<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bLVq7phXTMwkgtJyZ4Qqf7m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000045</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050053</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> seems not to be Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in an Asymptomatic and Normolipidemic Brazilian Population Sample</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherrer</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Helena de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Calanca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parra</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Soler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panzoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Baratella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secolin</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracat</surname>
            <given-names>Jamal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Eder Carlos Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Radiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Zanetti Scherrer,</bold> R. Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, Postal Code 13083-887. Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>zanettis@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Scherrer DZ, Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC. Acquisition of data:Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Baracat J. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Secolin R, Baracat J, Faria EC. Statistical analysis: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Secolin R. Obtaining financing: Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC. Writing of the manuscript:Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Faria EC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Secolin R, Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>45</fpage>
      <lpage>52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Evidences suggest that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) confers important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties when associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationships between p.Q192R SNP of<italic>PON1</italic>, biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic, normolipidemic Brazilian population sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied 584 volunteers (females n = 326, males n = 258; 19-75 years of age). Total genomic DNA was extracted and SNP was detected in the TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup> SNP OpenArray<sup>&#174;</sup> genotyping platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were determined and PON1 activity was measured using paraoxon as a substrate. High-resolution &#946;-mode ultrasonography was used to measure cIMT and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in a subgroup of individuals (n = 317).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The presence of p.192Q was associated with a significant increase in PON1 activity (RR = 12.30 (11.38); RQ = 46.96 (22.35); QQ = 85.35 (24.83) &#956;mol/min; p &lt; 0.0001), HDL-C (RR= 45 (37); RQ = 62 (39); QQ = 69 (29) mg/dL; p &lt; 0.001) and apo A-I (RR = 140.76 &#177; 36.39; RQ = 147.62 &#177; 36.92; QQ = 147.49 &#177; 36.65 mg/dL; p = 0.019). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that heterozygous and p.192Q carriers influenced by 58% PON1 activity towards paraoxon. The univariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that p.Q192R SNP was not associated with mean cIMT; as a result, in the multiple regression analysis, no variables were selected with 5% significance. In logistic regression analysis, the studied parameters were not associated with the presence of carotid plaques.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In low-risk individuals, the presence of the p.192Q variant of<italic>PON1</italic> is associated with a beneficial plasma lipid profile but not with carotid atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Paraoxonase-1 / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, HDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNP</funding-source>
          <award-id>159980/2012-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>471380/2008-13</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Human paraoxonase 1 (<italic>PON1</italic> -OMIM 168820) is a calcium-dependent serum esterase composed of 354 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 43kDa, and coded in chromosome 7q21. It is expressed in a variety of tissues, but synthesized mainly in the liver. PON1 binds to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) through interaction of hydrophobic N-terminus with phospholipids and with apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> leading to HDL important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies suggest that PON1 activity could influence HDL-C levels, probably because of the involvement of PON1 in the protection against HDL oxidation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Furthermore, PON1 is present in small and dense HDL particles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, indicating that there is a relationship between PON1 activity and HDL size<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between PON1 activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in humans has been reported among various ethnic populations; thus, two meta-analyses confirm the association of a lower PON1 activity with increased CHD risk regardless of age and ethnicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>PON1 activity is under genetic and environmental regulation and varies widely among individuals and populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The SNP rs662, found in the coding region, leads to a substitution of glutamine (C<underline>A</underline>A) for arginine (C<underline>G</underline>A) at position 192 (p.Q192R)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.In addition to its effects on the enzymatic activity, several studies have been carried out to elucidate the relationship of this SNP with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) in different populations. The p.192R variant frequency was increased in CVD groups of Japanese, Caucasian and Asian-Indian populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>; however, the same associations were not found in Turkish and Finnish populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the Brazilian population, the p.Q192R SNP distribution varies among ethnic groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; additionally, the impact of the p.192R variant on established CVD is conflicting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Moreover, there are no studies in our population relating SNP to CVD risk in asymptomatic individuals; indeed, studies associating the polymorphism with subclinical carotid disease in healthy individuals are rare<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>In view of the results obtained in studies in different ethnic groups, and the scarcity of studies in low-risk populations, we investigated the relationships of p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> with biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic, normolipidemic Brazilian population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This study comprised 584 individuals selected among 1536 normolipidemic and asymptomatic volunteers of both genders, aged 19 to 75 years, who had undergone free health checkups in primary health care centers between 2008 and 2012 in Campinas and Americana (S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), as previous described by Parra et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. At admission, the individuals underwent a complete clinical evaluation and answered a detailed questionnaire to provide data on family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD), (defined as the occurrence of acute events and/or death in first-degree relatives), past and current health status, exercise and diet habits, alcohol and tobacco use, and medications. The exercise habits were evaluated through a questionnaire adapted from Baecke et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, consisting of 16 questions that include three indexes of habitual physical activities in the last 12 months, defined as (<italic>i</italic>) occupational or labor physical activity index; (<italic>ii</italic>) free time physical exercise index; and (<italic>iii</italic>) free time and locomotion activity index. Furthermore, diet habits were evaluated by a dietary frequency questionnaire (classified as daily, weekly and monthly/no consumption) adapted from Furlan-Viebig and Pastor-Valero<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> of ten food classes as follows: (<italic>i</italic>) milk and dairy products; (<italic>ii</italic>) meat, fish and eggs; (<italic>iii</italic>) vegetables; (<italic>iv</italic>) fruits; (<italic>v</italic>) natural juices; (<italic>vi</italic>) breads, cereals and tubers; (<italic>vii</italic>) oils and fats; (<italic>viii</italic>) sweets, snacks and treats; (<italic>ix</italic>) non&#8209;alcoholic beverages and (<italic>x</italic>) preparations and miscellaneous.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria included regular use of medications, especially those which interfere with the lipid metabolism, such as statins, hormonal replacement therapy and contraceptives. The medications allowed in the protocol included: (1) vitamins, nutritional supplements and homeopathy; (2) antidepressants; (3) analgesics (sporadic use); (4) antiallergics and proton pump inhibitors; and (5) two or more of the mentioned medications combined. Additionally, we excluded volunteers with thyroid dysfunction; dyslipidemia; diabetes mellitus; metabolic syndrome; obesity; pregnancy; arterial hypertension; liver, lung or kidney diseases; alcohol abuse (&gt; 14g/day); and smoking.</p>
        <p>Venous blood samples were drawn after a 12h fasting period for serum and EDTA plasma separation by centrifugation (4&#176;C, 1000 x <italic>g</italic>, 10 minutes), and stored at -80&#176;C until analysis. In another visit, the volunteers underwent carotid ultrasonography.</p>
        <p> The Medical Sciences Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas approved this study and all volunteers gave written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analysis</title>
        <p>Fresh serum samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose in Modular Analytics<sup>&#174;</sup> EVO (Roche Diagnostics, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK) using Roche Diagnostics<sup>&#174;</sup> reagents (Mannheim, Germany). Apolipoproteins A-1 and B were determined by nephelometry in BN II (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) automated system using commercially available assays (Dade-Boehringer&#174;, Deerfield, Illinois, USA). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using the Friedwald formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, while very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) was calculated using the formula triglycerides/5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by immunoturbidimetry in a high-sensitivity method (hsCRP), using the commercially available assay Tina-quant CRP (Latex) HS-Roche (Roche Diagnostics<sup>&#174;</sup>, Mannheim, Germany).</p>
        <p>HDL particle size was determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique after chemical precipitation of apo B-containing lipoproteins in plasma samples using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The measurements were performed in triplicate in the Nanotrac Particle Size Analyzer (Microtrac, North Largo, Florida, USA) and a 100nm polymeric nanoparticle was used as the standard; a control sample obtained from the same individual plasma was used in all determinations.</p>
        <p>Plasma activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) was determined by radiometric assays using exogenous substrates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.Additionaly, PON1 activity was measured using paraoxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) as substrate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SNP genotyping</title>
        <p>Total genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral mononuclear blood cells, according to the standard phenol/chloroform method. Quality, integrity and concentration were determined and DNA samples were stored at &#8722;20 &#176;C prior to use.</p>
        <p>Genotype analysis for p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> was performed using the OpenArray<sup>&#174;</sup>Real-Time PCR Platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), following the manufacturer&#8217;s standard protocol. The genotypes were determined using the TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup>Genotyper Software 1.0.1. (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Individuals with the GG genotype were designated as RR (p.192R homozygous), while those with the AA genotype were named QQ (p.192Q homozygous) and those with the GA genotype (heterozygous) were designated as RQ.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurements</title>
        <p>All volunteers were invited to undergo carotid intima&#8209;media thickness measurements and a subgroup of 317 individuals underwent the test. Carotid ultrasonography was performed by a single trained sonographer, blind to the study subjects. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was carried out using a 6-9 MHz linear array ultrasound imaging system (ATL HDI 1500 and 3500 Ultrasound System, Advanced Technology Laboratories Ultrasound, Bothell, EUA) and longitudinal measurements were made of segments of the common carotid arteries at the distal wall and at 1 cm from the bifurcation. Mean cIMT was calculated based on the average of five measurements of the right and left sides and expressed in millimeters (mm); the presence of carotid plaques was also investigated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) and R software (R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria). Normal distribution of the variables was determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normal data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and non-normal data are expressed as median (interquartile range).</p>
        <p>Comparisons between genotypes were performed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, followed by the Bonferroni&#8217;s test for normal and non-normal data, respectively. Additionally, chi-square test was performed for categorical variables. When necessary, the comparisons were adjusted by ANCOVA for age, gender and body mass index (BMI).</p>
        <p>Stepwise regression analyses were performed to verify the main determinants of PON1 activity, and included the variables age, gender, BMI, HDL particle size, CETP, PLTP and p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> . The RR genotype was used as a reference group.</p>
        <p>Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of HDL-C, apo A-1, HDL particle size, hsCRP, PON1 activity and p.Q192R SNP on mean cIMT; the analyses were controlled for age, gender and BMI. In addition, logistic regression analysis determined the odds ratio (OR) for the presence of carotid plaques according to HDL-C, apo A-1, HDL particle size, hsCRP, PON1 activity and p.Q192R SNP, also controlled for age, gender and BMI. The G* Power software was used in order to evaluate whether the sample had statistical power to detect associations, according to the following parameters: OR = 1.5; significance level &#945; = 0.008 (adjusted for multiple comparisons); two-tailed; statistical power 1-&#946; = 80%. In this way, the sample showed 99.9% and 54.98% of statistical power for multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis, respectively.</p>
        <p>P-values &lt; 0.05 (corrected by Bonferroni for multiple tests) were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study population was comprised of 56% females and 44% males, and genotype frequency was 37%, 45% and 19% for RR, RQ and QQ groups, respectively. The p.Q192R SNP was in Hardy&#8211;Weinberg equilibrium. Furthermore, all volunteers were asymptomatic; non-smokers; had no past or current history of thyroid dysfunction, dyslipidemias, diabetes mellitus or other endocrine diseases; no pregnancy, obesity, metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension; no liver, lung or kidney diseases.</p>
      <p>Clinical and biochemical characteristics were described and compared between genotypes, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">table 1</xref>. QQ volunteers presented a significant increase in PON1 activity, total cholesterol, HDL-C and apo A-1 when compared to RQ or RR groups. No significant differences were observed regarding all the other biochemical parameters, mean cIMT, presence of plaques, family history of premature CAD, alcohol consumption, medication use and physical activity indexes. Additionally, the frequencies (daily, weekly and monthly/no consumption) of the ten studied food classes were not significantly different between the genotypes, as follows: milk and dairy products (p = 0.716); meat, fish and eggs (p = 0.269); vegetables (p = 0.766); fruits (p = 0.198); natural juices (0.412); breads, cereals and tubers (0.136); oils and fats (p = 0.435); sweets, snacks and treats (p = 0.545); non-alcoholic beverages (p = 0.454) and preparations and miscellaneous (p = 0.874).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Descriptive and comparative analyses of clinical, anthropometrlcal and biochemical parameters among PON1 p.Q192R genotypes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RR (n = 215)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RQ (n = 260)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>QQ (n = 109)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender (Female/Male)</td>
              <td align="center">112/103</td>
              <td align="center">153/107</td>
              <td align="center">61/48</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.6 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.334</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">170 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">174 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">176 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">0.044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (37)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (29)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL size (nm)</td>
              <td align="center">7.85 (0.91)</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 (1.02)</td>
              <td align="center">8.06 (0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (43)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">100 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 23</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VLDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo A-I (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">140.76 &#177; 36.39</td>
              <td align="center">147.62 &#177; 36.92</td>
              <td align="center">147.49 &#177; 36.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo B (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">76.37 &#177; 19.64</td>
              <td align="center">76.80 &#177; 17.11</td>
              <td align="center">75.54 &#177; 18.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.472</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CETP(%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.55 &#177; 5.45</td>
              <td align="center">13.38 &#177; 5.92</td>
              <td align="center">13.20 &#177; 5.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.616</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PLTP (nmolesFC/mL/h)</td>
              <td align="center">6321 (3074)</td>
              <td align="center">6086 (2253)</td>
              <td align="center">6088 (2393)</td>
              <td align="center">0.414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PON1 (Mmol/min)</td>
              <td align="center">12.30 (5.90)</td>
              <td align="center">46.95 (22.35)</td>
              <td align="center">85.35 (21.18)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.499</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>hsCRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 (1.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.231</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean cIMT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 (0.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.207</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carotid Plaques (Yes/No, %)</td>
              <td align="center">19/81</td>
              <td align="center">18/82</td>
              <td align="center">11/89</td>
              <td align="center">0.712</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of premature CAD (Yes/No, %)</td>
              <td align="center">7/30</td>
              <td align="center">6/39</td>
              <td align="center">6/15</td>
              <td align="center">0.659</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alcohol consumption (Moderate/No consumption, %)</td>
              <td align="center">7/31</td>
              <td align="center">9/36</td>
              <td align="center">3/14</td>
              <td align="center">0.503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Medications (Yes/No, %)</td>
              <td align="center">5/31</td>
              <td align="center">8/37</td>
              <td align="center">3/16</td>
              <td align="center">0.903</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Occupational or labor physical activity index</td>
              <td align="center">2.75 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">2.75 (0.87)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (0.62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Free time physical exercise index</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (1.25)</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (1.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.913</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Free time and locomotion activity index</td>
              <td align="center">2.50 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">2.50 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">2.50 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.998</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>(n): number of individuals or as shown below; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo: apoliprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C reactive protein; CETP: cholesteryl ester transfer protein; PLTP: phospholipid transfer protein; FC: free cholesterol; PON1: paraoxonase 1; CAD: coronary artery disease; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness: RR (119), RQ (132),QQ (66). Normal and non-normal data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and median (interquartile range), respectively P values - ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, adjusted with ANCOVA for age, gender and BMI; significant differences (p &#8804; 0.05) by Bonferroni's were indicated by</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>RR&#8800;RQ;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>RR&#8800;QQ;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>QQ&#8800;RQ.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Plasma PON1 activity was influenced only by QQ (R<sup>2</sup> = 39%) and RQ (R<sup>2</sup> = 19%) genotypes, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">table 2</xref>; thus, other non-studied factors have an influence of 42%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Stepwise regression analysis for PON1 activity in the studied population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>R<sup>2</sup>
								</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Cumulative R<sup>2</sup>
								</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>F</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>QQ</td>
              <td align="center">0.3876</td>
              <td align="center">0.3876</td>
              <td align="center">193.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RQ</td>
              <td align="center">0.1918</td>
              <td align="center">0.5794</td>
              <td align="center">210.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non-studied factors</td>
              <td align="center">0.4206</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>R<sup>2</sup>: coefficient of determination. Variables analyzed following the stepwise criteria are age, gender (female x male), body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-C, HDL particle size, CETP, PLTP and p.Q192R SNP. The RR genotype was used as reference group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Univariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the studied parameters, including p.Q192R SNP, were not associated with mean cIMT, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">table 3</xref>. As a result, in the multiple regression analysis no variables were selected with 5% significance. In addition, for the logistic regression analysis the studied parameters were not associated with the presence of plaques, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis for cIMT In the studied population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="4" align="left">
                <bold>Univariate linear regression (n = 310)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Estimate</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>R<sup>2</sup>
								</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>p.Q192R (RR x QQ)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">8.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p.Q192R (QQ x RQ)</td>
              <td align="center">-17.26</td>
              <td align="center">10.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.845</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo A-I</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.482</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL particle size</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">6.96</td>
              <td align="center">0.895</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>hsCRP</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.554</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PON1 activity</td>
              <td align="center">-0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.548</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Multiple linear regression analysis (n = 310)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Independent variable</td>
              <td align="center">Dependent Variable</td>
              <td align="center">Estimate</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
              <td align="center">R<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean cIMT</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>The variables were transformed into ranks due the absence of Normal distribution and the analyses were controlled for age, gender and BMI. SE: standard error; R<sup>2</sup>: coefficient of determination; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; apo: apolipoprotein; hsCRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; PON1: paraoxonase 1.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Logistic regression analysis for the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in the studied population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="5" align="left">
                <bold>Univariate logistic regression (n= 308)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Estimate</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>p.Q192R (RR x QQ)</td>
              <td align="center">0.270</td>
              <td align="center">0.471</td>
              <td align="center">0.567</td>
              <td align="center">1.310</td>
              <td align="center">0.520; 3.303</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p.Q192R (QQ x RQ)</td>
              <td align="center">0.266</td>
              <td align="center">0.464</td>
              <td align="center">0.566</td>
              <td align="center">1.305</td>
              <td align="center">0.526; 3.241</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">-0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.777</td>
              <td align="center">0.997</td>
              <td align="center">0.980; 1.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo A-I</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.486</td>
              <td align="center">1.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.994; 1.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL particle size</td>
              <td align="center">-0.370</td>
              <td align="center">0.299</td>
              <td align="center">0.216</td>
              <td align="center">0.691</td>
              <td align="center">0.384; 1.241</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>hsCRP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.032</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
              <td align="center">0.418</td>
              <td align="center">0.968</td>
              <td align="center">0.895; 1.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PON1 activity</td>
              <td align="center">-0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.334</td>
              <td align="center">0.994</td>
              <td align="center">0.983; 1.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Multiple logistic analyses (n = 308)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Independent variable</td>
              <td align="center">Dependent variable</td>
              <td align="center">Estimate</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
              <td align="center">OR</td>
              <td align="center">CI95%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carotid plaques</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>The variables were transformed into ranks due the absence of Normal distribution and the analyses were controlled for age, gender and BMI. SE: standard error; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; apo: apolipoprotein; hsCRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; PON1: paraoxonase 1.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Studies conducted in different ethnic groups have reported diverse distribution of the p.192Q and p.192R variants. The p.192Q variant has been described as being more frequent in Caucasians<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, and p.192R, in Japanese, Chinese and Hispanic populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In addition, the frequencies have been previously explored in a Brazilian population sample, in which significant differences between genotypes regarding European descendants and Afro-Brazilians were demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In our study, the p.192R variant represents 59% of the total sample, and p.192Q, 41%, similar to the frequencies observed in the Afro-Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several SNPs in different regions of <italic>PON1</italic> have been identified, including the amino acid 192, which is one of the most frequently studied in order to identify the influence on enzyme activity and cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In the present study, we demonstrated that the p.192Q variant significantly modulates PON1 activity and the levels of apo A-1, cholesterol and HDL-C.</p>
      <p>Genetic variations have a major impact on PON1 catalytic activity; indeed, amino acid 192 is an important active-site of the enzyme and constitutes part of HDL surface anchoring<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Studies regarding the impact of p.Q192R on the hydrolytic activity demonstrated that the p.192R variant shows higher activity towards paraoxon and phenylacetate, compared to p.192Q<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Despite that, in this study, p.192Q was associated with increased activity towards paraoxon and the stepwise regression analysis suggests that 58% of PON1 activity was determined by this variant.</p>
      <p>There has been evidence associating higher PON1 activity with increased HDL-C levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Indeed, Blatter Garin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> observed positive correlations between PON1 activity, HDL-C and apo A-1 levels in a population with confirmed coronary artery disease as well as in control individuals. However, the p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> was not associated with apo A-1 and HDL-C levels in any of the groups. On the other hand, our study demonstrated that the p.192Q variant is a significant predictor of increased apo A-1 and HDL-C levels in normolipidemic and asymptomatic individuals.</p>
      <p>Low plasma PON1 activity has been positively associated with increased CVD risk regardless of age and ethnicity, as reported by numerous studies, including meta-analyses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In this context, multiple clinical reports focused on the role of <italic>PON1</italic> polymorphisms that directly affect PON1 activity on CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. In a meta-analysis including 88 studies, Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstrated that subjects with the p.192R variant presented a higher CVD risk than those with the p.192Q variant of<italic>PON1</italic> ; however, other studies still show controversies regarding the role of these alleles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Indeed, there was one strong association correlating the p.192R variant with ischemic stroke, but the risk was confined to Caucasians<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>; furthermore, Birjmohun et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> demonstrated that p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic> did not predict the CVD risk in individuals from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>The impact of p.Q192R SNP was also explored in Brazilian population samples. Rios et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> studied both p.Q192R and p.M55L SNPs of <italic>PON1</italic> in 712 patients, of whom 437 were Caucasians and 275 Afro-Brazilians with established CAD (obstructive lesions higher than 50%). The p.Q192R SNP was not associated with CAD; however, only in Caucasian men did the RR genotype lead to a decrease in HDL-C levels. Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> also determined the influence of p.Q192R and p.M55L SNPs on 352 patients with angiographically defined CAD and 380 matched controls for age and gender at a high risk for CAD. Similarly, no significant associations were found between the p.Q192R SNP and CAD. In addition, Voetsh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> evaluated the association of p.Q192R and p.M55L SNPs with the risk of arterial ischemic stroke in 118 patients (with a first nonfatal stroke occurring before 45 years of age) and 118 age- and sex-matched controls. The RR genotype was more frequent in patients with ischemic stroke and was independently associated with the disease risk. In this context, the Brazilian population presents controversial relationships regarding the p.Q192R SNP and cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>In addition to the reports involving the role of p.Q192R SNP of <italic>PON1</italic>on cardiovascular disease, previous studies conducted in disease states (mainly diabetes and/or hypercholesterolemia) showed inconsistent results regarding the associations between p.Q192R SNP and cIMT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, a surrogate marker of coronary atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the association of cIMT with p.Q192R in healthy individuals Dessi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observed an increase, although not significant, of cIMT in the p.192R variant among genotypes. Additionally, Karvonen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> did not observe significant differences regarding cIMT in a large cohort of hypertensive and control individuals. Similarly, there is a lack of associations of p.Q192R with cIMT and carotid atherosclerotic plaques in our study, strongly suggesting that this SNP, in low-risk individuals, is not a major parameter associated with carotid atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>The results should be carefully interpreted since there are limitations that must be addressed, such as the relatively small sample size given the study design, especially its rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, the number of volunteers who underwent the carotid IMT exam was not enough to reach the minimum statistical power (80%) for the logistic regression analysis, since the predicted sample size to meet this condition was 480 individuals. Furthermore, the low compliance to a second visit for cIMT measurements limited our conclusions and the regression analysis could not provide evidences of a causal relationship between<italic>PON1</italic> polymorphism and carotid plaques.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Despite the absence of associations of p.Q192R SNP with cIMT and carotid plaques, there is evidence in our study that the p.192Q variant exerts important beneficial influences on the plasma lipid profile. However, larger studies are needed to further establish the association of p.Q192R SNP with CVD in low cardiovascular risk individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq (processo 159980/2012-7) and FAPESP (processo 471380/2008-13).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), grant number 159980/2012-7, and by the State of S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp), grant number 471380/2008-13.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References  </title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sorenson RC, Bisgaier CL, Aviram M, Hsu C, Billecke S, La Du BN. Human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase's retained hydrophobic N-terminal leader sequence associates with HDLs by binding phospholipids: apolipoprotein A-I stabilizes activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(9):2214-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorenson</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bisgaier</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aviram</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billecke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>La Du</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase's retained hydrophobic N-terminal leader sequence associates with HDLs by binding phospholipids: apolipoprotein A-I stabilizes activity</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2214</fpage>
          <lpage>2225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Aviram M, Kaplan M, Rosenblat M, Fuhrman B. Dietary antioxidants and paraoxonases against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis development. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2005;(170):263-300.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aviram</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenblat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuhrman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary antioxidants and paraoxonases against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis development</article-title>
          <source>Handb Exp Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <issue>170</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>300</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>van Himbergen TM, Roest M, de Graaf J, Jansen EH, Hattori H, Kastelein JJ, et al. Indications that paraoxonase-1 contributes to plasma high density lipoprotein levels in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 2005;46(3):445-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Himbergen</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roest</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jansen</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hattori</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Indications that paraoxonase-1 contributes to plasma high density lipoprotein levels in familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>445</fpage>
          <lpage>451</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kontush A, Chantepie S, Chapman MJ. Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(10):1881-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kontush</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chantepie</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1881</fpage>
          <lpage>1888</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Razavi AE, Ani M, Pourfarzam M, Naderi GA. Associations between high density lipoprotein mean particle size and serum paraoxonase-1 activity. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(11):1020-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Razavi</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pourfarzam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naderi</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations between high density lipoprotein mean particle size and serum paraoxonase-1 activity</article-title>
          <source>J Res Med Sci</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1020</fpage>
          <lpage>1026</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang M, Lang X, Cui S, Zou L, Cao J, Wang S, et al. Quantitative assessment of the influence of paraoxonase 1 activity and coronary heart disease risk. DNA Cell Biol. 2012;31(6):975-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cui</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantitative assessment of the influence of paraoxonase 1 activity and coronary heart disease risk</article-title>
          <source>DNA Cell Biol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>982</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhao Y, Ma Y, Fang Y, Liu L, Wu S, Fu D, et al. Association between PON1 activity and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis based on 43 studies. Mol Genet Metab. 2012;105(1):141-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between PON1 activity and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis based on 43 studies</article-title>
          <source>Mol Genet Metab</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Schrader C, Rimbach G. Determinants of paraoxonase 1 status: genes, drugs and nutrition. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(36):5624-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schrader</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rimbach</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of paraoxonase 1 status: genes, drugs and nutrition</article-title>
          <source>Curr Med Chem</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>5624</fpage>
          <lpage>5643</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Humbert R, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE. The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism. Nat Genet. 1993;3(1):73-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Humbert</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adler</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Disteche</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassett</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omiecinski</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furlong</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism</article-title>
          <source>Nat Genet</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Imai Y, Morita H, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T, Kato N, Ebihara A, et al. Evidence for association between paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and atherosclerotic diseases. Atherosclerosis. 2000;149(2):435-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Imai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurihara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugiyama</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebihara</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence for association between paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and atherosclerotic diseases</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zama T, Murata M, Matsubara Y, Kawano K, Aoki N, Yoshino H, et al. A 192Arg variant of the human paraoxonase (HUMPONA) gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease in the Japanese. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(12):3565-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zama</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murata</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawano</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aoki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshino</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A 192Arg variant of the human paraoxonase (HUMPONA) gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease in the Japanese</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3565</fpage>
          <lpage>3569</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pfohl M, Koch M, Enderle MD, Kuhn R, Fullhase J, Karsch KR, et al. Paraoxonase 192 Gln/Arg gene polymorphism, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48(3):623-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfohl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enderle</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuhn</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fullhase</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karsch</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase 192 Gln/Arg gene polymorphism, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bayrak A, Bayrak T, Tokgozoglu SL, Volkan-Salanci B, Deniz A, Yavuz B, et al. Serum PON-1 activity but not Q192R polymorphism is related to the extent of atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012;19(4):376-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayrak</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayrak</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokgozoglu</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volkan-Salanci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deniz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yavuz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum PON-1 activity but not Q192R polymorphism is related to the extent of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Atheroscler Thromb</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>384</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Antikainen M, Murtomaki S, Syvanne M, Pahlman R, Tahvanainen E, Jauhiainen M, et al. The Gln-Arg191 polymorphism of the human paraoxonase gene (HUMPONA) is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in Finns. J Clin Invest. 1996;98(4):883-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antikainen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murtomaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Syvanne</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pahlman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tahvanainen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jauhiainen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Gln-Arg191 polymorphism of the human paraoxonase gene (HUMPONA) is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in Finns</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>883</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Allebrandt KV, Souza RL, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA. Variability of the paraoxonase gene (PON1) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002;180(3):151-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allebrandt</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chautard-Freire-Maia</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Variability of the paraoxonase gene (PON1) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>180</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rios DL, D'Onofrio LO, Cerqueira CC, Bonfim-Silva R, Carvalho HG, Santos-Filho A, et al. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in angiographically assessed coronary artery disease: evidence for gender interaction among Brazilians. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45(7):874-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rios</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Onofrio</surname>
              <given-names>LO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfim-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in angiographically assessed coronary artery disease: evidence for gender interaction among Brazilians</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem Lab Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>874</fpage>
          <lpage>878</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Oliveira SA, Mansur AP, Ribeiro CC, Ramires JA, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. PON1 M/L55 mutation protects high-risk patients against coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2004;94(1):73-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Annichino-Bizzacchi</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>PON1 M/L55 mutation protects high-risk patients against coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Voetsch B, Benke KS, Damasceno BP, Siqueira LH, Loscalzo J.
					Paraoxonase 192 Gln--&gt;Arg polymorphism: an independent risk factor for nonfatal arterial ischemic stroke among young adults. Stroke. 2002;33(6):1459-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voetsch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benke</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damasceno</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loscalzo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase 192 Gln--&gt;Arg polymorphism: an independent risk factor for nonfatal arterial ischemic stroke among young adults</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1459</fpage>
          <lpage>1464</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Dessi M, Gnasso A, Motti C, Pujia A, Irace C, Casciani S, et al. Influence of the human paraoxonase polymorphism (PON1 192) on the carotid-wall thickening in a healthy population. Coron Artery Dis. 1999;10(8):595-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dessi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gnasso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pujia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irace</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casciani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of the human paraoxonase polymorphism (PON1 192) on the carotid-wall thickening in a healthy population</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>595</fpage>
          <lpage>599</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Parra ES, Zago VH, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Vendrame F, Virginio VW, et al. Development of a clinical laboratory data base of hyper and hypo alpha lipoproteins in Campinas-SP and neighboring region. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2013;49(1):26-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parra</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zago</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panzoldo</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandre</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vendrame</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virginio</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of a clinical laboratory data base of hyper and hypo alpha lipoproteins in Campinas-SP and neighboring region</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Patol Med Lab</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):936-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baecke</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burema</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frijters</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>936</fpage>
          <lpage>942</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Furlan-Viebig R, Pastor-Valero M. [Development of a food frequency questionnaire to study diet and non-communicable diseases in adult population]. Rev Saude Publica. 2004;38(4):581-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Furlan-Viebig</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastor-Valero</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of a food frequency questionnaire to study diet and non-communicable diseases in adult population</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>581</fpage>
          <lpage>584</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499-502.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedewald</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fredrickson</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>1972</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>499</fpage>
          <lpage>502</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lima ES, Maranhao RC. Rapid, simple laser-light-scattering method for HDL particle sizing in whole plasma. Clin Chem. 2004;50(6):1086-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maranhao</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapid, simple laser-light-scattering method for HDL particle sizing in whole plasma</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1086</fpage>
          <lpage>1088</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lagrost L. Determination of the mass concentration and the activity of the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Methods Mol Biol. 1998;110:231-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lagrost</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of the mass concentration and the activity of the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)</article-title>
          <source>Methods Mol Biol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C. Determination of human plasma phospholipid transfer protein mass and activity. Methods. 2005;36(2):97-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jauhiainen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehnholm</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of human plasma phospholipid transfer protein mass and activity</article-title>
          <source>Methods</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kleemola P, Freese R, Jauhiainen M, Pahlman R, Alfthan G, Mutanen M. Dietary determinants of serum paraoxonase activity in healthy humans. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160(2):425-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kleemola</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freese</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jauhiainen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pahlman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfthan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mutanen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary determinants of serum paraoxonase activity in healthy humans</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>425</fpage>
          <lpage>432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>Chen J, Kumar M, Chan W, Berkowitz G, Wetmur JG. Increased influence of genetic variation on PON1 activity in neonates. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(11):1403-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wetmur</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased influence of genetic variation on PON1 activity in neonates</article-title>
          <source>Environ Health Perspect</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1403</fpage>
          <lpage>1409</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rojas-Garcia AE, Solis-Heredia MJ, Pina-Guzman B, Vega L, Lopez-Carrillo L, Quintanilla-Vega B. Genetic polymorphisms and activity of PON1 in a Mexican population. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;205(3):282-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rojas-Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solis-Heredia</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pina-Guzman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vega</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Carrillo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quintanilla-Vega</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic polymorphisms and activity of PON1 in a Mexican population</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>205</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>289</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang X, Fan Z, Huang J, Su S, Yu Q, Zhao J, et al. Extensive association analysis between polymorphisms of PON gene cluster with coronary heart disease in Chinese Han population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):328-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extensive association analysis between polymorphisms of PON gene cluster with coronary heart disease in Chinese Han population</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>328</fpage>
          <lpage>334</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>Suehiro T, Nakamura T, Inoue M, Shiinoki T, Ikeda Y, Kumon Y, et al. A polymorphism upstream from the human paraoxonase (PON1) gene and its association with PON1 expression. Atherosclerosis. 2000;150(2):295-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suehiro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiinoki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumon</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A polymorphism upstream from the human paraoxonase (PON1) gene and its association with PON1 expression</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>298</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lawlor DA, Day IN, Gaunt TR, Hinks LJ, Briggs PJ, Kiessling M, et al. The association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary heart disease: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health cohort study and a meta-analysis. BMC Genet. 2004;5:17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lawlor</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Day</surname>
              <given-names>IN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaunt</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hinks</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Briggs</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiessling</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary heart disease: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health cohort study and a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMC Genet</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gaidukov L, Rosenblat M, Aviram M, Tawfik DS. The 192R/Q polymorphs of serum paraoxonase PON1 differ in HDL binding, lipolactonase stimulation, and cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res. 2006;47(11):2492-502.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaidukov</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenblat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aviram</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tawfik</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 192R/Q polymorphs of serum paraoxonase PON1 differ in HDL binding, lipolactonase stimulation, and cholesterol efflux</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2492</fpage>
          <lpage>2502</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>Blatter Garin MC, Moren X, James RW. Paraoxonase-1 and serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I. J Lipid Res. 2006;47(3):515-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blatter Garin</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moren</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase-1 and serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>520</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang M, Lang X, Zou L, Huang S, Xu Z. Four genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis based on 88 case-control studies. Atherosclerosis. 2011;214(2):377-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Four genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis based on 88 case-control studies</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>214</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>385</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>Dahabreh IJ, Kitsios GD, Kent DM, Trikalinos TA. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med. 2010;12(10):606-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahabreh</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitsios</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trikalinos</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Genet Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>606</fpage>
          <lpage>615</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>Birjmohun RS, Vergeer M, Stroes ES, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL, Tanck MW, et al. Both paraoxonase-1 genotype and activity do not predict the risk of future coronary artery disease; the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6809.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Birjmohun</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vergeer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stroes</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandhu</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ricketts</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanck</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Both paraoxonase-1 genotype and activity do not predict the risk of future coronary artery disease; the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e6809</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gnasso A, Motti C, Irace C, Di Gennaro I, Pujia A, Leto E, et al. The Arg allele in position 192 of PON1 is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with elevated HDLs. Atherosclerosis. 2002;164(2):289-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gnasso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irace</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Gennaro</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pujia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leto</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Arg allele in position 192 of PON1 is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with elevated HDLs</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>164</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>295</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>Cao H, Girard-Globa A, Serusclat A, Bernard S, Bondon P, Picard S, et al. Lack of association between carotid intima-media thickness and paraoxonase gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1998;138(2):361-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girard-Globa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serusclat</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bondon</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lack of association between carotid intima-media thickness and paraoxonase gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>366</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>Leus FR, Wittekoek ME, Prins J, Kastelein JJ, Voorbij HA. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms are associated with carotid arterial wall thickness in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2000;149(2):371-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leus</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wittekoek</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prins</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voorbij</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms are associated with carotid arterial wall thickness in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>377</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Selzer RH, Liu CR, Liu CH, et al. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(4):262-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaBree</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selzer</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>Karvonen J, Kauma H, Paivansalo M, Kesaniemi YA. Paraoxonase-1 gene Leu-Met55 and Gln-Arg192 polymorphisms are not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11(6):511-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karvonen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kauma</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paivansalo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesaniemi</surname>
              <given-names>YA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paraoxonase-1 gene Leu-Met55 and Gln-Arg192 polymorphisms are not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>512</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic> n&#227;o Parece Associar-se a Fatores de Risco para a Aterosclerose Carot&#237;dea em Amostra de Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira Normolipid&#234;mica e Assintom&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherrer</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Helena de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Calanca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parra</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Soler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panzoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Baratella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secolin</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracat</surname>
            <given-names>Jamal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Eder Carlos Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Radiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Zanetti Scherrer,</bold> R. Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, CEP 13083-887. Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>zanettis@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Scherrer DZ, Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Baracat J. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Secolin R, Baracat J, Faria EC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Secolin R. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Faria EC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Scherrer DZ, Zago VHS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Secolin R, Quint&#227;o ECR, Faria EC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a paroxonase 1 (PON1) confere importantes propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamat&#243;rias quando associada &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre o SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic>, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em uma amostra populacional brasileira assintom&#225;tica e normolipid&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 584 volunt&#225;rios (mulheres, n = 326; homens, n = 258; idade entre 19-75 anos). Foi extra&#237;do DNA gen&#244;mico total e o SNP foi detectado na plataforma de genotipagem TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup> SNP OpenArray<sup>&#174;</sup>(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Foram dosadas lipoprote&#237;nas e apolipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas, e a atividade da PON1 foi medida utilizando-se paraoxon como substrato. Foi utilizada ultrassonografia bidimensional de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o para determinar a espessura &#237;ntimo&#8209;medial das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas (EIMc) e a presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas carot&#237;deas em um subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos (n = 317).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de p.192Q esteve associada a um aumento significativo da atividade da PON1 (RR = 12,30 (11,38); RQ = 46,96 (22,35); QQ = 85,35 (24.83) &#956;mol/min; p &lt; 0,0001), HDL-C (RR = 45 (37); RQ = 62 (39); QQ= 69 (29) mg/dL; p &lt; 0,001) e apo A-1 (RR = 140,76 &#177; 36,39; RQ = 147,62 &#177; 36,92; QQ = 147,49 &#177; 36,65 mg/dL; p = 0,019). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o<italic>stepwise</italic> mostrou que heterozigotos e portadores de p.192Q influenciaram 58% da atividade da PON1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paraoxon. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear univariada demonstrou que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o SNP p.Q192R e a EIMc m&#233;dia; como resultado, na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla nenhuma vari&#225;vel foi selecionada com 5% de signific&#226;ncia. Os par&#226;metros estudados n&#227;o se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco, a presen&#231;a da variante p.192Q da<italic>PON1</italic> mostrou-se associada a um perfil lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico ben&#233;fico e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de aterosclerose de car&#243;tida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Paraoxonase-1 / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas HDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A paraoxonase 1 (PON1-OMIM 168820) humana &#233; uma esterase s&#233;rica c&#225;lcio-dependente composta de 354 amino&#225;cidos, com peso molecular de 43kDa e codificada no cromossomo 7q21. A PON1 liga-se &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o do N-terminal hidrof&#243;bico com fosfol&#237;pides e a apolipoprote&#237;na A-1 (apo A-1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, conferindo importantes propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias &#224; HDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores sugerem que a atividade da PON1 pode influenciar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL-C, provavelmente devido ao envolvimento da PON1 na prote&#231;&#227;o contra oxida&#231;&#227;o da HDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a PON1 est&#225; presente em part&#237;culas de HDL pequenas e densas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, indicando que h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade de PON1 e o tamanho do HDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade da PON1 e o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em humanos tem sido documentada entre v&#225;rias etnias populacionais; assim, duas meta-an&#225;lises confirmaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de uma menor atividade da PON1 com aumento do risco de DAC, independentemente da idade e da etnia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A atividade da PON1 est&#225; sob regula&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e ambiental, havendo ampla varia&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos e popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O SNP rs662 encontrado na regi&#227;o codificadora leva a uma substitui&#231;&#227;o da glutamina (C<underline>A</underline>A) por arginina (C<underline>G</underline>A) na posi&#231;&#227;o 192 (p.Q192R)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m de seus efeitos sobre a atividade enzim&#225;tica, foram realizados v&#225;rios estudos para elucidar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre SNP e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) estabelecida em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. A frequ&#234;ncia da variante p.192R mostrou-se aumentada em grupos com DCV de popula&#231;&#245;es de japoneses, brancos e asi&#225;ticos-indianos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No entanto, essas associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram encontradas em popula&#231;&#245;es de turcos e finlandeses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, a distribui&#231;&#227;o do SNP p.Q192R varia entre grupos &#233;tnicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; al&#233;m disso, h&#225; controv&#233;rsias acerca do impacto da variante p.192R sobre DCV estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Ademais, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o correlacionando SNP ao risco de DCV em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos; de fato, s&#227;o raros os estudos associando o polimorfismo a aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Frente aos resultados obtidos em estudos realizados em diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos e &#224; escassez de estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco, investigamos as rela&#231;&#245;es do SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic> com par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira assintom&#225;tica e normolipid&#234;mica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 584 indiv&#237;duos selecionados entre 1536 volunt&#225;rios normolipid&#234;micos e assintom&#225;ticos de ambos os sexos, com idade de 19 a 75 anos que haviam sido submetidos a check-ups de sa&#250;de gratuitos em centros de atendimento prim&#225;rio &#224; sa&#250;de entre 2008 e 2012 nas cidades de Campinas e Americana (Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), como anteriormente descrito por Parra e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. &#192; admiss&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa e responderam a um question&#225;rio detalhado para fornecer dados sobre antecedentes familiares de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce (definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos agudos e/ou &#243;bito em parentes de primeiro grau), estado de sa&#250;de pregresso e atual, h&#225;bitos alimentares e de atividades f&#237;sicas, consumo de &#225;lcool e cigarro, e medica&#231;&#245;es. Os h&#225;bitos de atividades f&#237;sicas foram avaliados por meio de um question&#225;rio adaptado de Baecke e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, consistindo de 16 perguntas que incluem 3 &#237;ndices de atividades f&#237;sicas habituais nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, definidas como (<italic>i</italic>) &#237;ndice de atividade f&#237;sica ocupacional ou laboral; (<italic>ii</italic>) &#237;ndice de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no tempo livre; e (<italic>iii</italic>) &#237;ndice de atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e de locomo&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os h&#225;bitos alimentares foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar (classificada como di&#225;ria, semanal ou mensal/nenhum consumo) adaptado de Furlan-Viebig e Pastor-Valero<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, das 10 seguintes classes de alimentos: (<italic>i</italic>) leite e derivados; (<italic>ii</italic>) carne, peixe e ovos; (<italic>iii</italic>) legumes; (<italic>iv</italic>) frutas; (<italic>v</italic>) sucos naturais; (<italic>vi</italic>) p&#227;es, cereais e tuberosas; (<italic>vii</italic>) &#243;leos e gorduras; (<italic>viii</italic>) doces, lanches e guloseimas; (<italic>ix</italic>) bebidas n&#227;o alco&#243;licas e (<italic>x</italic>) prepara&#231;&#245;es e outros.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram o uso regular de medicamentos, especialmente aqueles que interferem com o metabolismo dos lip&#237;deos, como as estatinas, terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e contraceptivos. As medica&#231;&#245;es permitidas no protocolo inclu&#237;ram: (1) vitaminas, suplementos nutricionais e homeopatia; (2) antidepressivos; (3) analg&#233;sicos (uso espor&#225;dico); (4) antial&#233;rgicos e inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons e (5) duas ou mais das medica&#231;&#245;es mencionadas associadas. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos os volunt&#225;rios portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o de tireoide, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, obesidade, gravidez, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;as do f&#237;gado, pulm&#245;es ou rins, uso abusivo de &#225;lcool (&gt; 14g/dia) e tabagistas.</p>
          <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 12 horas de jejum para separa&#231;&#227;o de soro e plasma EDTA por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o (4&#176;C, 1000 x<italic>g</italic> , 10 minutos), com posterior armazenamento a -80&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Em outra consulta, os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a ultrassonografia de car&#243;tidas.</p>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade de Campinas aprovou o estudo e todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>Foram analisadas amostras frescas de soro para colesterol total, HDL-C, triglic&#233;rides e glicose no aparelho Modular Analytics<sup>&#174;</sup> EVO (Roche Diagnostics, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, Reino Unido) utiizando-se reagentes da Roche Diagnostics<sup>&#174;</sup> (Mannheim, Alemanha). As apolipoprote&#237;nas A-1 e B foram dosadas por nefelometria no sistema automatizado BN II (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Alemanha) por meio de ensaios dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (Dade-Boehringer<sup>&#174;</sup>, Deerfield, Illinois, EUA). O colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, enquanto que o colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula triglic&#233;rides/5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <p>A prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) por dosada por imunoturbidimetria com m&#233;todo ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us), atrav&#233;s do ensaio comercialmente dispon&#237;vel Tina-quant CRP (L&#225;tex) HS-Roche (Roche Diagnostics<sup>&#174;</sup>, Mannheim, Alemanha).</p>
          <p>O tamanho das part&#237;culas de HDL foi medido pela t&#233;cnica de dinamic light scattering (DLS) ap&#243;s precipita&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica das lipoprote&#237;nas contendo apo B em amostras de plasma, utilizando-se polietilenoglicol (PEG) 8000 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, EUA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. As medidas foram feitas tr&#234;s vezes no equipamento Nanotrac Particle Size Analyzer (Microtrac, North Largo, Florida, EUA), sendo utilizada como padr&#227;o uma nanopart&#237;cula polim&#233;rica de 100nm; uma amostra controle obtida do mesmo indiv&#237;duo foi utilizada em todas as medidas.</p>
          <p>Foi determinada a atividade plasm&#225;tica da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol esterificado (CETP) e da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de fosfolip&#237;dios (PLTP) por ensaios radiom&#233;tricos utilizando substratos ex&#243;genos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, mediu-se a atividade da PON-1 usando o paraoxon (dietil-p-nitrofenilfosfato, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, EUA) como substrato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotipagem do SNP</title>
          <p>Foi extra&#237;do o DNA gen&#244;mico total de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de sangue perif&#233;rico, de acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o fenol/clorof&#243;rmio. Foram analisadas a qualidade, integridade e concentra&#231;&#227;o das amostras de DNA, tendo sido essas amostras armazenadas a -20 &#176;C antes de serem utilizadas.</p>
          <p>Foi feita an&#225;lise genot&#237;pica para SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1  </italic> na plataforma OpenArray<sup>&#174;</sup> Real-Time PCR (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), conforme o protocolo padr&#227;o do fabricante. Os gen&#243;tipos foram determinados atrav&#233;s do software TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup>Genotyper 1.0.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). Os indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo GG foram designados como RR (homozigotos p.192R), enquanto os com gen&#243;tipo AA foram denominados QQ (homozigotos p.192Q), e os com gen&#243;tipo GA (heterozigotos) foram chamados de RQ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da espessura &#237;ntimo-medial das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas (EIMc)</title>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram convidados a serem submetidos a medidas da &#8220;espessura da &#237;ntimo-medial das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, tendo o exame sido realizado em um subgrupo de 316 indiv&#237;duos. A ultrassonografia de car&#243;tida foi realizada por apenas um ultrassonografista treinado, que desconhecia os sujeitos do estudo. Foi realizada ultrassonografia bidimensional de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de um sistema de imagens de ultrassom com matriz linear de 6-9 MHz (Sistema de Ultrassom ATL HDI 1500 e 3500, Advanced Technology Laboratories Ultrasound, Bothell, EUA) sendo feitas medidas longitudinais de segmentos das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns na parede distal e a 1 cm da bifurca&#231;&#227;o. A EIMc m&#233;dia foi calculada com base na m&#233;dia de 5 medidas dos lados direito e esquerdo e expressa em mil&#237;metros (mm), sendo tamb&#233;m determinada a presen&#231;a de placas nas car&#243;tidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas nos softwares SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., EUA) e R (R Development Core Team, Viena, &#193;ustria). Determinou-se a normalidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis pelo teste de Kolmogorov&#8209;Smirnov. Os dados normais foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e, os n&#227;o&#8209;normais, como mediana (intervalo interquartil).</p>
          <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os gen&#243;tipos foram realizadas atrav&#233;s da ANOVA ou do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Bonferroni para dados normais e n&#227;o normais, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, foi realizado o teste do qui quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Quando necess&#225;rio, as compara&#231;&#245;es foram ajustadas para idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) atrav&#233;s da ANCOVA.</p>
          <p>Foram feitas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> para verificar os principais determinantes da atividade da PON1, tendo sido inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, IMC, tamanho da part&#237;cula do HDL, CETP, PLTP e SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic> .</p>
          <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear univariada e multivariada controladas para idade, sexo e IMC foram feitas para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do HDL-C, apo A-1, tamanho da part&#237;cula do HDL, PCR-us, atividade da PON1 e do SNP p.Q192R sobre a EIMc m&#233;dia. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica determinou a raz&#227;o das chances (RC) para a presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas de acordo com HDL-C, apo A-1, tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL, PCR-us, atividade da PON1 e SNP p.Q192R, tamb&#233;m controlada por idade, sexo e IMC. Foi utilizado o software G* Power para avaliar se a amostra tinha poder estat&#237;stico para detectar associa&#231;&#245;es, de acordo com os seguintes par&#226;metros: RC = 1,5; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#945; = 0,008 (ajustado para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es); bicaudal; poder estat&#237;stico 1-&#946; = 80%. Desta forma, a amostra apresentou, respectivamente, 99,9% e 54,98% de poder estat&#237;stico para regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Valores de p &lt; 0,05 (corrigidos por Bonferroni para testes m&#250;ltiplos) foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta de 56% de mulheres e 44% de homens, e a frequ&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica foi de 37%, 45% e 19% para os grupos RR, RQ e QQ, respectivamente. O SNP p.Q192R mostrou-se em equil&#237;brio de Hardy&#8211;Weinberg. Ademais, todos os volunt&#225;rios eram assintom&#225;ticos, n&#227;o fumantes, sem relatos atuais ou pregressos de disfun&#231;&#227;o de tiroide, dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus ou outras endocrinopatias; n&#227;o apresentavam gravidez, obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o arterial, nem doen&#231;as do f&#237;gado, pulm&#245;es ou rins.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas foram descritas e comparadas entre os gen&#243;tipos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>. Os volunt&#225;rios do grupo QQ apresentaram aumento importante da atividade da PON 1, do colesterol total, HDL-C e apo A-1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dos grupos RQ e RR. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a todos os outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos, EIMc m&#233;dia, presen&#231;a de placas, antecedente familiar de DAC precoce, consumo de &#225;lcool, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e &#237;ndices de atividade f&#237;sica. Al&#233;m disso, as frequ&#234;ncias (di&#225;ria, semanal e mensal/nenhum consumo) das 10 classes de alimentos estudadas n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os gen&#243;tipos, como mostram os dados a seguir: leite e derivados (p = 0,716); carne, peixe e ovos (p = 0,269); legumes (p = 0,766); frutas (p = 0,198); sucos naturais (0,412); p&#227;es, cereais e tuberosas (0,136); &#243;leos e gorduras (p = 0,435); doces, lanches e guloseimas (p = 0,545); bebidas n&#227;o alco&#243;licas (p = 0,454) e prepara&#231;&#245;es e outros (p = 0,874).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lises descritiva e comparativa dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos entre os genotipos da p.Q192R da PON1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RR (n = 215)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RQ (n = 260)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>QQ (n = 109)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (Feminino/Masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">112/103</td>
                <td align="center">153/107</td>
                <td align="center">61/48</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,6 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">170 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">174 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">176 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0,044 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#8224;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho do HDL (nm)</td>
                <td align="center">7,85 (0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 (1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">8,06 (0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VLDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo A-1 (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140,76 &#177; 36,39</td>
                <td align="center">147,62 &#177; 36,92</td>
                <td align="center">147,49 &#177; 36,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,019 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">76,37 &#177; 19,64</td>
                <td align="center">76,80 &#177; 17,11</td>
                <td align="center">75,54 &#177; 18,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,472</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CETP(%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,55 &#177; 5,45</td>
                <td align="center">13,38 &#177; 5,92</td>
                <td align="center">13,20 &#177; 5,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLTP (nmolesCL/mL/h)</td>
                <td align="center">6321 (3074)</td>
                <td align="center">6086 (2253)</td>
                <td align="center">6088 (2393)</td>
                <td align="center">0,414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PON1 (pmol/min)</td>
                <td align="center">12,30 (5,90)</td>
                <td align="center">46,95 (22,35)</td>
                <td align="center">85,35 (21,18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">&#8224;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EIMc m&#233;dia (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 (0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Placas carot&#237;deas (Sim/N&#227;o, %)</td>
                <td align="center">19/81</td>
                <td align="center">18/82</td>
                <td align="center">11/89</td>
                <td align="center">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antecedente familiar de DAC precoce (Sim/N&#227;o, %)</td>
                <td align="center">7/30</td>
                <td align="center">6/39</td>
                <td align="center">6/15</td>
                <td align="center">0,659</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool (Moderado/Nenhum, %)</td>
                <td align="center">7/31</td>
                <td align="center">9/36</td>
                <td align="center">3/14</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medica&#231;&#245;es (Sim/N&#227;o, %)</td>
                <td align="center">5/31</td>
                <td align="center">8/37</td>
                <td align="center">3/16</td>
                <td align="center">0,903</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de atividade f&#237;sica ocupacional ou laboral</td>
                <td align="center">2,75 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2,75 (0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (0,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (1,25)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de atividade no tempo livre e locomo&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>(n): n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos ou como mostrado abaixo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; VLDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade; Apo: apolipoprote&#237;na; PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; CETP: prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol esterificado; PLTP: prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de fosfolip&#237;dios; CL: colesterol livre; PON1: paraoxonase 1; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; EIMc: espessura &#237;ntimo-medial de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas: RR (119), RQ (132),QQ (66). Dados normais e n&#227;o normais s&#227;o apresentado como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana (intervalo interquartil), respectivamente. Valores de p - ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, ajustados por ANCOVA para idade, sexo e IMC; diferen&#231;as significantes (p &#8804; 0,05) por teste de Bonferroni foram marcadas com</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>RR&#8800;RQ;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>RR&#8800;QQ;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>QQ&#8800;RQ.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A atividade da PON1 plasm&#225;tica foi influenciada apenas pelos gen&#243;tipos QQ (R<sup>2</sup>= 39%) e RQ (R<sup>2</sup>= 19%), como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>. Portanto, outros fatores n&#227;o estudados t&#234;m uma influ&#234;ncia de 42%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic>para atividade de PON1 na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo  </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>R<sup>2</sup>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>R<sup>2</sup>acumulado</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>F</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>QQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,3876</td>
                <td align="center">0,3876</td>
                <td align="center">193,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,1918</td>
                <td align="center">0,5794</td>
                <td align="center">210,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fatores n&#227;o estudados</td>
                <td align="center">0,4206</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>R<sup>2</sup>: coeficiente de determina&#231;ao. As variaveis analisadas seguindo os crit&#233;rios stepwise s&#227;o idade, sexo (feminino x masculino), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, colesterol total, HDL-C, tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL, CETP, PLTPe SNPp.Q192R. O gen&#243;tipo RR foi usado como grupo de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear univariada demonstrou que os par&#226;metros estudados, incluindo o SNP p.Q192R, n&#227;o se associaram &#224; EIMc m&#233;dia, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>. Assim, n&#227;o foram selecionadas vari&#225;veis com 5% de signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Ademais, os par&#226;metros estudados n&#227;o se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de placas pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla univariada para EIMc na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="4" align="left">
                  <bold>Regress&#227;o linear univariada (n = 310)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <th>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Estimativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>R<sup>2</sup>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>p.Q192R (RR x QQ)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">8,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p.Q192R (QQ x RQ)</td>
                <td align="center">-17,26</td>
                <td align="center">10,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo A-1</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">6,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,895</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCRus</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade da PON1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (n = 310)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vari&#225;vel independente</td>
                <td align="center">Vari&#225;vel dependente</td>
                <td align="center">Estimativa</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">R<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EIMc m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>As vari&#225;veis foram transformadas em ranks, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e as an&#225;lises foram controladas para idade, sexo e IMC. EP: erro padr&#227;o; R<sup>2</sup>: coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o; HDL-C: colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; apo: apolipoprote&#237;na; PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; PON1: paraoxonase 1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas carot&#237;deas na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="5" align="left">
                  <bold>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada (n= 308)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Estimativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>p.Q192R (RR x QQ)</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
                <td align="center">0,471</td>
                <td align="center">0,567</td>
                <td align="center">1,310</td>
                <td align="center">0,520; 3,303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p.Q192R (QQ x RQ)</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
                <td align="center">0,464</td>
                <td align="center">0,566</td>
                <td align="center">1,305</td>
                <td align="center">0,526; 3,241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">-0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,777</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0,980; 1,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo A-1</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,486</td>
                <td align="center">1,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,994; 1,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL</td>
                <td align="center">-0,370</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,691</td>
                <td align="center">0,384; 1,241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCRus</td>
                <td align="center">-0,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
                <td align="center">0,968</td>
                <td align="center">0,895; 1,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade da PON1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
                <td align="center">0,983; 1,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>An&#225;lises log&#237;sticas m&#250;ltiplas (n = 308)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vari&#225;vel independente</td>
                <td align="center">Vari&#225;vel dependente</td>
                <td align="center">Estimativa</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">RC</td>
                <td align="center">IC 95%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Placas de car&#243;tida</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>As vari&#225;veis foram transformadas em ranks devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e as an&#225;lises foram controladas para idade, sexo e IMC. EP: erro padr&#227;o; RC: raz&#227;o das chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HDL-C: colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; apo: apolipoprote&#237;na; PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; PON1: paraoxonase 1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos realizados em diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos t&#234;m relatado diferentes distribui&#231;&#245;es das variantes p.192Q e p.192R. A variante p.192Q tem sido descrita com maior frequ&#234;ncia em brancos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e a p.192R, em popula&#231;&#245;es de japoneses, chineses e hisp&#226;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, as frequ&#234;ncias j&#225; foram exploradas anteriormente em uma amostra populacional brasileira na qual foram demonstradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os gen&#243;tipos relacionados a descendentes de europeus e afro-brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Em nosso estudo, a variante p.192R representa 59% do total da amostra e a p.192Q, 41%, semelhante &#224;s frequ&#234;ncias observadas na popula&#231;&#227;o afro-brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Foram identificados v&#225;rios SNPs em diferentes regi&#245;es da <italic>PON1</italic> , incluindo o amino&#225;cido 192, que &#233; um dos mais frequentemente estudados para identificar a influ&#234;ncia sobre a atividade enzim&#225;tica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. No presente estudo, demonstramos que a variante p.192Q modula significativamente a atividade da PON1 e os n&#237;veis de apo A-1, colesterol e HDL-C.</p>
        <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas causam impacto importante na atividade catal&#237;tica da PON1. De fato, o amino&#225;cido 192 &#233; um s&#237;tio ativo importante da enzima, constituindo parte da superf&#237;cie de ancoragem &#224; HDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Estudos sobre o impacto de p.Q192R na atividade hidrol&#237;tica demonstraram que a variante p.192R tem maior atividade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paraoxon e ao fenilacetato em compara&#231;&#227;o com p.192Q<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Apesar disso, neste estudo, a p.192Q mostrou-se associada &#224; atividade aumentada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paraoxon, sendo que a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> sugere que 58% da atividade da PON1 foi determinada por esta variante.</p>
        <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias da associa&#231;&#227;o de maior atividade da PON1 com n&#237;veis aumentados de HDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. De fato, Blatter Garin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> observaram correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre a atividade da PON1 e n&#237;veis de HDL-C e apo A-1 em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana confirmada e em indiv&#237;duos controles. No entanto, o SNP p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic> n&#227;o se associou &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es apo A-1 e HDL-C nos dois grupos. Por outro lado, nosso estudo mostrou que a variante p.192Q &#233; um fator preditivo significativo de n&#237;veis aumentados de apo A-1 e HDL-C em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e normolipid&#234;micos.  </p>
        <p>Atividade de PON1 plasm&#225;tica diminu&#237;da tem sido positivamente associada a um risco aumentado de DCV, independentemente da idade e etnia, como relatado por v&#225;rios estudos, incluindo meta-an&#225;lises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Neste contexto, v&#225;rios relatos cl&#237;nicos se concentraram no papel dos polimorfismos da <italic>PON1</italic> que afetam diretamente a atividade da PON1 nas DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise incluindo 88 estudos, Wang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos portadores da variante p.192R apresentavam um risco de DCV maior do que aqueles portadores da variante p.192Q da <italic>PON1</italic> ; no entanto, outros estudos ainda mostram controv&#233;rsias sobre o papel desses alelos. De fato, houve uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variante p.192R e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, mas o risco se restringiu aos indiv&#237;duos da cor branca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>; al&#233;m disso, Birjmohun e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> demonstraram que o SNP p.Q192R da<italic>PON1</italic> n&#227;o previu o risco de DCV em indiv&#237;duos do estudo de coorte EPIC-Norfolk.</p>
        <p>O impacto do SNP p.Q192R tamb&#233;m foi investigado em amostras populacionais brasileiras. Rios e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> estudaram ambos os SNPs p.Q192R e p.M55L da <italic>PON1</italic> em 712 pacientes, sendo 437 brancos e 275 afro-brasileiros com DAC estabelecida (les&#245;es obstrutivas maiores que 50%). O SNP p.Q192R n&#227;o se associou &#224; DAC; no entanto, apenas em homens brancos o gen&#243;tipo RR levou a uma queda nos n&#237;veis de HDL-C. Oliveira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> tamb&#233;m determinaram a influ&#234;ncia dos SNPs p.Q192R e p.M55L em 352 pacientes com DAC definida angiograficamente e em 380 controles com alto risco de DAC pareados por idade e sexo. De forma semelhante, n&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es significantes entre o SNP p.Q192R e DAC. Al&#233;m disso, Voetsh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o dos SNPs p.Q192R e p.M55L com o risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico em 118 pacientes (com um primeiro AVC n&#227;o fatal ocorrendo antes dos 45 anos de idade) e 118 controles pareados por idade e sexo. O gen&#243;tipo RR foi mais frequente nos pacientes com AVC isqu&#234;mico e mostrou-se independentemente associado ao risco da doen&#231;a. Neste contexto, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira apresenta rela&#231;&#245;es controversas relacionadas ao SNP p.Q192R e doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos relatos envolvendo o papel da p.Q192R da <italic>PON1</italic> na doen&#231;a cardiovascular, estudos anteriores realizados em estados patol&#243;gicos (especialmente diabetes e/ou hipercolesterolemia) mostraram resultados inconsistentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es entre SNP p.Q192R e EIMc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, um marcador substituto de aterosclerose coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o da EIMc com p.Q192R em indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos, Dessi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observaram um aumento da EIMc na variante p.192R, embora n&#227;o significativo entre os gen&#243;tipos. Ademais, Karvonen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EIMc em uma grande coorte de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e controles. De forma an&#225;loga, em nosso estudo, h&#225; uma falta de associa&#231;&#245;es de p.Q192R com EIMc e placas ateroscler&#243;ticas de car&#243;tida, o que sugere fortemente que este SNP, em indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco, n&#227;o &#233; um par&#226;metro importante associado &#224; aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas.</p>
        <p>Os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, uma vez que h&#225; limita&#231;&#245;es a serem abordadas, tais como o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno devido ao desenho do estudo, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos rigorosos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios que compareceram ao exame de EIM da car&#243;tida n&#227;o foi suficiente para atingir um poder estat&#237;stico m&#237;nimo (80%) para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, uma vez que o tamanho amostral previsto para atender a esta condi&#231;&#227;o era de 480 indiv&#237;duos. Ademais, a baixa ades&#227;o &#224; segunda consulta para as medidas de EIMc limitou nossas conclus&#245;es e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o n&#227;o pode fornecer evid&#234;ncias de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o polimorfismo da <italic>PON1</italic> e placas carot&#237;deas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#245;es do SNP p.Q192R com EIMc e placas carot&#237;deas, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias em nosso estudo de que a variante p.192Q exer&#231;a influ&#234;ncias ben&#233;ficas importantes no perfil lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico. No entanto, estudos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o SNP p.Q192R e DCV em indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq (processo 159980/2012-7) e FAPESP (processo 471380/2008-13).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), bolsa n&#250;mero 159980/2012-7, e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp), bolsa n&#250;mero 471380/2008-13.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
