<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" article-type="letter" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NjjtLg5pqrgBGR4VV85yDSM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Issue Waiting to be Clarified: Effects of the QT Prolonging Drugs on Tp-e Interval</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yiginer</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dogan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Haydarpasa Training Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Selimiye &#8211; Istanbul</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">G&#252;lhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mehmet Drogan,</bold> Gulhane Military MEdical Academy. Selimiye Uskudar. Postal Code 34688, Selimiye &#8211; Istanbul. E-mail:   <email>mehmetdoganmd@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>507</fpage>
      <lpage>508</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Psychotropic /drugs therapeutic</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>We read the article &#8216;Impact of Psychotropic Drugs on QT Interval Dispersion in Adult Patients&#8217; by Claudio et al. with great interest<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. They investigated in this study the effects of psychotropic drugs on QT interval (QTI), corrected QT interval (QTc), and QT dispersion (QTd). They concluded that psychotropic drugs increased QTd and QTc interval.</p>
    <p>QTd is the most frequently used non-invasive method to quantify electrical myocardial heterogeneity. However, there are variable results in studies related to QTI due to the technical limitations in measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. It is well-known that the reproducibility of QTI measurements is low both in manual and automatic measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In this study, the measurements were performed digitally by four cardiologists using the Preview software with a magnification of 300%. We appreciated the method used in this study in order to obtain more accurate data. It is recommended that measurements be done digitally at least by two cardiologists<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    <p>Quantifying electrical myocardial heterogeneity and transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) was introduced in the beginning of 2000&#8217;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The myocardium comprises 3 distinct myocyte types - namely, endocardial, epicardial, and midmyocardial M cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Although these myocytes are morphologically similar, they exhibit different electrophysiological characteristics. M cells have typically the longest action potential. Furthermore, when myocardium is exposed to conditions prolonging the repolarization phase, such as bradycardia or agents, the action potential duration of the M cells are more prolonged than in the other cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. While repolarization of the epicardial region ends at the peak of T-wave, repolarization phase of M cells ends at the end of T wave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Therefore, the time between the peak and end of the T wave is called Tp-e interval, as an index of TDR.</p>
    <p>The role of the TDR in the prediction of possible life&#8209;threatening arrhythmic events has been demonstrated in the Brugada, short-QT and long-QT syndromes and coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Previously, we showed that TDR was increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and chronic arsenic exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, there is no study investigating the effects of QT prolonging drugs on TDR. The repolarization phase of myocytes in midmyocardial and endocardial layers may be more influenced by the drugs. In this context, psychotropic drugs may be increasing QT interval duration via Tp-e interval prolongation. In conclusion, it seems that adding the data related to Tp-e interval to the study results might have completely illuminated the effects of psychotropic drugs on electrical heterogeneity of myocardium in many respects.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Claudio B de Q, Costa MA, Penna F, Konder MT, Celoria BM, Souza LL, et al. Impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adult patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(5):465-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Claudio</surname>
              <given-names>B de Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Penna</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konder</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celoria</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adult patients</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>472</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Malik M, Batchvarov VN. Measurement, interpretation and clinical potential of QT dispersion [Review]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(6):1749-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batchvarov</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement, interpretation and clinical potential of QT dispersion [Review]</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1749</fpage>
          <lpage>1766</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gupta P, Patel C, Patel H, Narayanaswamy S, Malhotra B, Green JT, et al. T(p-e)/QT ratio as an index of arrhythmogenesis. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(6):567-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narayanaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malhotra</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>T(p-e)/QT ratio as an index of arrhythmogenesis</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>574</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kilicaslan F, Tokatli A, Ozdag F, Uzun M, Uz O, Isilak Z, et al. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio are prolonged in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35(8):966-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kilicaslan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokatli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdag</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uzun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uz</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isilak</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio are prolonged in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>966</fpage>
          <lpage>972</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Yildiz A, Karaca M, Biceroglu S, Nalbantcilar MT, Coskun U, Arik F, et al. Effect of chronic arsenic exposure from drinking waters on the QT interval and transmural dispersion of repolarization. J Int Med Res. 2008;36(3):471-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yildiz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karaca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biceroglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nalbantcilar</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coskun</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arik</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of chronic arsenic exposure from drinking waters on the QT interval and transmural dispersion of repolarization</article-title>
          <source>J Int Med Res</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>471</fpage>
          <lpage>478</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Answer to Letter to Editor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Claudio</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We appreciate the authors&#8217; interest in our study and the valuable contributions on the subject.</p>
      <p>The spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization can occur in the transmural, trans-septal or apical-basal direction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2</xref>. A large number of publications has been dedicated to the study of cell diversity of the human myocardium and its heterogenic response to pharmacological agents.</p>
      <p>Researchers such as Antzelevitch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">3</xref> and Luo e Rudy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">4</xref> have tested several models in normal hearts and individuals with congenital long-QT syndrome, concluding that the properties of the M cell action potential critically participate on QT interval dispersion, mainly in the presence of drugs with binding capacity in the IKr and IKs channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Under this idea, in fact, the measurement of Tp-e is conceptually an electrocardiographic correlation truthful to the abovementioned concepts. In a recent article, in the coronary artery disease model, Karaman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref> found an association between increased QT dispersion and the Tp-e interval with slowed coronary flow in coronary angiography (TIMI 1) in patients with acute coronary syndrome, when compared to the control group (TIMI 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our study, we chose to measure the QT dispersion, as it is a powerful tool that can be fully incorporated by general practitioners that prescribes psychotropic drugs in the routine monitoring of a potentially fatal complication of their patients<sup>7</sup>. However, we expect the Tp-e interval, considering its solid results in the literature, also to become a routine tool in the increasingly frequent use of these drugs.</p>
      <p>Sincerely,</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno de Queiroz Claudio</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ref-list>
        <title>References</title>
        <ref id="B06">
          <label>1</label>
          <mixed-citation>Antzelevitch C. The role of spatial dispersion of repolarization in inherited and acquired sudden cardiac death syndromes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(4):H2024-38.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The role of spatial dispersion of repolarization in inherited and acquired sudden cardiac death syndromes</article-title>
            <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
            <year>2007</year>
            <volume>293</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>H2024</fpage>
            <lpage>H2038</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B07">
          <label>2</label>
          <mixed-citation>Restivo M, Caref EB, Kozhevnikov DO, El-Sherif N. Spatial dispersion of repolarization is a key factor in the arrythmogenicity of long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(3):323-31.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Restivo</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Caref</surname>
                <given-names>EB</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kozhevnikov</surname>
                <given-names>DO</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>El-Sherif</surname>
                <given-names>N</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Spatial dispersion of repolarization is a key factor in the arrythmogenicity of long QT syndrome</article-title>
            <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
            <year>2004</year>
            <volume>15</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>323</fpage>
            <lpage>331</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B08">
          <label>3</label>
          <mixed-citation>Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W, Yan GX, Sicouri S, Weissenburger J, Nesterenko VV, et al. The M cell: its contribution to the ECG and to normal and abnormal electrical function of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10(8):1124-52.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Shimizu</surname>
                <given-names>W</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Yan</surname>
                <given-names>GX</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Sicouri</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Weissenburger</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Nesterenko</surname>
                <given-names>VV</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The M cell: its contribution to the ECG and to normal and abnormal electrical function of the heart</article-title>
            <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
            <year>1999</year>
            <volume>10</volume>
            <issue>8</issue>
            <fpage>1124</fpage>
            <lpage>1152</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B09">
          <label>4</label>
          <mixed-citation>Luo CH, Rudy Y. A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential. I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes. Circ Res. 1994;74(6):1071-96.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Luo</surname>
                <given-names>CH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Rudy</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential. I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes</article-title>
            <source>Circ Res</source>
            <year>1994</year>
            <volume>74</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <fpage>1071</fpage>
            <lpage>1096</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B10">
          <label>5</label>
          <mixed-citation>Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W. Cellular mechanisms underlying the long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002;17(1):43-51.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Shimizu</surname>
                <given-names>W</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Cellular mechanisms underlying the long QT syndrome</article-title>
            <source>Curr Opin Cardiol</source>
            <year>2002</year>
            <volume>17</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>43</fpage>
            <lpage>51</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B11">
          <label>6</label>
          <mixed-citation>Karaman K1, Altunkas F, Cetin M, Karayakali M, Arisoy A, Akar I, Zencir C, Ayg&#252;&#231; B, Celik A. New Markers for Ventricular Repolarization in Coronary Slow Flow: Tp-e Interval, Tp-e/QT Ratio, and Tp-e/QTc Ratio. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014 Sep 30. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Karaman</surname>
                <given-names>K1</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Altunkas</surname>
                <given-names>F</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Cetin</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Karayakali</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Arisoy</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Akar</surname>
                <given-names>I</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Zencir</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ayg&#252;&#231;</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Celik</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>New Markers for Ventricular Repolarization in Coronary Slow Flow: Tp-e Interval, Tp-e/QT Ratio, and Tp-e/QTc Ratio</article-title>
            <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
            <day>30</day>
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2014</year>
            <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
      </ref-list>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Quest&#227;o &#224; Espera de ser Esclarecida: Efeito de F&#225;rmacos Prolongadores de QT no Intervalo Tp-e</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yiginer</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dogan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Haydarpasa Training Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia, Selimiye &#8211; Istambul</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">G&#252;lhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Drogan,</bold> Gulhane Military MEdical Academy. Selimiye Uskudar. CEP 34688, Selimiye &#8211; Istambul. E-mail:   <email>mehmetdoganmd@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Psicot&#243;picos/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo "Impacto do uso de Psicotr&#243;picos na Dispers&#227;o do Intervalo QT em Pacientes Adultos" por Claudio e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Os autores investigaram nesse estudo os efeitos de drogas psicotr&#243;picas no intervalo QT (QTi), intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) e dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT (QTd). Eles conclu&#237;ram que as drogas psicotr&#243;picas aumentaram a QTd e o QTc.</p>
      <p>QTd &#233; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo utilizado com mais frequ&#234;ncia para quantificar a heterogeneidade el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, os resultados de estudos relacionados ao QTi s&#227;o vari&#225;veis devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas das mensura&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Sabe-se que a reprodutibilidade das mensura&#231;&#245;es do QTi &#233; baixa, tanto na medida manual quanto autom&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Nesse estudo, as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas digitalmente por quatro cardiologistas que utilizaram o software <italic>Preview</italic> com uma magnifica&#231;&#227;o de 300%. Apreciamos o m&#233;todo utilizado nesse estudo para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados mais precisos. Recomenda-se que as medi&#231;&#245;es sejam feitas digitalmente por pelo menos dois cardiologistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio e a dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o (DTR) foram introduzidas no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O mioc&#225;rdio &#233; composto por tr&#234;s tipos distintos de mi&#243;citos, a saber, c&#233;lulas M do endoc&#225;rdio, epic&#225;rdio, e mioc&#225;rdio m&#233;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora esses mi&#243;citos sejam morfologicamente semelhantes, eles t&#234;m caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas distintas. As c&#233;lulas M t&#234;m tipicamente o maior potencial de a&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, quando o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; exposto a condi&#231;&#245;es que prolongam a fase de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, tais como a bradicardia ou agentes, a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas M &#233; mais prolongada do que nas outras c&#233;lulas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Enquanto a repolariza&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica termina no pico da onda T, a fase de repolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas M termina no final da onda T<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Portanto, o tempo entre o pico e o final da onda T &#233; chamado de intervalo Tp-e, um &#237;ndice de DTR.</p>
      <p>O papel da DTR na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais foi demonstrado nas s&#237;ndromes de Brugada, do QT curto e do QT longo, e na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Anteriormente, demonstramos que a DTR estava aumentada em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono e exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao ars&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum estudo que tenha investigado os efeitos dos f&#225;rmacos prolongadores do intervalo QT na DTR. A fase de repolariza&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos nas camadas m&#233;dias do mioc&#225;rdio e endoc&#225;rdio pode ser a mais influenciada pelos f&#225;rmacos. Nesse contexto, as drogas psicotr&#243;picas podem aumentar a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT atrav&#233;s de prolongamento do intervalo Tp-e. Em conclus&#227;o, parece que a adi&#231;&#227;o de dados relacionados ao intervalo Tp-e aos resultados do estudo poderia ter esclarecido completamente diversos aspectos dos efeitos das drogas psicotr&#243;picas na heterogeneidade el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="SA3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Claudio</surname>
              <given-names>Bruno de Queiroz</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Agradecemos o interesse dos autores em nosso estudo e as valiosas contribui&#231;&#245;es acerca do tema.</p>
        <p>A dispers&#227;o espacial da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode se dar no sentido transmural, transeptal ou apicobasal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">2</xref>. Um grande volume de publica&#231;&#245;es se dedicou ao estudo da diversidade celular do mioc&#225;rdio humano e sua reposta heterog&#234;nica aos agentes farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
        <p>Pesquisadores como Antzelevitch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">3</xref> e Luo e Rudy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">4</xref> testaram diversos modelos em cora&#231;&#245;es normais e portadores da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito, concluindo que as propriedades das c&#233;lulas M de prolongamento do potencial participam de forma crucial na dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, principalmente na presen&#231;a de f&#225;rmacos com capacidade de liga&#231;&#227;o nos canais I<sub>Kr</sub> e I<sub>ks</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sob esta &#233;gide, a mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo Tp-e &#233; de fato conceitualmente uma correla&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica fiel aos conceitos supracitados. No modelo de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, Karaman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref>encontraram em um estudo recente uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da dispers&#227;o do QT e do intervalo Tp-e com fluxo coronariano lentificado na coronariografia (TIMI 1) de pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda quando comparados a um grupo controle (TIMI 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, optamos pela mensura&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o do QT por ser uma ferramenta poderosa que pode ser incorporada de forma plena pelo m&#233;dico generalista prescritor de f&#225;rmacos psicotr&#243;picos no monitoramento rotineiro de uma complica&#231;&#227;o potencialmente fatal de seus pacientes<sup>7</sup>. N&#227;o obstante, esperamos que o intervalo Tp-e, por seus resultados s&#243;lidos na literatura, tamb&#233;m se torne uma ferramenta rotineira no uso cada vez mais frequente destes f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        <p>Atenciosamente,</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Bruno de Queiroz Claudio</bold>
        </p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
