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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nRNYLdSzqQJzjMqNQBgnGHR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050058</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of ACUITY and CRUSADE Scores in Predicting Major Bleeding during Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis C. L. Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina 19, 402, Gra&#231;a. Postal Code: 40150080, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo M. Acquisition of data:Ferreira F, Kalil F, Silva A, Pereira L, Carvalhal M, Cerqueira M, Lopes F, S&#225; N, Noya-Rabelo M. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Correia LCL. Statistical analysis: Correia LCL. Writing of the manuscript:Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>20</fpage>
      <lpage>27</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The ACUITY and CRUSADE scores are validated models for prediction of major bleeding events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the comparative performances of these scores are not known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the accuracy of ACUITY and CRUSADE in predicting major bleeding events during ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included 519 patients consecutively admitted for unstable angina, non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The scores were calculated based on admission data. We considered major bleeding events during hospitalization and not related to cardiac surgery, according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria (type 3 or 5: hemodynamic instability, need for transfusion, drop in hemoglobin &#8805; 3 g, and intracranial, intraocular or fatal bleeding).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Major bleeding was observed in 31 patients (23 caused by femoral puncture, 5 digestive, 3 in other sites), an incidence of 6%. While both scores were associated with bleeding, ACUITY demonstrated better C-statistics (0.73, 95% CI = 0.63 - 0.82) as compared with CRUSADE (0.62, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.71; p = 0.04). The best performance of ACUITY was also reflected by a net reclassification improvement of + 0.19 (p = 0.02) over CRUSADE&#8217;s definition of low or high risk. Exploratory analysis suggested that the presence of the variables &#8216;age&#8217; and &#8216;type of ACS&#8217; in ACUITY was the main reason for its superiority.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The ACUITY Score is a better predictor of major bleeding when compared with the CRUSADE Score in patients hospitalized for ACS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Acuity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Unstable / complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Individuals admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at considerable risk of ischemic complications during the acute phase. Thus, aggressive pharmacological and interventional therapies are adopted to minimize the likelihood of recurrent events, such as refractory angina, re-infarction or cardiovascular death. However, the same interventions designed to protect against ischemic complications are the ones to increase the likelihood of major bleeding during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Since major bleeding is associated with mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, clinical decision should balance the risk of recurrent ischemia and that of bleeding. Multivariate models for risk prediction of cardiovascular events in ACS were validated early in the last decade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Those scores have been compared with each other, the GRACE (<italic>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</italic>) model showing the best accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. On the other hand, bleeding scores, such as ACUITY (<italic>Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY</italic>) and CRUSADE (<italic>Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines</italic>), have been validated only recently, but not yet compared.</p>
      <p>To assess whether there is any superiority of one bleeding score over the other, we evaluated the agreement between ACUITY and CRUSADE, compared their C-statistics and analyzed their reclassification. A prospective cohort of 519 consecutive patients with ACS had bleeding scores calculated on admission, and major bleeding registered according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Selection</title>
        <p>This is an analysis of the Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (REACS). In this Registry, consecutive patients with rest onset of typical chest discomfort within the previous 48 hours, admitted to the coronary care units of two tertiary hospitals in the city of Salvador, Brazil, between August 2007 and December 2011, were evaluated for inclusion in the REACS. To include patients with non-ST-elevation ACS, at least one of the three objective criteria should be present: electrocardiographic changes consisting of transient ST&#8209;segment depression (&#8805; 0.05 mV) or T-wave inversion (&#8805; 0.1 mV); troponin change to a level beyond the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile threshold of a healthy reference population, with 10% coefficient of variability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>; or previous documentation of coronary artery disease, defined as a definitive history of myocardial infarction or coronary obstruction &#8805; 50% on angiography. For inclusion of ST&#8209;elevation acute myocardial infarction, a persistent ST&#8209;segment elevation of at least 0.1 mV in at least two contiguous leads or a left bundle&#8209;branch block, with subsequent Q wave formation and elevation of serum marker of myocardial necrosis, was required. Patient&#8217;s option not to participate in the Registry was the sole exclusion criterion. All participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in <italic>a priori</italic> approval by the institution's human research ethics committee. Based on clinical and laboratory data collected on admission, the ACUITY and CRUSADE scores were calculated, according to the original studies&#8217; definition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. During hospitalization, patients were prospectively followed up for the detection of major bleeding, as our primary endpoint. Major bleeding was defined as type 3 or type 5 of the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The criteria for type 3 bleeding are as follows: hemoglobin drop of 3-5 g% or need for blood transfusion (type 3a); a drop in hemoglobin &#8805; 5 g%, cardiac tamponade, need for surgical treatment or hemodynamic instability (type 3b); and intracranial or intraocular bleeding (type 3c). Type 5 is a definitive fatal bleeding (direct causal link, type 5a) or probable fatal bleeding (indirect causal link, type 5b). CABG-related bleeding (type 4) was not taken into account in our bleeding definition. Bleeding was also classified according to site (femoral, gastrointestinal or other).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ACUITY and CRUSADE Scores</title>
        <p>Briefly, the ACUITY Score consists of seven variables, three dichotomous (female sex, presence of anemia, use of bivalirudin), one nominal variable (type of ACS: unstable angina, non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction) and three semiquantitative variables (age, serum creatinine and white blood cell count, all analyzed as ordinal categories). In this score, predisposing factors for bleeding are female sex, presence of anemia, advanced age, elevated creatinine, high white blood cell count and ACS type (ST&#8209;elevation myocardial infarction being the higher risk, followed by non-ST- myocardial infarction and unstable angina). The use of bivalirudin is supposed to be a protective factor, but this variable was never present in our patients, because this drug is not commercially available in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>The CRUSADE Score consists of eight variables, four dichotomous (female sex, heart failure signs, diabetes and peripheral artery disease) and four semiquantitative (baseline hematocrit, creatinine clearance, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, all analyzed as ordinal categories). All dichotomous variables were predisposition factors, as were low hematocrit, creatinine clearance and blood pressure, and high heart rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Creatinine clearance was calculated according to the Cockcroft &amp; Gault formula.</p>
        <p>In both scores, points are attributed according to the values of each variable, and the sum of all variables corresponds to previously defined risk levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>As ordinal variables, the bleeding scores were described as medians and interquartile ranges. Considering their normal distribution, we additionally described the scores as mean &#177; standard deviation. Agreement between the scores in defining high risk of bleeding was evaluated by <italic>Kappa</italic> test. In this analysis, high risk was defined by the threshold &#8805; 10% according to the validation studies of each score (ACUITY &gt; 20 and CRUSADE &gt; 40)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Agreement was also evaluated in the definition of low, intermediate or high risk, according to the observed scores&#8217; tertiles.</p>
        <p>Secondly, the scores&#8217; predictive performances were evaluated and compared with each other. Calibration was evaluated by Hosmer and Lemeshow&#8217;s test, with a calibrated score defined by a p value &#8805; 0.05. Most importantly, discrimination was assessed by C-statistics, as the area under the ROC curve of each score for predicting major bleeding. Scores&#8217; C-statistics were compared by the method of Henley and McNeil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The optimal cut-off point in the ROC curve was identified by the maximal difference between sensitivity and 1 &#8211; specificity. Then, sensitivity and specificity according to the optimized cut-off were compared between the scores by the McNemar&#8217;s test.</p>
        <p>After identifying the score that performed best, it was used to reclassify the definition of high or low risk initially assessed by the other score. The definition of low and high risk for each score was performed in two ways: primarily, using the optimal cut-off point on the ROC curve; and secondarily, using the cut-off points for the threshold of risk &#8805; 10% indicated by the validation studies of each score (ACUITY &gt; 20 and CRUSADE &gt; 40)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The impact of the reclassification procedure by using the superior score was assessed by using the method of <italic>net reclassification improvement  </italic>(NRI). Briefly, this method focuses on reclassification tables constructed separately for participants with and without events, and quantifies the correct (upwards for events and downwards for non&#8209;events) and incorrect (downwards for events and upwards for non-events) movements between categories. The <italic>net reclassification</italic> is the balance between correct and incorrect movements. Positive values of NRI indicate a predominance of correct reclassification, while negative values indicate a predominance of incorrect reclassification. p value &lt; 0.05 rejects the null hypothesis of NRI = 0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>To evaluate whether the scores have complementary predictive value to each other, we performed a logistic regression analysis taking bleeding as the dependent variable and the scores (entered as numeric variables) as independent variables. Independent prediction of both scores would suggest complementary value.</p>
        <p>Finally, an exploratory analysis was performed to evaluate which components of the scores were mostly associated with bleeding. Student&#8217;s <italic>t  </italic>test was used to compare numeric variables between bleeding and non-bleeding patients, and Pearson&#8217;s chi-square to compare categorical variables. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), version 9.0, was used for data analysis, and final statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05 in all cases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Characteristics</title>
        <p>This study assessed 519 patients (mean age of 67 &#177; 13 years, 54% males), 37% of whom with an index diagnosis of unstable angina, 47% with non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction and 22% with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. During hospitalization, most patients underwent dual antiplatelet treatment plus full anticoagulation, while only 5.7% received antagonists of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. No patient used bivalirudin. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 37% of the patients, 41% underwent coronary angiography without intervention, and the remaining 22% did not undergo any percutaneous procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). During the study period, all percutaneous procedures were performed via the femoral site.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics and treatment during hospitalization</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample size</td>
                <td align="center">519</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">237 (46%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Index diagnosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">191 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">215 (41%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">113 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip Class &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">87 (17%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grace score (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (96 - 148)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE low risk</td>
                <td align="center">221 (43%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE intermediate risk</td>
                <td align="center">161 (31%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE high risk</td>
                <td align="center">137 (26%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gensini angiographic score (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (71 - 166)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe coronary disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">187 (36%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>In-hospital Treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">512 (99%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">465 (90%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abxicimab</td>
                <td align="center">14 (2.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tirofiban</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enoxaparin</td>
                <td align="center">434 (84%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fondaparinux</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unfractionated heparin</td>
                <td align="center">17 (3.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percutaneous coronary intervention</td>
                <td align="center">193 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coronary angiography w/o intervention</td>
                <td align="center">210 (41%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coronary artery bypass surgery</td>
                <td align="center">44 (8.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>left main or triple vessel disease</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The ACUITY Score had a normal distribution [mean of 16 &#177; 7.0, median of 16 (interquartile range, 11 &#8211; 21)]. The CRUSADE Score also had a normal distribution [mean of 39 &#177; 15, median of 40 (interquartile range, 29 &#8211; 50)]. During hospitalization, major bleeding was observed in 31 patients, leading to an incidence of 6%. Of those, 23 events were related to the femoral puncture site, 5 to gastrointestinal bleeding, and 3 to other sites. Only one major bleeding was fatal (type 5).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Agreement between ACUITY and CRUSADE</title>
        <p>According to ACUITY, 26% of the patients were defined as at high risk of bleeding (risk &#8805; 10%), while CRUSADE classified 48% of the individuals as high risk. There was 69% agreement between the two in defining high risk, with a modest   <italic>Kappa</italic> coefficient of 0.36 (95% CI = 0.28 &#8211; 0.43; p &lt; 0.001). Of the patients with disagreement between the two scores, 85% were characterized as high risk by CRUSADE, as opposed to ACUITY. When the bleeding risk was defined as low, moderate or high (according to scores&#8217; tertiles), agreement between CRUSADE and ACUITY was also modest (57%, <italic>Kappa</italic> = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.30 &#8211; 0.43; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictive Value of ACUITY versus CRUSADE</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Calibration</title>
          <p>In predicting the bleeding incidence, ACUITY and CRUSADE were similarly calibrated, according to Hosmer and Lemeshow&#8217;s chi-square of 7.1 (p = 0.42) and 7.5 (p = 0.38), respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discrimination</title>
          <p>The discriminatory ability of the ACUITY Score for bleeding events was demonstrated by a C-statistics of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.63 &#8211; 0.82), significantly better than CRUSADE&#8217;s C-statistics of 0.62 (95% CI = 0.53 &#8211; 0.71; p = 0.04 for the comparison between the scores) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The optimal cut-off points for ACUITY and CRUSADE were 19 and 31, respectively. Based on these points, CRUSADE had a better sensitivity (90%; 95% CI = 80% &#8211; 100%) as compared with ACUITY (71%; 95% CI = 55% &#8211; 87%; p = 0.004), but at the expense of much worse specificity of CRUSADE (32%; 95% CI = 28% &#8211; 36%) in relation to ACUITY (71%; 95% CI = 67% &#8211; 75%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curves of the Bleeding Risk according to the ACUITY and CRUSADE scores. Caption: ACUITY&#8217;s C-statistics was significantly better than CRUSADE&#8217;s</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0020-50058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The C-statistics&#8217; superiority of ACUITY over CRUSADE was consistent across non-ST-elevation ACS (0.66 <italic>versus</italic> 0.57, respectively) and ST-elevation ACS (0.87 <italic>versus</italic> 0.80, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curves of the Bleeding Risk according to the ACUITY and CRUSADE scores, in the subgroups of non-ST and ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Caption: ACUITY&#8217;s C-statistics is consistently better than CRUSADE&#8217;s, independent of the acute coronary syndrome presentation</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0020-50058-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reclassification by ACUITY</title>
          <p>Of the 488 individuals without bleeding, CRUSADE incorrectly classified 330 as high risk according to optimal cut-off point. ACUITY correctly reclassified 200 of these patients as low risk. Of the 158 correctly classified by CRUSADE as low risk, ACUITY incorrectly reclassified 11 patients as high risk. Thus, more correct than incorrect reclassification was provided by ACUITY over CRUSADE in patients without bleeding. This provided a significant NRI of 0.38 for patients without bleeding (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>Of the 31 patients with bleeding events, CRUSADE incorrectly classified 3 as low risk; none of those were reclassified by ACUITY. Of the 28 patients correctly classified by CRUSADE as high risk, ACUITY incorrectly reclassified 6 as high risk. Thus, more incorrect than correct reclassification was provided by ACUITY over CRUSADE in patients with bleeding. This provided a NRI of - 0.19 for patients with bleeding (p = 0.01).</p>
          <p>Since the positive NRI in patients without bleeding was higher than the negative NRI in patients with bleeding, a global NRI of + 0.19 (P = 0.02) indicated a balance in favor of correct reclassification by ACUITY over CRUSADE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Net reclassification improvement obtained by ACUITY over CRUSADE risk stratification</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Observed events</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>CRUSADE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Reclassification by ACUITY</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>NRI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Z Score</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>p Value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Low Risk</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>High Risk</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Bleeding (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk = 3</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">- 0.19</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">2.49</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk = 28</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">No bleeding (488)</td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk = 158</td>
                  <td align="center">147</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">+ 0.38</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">13</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk = 330</td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Global NRI by ACUITY Score</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">2.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>NRI: net reclassification improvement</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>When cut-off points from previous validation studies were used as thresholds of risk &#8805; 10% (ACUITY &gt; 20 and CRUSADE &gt; 40), a similar global NRI of + 0.20 (p = 0.03) was observed. It resulted from a non-significant NRI of - 0.03 among patients with events (p = 0.92) and a significant NRI of + 0.23 among those without events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Independent Predictive Value</title>
          <p>When both ACUITY and CRUSADE were entered as numeric covariates in a logistic regression model for predicting major bleeding, CRUSADE lost statistical significance (p = 0.66), while ACUITY remained a predictor of bleeding events (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.06 &#8211; 1.19; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reasons for ACUITY Superiority: Exploratory Analysis</title>
        <p>Of the four variables exclusive of the ACUITY Score, the following three were significantly associated with bleeding: mean age, higher in bleeding than in non-bleeding individuals (76 &#177; 11 years <italic>versus</italic> 67 &#177; 13 years, respectively; p &lt; 0.001); white blood cell count, higher in bleeding than in non-bleeding individuals (10,876 &#177; 3,735 <italic>versus</italic>9,062 &#177; 4,510, respectively; p = 0.03); and infarction of any type, more prevalent in bleeding patients, while unstable angina was less prevalent (p = 0.005). Only creatinine was not associated with bleeding (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association of the score&#8217;s individual variables and major bleeding</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bleeding</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>No bleeding</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample size</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">488</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Common criteria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">15 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">267 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hematocrit (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CRUSADE exclusive criteria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">78 19</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">14 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">18 (58%)</td>
                <td align="center">279 (58%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ACUITY exclusive criteria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White blood cells</td>
                <td align="center">10.876 &#177; 3.735</td>
                <td align="center">9.062 &#177; 4.510</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presentation</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">19 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">196 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; IQR: interquartile range</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>On the contrary, of the five exclusive variables of CRUSADE, only heart rate (86 &#177; 22 <italic>versus</italic> 78 &#177; 19; p = 0.02) and creatinine clearance (47 &#177; 25 mL/min <italic>versus</italic> 60 &#177; 26 mL/min; p = 0.008) differed between the two groups. Diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease did not reach statistical significance.</p>
        <p>Finally, the two variables common to ACUITY and CRUSADE (sex and hematocrit) did not differ between bleeding and non-bleeding individuals. Thus, the cluster of variables best related to bleeding is present in the ACUITY Score, serving as a reason for its predictor superiority (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study provides the first head-to-head comparison of the two best validated tools for predicting major bleeding events in patients with ACS. In our sample population, the ACUITY Score performed better as compared with the CRUSADE Score. ACUITY&#8217;s superiority was indicated by an absolute 0.11 difference in C-statistics and a net reclassification improvement of 0.19 over CRUSADE&#8217;s classification. Moreover, the CRUSADE Score did not sustain its significance in multivariate analysis, while the predictive value of ACUITY was reinforced by its independent association with bleeding.</p>
      <p>Prevention of recurrent ischemic events in ACS is effectively achieved through aggressive antithrombotic therapy and early coronary intervention. However, this effectiveness is achieved at the expense of increased bleeding events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Since major bleeding is associated with increased mortality and morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, clinical decision should balance the ischemic risk against the hemorrhagic risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Multivariate models for predicting ischemic events in ACS are well calibrated and have good discriminatory performance. Previous studies have compared the two most popular models, the TIMI and GRACE Scores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. These studies have established the GRACE Score as the best model for predicting outcomes in ACS patients. On the contrary, bleeding scores have never been compared with each other.</p>
      <p>Prior to the present study, one could hypothesize the CRUSADE Score to be the best predictor of bleeding. First, because it has more variables, which are disposed in a more quantitative fashion than ACUITY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Second, CRUSADE derived from an observational registry of greater sample size, as opposed to ACUITY, which was created from an interventional clinical trial. Therefore, we should explore the reasons for ACUITY outperforming CRUSADE. As demonstrated in our Results section, disagreement between the two scores resulted from an overestimation of risk by CRUSADE as compared with ACUITY. This led to a greater sensitivity of CRUSADE in predicting bleeding, at the expense of a much lower specificity. It suggests that the greater number of variables in CRUSADE promoted an excessive number of patients characterized as vulnerable to bleeding. In addition, two important variables are only present in ACUITY: age and type of ACS. The former is universally present in all bleeding models to date, except CRUSADE. The latter is clinically related to the aggressiveness of treatment, which predisposes to bleeding. However, the type of ACS was not even considered in CRUSADE&#8217;s univariate analysis. Finally, we demonstrated that ACUITY&#8217;s greater number of exclusive variables, as compared with CRUSADE, was associated with bleeding. This indicates that the ACUITY model had a better choice of candidate variables at the initial step of univariate analysis.</p>
      <p>One concern is that the present results were driven by our study being more similar to the ACUITY&#8217;s than CRUSADE&#8217;s studies &#8211; characteristics depicted on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>. However, this does not seem to be the case, since our study population is actually closer to the CRUSADE Registry, as opposed to the ACUITY. Similar to our study, CRUSADE is a real world registry, while ACUITY is an interventional clinical trial; CRUSADE included both ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation ACS, as ours did, while ACUITY included only non-ST-elevation ACS. Although the definition of major bleeding was similar in both studies, CRUSADE presented a higher incidence of bleeding as compared with ACUITY (9.6% <italic>versus</italic> 3.8%). Our incidence was halfway between the two. Therefore, the better performance of ACUITY did not result from the greater similarities between our sample and that of the ACUITY Registry.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Differences between the ACUITY and CRUSADE scores</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>ACUITY</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CRUSADE</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Validation study</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sample size</td>
              <td align="center">17,000</td>
              <td align="center">71,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACS type</td>
              <td align="center">Only NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI and NSTEMI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Study type</td>
              <td align="center">Randomized clinical trial</td>
              <td align="center">Observational cohort</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bleeding Incidence</td>
              <td align="center">3%</td>
              <td align="center">9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of variables</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age computed</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACS type computed</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; IQR: interquartile range; ACS: acute coronary syndrome.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Our net reclassification table indicated that 330 patients without bleeding were mistakenly classified by CRUSADE as at high risk of bleeding, due to its low specificity. Thus, the use of CRUSADE leads to clinical decisions towards a more conservative approach, not offering full pharmacological and invasive therapy to patients who could benefit from it. Instead, the use of ACUITY corrected that mistake in 200 of 330 patients. On the other hand, CRUSADE has better sensitivity than ACUITY in detecting those vulnerable to bleeding. But its advantage in sensitivity is much smaller than its disadvantage in specificity, leading to a net improvement of ACUITY over CRUSADE.</p>
      <p>The applicability of the present findings should be discussed in light of the representativeness of our sample population. We selected a sample of consecutive patients with well-defined criteria for ACS, with a risk profile equally distributed into low, intermediate or high risk by the GRACE Score, as expected according to the risk definition based on tertiles of that score. Moreover, the mean age was typical of the ACS population, and individuals were symmetrically distributed into male and female sex. Thus, we believe our sample represents the average patient population with ACS.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of our study was the relatively modest number of bleeding events. It implies imprecision in the magnitude of ACUITY superiority. On the other hand, as the major problem of a small sample size, the type II error did not take place. The difference of C-statistics between the two studies reached significance. Although not definitive, the present study is a first indication that ACUITY is a more promising tool in the risk/benefit stratification of patients with ACS.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, as the first comparison between ACUITY and CRUSADE bleeding scores, the present study suggests that the former has a better accuracy as compared with the latter.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os Escores ACUITY e CRUSADE para Predi&#231;&#227;o de Sangramento Maior na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
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          <name>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis C. L. Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina 19, 402, Gra&#231;a. CEP 40150080, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ferreira F, Kalil F, Silva A, Pereira L, Carvalhal M, Cerqueira M, Lopes F, S&#225; N, Noya-Rabelo M. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Correia LCL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Correia LCL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo M. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE s&#227;o modelos validados para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos de sangramento maior na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Os desempenhos comparativos desses escores, entretanto, s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a acur&#225;cia dos escores ACUITY e CRUSADE para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos de sangramento maior nas SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 519 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente por angina inst&#225;vel e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Os escores foram calculados tendo por base dados da admiss&#227;o. Definiu-se sangramento maior como sendo o tipo 3 ou tipo 5 do Cons&#243;rcio de Pesquisa Acad&#234;mica de Sangramento (<italic>Bleeding Academic Research Consortium</italic> - BARC), ocorrido durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o relacionado com cirurgia card&#237;aca, a saber: instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, necessidade de transfus&#227;o, queda na hemoglobina &#8805; 3 g e sangramento intracraniano, intraocular ou fatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observou-se sangramento maior em 31 pacientes (23 causados por pun&#231;&#227;o femoral, 5 digestivos e 3 em outros locais), sendo a incid&#234;ncia de 6%. Embora os dois escores tenham se associado com sangramento, o ACUITY demonstrou melhor estat&#237;stica C (0,73, IC 95% = 0,63 &#8211; 0,82) do que o CRUSADE (0,62, IC 95% = 0,53 -0,71; p = 0,04). O melhor desempenho do ACUITY foi tamb&#233;m evidenciado pela reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida de + 0,19 (p = 0,02) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de baixo ou alto risco do CRUSADE. A an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria sugeriu que a presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis &#8216;idade&#8217; e &#8216;tipo de SCA&#8217; no ACUITY foi a principal raz&#227;o para sua superioridade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O escore ACUITY mostrou-se superior ao CRUSADE para a predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior em pacientes hospitalizados por SCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidade do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) apresentam consider&#225;vel risco de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas durante a fase aguda. Adotam-se, portanto, terapias agressivas farmacol&#243;gicas e intervencionistas para minimizar a probabilidade de eventos recorrentes, como angina refrat&#225;ria, re-infarto ou morte cardiovascular. Entretanto, as mesmas interven&#231;&#245;es destinadas a proteger contra complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas s&#227;o as que aumentam a probabilidade de sangramento maior durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Como sangramento maior associa-se com mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica deve comparar os risco de isquemia recorrente e de sangramento. Modelos multivariados de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos cardiovasculares em SCA foram validados no in&#237;cio da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Esses escores foram comparados entre si, tendo o modelo GRACE (<italic>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</italic>) apresentado a melhor acur&#225;cia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Por outro lado, os escores de sangramento, como o ACUITY (<italic>Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY</italic>) e o CRUSADE (<italic>Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines</italic>), foram validados apenas recentemente, mas n&#227;o comparados.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar se existe superioridade de um escore de sangramento, analisaram-se a concord&#226;ncia entre os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE, a estat&#237;stica C e a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o. Em uma coorte prospectiva de 519 pacientes consecutivos com SCA, calcularam-se os escores de sangramento na admiss&#227;o, sendo os sangramentos maiores registrados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>Bleeding Academic Research Consortium</italic>(BARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>Trata-se de an&#225;lise do Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (RESCA), que avaliou, para fins de inclus&#227;o, pacientes consecutivos com desconforto tor&#225;cico t&#237;pico de in&#237;cio em repouso nas 48 horas anteriores, admitidos nas unidades coronarianas de dois hospitais terci&#225;rios de Salvador, Brasil, entre agosto de 2007 e dezembro de 2011. Para se incluir pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, pelo menos um dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios objetivos deveria estar presente: altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas consistindo em depress&#227;o transit&#243;ria do segmento ST (&#8805; 0,05 mV) ou invers&#227;o da onda T (&#8805; 0,1 mV); altera&#231;&#227;o da troponina para um n&#237;vel al&#233;m do percentil 99 de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia saud&#225;vel, com coeficiente de variabilidade de 10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>; ou documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, definida como uma hist&#243;ria definitiva de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 50% na angiografia. Para se incluir pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, foi necess&#225;ria uma eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST de pelo menos 0,1 mV em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou um bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, com subsequente forma&#231;&#227;o de onda Q e eleva&#231;&#227;o do marcador s&#233;rico de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. O &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi a op&#231;&#227;o do paciente de n&#227;o participar do RESCA. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do Estudo</title>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, como indica a aprova&#231;&#227;o <italic>a priori</italic> pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Com base em dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais coletados na admiss&#227;o, calcularam-se os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o dos estudos originais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente para a detec&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior, como nosso desfecho prim&#225;rio. Definiu&#8209;se sangramento maior como sendo o tipo 3 ou tipo 5 do Cons&#243;rcio de Pesquisa Acad&#234;mica de Sangramento (<italic>Bleeding Academic Research Consortium</italic> - BARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Os crit&#233;rios para o sangramento tipo 3 foram os seguintes: queda de 3-5 g% na hemoglobina ou necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (tipo 3a); queda na hemoglobina &#8805; 5 g%, tamponamento card&#237;aco, necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (tipo 3b); e sangramento intracraniano ou intraocular (tipo 3c). O sangramento tipo 5 &#233; definitivamente fatal (rela&#231;&#227;o causal direta, tipo 5a) ou provavelmente fatal (rela&#231;&#227;o causal indireta, tipo 5b). O sangramento relacionado &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (tipo 4) n&#227;o foi considerado na nossa defini&#231;&#227;o de sangramento. O sangramento foi tamb&#233;m classificado conforme o local (femoral, gastrointestinal ou outro).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escores ACUITY e CRUSADE</title>
          <p>De maneira resumida, o escore ACUITY consiste em sete vari&#225;veis: tr&#234;s dicot&#244;micas (sexo feminino, presen&#231;a de anemia, uso de bivalirudina); uma nominal (tipo de SCA: angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST); e tr&#234;s semiquantitativas (idade, creatinina s&#233;rica e leucometria, todas analisadas como vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas). Nesse escore, os fatores predisponentes para sangramento s&#227;o sexo feminino, presen&#231;a de anemia, idade avan&#231;ada, creatinina elevada, leucocitose e tipo de SCA (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST apresentando o maior risco, seguido por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e angina inst&#225;vel). Sup&#245;e-se que o uso de bivalirudina seja um fator protetor, mas essa vari&#225;vel nunca esteve presente em nossos pacientes, uma vez que tal medicamento n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para comercializa&#231;&#227;o no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>O escore CRUSADE consiste em oito vari&#225;veis: quatro dicot&#244;micas (sexo feminino, sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica) e quatro semiquantitativas (hemat&#243;crito basal, <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, todas analisadas como vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas). Todas as vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas foram fatores predisponentes, assim como baixos valores de hemat&#243;crito, de <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina e de press&#227;o arterial, e alta frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Calculou-se o <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft &amp; Gault.</p>
          <p>Em ambos os escores, pontos s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos de acordo com os valores de cada vari&#225;vel, e a soma de todas as vari&#225;veis corresponde a n&#237;veis pr&#233;-definidos de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Por serem vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, os escores de sangramento foram descritos como medianas e intervalos interquartis. Considerando-se sua distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, tamb&#233;m descrevemos os escores como m&#233;dia desvio padr&#227;o. A concord&#226;ncia entre os escores quanto &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco de sangramento foi avaliada pelo teste   <italic>Kappa</italic>. Nessa an&#225;lise, definiu-se alto risco pelo limiar &#8805; 10% de acordo com estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o de cada escore (ACUITY &gt; 20 e CRUSADE &gt; 40)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Avaliou-se ainda concord&#226;ncia pela defini&#231;&#227;o de risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio ou alto, conforme os tercis observados dos escores.</p>
          <p>Avaliaram-se ainda os desempenhos preditivos dos escores, que foram comparados entre si. A calibragem foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer e Lemeshow, com um escore calibrado definido por um valor de p &#8805; 0,05. &#201; importante notar que a discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de estat&#237;stica C, como a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de cada escore para predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior. As estat&#237;sticas C dos escores foram comparadas pelo m&#233;todo de Henley e McNeil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O ponto de corte &#243;timo na curva ROC foi identificado pela diferen&#231;a m&#225;xima entre sensibilidade e 1 &#8211; especificidade. Em seguida, sensibilidade e especificidade de acordo com o ponto de corte otimizado foram comparadas entre os escores pelo teste de McNemar.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s identificar o escore com melhor desempenho, ele foi usado para reclassificar a defini&#231;&#227;o de risco alto ou baixo inicialmente avaliada com o outro escore. A defini&#231;&#227;o de risco alto ou baixo para cada escore foi realizada de duas maneiras: primeiro, usando-se o ponto de corte &#243;timo na curva ROC; e segundo, usando-se os pontos de corte para o limiar de risco &#8805; 10% indicado pelos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o de cada escore (ACUITY &gt; 20 e CRUSADE &gt; 40)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O impacto do procedimento de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o usando&#8209;se o escore superior foi avaliado atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (<italic>net reclassification improvement -  </italic>NRI). De maneira resumida, esse m&#233;todo baseia-se em tabelas de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o constru&#237;das separadamente para participantes com e sem eventos, quantificando os movimentos entre as categorias como correto (para cima, para os eventos, e para baixo, para n&#227;o eventos) e incorreto (para baixo, para eventos, e para cima, para n&#227;o eventos). A reclassifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; o equil&#237;brio entre movimentos corretos e incorretos. Valores positivos de NRI indicam predomin&#226;ncia da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta, enquanto valores negativos indicam predomin&#226;ncia da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 rejeita a hip&#243;tese nula de NRI = 0 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para se avaliar se os escores t&#234;m valor preditivo complementar entre si, realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, considerando-se o sangramento como vari&#225;vel dependente e os escores (selecionados como vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas) como vari&#225;veis independentes. Predi&#231;&#227;o independente dos dois escores sugeriria valor complementar.</p>
          <p>Por fim, realizou-se an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria para avaliar quais componentes dos escores mais se associavam a sangramento. Usou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para comparar vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre pacientes com e sem sangramento, e o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Utilizou-se a vers&#227;o 9.0 do programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) para an&#225;lise dos dados, adotando-se como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica final p &lt; 0,05 em todos os casos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Amostra</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou 519 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia, 67 &#177; 13 anos; 54% de homens), 37% dos quais com diagn&#243;stico &#237;ndice de angina inst&#225;vel, 47% com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, e 22% infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a maioria dos pacientes foi submetida a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla mais anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena, enquanto apenas 5,7% receberam antagonistas da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa. Nenhum paciente usou bivalirudina. Realizou-se interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em 37% dos pacientes e angiografia coronariana sem interven&#231;&#227;o, em 41%. Os 22% restantes n&#227;o foram submetidos a nenhum procedimento percut&#226;neo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>). Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, todos os procedimentos percut&#226;neos foram realizados pelo acesso femoral.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e tratamento durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho da amostra</td>
                  <td align="center">519</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (46%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico &#237;ndice</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMSSST</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (41%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMCSST</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe Killip &gt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore Grace (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (96 - 148)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE baixo risco</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (43%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (31%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE alto risco</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (26%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore angiogr&#225;fico de Gensini (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (71 - 166)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (36%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento intra-hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">512 (99%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abxicimab</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tirofiban</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enoxaparina</td>
                  <td align="center">434 (84%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fondaparinux</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heparina n&#227;o fracionada</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiografia coronariana sem interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (41%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (8,5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST IAMSSST infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>les&#227;o de tronco ou triarterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O escore ACUITY apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, com m&#233;dia de 16 &#177; 7,0 e mediana de 16 (intervalo interquartil, 11 &#8211; 21). O escore CRUSADE tamb&#233;m apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, com m&#233;dia de 39 &#177; 15 e mediana de 40 (intervalo interquartil, 29 &#8211; 50). Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, observou-se sangramento maior em 31 pacientes, resultando em incid&#234;ncia de 6%. Desses, 23 eventos relacionaram-se ao local de pun&#231;&#227;o femoral, 5 foram sangramento gastrointestinal, e 3 em outros locais. Apenas um sangramento maior foi fatal (tipo 5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Concord&#226;ncia entre ACUITY e CRUSADE</title>
          <p>De acordo com o escore ACUITY, 26% dos pacientes foram definidos como de alto risco para sangramento (risco &#8805; 10%), enquanto que o escore CRUSADE classificou 48% como de alto risco. Houve concord&#226;ncia de 69% entre os dois escores para a defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, com um modesto coeficiente   <italic>Kappa</italic> de 0,36 (IC 95% = 0,28 &#8211; 0,43; p &lt; 0,001). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes em que houve discord&#226;ncia entre os dois escores, 85% foram caracterizados como de alto risco pelo CRUSADE. Quando o risco de sangramento foi definido como baixo, moderado ou alto (de acordo com os tercis dos escores), a concord&#226;ncia entre o CRUSADE e o ACUITY tamb&#233;m foi modesta (57%,   <italic>Kappa</italic>= 0,36; IC 95% = 0,30 &#8211; 0,43; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor Preditivo de ACUITY <italic>versus</italic> CRUSADE</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Quanto &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de sangramento, ACUITY e CRUSADE foram semelhantes, como mostra o resultado do teste do qui-quadrado de Hosmer e Lemeshow de 7,1 (p = 0,42) e 7,5 (p = 0,38), respectivamente.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Discrimina&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>A habilidade discriminat&#243;ria do escore ACUITY para eventos de sangramento foi demonstrada pela Estat&#237;stica C de 0,73 (IC 95% = 0,63 &#8211; 0,82), significativamente melhor do que a Estat&#237;stica C do CRUSADE de 0,62 (IC 95% = 0,53 &#8211; 0,71; p = 0,04 para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os escores) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Os pontos de corte &#243;timo para ACUITY e CRUSADE foram 19 e 31, respectivamente. Com base nesses pontos, o CRUSADE apresentou melhor sensibilidade (90%; IC 95% CI = 80% &#8211; 100%) do que o ACUITY (71%; IC 95% = 55% &#8211; 87%; p = 0.004), mas &#224;s custas de especificidade muito pior do CRUSADE (32%; IC 95% = 28% &#8211; 36%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ACUITY (71%; IC 95% = 67% &#8211; 75%; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas Receiver-Operating Characteristic do risco de sangramento de acordo com os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE. A Estat&#237;stica C do ACUITY foi significativamente melhor do que a do CRUSADE</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0020-50058-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>A superioridade da Estat&#237;stica C do ACUITY em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE foi consistente para SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (0,66   <italic>versus</italic> 0,57, respectivamente) e SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (0,87 <italic>versus</italic> 0,80, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas Receiver-Operating Characteristic do risco de sangramento de acordo com os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE, nos subgrupos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem e com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. A Estat&#237;stica C do ACUITY foi consistentemente melhor do que a do CRUSADE, a despeito da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0020-50058-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o pelo ACUITY</title>
            <p>Dos 488 indiv&#237;duos sem sangramento, o CRUSADE classificou incorretamente 330 como de alto risco de acordo com o ponto de corte &#243;timo. O ACUITY reclassificou corretamente 200 desses pacientes como de baixo risco. Dos 158 pacientes corretamente classificados pelo CRUSADE como de baixo risco, o ACUITY reclassificou incorretamente 11 como de alto risco. Portanto, na aus&#234;ncia de sangramento, o ACUITY, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE, forneceu mais reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta. Isso resultou em um significativo NRI de 0,38 para pacientes sem sangramento (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
            <p>Dos 31 pacientes com sangramento, o CRUSADE classificou incorretamente tr&#234;s como de baixo risco, nenhum dos quais foi reclassificado pelo ACUITY. Dos 28 pacientes corretamente classificados pelo CRUSADE como de alto risco, o ACUITY reclassificou incorretamente seis como de alto risco. Portanto, na presen&#231;a de sangramento, o ACUITY, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE, forneceu mais reclassifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta. Isso resultou em um NRI de - 0.19 para pacientes com sangramento (p = 0,01).</p>
            <p>Como o NRI positivo em pacientes sem sangramento foi maior do que o NRI negativo em pacientes com sangramento, um NRI global de + 0,19 (p = 0,02) indicou a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta pelo ACUITY em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t06">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (NRI) obtida com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pelo ACUITY em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                      <bold>Eventos observados</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>CRUSADE</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                      <bold> pelo ACUITY</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>NRI</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>Z Escore</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>valor de p</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Baixo risco</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Alto risco</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Sangramento (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo risco = 3</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">- 0,19</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">2,49</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Alto risco = 28</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Sem sangramento (488)</td>
                    <td align="center">Baixo risco = 158</td>
                    <td align="center">147</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">+ 0,38</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">13</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Alto risco = 330</td>
                    <td align="center">200</td>
                    <td align="center">130</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> NRI global pelo escore ACUITY</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">+ 0,19</td>
                    <td align="center">2,34</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Quando pontos de corte de estudos pr&#233;vios de valida&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados como limiares de risco &#8805; 10% (ACUITY &gt; 20 e CRUSADE &gt; 40), observou-se um NRI global similar de + 0,20 (p = 0,03). Isso resultou de um n&#227;o significativo NRI de &#8211; 0,03 nos pacientes com eventos (p = 0,92) e um significativo NRI de + 0,23 naqueles sem eventos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Valor Preditivo Independente</title>
            <p>Quando o ACUITY e o CRUSADE foram selecionados como covari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas num modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior, o CRUSADE perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,66), enquanto o ACUITY permaneceu como um preditor de sangramento (OR = 1,12; IC 95% = 1,06 &#8211; 1,19; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Raz&#245;es para a superioridade do ACUITY: An&#225;lise Explorat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Das quatro vari&#225;veis exclusivas do escore ACUITY, as tr&#234;s seguintes mostraram-se significativamente associadas com sangramento: idade m&#233;dia, mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos com sangramento do que naqueles sem (76 &#177; 11 anos   <italic>versus</italic> 67 &#177; 13 anos, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001); leucometria, mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos com sangramento do que naqueles sem (10.876 &#177; 3.735 <italic>versus</italic> 9.062 &#177; 4.510, respectivamente; p = 0.03); e infarto de qualquer tipo, mais prevalente nos pacientes com sangramento, enquanto angina inst&#225;vel foi menos prevalente (p = 0,005). Apenas a creatinina n&#227;o se associou com sangramento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis individuais dos escores com sangramento maior</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sangramento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sem sangramento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho da amostra</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">488</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Crit&#233;rios comuns</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Crit&#233;rios exclusivos do CRUSADE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Clearance</italic>de creatinina (ml/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 25</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Crit&#233;rios exclusivos do ACUITY</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leucometria</td>
                  <td align="center">10,876 &#177; 3,735</td>
                  <td align="center">9,062 &#177; 4,510</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMCSST</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMSSST</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>IAMCSST infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST infarto agudo do mioc&#226;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ao contr&#225;rio, das cinco vari&#225;veis exclusivas do CRUSADE, apenas frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (86 &#177; 22 <italic>versus</italic> 78 &#177; 19; p = 0.02) e   <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (47 &#177; 25 ml/min   <italic>versus</italic> 60 &#177; 26 ml/min; p = 0,008) diferiram entre os dois grupos. Diabetes, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a vascular n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Por fim, as duas vari&#225;veis comuns ao ACUITY e ao CRUSADE (sexo e hemat&#243;crito) n&#227;o diferiram entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem sangramento. Portanto, as vari&#225;veis melhor relacionadas a sangramento acham-se presentes no escore ACUITY, servindo como uma raz&#227;o para sua superioridade preditiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo fornece a primeira compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas melhores ferramentas validadas para predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior em pacientes com SCA. Na nossa amostra populacional, o escore ACUITY apresentou melhor desempenho do que o CRUSADE. A superioridade do ACUITY foi indicada por uma diferen&#231;a absoluta de 0,11 na Estat&#237;stica C e uma reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida de 0,19 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o do CRUSADE. Al&#233;m disso, o escore CRUSADE n&#227;o sustentou sua signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise multivariada, ao passo que o valor preditivo do ACUITY foi refor&#231;ado por sua associa&#231;&#227;o independente com sangramento.</p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o eficiente de eventos isqu&#234;micos recorrentes na SCA &#233; obtida atrav&#233;s de terapia antitromb&#243;tica agressiva e interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana precoce. Entretanto, tal efici&#234;ncia &#233; alcan&#231;ada &#224;s custas de aumento dos eventos de sangramento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Como o sangramento maior est&#225; associado com aumento de morbimortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica deve balancear o risco de isquemia   <italic>versus</italic> o de hemorragia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Modelos multivariados para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos na SCA s&#227;o bem calibrados e apresentam bom desempenho discriminat&#243;rio. Estudos anteriores compararam os dois modelos mais populares, escores TIMI e GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Esses estudos estabeleceram o escore GRACE como o melhor modelo para predizer desempenho nos pacientes com SCA. Ao contr&#225;rio, os escores de sangramento nunca foram comparados entre si.</p>
        <p>Antes do presente estudo, podia-se esperar que o escore CRUSADE fosse o melhor preditor de sangramento. Primeiro, por possuir maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis e dispostas de maneira mais quantitativa do que o escore ACUITY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Segundo, o escore CRUSADE foi derivado de um registro observacional de maior tamanho amostral, ao contr&#225;rio do escore ACUITY, criado a partir de um ensaio cl&#237;nico. Portanto, devemos explorar as raz&#245;es para o escore ACUITY ter apresentado melhor desempenho do que o CRUSADE. Como demonstrado na se&#231;&#227;o &#8216;Resultados&#8217;, a discord&#226;ncia entre os dois escores deveu-se ao fato de que o CRUSADE superestimou o risco em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ACUITY. Isso resultou em maior sensibilidade do escore CRUSADE para a predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento, &#224;s custas de uma especificidade muito menor. Isso sugere que o maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis no CRUSADE determinou um n&#250;mero excessivo de pacientes caracterizados como vulner&#225;veis a sangramento. Al&#233;m disso, duas importantes vari&#225;veis est&#227;o presentes apenas no ACUITY: idade e tipo de SCA. A primeira est&#225; universalmente presente em todos os modelos de sangramento at&#233; o momento, exceto no CRUSADE. A segunda est&#225; clinicamente relacionada &#224; agressividade do tratamento, que predisp&#245;e ao sangramento. Entretanto, o tipo de SCA n&#227;o foi nem considerado na an&#225;lise univariada do CRUSADE. Por fim, demonstramos que um maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis exclusivas do ACUITY associou-se a sangramento, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE. Isso indica que a escolha das vari&#225;veis candidatas na etapa inicial da an&#225;lise univariada foi melhor no modelo do ACUITY.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que nossos resultados possam dever-se &#224; maior semelhan&#231;a de nosso estudo com os estudos do ACUITY do que com aqueles do CRUSADE &#8211; caracter&#237;sticas listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>. Entretanto, n&#227;o parece ser o caso, uma vez que a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo assemelha-se mais &#224;quela do Registro CRUSADE do que &#224; do ACUITY. Como o nosso estudo, o CRUSADE &#233; um registro do mundo real, enquanto o ACUITY &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico. O CRUSADE, assim como o nosso estudo, incluiu SCA tanto com quanto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, enquanto o ACUITY incluiu apenas SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Embora a defini&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior seja similar nos dois estudos, o CRUSADE apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de sangramento do que o ACUITY (9,6% <italic>versus  </italic>3,8%). Nossa incid&#234;ncia ficou entre as duas. Portanto, o melhor desempenho do ACUITY n&#227;o resultou das maiores semelhan&#231;as entre a nossa amostra e aquela do Registro ACUITY.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre os escores ACUITY e CRUSADE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>ACUITY</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CRUSADE</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho da amostra</td>
                <td align="center">17.000</td>
                <td align="center">71.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de SCA</td>
                <td align="center">S&#243; IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center"> IAMCSST e IAMSSST</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                <td align="center"> Coorte observacional</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Incid&#234;ncia de sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">3%</td>
                <td align="center">9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade computada</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de SCA computada</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A nossa tabela de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida indicou que 330 pacientes sem sangramento foram erroneamente classificados pelo CRUSADE como de alto risco para sangramento, devido &#224; baixa especificidade daquele escore. Assim, o uso do CRUSADE direciona a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica para uma abordagem mais conservadora, podendo deixar de oferecer terapia otimizada para pacientes que dela poderiam se beneficiar. Em vez disso, o uso do ACUITY corrigiu esse erro em 200 dos 330 pacientes. Por outro lado, o CRUSADE tem melhor sensibilidade do que o ACUITY para detectar aqueles vulner&#225;veis a sangramento. No entanto, sua vantagem em sensibilidade &#233; muito menor do que a desvantagem em especificidade, levando a uma melhora l&#237;quida do ACUITY em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CRUSADE.</p>
        <p>A aplicabilidade dos nossos achados deve ser discutida &#224; luz da representatividade da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o amostral. Selecionamos pacientes consecutivos com crit&#233;rios bem definidos para SCA, com um perfil de risco igualmente distribu&#237;do em baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto pelo escore GRACE, como esperado pela defini&#231;&#227;o de risco com base nos tercis do escore. Al&#233;m disso, a idade m&#233;dia foi t&#237;pica da popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA, com distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica de homens e mulheres. Portanto, acreditamos que nossa amostra represente uma popula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de pacientes com SCA.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi o n&#250;mero relativamente modesto de eventos de sangramento, implicando imprecis&#227;o quanto &#224; magnitude da superioridade do ACUITY. Por outro lado, como principal problema de uma amostra pequena, o erro tipo II n&#227;o ocorreu. A diferen&#231;a de Estat&#237;stica C entre os dois estudos alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia. Ainda que n&#227;o definitivo, este estudo &#233; a primeira indica&#231;&#227;o de que o escore ACUITY &#233; uma ferramenta promissora para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco/benef&#237;cio na SCA.</p>
        <p>Concluindo, como a primeira compara&#231;&#227;o entre os escores de sangramento ACUITY e CRUSADE, o presente estudo sugere que o primeiro tenha melhor acur&#225;cia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
