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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DKFh4w4fWgRPchPvrfgY7Sc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metabolic Syndrome and Importance of Associated Variables in Children and Adolescents in Guabiruba - SC, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosini</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Solange A. Z. Oppermann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosini</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Diegoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">16&#170; Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Regional em Brusque</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">16&#170; Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Regional em Brusque, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Nilton Rosini</bold>, Rua Herc&#237;lio Luz, 117, Centro. Postal Code 88350-300, Brusque, SC - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>niltonrosini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Authors' Contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Silva EL. Data collection: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD. Data analysis and interpretation: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Machado MJ, Silva EL. Statistical analysis: Machado MJ, Silva EL. Manuscript writing: Rosini N, Machado MJ, Silva EL. Critical review of the intellectual content of the manuscript: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Machado MJ, Silva EL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The risk factors that characterize metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be present in childhood and adolescence, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Evaluate the prevalence of MetS and the importance of its associated variables, including insulin resistance (IR), in children and adolescents in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 1011 students (6&#8211;14 years, 52.4% girls, 58.5% children). Blood samples were collected for measurement of biochemical parameters by routine laboratory methods. IR was estimated by the HOMA-IR index, and weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were determined. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between risk variables and MetS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of MetS, IR, overweight and obesity in the cohort were 14%, 8.5%, 21% and 13%, respectively. Among students with MetS, 27% had IR, 33% were overweight, 45.5% were obese and 22% were eutrophic. IR was more common in overweight (48%) and obese (41%) students when compared with eutrophic individuals (11%; p = 0.034). The variables with greatest influence on the development of MetS were obesity (OR = 32.7), overweight (OR = 6.1), IR (OR = 4.4; p &#8804; 0.0001 for all) and age (OR = 1.15; p = 0.014).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was a high prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents evaluated in this study. Students who were obese, overweight or insulin resistant had higher chances of developing the syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Students</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Estado de Santa Catarina</funding-source>
          <award-id>15.981/2009-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a set of cardiometabolic risk factors that include abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and decreased serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. There is a strong association between MetS and other metabolic variables which may be precursors of the syndrome, such as insulin resistance (IR), overweight and obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In children and adolescents, MetS is a controversial and still inconclusive topic, mainly due to lack of unified criteria regarding the variables that characterize the syndrome and the cut-off values of these variables. In addition, the definition of MetS, as described in an elegant review by Damiani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, does not necessarily identify which components are abnormal in the individual to allow a better treatment. In any case, there is a consensus that the identification of MetS in children and adolescents indicates without any doubt the presence of a set of factors and/or clinical and metabolic variables that increase the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of MetS in this population is growing in parallel to the increase in juvenile obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. According to systematic reviews, the prevalence of MetS in a general population of children and adolescents worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> is 3.3% (0&#8211;19.2%) and 11.9% (2.8&#8211;29.3%), respectively, and in children with overweight and obesity, the prevalence is 29.2% (10&#8211;66%). Overall, the prevalence of IR is not well established. However, in overweight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and obese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09"> 9</xref> children and adolescents, the prevalence of IR ranges from 0 to 24% and 4.4 to 57%, respectively. Based on the results of more recent studies, 33.2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and 41.3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> of obese children and adolescents have IR.</p>
      <p>The several risk factors of the syndrome when present during childhood can persist or become more evident from adolescence to adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Thus, it is important to identify these risk factors early to intervene and minimize future metabolic changes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of MetS in students in Guabiruba-SC, as well as the prevalence of IR, obesity and overweight and the association of each of these variables with the development of the syndrome.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cross-sectional study with 1011 students self-reported Caucasians, attending elementary school (1st to 8th grades), aged between six and 14 years and representing 44.0% of the students enrolled in municipal and state schools in the city of Guabiruba-SC (Brazil) in 2009. All 12 schools in the city were represented in this study and each had participation of 21 to 100% of their students. The minimum sample size required to detect statistically significant differences (&#945; &lt; 0.05) was calculated considering a power of 80% (1 - &#946;) and a prevalence of abdominal obesity of 26.9% in adolescents in the city of Florian&#243;polis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, capital of the state of Santa Catarina, with an acceptable error of 2.5% of the estimate and a 20% increase in the minimum calculated value to account for eventual losses. Thus,<italic> we estimated that the minimum number of students to be evaluated was 1005. For the IR analysis, we considered the prevalence of 41.3%</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><italic>14</italic></xref>
				<italic>, with an acceptable error of 4% of this estimate and a 20% increase in the minimum calculated size to account for eventual losses, totaling a minimum of 557 students. The study  </italic>included a voluntary or accessible convenience sample non-randomly selected, and was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Subjects at the <italic>Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</italic> (No. 210/2009). All participants presented an Informed Consent Form (CNS Resolution 196/96/MetS) signed by their parents or legal guardians.</p>
      <p>Blood samples were obtained after 12- to 14-hour fasting and the biochemical parameters glucose, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c and triglycerides (TG) were measured by an enzymatic method on an automated analyzer (BTS 370 BioSystems, Connecticut - USA). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was estimated by the Friedewald equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Serum insulin was measured in 667 samples by chemiluminescence immunometric assay with labeled enzyme in solid phase using the reagent system Immulite 2000 systems<sup>&#174;</sup> (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, USA). IR was estimated with the HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) index: (HOMA-IR = fasting serum insulin [&#956;U/mL] x fasting serum glucose [mg/dL]/405)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The cut-off value adopted was &gt; 3.16<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Weight and height were measured with equipment consisting of a scale with weighing capacity of 200 kg and accurate to 100 g, and a stadiometer with a height range of 2.0 m and accurate to 0.5 cm (Welmy, S&#227;o Paulo-SP). Body mass index (BMI) was estimated according to the formula (BMI = Weight [kg]/Height [m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>]) and the z-score values for BMI according to age were calculated with the World Health Organization (WHO) software AnthroPlus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Results &gt; 1 and 2 standard deviations (SDs) above the BMI-for-age z-score were defined as overweight and obesity, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Waist circumference (WC) was determined at the narrowest measurement between the lower rib and the upper border of the iliac crest with a flexible and inelastic measuring tape, as described by Taylor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by oscillometry with a cuff and a sphygmomanometer according to the I Guideline for Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The criteria used for diagnosis of MetS were those described by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, using the cut-off values for children and adolescents of the I Guideline for Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The diagnosis of MetS was established in the presence of at least three of the following variables: increased WC for gender and age, according to Taylor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, TG &#8805; 100.0 mg/dL, HDL-c &#8804; 45.0 mg/dL, fasting glucose &#8805; 100.0 mg/dL, and BP &#8805; 90 percentile for gender, age and height.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical results are presented as absolute frequency and percentage, and quantitative results as median and interquartile range. We used the chi-square test (&#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) to detect differences in prevalence between students with and without MetS, boys and girls, and children and adolescents. Quantitative differences between the groups were detected by the Mann-Whitney test after application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. Multivariate logistic regression estimated the effect of the independent variables gender, age, IR, overweight and obesity in the clinical outcome of interest (concomitant presentation of at least three factors consistent with MetS). Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to estimate this association. The adequacy of the model was analyzed by the chi-square and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests, and by the area under the ROC curve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. All analyses were performed with   <italic>MedCalc</italic>
					<sup><italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic></sup>
					<italic>Statistical Software, version 14.12.0  </italic>(MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium), and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 1011 Caucasian, volunteering students participated in the study, 52.4% of which were girls, 58.5% children and 41.5% adolescents. The results of the biochemical, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the cohort are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The overall prevalence of MetS was 14.1%, whereas the prevalence of overweight, obesity and IR were 21.1%, 13.2% and 8.5%, respectively. However, in students with MetS these prevalences increased to 32.9%, 45.5% and 27.0%, respectively (p &#8804; 0.0003). As expected, students with MetS had lower serum concentrations of HDL-c and higher concentrations of TG, glucose and insulin, in addition to increase in WC, systolic and diastolic BP and HOMA-IR index when compared with those without MetS (p &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, there were no differences in CT and LDL-c (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Biodemographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of children and adolescents (6-14 years) evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General n =1011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>With MetS n = 143 (14.1%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without MetS n = 868 (85.9%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">17.8 (11.3-32.7)</td>
              <td align="center">21.1 (14.3-32.7)</td>
              <td align="center">17.3 (11.3-33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 (58.0-73.0)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 (71.0-85.8)</td>
              <td align="center">63.0 (57.0-70.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abdominal obesity n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">307 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (85.3)</td>
              <td align="center">185 (21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eutrophy n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">582 (57.6)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (21.7)</td>
              <td align="center">551 (63.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">213 (21.1)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 (90.0-110.0)</td>
              <td align="center">110.0 (100.0-120.0)</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 (90.0-110.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 (50.0-70.0)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 (60.0-80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 (50.0-70.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">168.0 (150.9-187.6)</td>
              <td align="center">170.3 (154.1-188.4)</td>
              <td align="center">167.7 (150.5-187.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102.4 (85.6-120.1)</td>
              <td align="center">106.3 (86.0-123.5)</td>
              <td align="center">102.1 (85.4-119.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 (42.0-55.7)</td>
              <td align="center">40.8 (36.3-43.5)</td>
              <td align="center">49.6 (43.9-56.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">77.6 (60.9-100.7)</td>
              <td align="center">120.4 (100.3-158.2)</td>
              <td align="center">73.8 (58.4-91.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">90.2 (85.0-95.2)</td>
              <td align="center">95.7 (89.3-101.0)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0 (84.5-94.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 667</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 567</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulin (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.50 (2.40-8.40)</td>
              <td align="center">7.91 (4.69-13.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3.80 (2.30-7.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.54-1.96)</td>
              <td align="center">1.91 (1.07-3.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.52-1.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IR n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (27.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Results are expressed as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and absolute value and percentage for categorical variables. MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IR: insulin resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of MetS was similar in boys and girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), but was higher in adolescents (19.1%) when compared with children (10.6%; p &lt; 0.0001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). In general, the most frequent components of MetS and its associated variables were, in descending order, low HDL-c (91.6%), abdominal obesity (85.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (76.9%) obesity (45.5%), high BP (46.1%), hyperglycemia (35.7%), overweight (32.9%) and IR (27.0%). There was no difference between genders or between children and adolescents, with the exception of obesity and IR which were more frequent, respectively, in boys and girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), high BP and IR, which were more common in adolescents, and obesity, which was more prevalent in children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) of variables associated with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents (6-14 years) evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>With Metabolic Syndrome</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Without Metabolic Syndrome</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General n = 143</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Boys n = 63 (44.1%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Girls n = 80 (55.9%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p 0.0605</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General n = 868</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Boys n = 418 (48.2%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Girls n = 450 (51.8%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>P 0.1465</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Low HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">131 (91.6)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (93.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4396</td>
              <td align="center">249 (28.7) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">127 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (27.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3178</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HyperTG</td>
              <td align="center">110 (76.9)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (76.2)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (76.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8432</td>
              <td align="center">154 (17.8) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">65 (15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (19.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1264</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hyperglycemia</td>
              <td align="center">51 (35.7)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (28.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0766</td>
              <td align="center">66 (7.6) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">44 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>High BP</td>
              <td align="center">66 (46.1)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (38.1)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (52.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1221</td>
              <td align="center">71 (8.2)t</td>
              <td align="center">44 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (6.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0217</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Increased WC</td>
              <td align="center">122 (85.3)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (84.1)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (86.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9091</td>
              <td align="center">185 (21.3) t</td>
              <td align="center">74 (17.7)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">47 (32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (27.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2511</td>
              <td align="center">166 (39.7)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (19.4)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (18.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9197</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">65 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (55.5)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0480</td>
              <td align="center">68 (7.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">37 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3599</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 41</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 59</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 567</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 267</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n = 300</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IR</td>
              <td align="center">27 (27%)</td>
              <td align="center">4(9.7)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0025</td>
              <td align="center">30 (5.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (7.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0118</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>&#134;</label>
            <p>P &lt; 0.0001 compared with students with metabolic syndrome (chi-square test with Yates' correction). HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (&#8804;45 mg/dL); HyperTG: hypertriglyceridemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); Hyperglycemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); WC: waist circumference (&#8805;p90); BP: blood pressure (&#8805;p90); IR: insulin resistance (HOMA-IR &gt; 3.16).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of variables associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children (6-10 years) and adolescents (11-14 years) with and without MetS evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Children n= 592</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p &lt; 0.0001</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Adolescents n = 419</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p &lt; 0.0001</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Children vs. Adolescents</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>With MetS n = 63 (10.6%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without MetS n = 529 (89.4%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>With MetS n = 80 (19.1%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without MetS n = 339 (80.9%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>With MetS 0.0001</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without MetS 0.0002</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Low HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">57 (90.5)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">74 (92.5)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (32.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.9009</td>
              <td align="center">0.0433</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HyperTG</td>
              <td align="center">47 (74.6)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">63 (78.7)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.7057</td>
              <td align="center">0.3954</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hyperglycemia</td>
              <td align="center">19 (30.1)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (5.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">32 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (10.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.2931</td>
              <td align="center">0.0052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>High BP</td>
              <td align="center">22 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">44 (55.0)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0261</td>
              <td align="center">0.0485</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Increased WC</td>
              <td align="center">56 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (20.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">66 (82.5)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (23.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.4034</td>
              <td align="center">0.3691</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">16 (25.4)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1811</td>
              <td align="center">31 (38.7)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (21.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0022</td>
              <td align="center">0.1331</td>
              <td align="center">0.1812</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">39 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">26 (32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0008</td>
              <td align="center">0.2951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">n = 50</td>
              <td align="center">n = 382</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">n = 50</td>
              <td align="center">n = 185</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IR</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (2.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0360</td>
              <td align="center">22 (44.0)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0005</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (&#8804;45 mg/dL); HiperTG: hypertriglyceridemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); Hyperglycemia (&#8805; 100 mg/dL); WC: waist circumference (&#8805; p90); BP: blood pressure (&#8805; p90); IR: insulin resistance (HOMA-IR &gt; 3.16).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In students without MetS, the prevalences of hyperglycemia and high BP were higher in boys, whereas increased WC and IR were more frequent in girls. As for age, the prevalence of low HDL-c (32.7%), hyperglycemia (10.9%), increased BP (10.6%) and IR (10.3%) were higher in adolescents when compared with children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The prevalence of several MetS components present simultaneously in students with and without MetS is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>. Among children and adolescents with MetS, 68.5%, 27.3% and 4.2% showed three, four and all five metabolic variables of the syndrome, respectively, without significant differences between boys and girls. Among the 27 students with MetS and IR, 12 (44.4%) had three abnormal variables for MetS, whereas 12 (44.4%) and three (11.1%) students had four and five abnormal variables, respectively. In children and adolescents without MetS, 38.2% and 22.3% had one or two abnormal MetS variables, respectively, with 46.7% and 26.7% of these, respectively, presenting IR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) of one or more simultaneous variables associated with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents (6-14 years) evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>With Metabolic Syndrome</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General (n = 143)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Boys (n = 63)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Girls (n = 80)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Variables (n)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Three</td>
              <td align="center">98 (68.5)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (66.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6289</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Four</td>
              <td align="center">39 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (30.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Five</td>
              <td align="center">06 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">03 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">03 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9247</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IR</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 27)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 4)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 23)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Three + IR</td>
              <td align="center">12 (44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">12 (52.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1633</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Four + IR</td>
              <td align="center">12 (44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">02 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (43.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7614</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Five + IR</td>
              <td align="center">03 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">02 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">01 (4.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0698</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
              <td style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Without Metabolic Syndrome</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>General (n = 868)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Boys (n = 418)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Girls (n = 450)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One</td>
              <td align="center">332 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">159 (38.0)</td>
              <td align="center">173 (38.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9591</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Two</td>
              <td align="center">194 (22.3)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (23.0)</td>
              <td align="center">98 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IR</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 30)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 7)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 23)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One + IR</td>
              <td align="center">14 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (47.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8375</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Two + IR</td>
              <td align="center">8(26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5335</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IR: insulin resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The general prevalence of IR was not associated with the nutritional status of the cohort, with 38.6% of the eutrophic, 35.1% of the overweight and 24.6% of the obese students showing IR (p = 0.1597; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). However, after stratification of the prevalence of IR according to the occurrence of MetS and nutritional status, there was a higher proportion of overweight (48.1%) and obese (40.7%) students with MetS and IR compared with eutrophic students (11.1%, p = 0.034). In students without MetS, in contrast, IR was more common in eutrophic individuals (63.3%) than in those with overweight (23.3%) or obesity (10.0%, p = 0.0001;   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) of insulin resistance (IR) in children and adolescents (6-14 years) with and without metabolic syndrome evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Adolescents n = 667</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>With Metabolic Syndrome n = 100</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Without Metabolic Syndrome n= 567</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IR (+) n = 57 (8.5%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IR (+) n = 27 (27%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IR (-) n = 73 (73%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IR (+) n = 30 (5.3%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IR (-) n = 537 (94.7%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Nutritional Status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Low weight n = 54 (8.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3800</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eutrophy n = 379 (56.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (38.6)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (20.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4380</td>
              <td align="center">19 (63.3)</td>
              <td align="center">342 (63.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8802</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight n = 147 (22.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (35.1)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (48.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1215</td>
              <td align="center">7 (23.3)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (19.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity n = 87 (13.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (24.6)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (40.7)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (50.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5158</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7456</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P (Eutrophy vs. Obesity)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1597</td>
              <td align="center">0.0340</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IR (+): presence of insulin resistance; IR (-): absence of insulin resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results of aOR obtained by multivariate logistic regression analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>. The prediction of MetS in the children and adolescents evaluated in the study was significantly increased for age (aOR 1.15; p = 0.0142), IR (aOR, 4.39; p = 0.0001), overweight (aOR 6.09; p &lt; 0.0001), and, mainly, obesity (aOR 32.68; p &lt; 0.0001). In a logistic regression model adjusted for gender and considering the HOMA-IR index as an independent variable, the increase in each HOMA-IR unit was associated with MetS, with an OR of 1.25 (95% CI 1.09&#8211;1.44; p = 0.0220).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictors of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents (6&#8211;14 years) evaluated in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil, 2011, estimated with multivariate logistic regression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>aOR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.03-1.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.0142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
              <td align="center">0.45-1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.3389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">6.09</td>
              <td align="center">3.25-11.42</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">32.68</td>
              <td align="center">16.51-64.69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulin resistance</td>
              <td align="center">4.39</td>
              <td align="center">2.14-9.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>aOR: adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The occurrence of MetS in children and adolescents must be identified early to allow risk stratification of future cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the present study, 14.1% of the students assessed in the city of Guabiruba-SC were diagnosed with MetS, especially those with overweight or obesity, IR and adolescents. It is worth mentioning that among patients with MetS, 22% were eutrophic. Compared with other Brazilian studies that used identical classification criteria, the prevalence of MetS found in our cohort was higher than that observed in Maraca&#237;-SP (3.6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, but lower than those described in Salvador-BA (17.7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and Feira de Santana-BA (22.6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, probably due to the different proportions of obese individuals in each of these cohorts.</p>
      <p>MetS in children and adolescents is becoming a global public health concern<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This syndrome has a complex and multifactorial etiology and the control of its modifiable risk factors during the prenatal period and/or childhood may have a long-term effect on the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases, including CVDs. Considering the growing evidence on the progression of risk factors from childhood to adulthood, the potential role of genetic, prenatal, environmental, biological and behavioral determinants on childhood MetS should be emphasized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"> 25</xref>. In this context, MetS in children is related mainly to "globesity", a term used by WHO to emphasize the increasing global epidemic of juvenile overweight and obesity. In the present study conducted with children and adolescents in a semirural city in Santa Catarina, we found a high prevalence of students with overweight (21%) and obesity (13%), with great chance of developing MetS (6.1 and 32.7 times, respectively). Among students with MetS, 33% were overweight and 45.5% were obese. Similar results were reported in obese children and adolescents in Maraca&#237;-SP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, obese adolescents in Porto Alegre-RS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and in three cities in Paran&#225;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In obese children in Taguatinga-DF, the prevalence of MetS was 16.7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is common knowledge that obesity in children and adolescents is associated with the occurrence of other components of MetS and IR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Similarly, there is a strong association between IR and MetS or cardiometabolic risk variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In this study, 35% and 25% of the students with overweight and obesity, respectively, were resistant to insulin. IR has been considered a potential cardiovascular risk marker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and was present in 33% and 41% of the obese adolescents treated at a specialized outpatient clinic in Osasco-SP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and by the Unified Health System in Campina Grande-PB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, respectively, 39.4% of the obese children and adolescents evaluated in Bolivia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and 7.7% of the obese children (3&#8211;5 years) evaluated in northern Netherlands<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In our study, IR had an overall prevalence of 8.5% in the evaluated cohort, and was present mainly in girls and adolescents. In students with MetS, the prevalence of IR increased to 27%, mainly in overweight (48%) and obese (41%) individuals, and was also more frequent in girls (39%) and adolescents (44%), thus confirming the association with overweight and some hormonal influence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. On logistic regression analysis in our study, IR was associated with MetS (aOR = 4.4), with a 25% increase in the risk of MetS (aOR = 1.25) for each HOMA-IR unit increase. In general, our results corroborate the findings of Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, who reported that girls and adolescents with MetS and IR had a high risk of presenting MetS components . Other Brazilian authors also reported important and significant associations between IR and several clinical and metabolic abnormalities compatible with MetS in obese adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Bradshaw et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, a substantial number of children and adolescents has some of the MetS components. In fact, our results are a cause of concern and deserve attention, as 38% and 22% of the students without MetS had one or two components of the syndrome. Furthermore, 29% of these individuals had low HDL-c, 21% had abdominal obesity &#8211; which represents a greater risk for CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> &#8211; and 63% were resistant to insulin, indicating a high percentage of young individuals with high probability of future worsening in cardiometabolic risks. In students with MetS, there was also a high proportion of individuals with up to four components of the syndrome (27%), 44% of which were IR. It also draws attention the fact that 4.2% of the students had five metabolic abnormalities including IR, which is unusual in children and adolescents. In general, these results are comparable to those of other Brazilian studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. The variables of greatest frequency were low HDL-c, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and high BP, with prevalences of 92%, 85%, 77% and 46%, respectively. It is worth noting that in obese children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, high BP tends to be more prevalent than lipid abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Since this study has a cross-sectional design, it has limitations in defining temporal causal relationships. In addition to that, the fact that these results cannot be extrapolated to the general population of children and adolescents in the city of Guabiruba-SC may also be considered a limitation. Other limitations include the absence of insulin measurement in all students, lack of evaluation of eating habits, physical activity level and extent of pubertal maturation, and absence of family history for cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes mellitus.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, the population of children and adolescents who participated in the present study showed a high prevalence of MetS, particularly students with obesity or overweight, those with IR and adolescents. Low HDL-c was the most frequent component of the syndrome, followed by abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, we confirmed that obesity, overweight, IR and age were the associated variables most frequently associated with MetS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESC &#8211; <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Estado de Santa Catarina</italic>, protocol n&#176; 15.981/2009-6.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors are thankful for the City Council of Guabiruba (Municipal Department of Education and Municipal Department of Health) and for the 16th State Department of Regional Development of Brusque (Health Management and Education Management) for the logistical support.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e Import&#226;ncia das Vari&#225;veis Associadas em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes de Guabiruba - SC, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosini</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Solange A. Z. Oppermann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosini</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Diegoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC, Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">16&#170; Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Regional em Brusque</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">16&#170; Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Regional em Brusque, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nilton Rosini</bold>, Rua Herc&#237;lio Luz, 117, Centro. CEP: 88350-300, Brusque, SC - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>niltonrosini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</label>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Silva EL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Machado MJ, Silva EL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Machado MJ, Silva EL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rosini N, Machado MJ, Silva EL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do conte&#250;do intelectual do manuscrito: Rosini N, Moura SAZO, Rosini RD, Machado MJ, Silva EL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco que caracterizam a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) podem estar presentes na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, agravando o risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na idade adulta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar a preval&#234;ncia de SM e a import&#226;ncia de suas vari&#225;veis associadas, incluindo resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI), em crian&#231;as e adolescentes do munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado com 1011 estudantes (6&#8211;14 anos; 52,4% meninas; 58,5% crian&#231;as). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para as medidas de par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos por m&#233;todos laboratoriais de rotina. A RI foi estabelecida pelo &#237;ndice HOMA-IR e foram aferidos o peso, a altura, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a press&#227;o arterial. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram usados para examinar associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de risco e a SM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, as preval&#234;ncias de SM, RI, sobrepeso e obesidade foram de 14%, 8,5%, 21% e 13%, respectivamente. Dentre os estudantes com SM, 27% tinham RI, 33% apresentavam sobrepeso, 45,5% eram obesos e 22% eutr&#243;ficos. A RI foi mais frequente nos estudantes com sobrepeso (48%) e obesos (41%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos (11%; p = 0,034). As vari&#225;veis com maior influ&#234;ncia para o desenvolvimento da SM foram a obesidade (OR = 32,7), o sobrepeso (OR= 6,1), a RI (OR = 4,4; p &#8804; 0,0001 para todos) e a idade (OR = 1,15; p = 0,014).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Foi observada elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM nas crian&#231;as e adolescentes avaliados. Estudantes obesos, com sobrepeso ou resistentes &#224; insulina tiveram maiores chances de desenvolver a s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; caracterizada por um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, incluindo obesidade abdominal, hipertens&#227;o, hipertrigliceridemia, diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) e hiperglicemia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A SM tem forte associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas que podem inclusive ser precursoras da s&#237;ndrome, como a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI), sobrepeso e obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, a SM &#233; tema pol&#234;mico e ainda inconclusivo, principalmente devido &#224; falta de crit&#233;rios unificados sobre as vari&#225;veis que devem compor a s&#237;ndrome, bem como os pontos de corte para essas vari&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disto, a defini&#231;&#227;o de SM, conforme descrita em elegante revis&#227;o por Damiani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, n&#227;o identifica necessariamente quais os componentes que est&#227;o alterados no indiv&#237;duo para permitir melhor tratamento. De qualquer maneira, &#233; consenso que a identifica&#231;&#227;o da SM na popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil indica indubitavelmente a presen&#231;a de um conjunto de fatores e/ou vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas que aumentam os riscos para o desenvolvimento futuro de diabetes melito tipo 2 e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Juntamente com o crescimento da obesidade juvenil, a preval&#234;ncia de SM vem aumentando nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. De acordo com revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, a preval&#234;ncia mundial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> de SM em uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral de crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; de 3,3% (0&#8211;19,2%) e 11,9% (2,8&#8211;29,3%), respectivamente, e em crian&#231;as com sobrepeso e obesidade &#233; de 29,2% (10&#8211;66%). Em geral, a preval&#234;ncia de RI n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Por&#233;m, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com sobrepeso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> ou obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> a preval&#234;ncia de RI varia de 0 a 24% e 4,4 a 57%, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados de estudos mais recentes, 33,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e 41,3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> das crian&#231;as e dos adolescentes obesos apresentam RI.</p>
        <p>Os in&#250;meros fatores de risco associados &#224; s&#237;ndrome na crian&#231;a podem persistir ou se tornarem mais evidentes ao longo da adolesc&#234;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Assim, &#233; importante identificar precocemente estes fatores com a finalidade de intervir e minimizar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas futuras. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a preval&#234;ncia de SM em estudantes de Guabiruba-SC, bem como a preval&#234;ncia de RI, obesidade e sobrepeso e a associa&#231;&#227;o de cada uma dessas vari&#225;veis no desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal com 1011 estudantes autodeclarados caucasianos, cursando o ensino fundamental (1&#170; a 8&#170; s&#233;ries), com idade entre seis e 14 anos e que em 2009 representavam 44,0% dos alunos matriculados na rede municipal e estadual do munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil. Todos os 12 estabelecimentos de ensino do munic&#237;pio foram representados no presente estudo, cada um com participa&#231;&#227;o de 21 a 100% dos seus estudantes. O tamanho m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para detectar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (&#945; &lt; 0,05) foi calculado considerando o poder de 80% (1 - &#946;) e a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal de 26,9% em adolescentes na cidade de Florian&#243;polis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, capital do estado de Santa Catarina, com erro toler&#225;vel de 2,5% da estimativa e 20% de acr&#233;scimo ao valor m&#237;nimo calculado para poss&#237;veis perdas. Assim, <italic>foi estimado o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 1005 estudantes a serem avaliados. Para a an&#225;lise de RI, foi considerada a preval&#234;ncia de 41,3%</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><italic>14</italic></xref>
					<italic>, com erro toler&#225;vel de 4% dessa estimativa e acr&#233;scimo de 20% ao tamanho m&#237;nimo calculado para poss&#237;veis perdas, perfazendo o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 557 estudantes. O estudo  </italic>foi constitu&#237;do por amostra de conveni&#234;ncia volunt&#225;ria ou de acessibilidade, n&#227;o selecionada aleatoriamente e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (n&#186; 210/2009). Todos os participantes apresentaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 196/96/MS) assinado por seus pais ou respons&#225;veis legais.</p>
        <p>As amostras sangu&#237;neas foram obtidas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 a 14 horas e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos glicose, colesterol total (CT), HDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) foi realizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de metodologia enzim&#225;tica em equipamento automatizado (BTS 370 <italic>BioSystems</italic> - Connecticut-EUA). O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foi estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de insulina s&#233;rica foi realizada em 667 amostras por meio de ensaio imunom&#233;trico por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia com enzima marcada em fase s&#243;lida, utilizando-se o sistema de reagentes Immulite 2000 systems<sup>&#174;</sup> (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, EUA). A RI foi estimada por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice HOMA-IR (<italic>homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance</italic>): [HOMA-IR = insulina s&#233;rica de jejum (<italic>&#956;</italic>U/mL) x glicose s&#233;rica de jejum (mg/dL)/405]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O ponto de corte adotado foi de &gt; 3,16<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Peso e altura foram aferidos com equipamento constitu&#237;do por balan&#231;a com capacidade para at&#233; 200 kg e escala de 100 g, e estadi&#244;metro com capacidade para at&#233; 2,0 m e escala de 0,5 cm (Welmy, S&#227;o Paulo-SP). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi estimado segundo a f&#243;rmula [IMC = Peso (kg)/Altura (m<sup>2</sup>)] e os valores de   <italic>z-score</italic> para IMC segundo a idade foram calculados usando o programa <italic>AnthroPlus</italic> da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Resultados &gt; 1 e 2 desvios padr&#245;es (DPs) para o <italic>z-score</italic> do IMC-por-idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> foram definidos como sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi aferida utilizando-se a medida m&#237;nima entre a &#250;ltima costela e a borda superior da crista il&#237;aca, com fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica, conforme descrito por Taylor e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi verificada com manguito e esfigmoman&#244;metro por t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica, de acordo com a I Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose na Inf&#226;ncia e na Adolesc&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da SM foram os descritos pelo   <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program &#8211; Adult Treatment Panel III</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, empregando-se os pontos de corte das vari&#225;veis para crian&#231;as e adolescentes segundo a I Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose na Inf&#226;ncia e na Adolesc&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Dessa forma, o diagn&#243;stico da SM foi estabelecido pela presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s das seguintes vari&#225;veis: CC elevada de acordo com sexo e idade, segundo a tabela referencial de Taylor e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, TG &#8805; 100,0 mg/dL, HDL-c &#8804; 45,0 mg/dL, glicose de jejum &#8805; 100,0 mg/dL e PA &#8805; percentil 90 (de acordo com sexo, idade e altura).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados categ&#243;ricos est&#227;o apresentados na forma de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e percentagem e os quantitativos como mediana e faixa interquartil. Foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado (&#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) para detectar as diferen&#231;as de preval&#234;ncias entre portadores ou n&#227;o de SM, entre meninos e meninas e entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes. As diferen&#231;as quantitativas entre os grupos foram detectadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi usada para estimar o efeito das vari&#225;veis independentes g&#234;nero, idade, RI, sobrepeso e obesidade no desfecho cl&#237;nico de interesse (apresenta&#231;&#227;o concomitante de pelo menos tr&#234;s fatores compat&#237;veis com SM). Raz&#245;es de chance ajustadas (aOR,   <italic>adjusted odds ratios</italic>) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram obtidas para estimar essa associa&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi realizada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o dos testes qui-quadrado e Hosmer-Lemeshow e &#225;rea sob a curva ROC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa   <italic>MedCalc</italic>
						<sup><italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic></sup>
						<italic>Statistical Software, vers&#227;o 14.12.0  </italic>(MedCalc Software, Ostend, B&#233;lgica) e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 1011 estudantes volunt&#225;rios, caucasianos, sendo 52,4% meninas, 58,5% crian&#231;as e 41,5% adolescentes. Os resultados das caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia geral de SM foi de 14,1%, enquanto as preval&#234;ncias de sobrepeso, obesidade e RI foram de 21,1%, 13,2% e 8,5%, respectivamente. Por&#233;m, nos estudantes com SM, essas preval&#234;ncias aumentaram para 32,9%, 45,5% e 27,0%, respectivamente (p &#8804; 0,0003). Conforme esperado, os estudantes com SM apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas menores de HDL-c e maiores de TG, glicose e insulina, al&#233;m de eleva&#231;&#227;o da CC, da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e do &#237;ndice HOMA-IR em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem SM (p &lt; 0,0001). Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para os valores de CT e LDL-c (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas biodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas de crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-14 anos) avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral n = 1011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Com SM n = 143 (14,1%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem SM n = 868 (85,9%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">17,8 (11,3-32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 (14,3-32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17,3 (11,3-33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 (58,0-73,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (71,0-85,8)</td>
                <td align="center">63,0 (57,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade abdominal n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">307 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (85,3)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">582 (57,6)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">551 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 (90,0-110,0)</td>
                <td align="center">110,0 (100,0-120,0)</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 (90,0-110,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (50,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (60,0-80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (50,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">168,0 (150,9-187,6)</td>
                <td align="center">170,3 (154,1-188,4)</td>
                <td align="center">167,7 (150,5-187,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102,4 (85,6-120,1)</td>
                <td align="center">106,3 (86,0-123,5)</td>
                <td align="center">102,1 (85,4-119,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 (42,0-55,7)</td>
                <td align="center">40,8 (36,3-43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49,6 (43,9-56,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">77,6 (60,9-100,7)</td>
                <td align="center">120,4 (100,3-158,2)</td>
                <td align="center">73,8 (58,4-91,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">90,2 (85,0-95,2)</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 (89,3-101,0)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0 (84,5-94,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 667</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 567</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,50 (2,40-8,40)</td>
                <td align="center">7,91 (4,69-13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 (2,30-7,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,54-1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">1,91 (1,07-3,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,52-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RI n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como mediana (faixa interquartil) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e valor absoluto e percentagem para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; OS: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica; PD: press&#227;o diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; RI: resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A SM teve preval&#234;ncia semelhante em meninos e meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>), por&#233;m foi mais frequente nos adolescentes (19,1%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as avaliadas (10,6%; p &lt; 0,0001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>). Em geral, os componentes da SM e as vari&#225;veis associadas de maior frequ&#234;ncia foram, em ordem decrescente, o HDL-c baixo (91,6%), a obesidade abdominal (85,3%), a hipertrigliceridemia (76,9%), a obesidade (45,5%), a PA elevada (46,1%), a hiperglicemia (35,7%), o sobrepeso (32,9%) e a RI (27,0%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros e entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com exce&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e da RI que foram mais frequentes, respectivamente, nos meninos e nas meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>), da PA elevada e da RI, que foram mais comuns nos adolescentes, e da obesidade que foi mais prevalente nas crian&#231;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia (%) de vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-14 anos) avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Com S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Sem S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral n = 143</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Meninos n = 63 (44,1%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Meninas n = 80 (55,9%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p 0,0605</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral n = 868</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Meninos n = 418 (48,2%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Meninas n = 450 (51,8%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p 0,1465</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c baixo</td>
                <td align="center">131 (91,6)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">56 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (93,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4396</td>
                <td align="center">249 (28,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">127 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3178</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HiperTG</td>
                <td align="center">110 (76,9)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">48 (76,2)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (76,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8432</td>
                <td align="center">154 (17,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">65 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1264</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperglicemia</td>
                <td align="center">51 (35,7)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">28 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0766</td>
                <td align="center">66 (7,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">44 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA elevada</td>
                <td align="center">66 (46,1)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">24 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (52,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1221</td>
                <td align="center">71 (8,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">44 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">122 (85,3)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">53 (84,1)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (86,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9091</td>
                <td align="center">185 (21,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">74 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">47 (32,9)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">17 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2511</td>
                <td align="center">166 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">65 (45,5)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">35 (55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0480</td>
                <td align="center">68 (7,8)&#134;</td>
                <td align="center">37 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 100</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 41</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n= 59</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 567</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 267</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 300</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RI</td>
                <td align="center">27 (27%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">4(9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0025</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7(2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0118</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>&#134;</label>
              <p>P &lt; 0,0001 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos estudantes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (teste qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates). HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (&#8804;45 mg/dL); HiperTG, hipertrigliceridemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); Hiperglicemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (&#8805;p90); PA: press&#227;o arterial (&#8805;p90); RI: resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR &gt; 3,16).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) em crian&#231;as (6-10 anos) e adolescentes (11-14 anos) com e sem SM avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Crian&#231;as n = 592</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Adolescentes n = 419</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p &lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Crian&#231;as vs. Adolescentes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Com SM n = 63 (10,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sem SM n = 529 (89,4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Com SM n = 80 (19,1%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sem SM n = 339 (80,9%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Com SM 0,0001</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sem SM 0,0002</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c baixo</td>
                <td align="center">57 (90,5)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">74 (92,5)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,9009</td>
                <td align="center">0,0433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HiperTG</td>
                <td align="center">47 (74,6)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">63 (78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,7057</td>
                <td align="center">0,3954</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperglicemia</td>
                <td align="center">19 (30,1)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">32 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,2931</td>
                <td align="center">0,0052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA elevada</td>
                <td align="center">22 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">44 (55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0261</td>
                <td align="center">0,0485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC elevada</td>
                <td align="center">56 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">66 (82,5)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,4034</td>
                <td align="center">0,3691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">16 (25,4)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1811</td>
                <td align="center">31 (38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (21,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0022</td>
                <td align="center">0,1331</td>
                <td align="center">0,1812</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">39 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">26 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0008</td>
                <td align="center">0,2951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 50</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 382</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 50</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n = 185</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RI</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0360</td>
                <td align="center">22 (44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (&#8804;45 mg/dL); HiperTG: hipertrigliceridemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); Hiperglicemia (&#8805;100 mg/dL); CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (&#8805;p90); PA: press&#227;o arterial (&#8805;p90); RI: resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR &#8805;3,16).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nos estudantes sem SM, as preval&#234;ncias de hiperglicemia e a PA elevada foram maiores nos meninos, enquanto a CC aumentada e a RI foram mais frequentes nas meninas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, as preval&#234;ncias de HDL-c baixo (32,7%), hiperglicemia (10,9%), PA elevada (10,6%) e RI (10,3%) foram maiores nos adolescentes em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de mais de um componente da SM presente simultaneamente nos estudantes com e sem SM &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>. Dentre as crian&#231;as e adolescentes com SM, 68,5%, 27,3% e 4,2% apresentaram, respectivamente, tr&#234;s, quatro e todas as cinco vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas da s&#237;ndrome, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre meninos e meninas. Dentre os 27 estudantes com SM e RI, 12 (44,4%) tinham tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis da SM, enquanto 12 (44,4%) e tr&#234;s (11,1%) tinham quatro e cinco vari&#225;veis, respectivamente. Nas crian&#231;as e adolescentes sem SM, 38,2% e 22,3% apresentavam, respectivamente, uma ou duas vari&#225;veis da SM, sendo que 46,7% ou 26,7% desses, respectivamente, eram resistentes &#224; insulina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia (%) de v&#225;rios componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica presentes simultaneamente em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-14 anos) avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Com Sindrome Metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral (n = 143)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Meninos (n = 63)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Meninas (n = 80)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis (n)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">98 (68,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6289</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quatro</td>
                <td align="center">39 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cinco</td>
                <td align="center">06 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RI</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 27)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 4)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 23)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s + RI</td>
                <td align="center">12 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12 (52,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quatro + RI</td>
                <td align="center">12 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cinco + RI</td>
                <td align="center">03 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">01 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Sem S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Geral (n = 868)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Meninos (n = 418)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Meninas (n = 450)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uma</td>
                <td align="center">332 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">159 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9591</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Duas</td>
                <td align="center">194 (22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RI</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 30)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 23)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uma + RI</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (47,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Duas + RI</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5(21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5335</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RI: resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia geral de RI n&#227;o esteve associada ao estado nutricional da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, sendo que 38,6% dos estudantes eutr&#243;ficos, 35,1% com sobrepeso e 24,6% com obesidade apresentaram RI (p = 0,1597; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>). Por&#233;m, estratificando-se a preval&#234;ncia de RI pela presen&#231;a de SM e pelo estado nutricional, observou-se maior propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes com sobrepeso (48,1%) e obesos (40,7%) com SM e RI em compara&#231;&#227;o aos estudantes eutr&#243;ficos (11,1%, p = 0,034). Por outro lado, nos estudantes sem SM, a RI foi mais comum nos indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos (63,3%) do que naqueles com sobrepeso (23,3%) ou obesidade (10,0%,   <italic>p</italic> = 0,0001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia (%) de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-14 anos) com e sem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Geral n = 667</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Com Sindrome Metab&#243;lica n</bold>
                  <bold>= 100</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Sem Sindrome Metab&#243;lica n =567</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RI (+) n = 57 (8,5%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RI (+) n = 27 (27%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RI (-) n = 73 (73%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RI (+) n = 30 (5,3%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RI (-) n = 537 (94,7%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado Nutricional</td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo Peso n = 54 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia n = 379 (56,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4380</td>
                <td align="center">19 (63,3)</td>
                <td align="center">342 (63,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8802</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso n = 147 (22,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (48,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1215</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade n = 87 (13,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (40,7)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (50,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5158</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P (Eutrofia vs. Obesidade)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1597</td>
                <td align="center">0,0340</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RI (+): presen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; RI (-): aus&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores de aOR obtidos pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>. A predi&#231;&#227;o de SM nas crian&#231;as e adolescentes avaliados foi significativamente aumentada para idade (aOR 1,15; p = 0,0142), RI (aOR, 4,39; p = 0,0001), sobrepeso (aOR 6,09; p &lt; 0,0001) e, principalmente, obesidade (aOR 32,68; p &lt; 0,0001). Em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustado pelo g&#234;nero e considerando o &#237;ndice HOMA-IR como vari&#225;vel independente, o aumento de cada unidade do &#237;ndice HOMA-IR esteve associado &#224; SM com OR de 1,25 (IC 95% 1,09-1,44; p = 0,0220).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica estimados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-14 anos) avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC, Brasil, 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>aOR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,03-1,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,0142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,45-1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,3389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">6,09</td>
                <td align="center">3,25-11,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">32,68</td>
                <td align="center">16,51-64,69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina</td>
                <td align="center">4,39</td>
                <td align="center">2,14-9,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>aOR: odds ratio (raz&#227;o de chance) ajustada; IC 95%, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da SM em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; importante para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No presente estudo, 14,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudantes avaliados no munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC foi identificada como portadora de SM, principalmente indiv&#237;duos com obesidade ou sobrepeso, RI e adolescentes. Merece destaque o fato de que 22% dos portadores de SM eram eutr&#243;ficos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos brasileiros que utilizaram crit&#233;rios id&#234;nticos para a classifica&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de SM encontrada em nosso estudo foi superior &#224; verificada em Maraca&#237;-SP (3,6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, por&#233;m inferior &#224;s descritas em Salvador-BA (17,7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e em Feira de Santana-BA (22,6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, provavelmente devido &#224;s diferentes propor&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos obesos nas popula&#231;&#245;es avaliadas.</p>
        <p>A SM em crian&#231;as e adolescentes est&#225; se tornando um problema global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Essa s&#237;ndrome tem etiologia complexa e multifatorial e o controle dos seus fatores de risco modific&#225;veis no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal e/ou na inf&#226;ncia pode ter efeito a longo prazo na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, incluindo as DCVs. Considerando as crescentes evid&#234;ncias sobre a progress&#227;o dos fatores de risco desde a inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta, deve-se enfatizar o papel potencial dos determinantes gen&#233;ticos, pr&#233;-natais, ambientais, biol&#243;gicos e comportamentais na SM na inf&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nesse contexto, a SM em crian&#231;as est&#225; relacionada principalmente &#224; &#8220;globesidade&#8221;, termo usado pela OMS para enfatizar a crescente epidemia mundial de sobrepeso e obesidade juvenil. No presente estudo, realizado em crian&#231;as e adolescentes de um munic&#237;pio semirrural de Santa Catarina, foi encontrada elevada preval&#234;ncia de estudantes com sobrepeso (21%) e obesidade (13%), com as maiores chances de desenvolver a SM (6,1 e 32,7 vezes, respectivamente). Dentre os estudantes com SM, 33% tinham sobrepreso e 45,5% eram obesos. Resultados semelhantes foram descritos para crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos em Maraca&#237;-SP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, adolescentes obesos em Porto Alegre-RS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e em tr&#234;s cidades do Paran&#225;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Em crian&#231;as obesas em Taguatinga-DF, a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 16,7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sabe-se que a obesidade est&#225; associada aos demais componentes da SM e &#224; RI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, assim como existe forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RI e a SM ou vari&#225;veis de risco cardiometab&#243;lico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. No presente estudo, 35% e 25% dos estudantes com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente, eram resistentes &#224; insulina. A RI vem sendo considerada como potencial marcador de risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e esteve presente em 33% e 41% dos adolescentes obesos atendidos, respectivamente, em ambulat&#243;rio especializado em Osasco-SP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de em Campina Grande-PB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, 39,4% das crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos avaliados na Bol&#237;via<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e 7,7% das crian&#231;as obesas (3&#8211;5 anos) avaliadas na regi&#227;o norte da Holanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Nos escolares avaliados em nosso estudo, a RI teve preval&#234;ncia geral de 8,5% e esteve presente principalmente nas meninas e nos adolescentes. Nos estudantes com SM, a preval&#234;ncia de RI aumentou para 27%, principalmente nos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso (48%) ou obesidade (41%) e foi tamb&#233;m mais frequente nas meninas (39%) e nos adolescentes (44%), confirmando assim sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o excesso de peso e alguma influ&#234;ncia hormonal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. De acordo com nossa an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a RI esteve associada &#224; SM (aOR = 4,4), sendo que o aumento de uma unidade de HOMA-IR elevou em 25% a chance de ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome (aOR = 1,25). Em geral, os nossos resultados corroboram os achados de Medeiros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, os quais relataram que as meninas e os adolescentes com RI apresentaram risco elevado para componentes da SM. Outros autores brasileiros tamb&#233;m reportaram associa&#231;&#245;es importantes e significativas entre a RI e in&#250;meras altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas compat&#237;veis com a SM em adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> com obesidade.</p>
        <p>Segundo Bradshaw e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, um n&#250;mero substancial de crian&#231;as e adolescentes t&#234;m alguns dos componentes da SM. De fato, nossos resultados s&#227;o preocupantes e merecem aten&#231;&#227;o, pois entre os estudantes sem SM, 38% e 22% apresentaram um e dois componentes da SM, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disto, 29% desses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram HDL-c baixo, 21% tinham obesidade abdominal &#8211; a qual representa maior risco para as DCVs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> &#8211; e 63% eram resistentes &#224; insulina, indicando percentual elevado de jovens com grande probabilidade de agravamento futuro de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Nos estudantes com SM, tamb&#233;m foi elevada a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com at&#233; quatro componentes (27%), sendo que 44% desses eram resistentes &#224; insulina. Igualmente, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o que 4,2% dos estudantes tinham cinco componentes da SM, incluindo RI, indicando uma situa&#231;&#227;o pouco usual em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Em geral, esses resultados s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos de outros estudos brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Entre as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; SM, as de maior frequ&#234;ncia foram o HDL-c baixo, a obesidade abdominal, a hipertrigliceridemia e a PA elevada, com preval&#234;ncias de 92%, 85%, 77% e 46%, respectivamente. Vale notar que em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e em adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> obesos, a PA elevada costuma ser mais prevalente que as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas.</p>
        <p>Devido ao delineamento transversal, este estudo &#233; limitado pela impossibilidade de definir uma rela&#231;&#227;o temporal de causalidade. Al&#233;m disto, podem ser considerados como limita&#231;&#227;o o fato dos resultados n&#227;o poderem ser extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de crian&#231;as e adolescentes do munic&#237;pio de Guabiruba-SC. Outras limita&#231;&#245;es incluem a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida laboratorial de insulina em todos os estudantes, a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos alimentares, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e medida de matura&#231;&#227;o puberal, e aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, obesidade e diabetes melito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, este estudo mostrou alta preval&#234;ncia de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil avaliada, principalmente entre os estudantes com obesidade ou sobrepeso, os resistentes &#224; insulina e os adolescentes. O HDL-c baixo foi o componente presente com maior frequ&#234;ncia, seguido da obesidade abdominal e da hipertrigliceridemia. Al&#233;m disto, confirmamos que as vari&#225;veis obesidade, sobrepeso, RI e idade estiveram associadas frequentemente &#224; SM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESC &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Estado de Santa Catarina, processo n&#176; 15.981/2009-6.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
