8 cm/s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VC - IM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,16 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 13 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atraso mec&#226;nico intraventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 43 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de dissincronia 3D</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 5,3%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). AE; &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar; VAE; volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; VAEi; volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VC-IM; vena contracta da insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VDFVE; volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE; volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          <p>O di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foi 46,2 &#177; 5,6 mm. O VAE avaliado pela eco3D foi 67,9 &#177; 27,3 ml e o VAEi foi de 39,2 &#177; 15,7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          <p>O VAEi apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o fraca a moderada com o volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (r = 0,38; p &lt; 0,01), com o volume sist&#243;lico final do VE (r = 0,427; p &lt; 0,001) e com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (r = -0,362; p &lt; 0,01), e correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com a onda E (r = 0,50; p &lt; 0,01), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; (r = 0,51; p &lt; 0,01) e vena contracta da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (r = 0,528; p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>R</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda e&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Ele&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atraso mec&#226;nico intraventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VC-IM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#237;ndice de dissincronia 3D</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; VC-IM: vena contracta da insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; (p = 0,02) e a vena contracta da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (p = 0,02) como as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas com o aumento do VAEi.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidade inter- e intraobservador</title>
          <p>Os coeficientes de variabilidade inter- e intraobservador para o VAE foram de 8,9% e 3,7%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aumento do VAEi est&#225; independentemente relacionado com as press&#245;es de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;) e com a insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Pelo que sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a utilizar a eco3D para avaliar os determinantes do VAE em pacientes com CMD e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>A eco3D &#233; um m&#233;todo mais confi&#225;vel que a ecocardiografia bidimensional para estimar o VAE e sua acur&#225;cia &#233; semelhante &#224; da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico e a sintomas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Ainda, sabe-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; um marcador de gravidade da doen&#231;a e est&#225; relacionada a sintomas e progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com CMD e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>&#193;trio esquerdo e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo influxo mitral e Doppler tecidual reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica instant&#226;nea. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que o VAE reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Em nosso estudo, foi demonstrado que o VAE est&#225; fortemente relacionado &#224;s press&#245;es de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;) nos pacientes com CMD. Assim, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#227;o fortemente relacionadas tamb&#233;m nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#193;trio esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia mitral</title>
          <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o VAE est&#225; associado com a insufici&#234;ncia mitral. &#192; medida que a insufici&#234;ncia mitral aumenta de intensidade, o AE dilata. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; bem conhecido na doen&#231;a valvar mitral prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, por&#233;m o estudo foi capaz de demonstrar que esse fen&#244;meno tamb&#233;m ocorre com a insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outras causas de dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          <p>Outros mecanismos podem estar envolvidos na dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com CMD. A miopatia atrial foi descrita em s&#233;ries de necropsias de CMD idiop&#225;tica, assim como na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou que o &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; mais afetado na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica do que na CMD idiop&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, a qual apresenta maior comprometimento do que a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
          <p>De forma interessante, no presente estudo, os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o fraca a moderada com a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, por&#233;m n&#227;o estiveram independentemente associados &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo na an&#225;lise multivariada. Esses achados sugerem que o processo miop&#225;tico no VE, o qual causa a sua dilata&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o apresenta a mesma intensidade no &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
          <p>Outro mecanismo possivelmente envolvido na dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; o processo inflamat&#243;rio que pode estar presente na CMD. Estudos pr&#233;vios em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre processo inflamat&#243;rio e aumento do VAE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear ou necropsia nesses pacientes, as quais poderiam ter fornecido outros par&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo, como extens&#227;o da fibrose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, que tamb&#233;m poderiam estar relacionados ao aumento do VAE.</p>
          <p>&#201; importante lembrar que a velocidade inicial (onda E) do fluxo diast&#243;lico transmitral &#233; influenciada pelo grau da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Infelizmente, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel diferenciar quanto da velocidade da onda E &#233; devido ao aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento e quanto &#233; pela insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
          <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o avaliou se um processo inflamat&#243;rio estava associado ao aumento do VAE, como ocorrem em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Embora seja importante lembrar que os biomarcadores sangu&#237;neos mostram o estado inflamat&#243;rio instant&#226;neo, enquanto a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; um processo cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; determinado independentemente pelas press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;) e pela insufici&#234;ncia mitral em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
