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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PmZkPWjYzk5nt5MKbQFnNNL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002000003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050049</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Differences between Subtypes of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter: Cross-Sectional Registry of 407 Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stephan</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Siga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Kreling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foltz</surname>
            <given-names>Katia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santanna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul e Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Felix da Cunha, 1.010, apto. 601, Floresta. Postal Code 90570-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>drleiria@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>drleiria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Medeiros AK, Foltz K, Santanna RT, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Lima GG, Leiria TLL. Acquisition of data:Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Medeiros AK, Foltz K. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Leiria TLL. Statistical analysis: Almeida ED, Leiria TLL. Writing of the manuscript:Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Leiria TLL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Santanna RT, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Lima GG, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>10</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter account for one third of hospitalizations due to arrhythmias, determining great social and economic impacts. In Brazil, data on hospital care of these patients is scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the arrhythmia subtype of atrial fibrillation and flutter patients in the emergency setting and compare the clinical profile, thromboembolic risk and anticoagulants use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional retrospective study, with data collection from medical records of every patient treated for atrial fibrillation and flutter in the emergency department of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul during the first trimester of 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 407 patients (356 had atrial fibrillation and 51 had flutter). Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were in average 5 years younger than those with persistent atrial fibrillation. Compared to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients, those with persistent atrial fibrillation and flutter had larger atrial diameter (48.6 &#177; 7.2 vs. 47.2 &#177; 6.2 vs. 42.3 &#177; 6.4; p &lt; 0.01) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (66.8 &#177; 11 vs. 53.9 &#177; 17 vs. 57.4 &#177; 16; p &lt; 0.01). The prevalence of stroke and heart failure was higher in persistent atrial fibrillation and flutter patients. Those with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter had higher prevalence of CHADS2 score of zero when compared to those with persistent atrial fibrillation (27.8% vs. 18% vs. 4.9%; p &lt; 0.01). The prevalence of anticoagulation in patients with CHA2DS2-Vasc &#8804; 2 was 40%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The population in our registry was similar in its comorbidities and demographic profile to those of North American and European registries. Despite the high thromboembolic risk, the use of anticoagulants was low, revealing difficulties for incorporating guideline recommendations. Public health strategies should be adopted in order to improve these rates.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants / adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, affecting around 1.5 million people in Brazil <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The clinical presentation of AF can vary from an occasional finding in an asymptomatic patient to more severe presentations, such as stroke or acute heart failure (HF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The latest guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> recommend classification of AF into paroxysmal (PaAF) and persistent or permanent (PeAF) and differentiation and characterization of atrial flutter events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>AF is responsible for about one-third of all hospital admissions for heart rhythm disorders and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in all its presentation forms. The incidence of AF has increased progressively in the last decades, relating closely to the aging of the population and increasing prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and sleep apnea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As a result, the number of hospital admissions for AF is also increasing progressively. Patel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> demonstrated an increase of 14.4% in the number of hospitalizations due to AF in the United States over 10 years, with an estimated cost of care exceeding U$ 6.7 billion a year, three-fourths of which are directed to hospital expenses. It is thus imperative to know the clinical characteristics of the patients who present to the emergency department with this pathology.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, epidemiological data related to AF are scarce. The undergoing Brazilian Cardiovascular Record of Atrial Fibrillation (<italic>REgistro Brasileiro CArdiovascular de FibriLa&#231;&#227;o AtriaL</italic>, RECALL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> is seeking to define the characteristics of outpatients with AF. However, there are no specific data regarding the clinical characteristics of the patients who present to the emergency department with this pathology.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown increased risk of development of AF after radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The risk appears to be greater with the practice of endurance sports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Animal studies suggest that classical flutter (typical or atypical) requires a preceding period of AF, and that the organization (and maintenance) of the macro-reentrant circuit in flutter is dependent on a functional line of block between the inferior and superior vena cava. Thus, when cavotricuspid isthmus ablation is performed, the line of block is undone, preventing the "organization" of the circuit and causing AF to emerge and perpetuate. Furthermore, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs with sodium channel blocking properties (which affect atrial conduction - class IA, class IC and amiodarone) are associated with the "conversion" of AF into flutter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>These observations corroborate the theories that atrial flutter and AF share similar pathophysiological mechanisms, in addition to having similar clinical impact, since both increase the risk of events and have an impact on the patient's quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Despite that, there is scant information about the epidemiology of atrial flutter. For this reason, the North American and European cardiology societies have requested, in a joint guideline of supraventricular arrhythmias, the inclusion of flutter in AF registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The aim of our study was to describe and compare the clinical characteristics of patients with PaAF, PeAF and atrial flutter seen at the emergency department of a cardiology referral hospital.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional, unicenter study that included all patients over the age of 18 years with atrial fibrillation and flutter seen at the emergency department of the   <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre</italic> in the first trimester of 2012. The emergency department of this tertiary cardiology hospital serves annually over 40 thousand patients.</p>
        <p>The study was submitted for approval to the Ethics and Research Committee of the   <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria do Instituto de Cardiologia</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Trained investigator and fellows collected from an electronic medical record system between January and May 2014 retrospective data associated with ICD I48 (atrial fibrillation or flutter).</p>
        <p>The type of AF was registered by the physician during consultation. The patients were divided into three groups: PaAF, according to the classification of the AF guideline; PeAF, including patients with persistent and permanent fibrillation; and atrial flutter. We included patients with persistent and permanent fibrillation in a single group since these subtypes are often not distinguished during consultation.</p>
        <p>We evaluated the following clinical variables retrieved from the medical records: gender, age, hypertension, previous stroke, diabetes mellitus, HF, prior myocardial infarction or known coronary artery disease, presence of aortic plaque, peripheral artery disease and use of anticoagulants. Calculation of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores was based on the collected clinical information. The echocardiographic variables evaluated included atrial diameter (according to the criteria defined by the echocardiographer) and ejection fraction (estimated by the methods of Teicholz or Simpson). We evaluated the prescription of the following drugs: warfarin, phenprocoumon, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, amiodarone, sotalol, propafenone, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticlopidine, statins, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and antidiabetics. We also evaluated the international normalized ratio of prothrombin time (INR-PT) on the day of the consultation.</p>
        <p>The information obtained was stored in a database developed especially for this purpose in a microcomputer, using the software MedCalc (BE, Netherlands).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analyses were processed with the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). We prepared tables with absolute frequencies and percentages for sample characterization. Continuous variables were described as means and standard deviations, or medians and interquartile ranges, using the t-test for independent samples and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for their comparisons. Categorical variables were compared with the z-test. Variables were considered normal following observation of the measures of central tendency, kurtosis and asymmetry in frequency histograms. We considered p &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant. Post-hoc analyses were performed using the Bonferroni test.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the first trimester of 2012, a total of 407 patients consulting at the emergency department were identified with ICD I48 as the main reason for the visit. Upon review of the medical records, AF was observed in 356 of these cases and atrial flutter in the remaining 51. The main clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the patients (n = 407) according to the type of atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Characteristic  </bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>AF  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Flutter (n = 51)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p value  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Paroxysmal (n = 188)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Persistent (n = 168)  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (50.5)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (48.8)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (72.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
								<sup>,</sup>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Echocardiogram  </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">57.4 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">53.9 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LA, mm</td>
              <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 7.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 6.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anticoagulation, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (44.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">22 (43.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)  </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HF</td>
              <td align="center">37 (19.7)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (51.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">23 (45.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">106 (56.4)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (69.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30 (58.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM</td>
              <td align="center">23 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (15.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (10.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5(9.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>CHADS2 Score  </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.01  </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">50 (27.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center">43 (23.9)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (22.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">54 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center">23 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (24.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean CHADS2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Readmission, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (48.4)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (47.6)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Difference between the groups with persistent AF and paroxysmal AF;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>difference between the groups with flutter and paroxysmal AF</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>difference between the groups with flutter and persistent AF. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; HF: heart failure; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean age was higher in patients with PeAF compared with those with PaAF (69 &#177; 14 years vs. 64 &#177; 15 years; p &lt; 0.01). On echocardiography, patients with PeAF and flutter, compared with those with PaAF, presented larger atrial diameter (48.6 &#177; 7.2 mm vs. 47.2 &#177; 6.2 mm vs. 42.3 &#177; 6.4 mm; p &lt; 0.01) and lower mean ejection fraction (57.4 &#177; 16% vs. 53.9 &#177; 17% vs. 66.8 &#177; 11%; p &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference between PeAF and flutter regarding these two characteristics. The prevalence of HF and stroke was also higher in patients with PeAF and flutter compared with those with PaAF (HF: 51.2% vs. 45.1% vs. 19.7%, p &lt; 0.01; stroke: 10.7% vs. 9.8% vs. 1.6%, p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension was only increased in individuals with PeAF when compared with those with PaAF (69.6% vs. 56.4%; p = 0.03). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus did not differ significantly between the groups.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the prevalence of each risk category of the CHADS2 score in the subgroups with AF and flutter. The CHADS2 score also differed among the groups, with a higher prevalence of a score of zero among patients with PaAF and flutter compared with those with PeAF (27.8% vs. 18% vs. 4.9%; p &lt; 0.01). Patients with PeAF presented more frequently with a CHADS2 score of 3 when compared with patients with PaAF (24.4% vs. 12.8%; p &lt; 0.01), and the average score also differed significantly between these two groups (2.3 vs. 1.4; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of each risk category of the CHADS2 score in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, persistent atrial fibrillation and flutter.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0003-50049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the patients stratified according to the CHA2DS2-VASc score in all three groups. The prevalence of a zero score was higher in the PaAF group when compared with the PeAF group (15.5% vs. 3.6%; p &lt; 0.01). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the percentage of anticoagulated patients stratified into CHA2DS2-VASc scores of zero, 1 and &#8805; 2. Patients with a score &#8805; 2 were more often anticoagulated compared with those with a score of zero (40% vs. 10%; p &lt; 0.01). Median INRs of the anticoagulated patients during the evaluation at the hospital or in the week before the evaluation were, respectively, 1.50 in the PaAF group, 1.63 in the PeAF group and 1.63 in the flutter group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>CHA2DS2-VASc score according to the type of atrial fibrillation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Characteristic  </bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Atrial fibrillation  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Flutter (n = 51)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p value  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Paroxysmal (n = 188)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Persistent (n = 168)  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>CHA2DS2-VAsc  </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.01  </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">28 (15.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (11.8)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center">39 (20.9)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (12.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.6)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">27 (14.4)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center">41 (21.9)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (26.3)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (15.7)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">32 (17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (21.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (19.6)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">13 (7.0)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (14.4)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (13.7)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">4(2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Difference between the groups with persistent atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of prescription of oral anticoagulants according to the CHA2DS2-VASc score.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0003-50049-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> summarizes the drugs prescribed in each subgroup of patients. When we compared patients with PeAF and PaAF, those with PeAF used more frequently beta-blockers (68.9% vs. 50%; p &lt; 0.01), digoxin (22.6% vs. 4.3%; p &lt; 0.01), calcium channel blockers (19.9% vs. 8.5%; p = 0.03); diuretics (56% vs. 25%; p &lt; 0.01) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (41.7% vs. 21.8%; p &lt; 0.01). Patients with flutter, compared with those with PaAF, used more frequently digoxin (15.7% versus 4.3%; p &lt; 0.01) and warfarin (29.4% vs. 9.6%; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalences of use of each drug class according to the type of atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Drug  </bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>AF  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Flutter(n = 51)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p value  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Paroxysmal (n = 188)  </bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Persistent (n = 168)  </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">25 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Propafenone</td>
              <td align="center">12 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">94(50)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (68.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">29 (56.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">8 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (22.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 (15.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CCB</td>
              <td align="center">16 (8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (19.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sotalol</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">18 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">47(28)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15 (29.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Phenprocoumon</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (7.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dabigatran</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rivaroxaban</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEi</td>
              <td align="center">41 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (41.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">16 (31.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARB</td>
              <td align="center">31 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statins</td>
              <td align="center">55 (29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (29.8)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (25.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretic</td>
              <td align="center">47 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">20 (39.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">59 (31.4)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (36.9)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">13 (6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (6.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Difference between the groups with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and persistent atrial fibrillation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>difference between the groups with flutter and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Several AF registries have described the characteristics of outpatients presenting with this type of arrhythmia, as well as its treatment and prognosis over the years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The registry GLORIA-AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, which is currently in progress, aims to investigate the profile of patients with newly-diagnosed AF who are at risk of stroke. In Brazil, the RECALL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> is currently under way and aims to provide data on outpatients with AF in our environment.</p>
      <p>AF subtypes differ in symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, prognosis and long-term complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Atrial flutter has a lower prevalence than AF and is associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolic events. As mentioned earlier, the physiopathology of AF and atrial flutter are likely to be interconnected and may represent a different spectrum of the same disease affecting the atrial conduction system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Therefore, the registration of the characteristics of patients with flutter is fundamental for the expansion of this knowledge.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of PaAF in our study population was comparable to that described in some registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, but significantly higher than the prevalence described in others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. This may be due to the heterogeneous presentation of the disease and differences in classification and subtypes.</p>
      <p>Unlike other studies that have reported a predominance of males (generally around 60%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, in our population the prevalence was equal between genders in both groups with AF. In the flutter group, in turn, the prevalence of males was higher. The mean age of the patients in most reports is between 65 and 70 years, which is comparable to the mean age of our population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Similar to reports from other registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, our patients with PaAF were on average 5 years younger, which is compatible with the temporal progression of the disease to chronicity. In contrast, patients with atrial flutter were significantly older.</p>
      <p>The ejection fraction estimated by echocardiogram was higher in the PaAF group compared with the PeAF group in our registry, which is not surprising, since these patients are older and have more comorbidities. The measurement of the left atrium also differed significantly and was around 6 mm greater in patients with PeAF. This is in line with the natural progression of atrial remodeling and increase in chamber diameter, which is directly proportional to the duration that the atrium remains in fibrillation - "atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation". Nieuwlaat et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have described similar ejection fractions among the groups, but greater mean atrial measurements in PeAF groups.</p>
      <p>The most prevalent cardiovascular comorbidity in our population was hypertension. This is in line with the literature which shows prevalences ranging from 52 to 90%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, generally without differences among the groups. However, in our population the PaAF group had lower prevalence of hypertension (56.4% vs. 69.6%). We believe that this difference occurred due to the scenario of clinical emergency, which encompasses both patients with isolated AF who seek care (and who are usually not part of AF registries), as well as those who do not have regular health monitoring and therefore, may not have received a diagnosis for their comorbidities. The CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were lower in patients with PaAF, who also presented fewer comorbidities in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Vanassche et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found similar CHA2DS2-VASc scores in the PaAF and PeAF groups (13% had a score of 0 to 1, 50% a score of 2 to 3, and 37% a score &#8805; 4). However, patients with permanent AF presented higher scores than PaAF and PeAF(7%, 43% and 50%, respectively). Among the comorbidities that comprise the scores, it is worth mentioning the difference in prevalence of cerebral ischemic events between the groups (1.6% in the PaAF group versus 10% in the PeAF group), which has also been reported to a lesser degree by Vanassche, Nieuwlaat and Inoue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. This information is possibly associated with the difficulty of the health system to recognize the risk of thromboembolic events in these patients and to offer appropriate preventive treatment.</p>
      <p>Oral anticoagulation was prescribed to 44.6% of the patients with PeAF and only 21.3% of the patients with PaAF, despite the fact that 72.5% of the patients presented with CHA2DS2-VASc &#8805; 2. In the reviewed literature, the prescription of oral anticoagulation on hospital discharge was also lower in patients with PaAF (51 vs. 80%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, 55 vs. 74%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, 78 vs. 91%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ). In a Swiss registry of outpatients with AF seen by cardiologists, prescription of anticoagulants reached 88% in patients with a CHADS2 score &#8805; 1. However, 57% of the patients with a score of zero also received anticoagulants, which limits the interpretation of this information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In our population, prescription of anticoagulants was low both in patients without an indication of receiving them for AF (10%) and in higher-risk patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score &#8805; 2 (40%). When this population was compared with patients at an anticoagulation clinic at our institution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, the INR showed lower median results and was below the therapeutic target in the three subgroups (1.50 in the PaAF group, 1.63 in the PeAF group and 1.63 in the flutter group). Possible explanations for this finding include (1) the presence of patients on anticoagulation for mechanical prosthetic heart valve at our outpatient clinic, a situation in which INR is recommended to be maintained at higher levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, and (2) the possibility of the patients seeking the emergency service being more prone to misuse of anticoagulant medication. It is important to note that our institution is a tertiary referral center in cardiology and that the population that seeks the emergency service is most followed up in our clinics. Since the prescription of anticoagulants is a decision that involves multiple factors, including social factors, patients in whom anticoagulation is indicated are often referred to health centers for careful evaluation in a non-hospital environment.</p>
      <p>The most frequently used drugs to control rhythm and frequency were beta-blockers, followed by digitalis and amiodarone. This same sequence also lead the preferences in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. As expected, propafenone presented a trend for more frequent use in PaAF, whereas digoxin and calcium channel blockers were more commonly used in the PeAF group, which also had a higher prevalence of HF. Among previously used drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics were also used more frequently in the PeAF group, probably due to the higher prevalence of comorbidities in this group. The prevalences of aspirin (~34%) and clopidogrel (~6.5%) use did not differ among the groups and was similar to those in other series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Limitations of our study include (1) lack of proper registration of the duration of the flutter, which did not occur with the AF. With that, the risk profile intermediate between PaAF and PeAF found in patients with flutter may be due to a heterogeneity of the patients in this group; (2) the possibility of a bias in the registry as a result of underreported data, which is characteristic of studies with data collected retrospectively from medical records; and (3) underestimation of the problem, since patients with AF may have received a different ICD as the main reason for admission. Unfortunately we did not have sufficient data to calculate the time in therapeutic INR, but we used as a substitute the available INR result from the last appointment to analyze the quality of the oral anticoagulation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian study to evaluate the population of patients presenting to the emergency with flutter or AF. The recognition of the clinical characteristics of flutter is recommended by the North American and European guidelines for management of supraventricular arrhythmias, since there are no accurate data on the magnitude of the increased risk of thromboembolic events associated with this pathology. Our patients with flutter often presented epidemiological profiles and comorbidities intermediate with those in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and permanent atrial fibrillation. We believe that these findings support the hypothesis that the two arrhythmias are interconnected by common pathophysiological mechanisms, since they occur in patients with similar profiles.</p>
      <p>Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation in our registry had more comorbidities and worse echocardiographic parameters, which explains in part the greater prevalence of use of multiple medications.</p>
      <p>Unlike other registries, the population in our study comprised exclusively of patients seeking the emergency service due to AF or atrial flutter. Considering that most direct and indirect expenses with AF are specifically associated with hospitalization, we believe that knowledge of the clinical characteristics of patients with AF in this environment should assist the implementation of measures to improve the care of patients in the public health system. The prevalence of anticoagulated patients was lower than expected and represents perhaps the first point to be addressed. Ways to address this issue include measures to facilitate the access to specialized anticoagulation clinics and improvement in the communication between the primary and tertiary sectors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Dytz Almeida, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universitaria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande du Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as Cl&#237;nicas entre Subtipos de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Flutter: Registro Transversal de 407 Pacientes</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stephan</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Siga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Kreling</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foltz</surname>
            <given-names>Katia</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Santanna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
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            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
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            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul e Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Felix da Cunha, 1.010, apto. 601, Floresta. CEP: 90570-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>drleiria@cardiol.br</email>, <email>drleiria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Medeiros AK, Foltz K, Santanna RT, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Lima GG, Leiria TLL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Medeiros AK, Foltz K. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Leiria TLL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida ED, Leiria TLL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Leiria TLL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Stephan LS, Santanna RT, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Lima GG, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por um ter&#231;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por arritmias, com impacto socioecon&#244;mico significativo. Os dados brasileiros a respeito desses atendimentos s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar o subtipo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> em pacientes atendidos em emerg&#234;ncia em virtude dessas arritmias e comparar os perfis de comorbidades, risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e uso de anticoagulantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal retrospectivo, com coleta de dados de prontu&#225;rio de todos os pacientes atendidos por <italic>flutter</italic> e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul no primeiro trimestre de 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 407 pacientes (356 com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 51 com   <italic>flutter</italic>). Os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica eram, em m&#233;dia, 5 anos mais jovens do que aqueles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente. Comparados &#224;queles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente e <italic>flutter</italic> tinham maior di&#226;metro atrial (48,6 &#177; 7,2 vs. 47,2 &#177; 6,2 vs. 42,3 &#177; 6,4; p &lt; 0,01) e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (66,8 &#177; 11 vs. 53,9 &#177; 17 vs. 57,4 &#177; 16; p &lt; 0,01). A preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi maior naqueles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente e <italic>flutter</italic>. Os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e <italic>flutter</italic> apresentavam mais frequentemente escore CHADS2 de zero em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente (27,8% vs. 18% vs. 4,9%; p &lt; 0,01). A preval&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-Vasc &#8805; 2 foi de 40%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de nossa amostra teve caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e perfil de comorbidades semelhantes aos de registros ambulatoriais europeus e norte-americanos. Apesar do risco elevado de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, a preval&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi baixa, revelando dificuldades na implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes. Estrat&#233;gias devem ser adotadas para melhorar esses &#237;ndices.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, acometendo cerca de 1,5 milh&#227;o de pessoas somente no Brasil <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O quadro cl&#237;nico da FA pode variar desde um achado ocasional em paciente assintom&#225;tico at&#233; situa&#231;&#245;es mais graves, como Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) ou Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. As diretrizes mais recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> recomendam a classifica&#231;&#227;o de FA em Parox&#237;stica (FApa), Persistente ou Permanente (FApe), al&#233;m da diferencia&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de eventos de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A FA &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente um ter&#231;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco, e sua presen&#231;a associa-se ao aumento da morbimortalidade em todas as suas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia da FA vem aumentando progressivamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, estando muito relacionada ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, diabetes melito e apneia do sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Como consequ&#234;ncia, o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por FA tamb&#233;m vem aumentando progressivamente. Patel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>demonstraram incremento de 14,4% no n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por FA nos Estados Unidos em um per&#237;odo de 10 anos, e a estimativa de custo para o cuidado desses pacientes superou US$ 6,7 bilh&#245;es ao ano, sendo tr&#234;s quartos desse montante gastos no ambiente intra-hospitalar. Dessa forma, torna-se imperativo o conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que se apresentam nos setores de emerg&#234;ncia em virtude dessa patologia.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos referentes &#224; FA s&#227;o escassos. O estudo REgistro Brasileiro CArdiovascular de FibriLa&#231;&#227;o AtriaL (RECALL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> est&#225; em andamento e busca definir as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes ambulatoriais com FA. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados espec&#237;ficos a respeito das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que se apresentam nos setores de emerg&#234;ncia em virtude dessa patologia.</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado risco elevado de desenvolvimento de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial por radiofrequ&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Este risco parece ser maior com a pr&#225;tica de esportes de resist&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Estudos em animais sugerem que o <italic>flutter</italic> cl&#225;ssico (t&#237;pico ou at&#237;pico) necessita de um per&#237;odo de FA precedendo seu surgimento, e que a organiza&#231;&#227;o (e manuten&#231;&#227;o) do circuito macrorreentrante do <italic>flutter</italic>seria dependente de uma linha de bloqueio funcional entre as veias cavas inferior e superior. Dessa forma, quando &#233; realizada a abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, desfaz-se a linha de bloqueio, impedindo a &#8220;organiza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; do circuito e acarretando o surgimento e a perpetua&#231;&#227;o da FA. Ademais, o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas com propriedades de bloqueio de canais de s&#243;dio (as quais afetam a condu&#231;&#227;o atrial &#8211; classe IA, classe IC e amiodarona) associa-se &#224; &#8220;convers&#227;o&#8221; da FA em   <italic>flutter</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Essas observa&#231;&#245;es corroboram as teorias de que o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e a FA compartilham os mesmos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, al&#233;m de terem impacto cl&#237;nico semelhante, pois aumentam o risco de eventos e t&#234;m impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Apesar disso, s&#227;o escassas as informa&#231;&#245;es acerca da epidemiologia do <italic>flutter  </italic>atrial. Por esse motivo, as sociedades americana e europeia de cardiologia solicitam, em diretriz conjunta de arritmias supraventriculares, que o   <italic>flutter</italic> tamb&#233;m seja inclu&#237;do nos registros de FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo visou descrever e comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com FApa, FApe e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico transversal, incluindo todos os atendimentos por fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter  </italic>atrial em pacientes maiores de 18 anos, no setor de Emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre, no primeiro trimestre de 2012. Trata-se de um hospital terci&#225;rio de cardiologia que atende mais de 40 mil pacientes anualmente em seu departamento de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi submetido &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria do Instituto de Cardiologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados de forma retrospectiva, de janeiro a maio de 2014, por meio do sistema de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, com busca pelo CID I48 (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou   <italic>flutter</italic> atrial). A coleta foi feita por investigador e bolsistas treinados.</p>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo de FA foi aquela registrada pelo m&#233;dico no momento do atendimento. Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: FApa, conforme classifica&#231;&#227;o da diretriz de FA; FApe, englobando os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o persistente e permanente; e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Englobamos os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o persistente e permanente em um &#250;nico grupo em virtude de esses subtipos frequentemente n&#227;o serem diferenciados no atendimento.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas contidas no prontu&#225;rio: sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial, AVC pr&#233;vio, diabetes melito, IC, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida, presen&#231;a de placa a&#243;rtica, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e uso de anticoagulantes. O c&#225;lculo dos escores CHADS2 e CHA2DS2-VAsc baseou-se nas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas coletadas. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas foram di&#226;metro atrial (conforme crit&#233;rio do ecocardiografista) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (estimada pelos m&#233;todos de Teicholz ou de Simpson). Foi avaliada a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes medicamentos: varfarina, femprocumona, dabigatrana, rivaroxabana, amiodarona, sotalol, propafenona, betabloqueadores, bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio, digoxina, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticlopidina, estatinas, diur&#233;ticos, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina e antidiab&#233;ticos. Foi avaliada tamb&#233;m a Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional do Tempo de Protrombina (RNI e TP) do dia do atendimento.</p>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas foram armazenadas em um banco de dados elaborado especialmente para esse fim em microcomputador, com o aux&#237;lio do aplicativo MedCalc (BE, Netherlands).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa   <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Foram elaboradas tabelas de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o, ou medianas e intervalos interquartis, utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes e An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para suas compara&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste z. As vari&#225;veis foram consideradas normais de acordo com a observa&#231;&#227;o das medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, curtose e assimetria nos histogramas de frequ&#234;ncia. Consideramos o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises <italic>post-hoc  </italic>foram realizadas utilizando o teste de Bonferroni.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No primeiro trimestre de 2012, foram registrados 407 atendimentos com o CID I48 como a raz&#227;o principal da visita ao departamento de Emerg&#234;ncia. Destes, ap&#243;s revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio, foi constatada FA em 356 casos e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial nos 51 remanescentes. As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes (n = 407) conforme tipo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou flutter</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;stica  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>FA  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold><italic>Flutter  </italic> (n = 51)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Paroxistica (n = 188)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Persistente (n = 168)  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (50,5)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (72,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
									<sup>,</sup>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">53,9 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 7,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 6,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (44,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 (43,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">37 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (51,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">23 (45,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">106 (56,4)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (69,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">23 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (10,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore CHADS2  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,01  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">50 (27,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">43 (23,9)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">54 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">23 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (24,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHADS2 m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de FA persistente e FA parox&#237;stica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a entre os grupos flutter e FA parox&#237;stica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a entre os grupos flutter e FA persistente. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi maior nos pacientes com FApe em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com FApa (69 &#177; 14 anos vs. 64 &#177; 15 anos; p &lt; 0,01). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, tanto os pacientes com FApe quanto aqueles com   <italic>flutter  </italic>apresentaram, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com FApa, maior di&#226;metro atrial (48,6 &#177; 7,2 mm vs. 47,2 &#177; 6,2 mm vs. 42,3 &#177; 6,4 mm; p &lt; 0,01) e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (57,4 &#177; 16% vs. 53,9 &#177; 17% vs. 66,8 &#177; 11%; p &lt; 0,01). Nessas duas caracter&#237;sticas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre FApe e <italic>flutter</italic>. A preval&#234;ncia de IC e de AVC tamb&#233;m foi maior nos pacientes com FApe e <italic>flutter  </italic>em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com FApa (IC 51,2% vs. 45,1% vs. 19,7%; p &lt; 0,01; AVC 10,7% vs. 9,8% vs. 1,6%; p &lt; 0,01). A preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), por sua vez, foi maior somente nos indiv&#237;duos com FApe quando comparados &#224;queles com FApa (69,6% vs. 56,4%; p = 0,03). J&#225; a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes melito n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a preval&#234;ncia de cada pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore CHADS2 nos subgrupos de FA e <italic>flutter</italic>. O escore CHADS2 tamb&#233;m diferiu entre os grupos, havendo maior preval&#234;ncia de escore igual a zero entre os pacientes com FApa e <italic>flutter</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com FApe (27,8% vs. 18% vs. 4,9%; p &lt; 0,01). Os pacientes com FApe mais frequentemente apresentavam escore CHADS2 de 3 quando comparados aos pacientes com FApa (24,4% vs. 12,8%; p &lt; 0,01), e o escore m&#233;dio tamb&#233;m diferiu significativamente entre estes dois grupos (2,3 vs. 1,4; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de cada estrato de pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore CHADS2 entre fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, persistente e flutter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0003-50049-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> ilustra os pacientes quando estratificados pelo escore CHA2DS2-VAsc nos tr&#234;s grupos. A preval&#234;ncia de escore igual a zero foi maior no grupo FApa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo FApe (15,5% vs. 3,6%; p 0,01). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref> demonstra o percentual de pacientes anticoagulados de acordo com estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em escore CHA2DS2-VAsc de zero, 1 e &#8805; 2. Os pacientes com escore &#8805; 2 eram mais frequentemente anticoagulados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com escore de zero (40% vs. 10%; p &lt; 0,01). A mediana do RNI dos pacientes anticoagulados no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar ou da semana anterior ao atendimento foi, respectivamente, de 1,50 no grupo FApa, de 1,63 no grupo FApe e de 1,63 no grupo <italic>flutter.</italic>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore CHA2DS2-VAsc, de acordo com tipo de fibrilag&#228;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracteristica  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Fibriiapao atrial  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold><italic>Flutter  </italic> (n = 51)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>ParoMstica (n = 188)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Persistente (n = 168)  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CHA2DS2-VAsc  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,01  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">28 (15,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">39 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">41 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">32 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferenga entre os grupos com fibrilag&#228;o atrial persistente e paroxistica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral conforme o escore CHA2DS2-VAsc.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-01-0003-50049-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> resume os medicamentos prescritos em cada um dos subgrupos de pacientes. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com FApe e FApa, os primeiros mais frequentemente utilizavam betabloqueadores (68,9% vs. 50%; p &lt; 0,01), digoxina (22,6% vs. 4,3%; p &lt; 0,01), bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio (19,9% vs. 8,5%; p = 0,03), diur&#233;ticos (56% vs. 25%; p &lt; 0,01) e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (41,7% vs. 21,8%; p &lt; 0,01). Os pacientes com   <italic>flutter</italic> apresentaram, em rela&#231;&#227;o aqueles com FApa, maior preval&#234;ncia de uso de digoxina (15,7% vs. 4,3%; p &lt; 0,01) e de varfarina (29,4% vs. 9,6%; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncias de uso de cada classe de medicamento conforme tipo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou flutter</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamento  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>FA  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold><italic>Flutter  </italic> (n = 51)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Paroxistica (n = 188)  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Persistente (n = 168)  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarons</td>
                <td align="center">25 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Propafenons</td>
                <td align="center">12 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">94 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (68,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29 (56,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxins</td>
                <td align="center">8(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (22,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC</td>
                <td align="center">16 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (19,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3(5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">18 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (28)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15 (29,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Femprocumona</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dabigatrana</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5(3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rivaroxabana</td>
                <td align="center">5(2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iECA</td>
                <td align="center">41 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">70(41,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">16(31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">31 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">55 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">47 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">20 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">59 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (36,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">13 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente e parox&#237;stica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a entre o grupo flutter e com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica. BCC: bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio; iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diversos registros de FA descreveram caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes ambulatoriais acometidos por essa arritmia, bem como seu tratamento e progn&#243;stico ao longo dos anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O registro GLORIA-AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, em andamento, visa investigar o perfil de pacientes com FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada e sob risco de AVC. J&#225; no Brasil, encontra-se em andamento o RECALL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, que se prop&#245;e a fornecer dados de pacientes ambulatoriais com FA da nossa realidade.</p>
        <p>O subtipo da FA implica diferen&#231;as nos sintomas relatados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, na interven&#231;&#227;o recebida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, no progn&#243;stico e nas complica&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial &#233; menor do que a da FA e sabe-se que essa arritmia tamb&#233;m associa-se ao aumento na incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Como mencionado previamente, as fisiopatologias da FA e do   <italic>flutter</italic> atrial muito provavelmente est&#227;o interligadas, podendo se tratar de diferentes espectros da mesma doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Assim, o registro das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com   <italic>flutter</italic> torna-se imperativo para ampliar esse conhecimento.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FApa na popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi compar&#225;vel &#224;quela descrita em alguns desses registros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e significativamente maior do que a descrita em outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, o que pode se dever &#224; heterogeneidade da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e &#224;s diferen&#231;as na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos subtipos.</p>
        <p>Diferente de outros estudos, que relataram predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino (em geral em torno de 60%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o a preval&#234;ncia foi igual entre os sexos, nos dois grupos de FA. J&#225; no grupo com <italic>flutter</italic>, a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino foi maior. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes na maioria dos relatos &#233; de 65 a 70 anos, compat&#237;vel com a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Os pacientes com FApa foram, em m&#233;dia, 5 anos mais jovens, o que tamb&#233;m &#233; reportado em outros registros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e &#233; compat&#237;vel com a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da doen&#231;a para a forma cr&#244;nica. Os pacientes com   <italic>flutter</italic> atrial foram significativamente mais idosos.</p>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma do grupo da FApa mostrou-se mais alta do que a do grupo da FApe no nosso registro, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o surpreende em virtude de os pacientes serem mais idosos e apresentarem mais comorbidades. A medida do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m diferiu significativamente, sendo em torno de 6 mm menor nos pacientes com FApa, dado consonante com a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural de remodelamento atrial e o aumento do di&#226;metro cameral, diretamente proporcionais ao tempo em que o &#225;trio fica em fibrila&#231;&#227;o &#8211; &#8220;fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial gera fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial&#8221;. Nieuwlaat e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> descreveram fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o semelhantes entre os grupos, por&#233;m tamb&#233;m a m&#233;dia da medida atrial foi maior nos grupos com FApe.</p>
        <p>A comorbidade cardiovascular mais prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a hipertens&#227;o arterial, o que se repete na literatura, com preval&#234;ncias variando de 52 a 90%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, em geral sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o no grupo de FApa foi menor (56,4% vs. 69,6%). Acreditamos que tal diferen&#231;a ocorra em virtude do cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico de emerg&#234;ncia, que engloba tanto aqueles pacientes com FA isolada que buscaram atendimento (n&#227;o presentes habitualmente nos registros de FA), quanto aqueles que n&#227;o t&#234;m acompanhamento m&#233;dico regular e, portanto, ainda n&#227;o tiveram suas comorbidades diagnosticadas. Os escores de CHADS2 e CHA2DS2-VAsc foram menores nos pacientes com FApa, que, tamb&#233;m em outros estudos, apresentam menor n&#250;mero de comorbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Vanassche e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> encontraram CHA2DS2-VAsc semelhantes entre os grupos FApa e FA persistente (13% com escore zero a 1, 50% com escore 2 a 3, e 37% com escore &#8805; 4). No entanto, o grupo de FA permanente apresentou escores mais elevados (7%, 43% e 50%, respectivamente). Entre as comorbidades que comp&#245;em os escores, chama aten&#231;&#227;o a diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de evento isqu&#234;mico cerebral entre os grupos (1,6% na FApa vs 10% na FApe), o que tamb&#233;m foi reportado por Vanassche, Nieuwlaat e Inoue, em menor grau<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Esse dado possivelmente relaciona-se &#224; dificuldade do sistema de sa&#250;de em reconhecer o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos desses pacientes e oferecer o tratamento preventivo adequado.</p>
        <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi prescrita para a 44,6% dos casos de FApe e para apenas 21,3% dos casos de FApa, apesar de 72,5% dos pacientes apresentarem-se com CHA2DS2-VAsc &#8805; 2. Na literatura revisada, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral na alta tamb&#233;m foi menor nos pacientes com FApa (51 vs. 80%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, 55 vs. 74%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, 78 vs. 91%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ). Em um registro su&#237;&#231;o de pacientes ambulatoriais com FA acompanhados por cardiologistas, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes chegou a 88% nos pacientes com escore CHADS2 &#8805; 1, entretanto 57% dos pacientes com escore de zero tamb&#233;m receberam anticoagulantes, o que limita a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do dado anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes foi baixa, tanto nos pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o de receb&#234;-la pela FA (10%), quanto nos pacientes de maior risco, com escore CHA2DS2-VAsc &#8805; 2 (40%). Essa popula&#231;&#227;o, quando comparada &#224;quela em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, apresentou menor INR mediano, estando abaixo do alvo terap&#234;utico nos tr&#234;s subgrupos (1,50 no grupo FApa, 1,63 no grupo FApe e 1,63 no grupo   <italic>flutter</italic>). Poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para esses achados incluem (1) o fato de haver pacientes em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por pr&#243;tese valvular mec&#226;nica em nosso ambulat&#243;rio, situa&#231;&#227;o para a qual recomenda-se manter o INR em n&#237;veis mais elevados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e (2) a possibilidade de os pacientes que buscam o setor de emerg&#234;ncia serem mais propensos ao uso inadequado da medica&#231;&#227;o anticoagulante. &#201; importante ressaltar que nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia do Estado, e que a popula&#231;&#227;o que busca o setor de emerg&#234;ncia n&#227;o &#233;, em sua maioria, acompanhada em nossos ambulat&#243;rios. Em virtude de a prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ser uma decis&#227;o que envolve m&#250;ltiplos fatores, inclusive os sociais, os pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o muitas vezes s&#227;o referenciados para seus centros de sa&#250;de para passar por avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa em ambiente n&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        <p>As drogas para controle de ritmo e frequ&#234;ncia mais utilizadas foram os betabloqueadores, seguidos pelos digitais e amiodarona, que tamb&#233;m lideram a prefer&#234;ncia em outros estudos, na mesma ordem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Propafenona apresentou tend&#234;ncia para maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o na FApa, como esperado, enquanto digoxina e bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio foram mais utilizados no grupo da FApe, cuja preval&#234;ncia de IC era maior. Entre as drogas de uso pr&#233;vio, o grupo da FApe usava mais inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina e mais diur&#233;ticos, o que tamb&#233;m provavelmente se deveu &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades nesses grupos. A preval&#234;ncia de uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (~34%) e clopidogrel (~6,5%) n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos e foi semelhante a de outras s&#233;ries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Foram limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo: (1) o fato de, diferentemente da FA, n&#227;o termos registro adequado do tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic>. Dessa forma, o perfil de risco intermedi&#225;rio entre FApa e FApe encontrado nos pacientes com   <italic>flutter</italic> pode ser devido a uma heterogeneidade dos pacientes desse grupo; (2) a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de registro, decorrente da subnotifica&#231;&#227;o de dados, inerente de estudos que utilizam coleta retrospectiva de dados de prontu&#225;rio; e (3) o subdimensionamento do problema, uma vez que pacientes com FA podem ter sido internados sob outro CID considerado a raz&#227;o principal do atendimento. Infelizmente n&#227;o dispusemos de dados suficientes para calcular o tempo no INR terap&#234;utico, mas utilizamos como substitutos os dados referentes ao INR na &#250;ltima consulta, que estavam dispon&#237;veis, para analisar da qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; o limite de nosso conhecimento, este foi o primeiro estudo brasileiro a avaliar a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que se apresentou na emerg&#234;ncia por <italic>flutter</italic>ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. O reconhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do   <italic>flutter</italic> est&#225; recomendado nas diretrizes americanas e europeias de manejo de arritmias supraventriculares, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; dados precisos a respeito da magnitude do incremento do risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos associada a essa patologia. Encontramos, em nossos paciente com <italic>flutter</italic>, um perfil epidemiol&#243;gicos e de comorbidades na maioria das vezes intermedi&#225;rio entre os perfis da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente. Acreditamos que estes achados corroborem as hip&#243;teses de que as duas arritmias est&#227;o interligadas por mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos em comum, pois ocorrem em perfis semelhantes de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, em nosso registro, apresentavam mais comorbidades e piores par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o que explica, em parte, a maior preval&#234;ncia de uso de m&#250;ltiplas medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Diferentemente de outros registros, a popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo foi composta exclusivamente por pacientes que buscaram o setor de emerg&#234;ncia em virtude da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Considerando que a maior parte dos gastos diretos e indiretos com essa patologia ocorre justamente no ambiente intra-hospitalar, acreditamos que o conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial neste ambiente deve auxiliar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas para melhorar o atendimento dos pacientes no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A preval&#234;ncia de pacientes anticoagulados encontra-se aqu&#233;m do desejado e representa possivelmente o primeiro fator que deve ser abordado, por meio de medidas de facilita&#231;&#227;o do acesso a ambulat&#243;rios especializados em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e de melhora na comunica&#231;&#227;o entre os setores prim&#225;rio e terci&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Eduardo Dytz Almeida pela Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universitaria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande du Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
